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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath and significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shanghai massacre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مذبحة شانغهاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة شانغهاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9-it-j%C4%AB_S%C5%AB-ki%C4%81%E2%81%BF" title="Sù-it-jī Sū-kiāⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sù-it-jī Sū-kiāⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Шанхайско клане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шанхайско клане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anghajsk%C3%BD_masakr" title="Šanghajský masakr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šanghajský masakr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai-Massaker" title="Shanghai-Massaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shanghai-Massaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanza_de_Shangh%C3%A1i_de_1927" title="Matanza de Shanghái de 1927 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matanza de Shanghái de 1927" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaiko_sarraskia" title="Shanghaiko sarraskia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shanghaiko sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Shanghai" title="Massacre de Shanghai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Shanghai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%C2%B712_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="4·12 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="4·12 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Shanghai" title="Pembantaian Shanghai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Shanghai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Shanghai" title="Massacro di Shanghai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Shanghai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%97%D7%90%D7%99" title="טבח שאנגחאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח שאנגחאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="შანხაის აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შანხაის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="上海クーデター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上海クーデター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Xangai_de_1927" title="Massacre de Xangai de 1927 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Xangai de 1927" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_1927_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шанхайская резня 1927 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шанхайская резня 1927 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anghajsk%C3%BD_masaker" title="Šanghajský masaker – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šanghajský masaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Шангајски масакр – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шангајски масакр" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghain_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Shanghain verilöyly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shanghain verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1927)" title="Шанхайська різанина (1927) – Ukrainian" 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1927 massacre. For the 1925 massacre, see <a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1927 killings of Chinese Communist Party members and alleged sympathizers by the Kuomintang</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Shanghai massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_purge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg/330px-Communist_purge.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg/500px-Communist_purge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br />Communists being rounded up during the purges</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 April – 15 April 1927</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Split within the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></li> <li>Start of <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Left_Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Kuomintang">Left Kuomintang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(NRA commander-in-chief)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(NRA commander in Shanghai)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Du_Yuesheng" title="Du Yuesheng">Du Yuesheng</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Green Gang leader)</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(CCP general secretary)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>; <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a> and other Shanghai gangs</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>; Kuomintang leftists; Shanghai labor union militias</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Approx. 5,000 soldiers of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army and members of various gangs</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Thousands from labor union militias</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Minimal</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-carter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–10,000<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Shanghai massacre</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二事件</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二清黨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二清党</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative name（2）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">東南清黨</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">东南清党</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative name（3）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二反革命政變</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二反革命政变</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative name（4）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">四一二慘案</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism" title="Category:Anti-communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anticommunist_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/100px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/150px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/200px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <p>Conflicts and military engagements<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions and violence after 1917</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whites_(Finland)" title="Whites (Finland)">Whites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Germany_(1918%E2%80%931933)" title="Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Bando nacional</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-Soviet insurgencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Post-war period in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Resistance in Poland (1944–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></ul> <p>Repression and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">mass killings</a> </p> <ul><li>White Terror <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Greece)" title="White Terror (Greece)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="Finnish Civil War prison camps">Finnish Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" title="Bodo League massacre">Bodo League massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution (Libya)">Green Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981%E2%80%931982_Iran_Massacres" title="1981–1982 Iran Massacres">1981–1982 Iran Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Anti-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Personal ideologies </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> <p>Nationalisms </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationalism" title="Afghan nationalism">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huadu_(Taiwan)" title="Huadu (Taiwan)">Huadu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Ukraine)" title="National Democracy (Ukraine)">Natsdems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Batista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Bordaberry" title="Juan María Bordaberry">Bordaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">Duvalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Montt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Nedić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Palevi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. 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League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Anti-national sentiments</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-communism" title="Template:Anti-communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-communism" title="Template talk:Anti-communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shanghai massacre</b> of 12 April 1927, the <b>April 12 Purge</b> or the <b>April 12 Incident</b> as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> by forces supporting General <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and conservative factions in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). </p><p>Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>. </p><p>By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the Communists in its ranks, effectively ending the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a>, a working alliance of both the KMT and CCP under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> agents. For the rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a>. With the failure and the crushing of the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a> at Guangzhou however, the power of the Communists was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983170_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983170-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the <b>April 12 Purge</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">四一二清党</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">四一二清黨</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>1</sup>-erh<sup>4</sup> Ch'ing<sup>1</sup> Tang<sup>3</sup></span></i>), while Communist historiography refers to the event as either the <b>April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">四一二反革命政变</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">四一二反革命政變</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>1</sup>-erh<sup>4</sup> Fan<sup>3</sup>-ko<sup>2</sup>-ming<sup>4</sup> Cheng<sup>4</sup>-pien<sup>4</sup></span></i>) or the <b>April 12 Massacre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">四一二慘案</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sìyī'èr Cǎn'àn</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ssu<sup>4</sup>-i<sup>1</sup>-erh<sup>4</sup> Ts'an<sup>3</sup>-an<sup>4</sup></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of the April 12 Incident go back to the Kuomintang's alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, formally initiated by the KMT founder <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> after discussions with Soviet diplomat <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Adolph Joffe</a> in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid and a small but important group of Soviet political and military advisors, headed by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976135–140_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976135–140-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union's conditions for alliance and aid included co-operation with the small <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to the alliance among prominent KMT members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976180–181_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976180–181-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal conflicts between left- and right-wing leaders of the KMT with regards to the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">United Front</a> with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>. </p><p>Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in <a href="/wiki/Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking">Peking</a>, he had by 1920 made a military comeback and gained control of some parts of Guangdong province. His goal was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the "<a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a>" on 20 May 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (NRA) in control of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and large areas in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. </p><p>With the growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In January 1927, the NRA, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek captured <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> and went on to attack <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, and KMT leader <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> and his left-wing allies, along with the Chinese Communists and the Soviet agent Borodin, transferred the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> from Guangzhou to Wuhan. On 1 March, the Nationalist government reorganized the Military Commission and placed Chiang under its jurisdiction while it secretly plotted to arrest him. Chiang found out about the plot, which most likely led to his determination to purge the CCP from the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chiang1926.jpg/250px-Chiang1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chiang1926.jpg/330px-Chiang1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> at the beginning of the Northern Expedition in 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the advances of the NRA, Communists in Shanghai began to plan uprisings against the warlord forces controlling the city. On 21–22 March, KMT and CCP union workers, led by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, launched an armed uprising in Shanghai and defeated the warlord forces of the <a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili clique</a>. The victorious union workers occupied and governed urban Shanghai except for the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">international settlements</a> prior to the arrival of the NRA's Eastern Route Army, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking Incident</a> in which foreign concessions in Nanjing were attacked and looted, both the right wing of the Kuomintang and Western powers became alarmed by the growth of the influence of the Communists, who continued to organize daily mass student protests and labor strikes to demand the return of Shanghai international settlements to Chinese control.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Bai's army firmly in control of Shanghai, on 2 April the Central Control Commission of KMT, led by former Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a>, determined that the CCP actions were anti-revolutionary and undermined the national interest of China, and it voted unanimously to purge the Communists from the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purge">Purge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shanghai_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Shanghai massacre">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shanghai+massacre%22">"Shanghai massacre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shanghai+massacre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shanghai+massacre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shanghai+massacre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shanghai+massacre%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shanghai+massacre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg/220px-Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg/330px-Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg/440px-Public_beheading_of_a_communist_during_Shanghai_massacre_of_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Public beheading of a communist</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1927, the KMT began a purge -- the White Terror -- of Communists and their sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 81">: 81 </span></sup> </p><p>On 5 April, Wang Jingwei arrived in Shanghai from overseas and met with the CCP leader Chen Duxiu. After their meeting they issued a joint declaration re-affirming the principle of cooperation between the KMT and the CCP, despite urgent pleas from Chiang and other KMT elders to eliminate Communist influence. When Wang left Shanghai for Wuhan the next day, Chiang asked <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Du_Yuesheng" title="Du Yuesheng">Du Yuesheng</a> and other gang leaders in Shanghai to form a rival union to oppose the Shanghai labor union controlled by the Communists, and made final preparations for purging CCP members. </p><p>On 9 April, Chiang declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Shanghai and the Central Control Commission issued the "Party Protection and National Salvation" proclamation (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">保党救国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">保黨救國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bǎo dǎng jiùguó</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Pao<sup>3</sup> tang<sup>3</sup> chiu<sup>4</sup>-kuo<sup>2</sup></span></i>), denouncing the Wuhan Nationalist Government's policy of cooperation with the CCP. On 11 April, Chiang issued a secret order to all provinces under the control of his forces to purge Communists from the KMT. </p><p>Before dawn on 12 April, gang members began to attack district offices controlled by the union workers, including <a href="/wiki/Zhabei" title="Zhabei">Zhabei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanshi_District,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshi District, Shanghai">Nanshi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>. Under an emergency decree, Chiang ordered the 26th Army to disarm the workers' militias; that resulted in more than 300 people being killed and wounded. The union workers organized a <a href="/wiki/Mass_meeting" title="Mass meeting">mass meeting</a> denouncing Chiang Kai-shek on 13 April, and thousands of workers and students went to the headquarters of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army to protest. Soldiers opened fire, killing 100 and wounding many more. Chiang dissolved the provisional government of Shanghai, labor unions and all other organizations under Communist control, and reorganized a network of unions with allegiance to the Kuomintang and under the control of Du Yuesheng. Some sources say that over 1,000 Communists and KMT leftists<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were arrested, some 300 were executed and more than 5,000 went missing; some state that 5,000 Communists and leftists were killed<sup id="cite_ref-carter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others claim up to 10,000 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western news reports later nicknamed Gen. Bai "The Hewer of Communist Heads".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some National Revolutionary Army commanders with Communist backgrounds who were graduates of <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a> kept their sympathies for the Communists hidden and were not arrested, and many switched their allegiance to the CCP after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the massacre, local Kuomintang officials specifically targeted short-haired women who had not been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>. These officials presumed that women who rejected foot binding and traditional hair styles were radicals. Kuomintang forces would cut off their breasts and shave their heads, displaying their mutilated corpses to cow the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_significance">Aftermath and significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath and significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg/330px-1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg/500px-1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/1927_Nanking_Nationalist_Government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>The Nanking Nationalist government was established on April 18, with Chiang Kai-shek as head of government.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the White Terror, the Kuomintang killed more than one million people, primarily peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 10,000 communists were executed in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> within 20 days. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> officially terminated its cooperation with the KMT while Wang, fearing retribution as a Communist sympathizer, fled to Europe. The Wuhan Nationalist government soon disintegrated, leaving Chiang as the sole legitimate leader of the Kuomintang. In the years after April 1927, 300,000 people were killed in Hunan in three years of warfare against the Communists while many <a href="/wiki/Hakkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakkas">Hakkas</a> and <a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She people</a>'s whole families killed in the mountains, including infants, while young women were sold to prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnouin38_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnouin38-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 80,000 people were killed in Hunan's <a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a> and about 300,000 Hunanese civilians were killed in Hunan's Chaling County, Leiyang, Liuyang and Pingjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Kuomintang, 39 members of the Kuomintang Central Committee in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> publicly denounced Chiang Kai-shek as a traitor to Sun Yat-sen, including Sun's widow <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> immediately after the purge. However, Chiang was defiant, forming a brand new Nationalist Government to rival the Communist-tolerant Nationalist Government in Wuhan controlled by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> on 18 April. The purges garnered the Nanjing government the support of much of the NRA, the Chinese merchant class, and foreign businesses, bolstering its economic and military position.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg/250px-2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg/330px-2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg/500px-2024-04_Longhua_Revolutionary_Martyr_Memorial_%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A memorial to the massacre in Longhua Revolutionary Martyr's Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>The twin rival KMT governments, known as the Ninghan<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Split (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宁汉分裂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">寧漢分裂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Nínghàn Fēnliè</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ning<sup>2</sup>-han<sup>4</sup> Fen<sup>1</sup>-lie<sup>4</sup></span></i>), did not last long. In May 1927, Communists and peasant leaders in the Wuhan area were repeatedly attacked by Nationalist generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972108–110_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972108–110-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 June, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> sent a telegram to the Communists in Wuhan, calling for mobilisation of an army of workers and peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972111_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972111-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This alarmed Wang Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek. </p><p>On the Communists' side, Chen Duxiu and his Soviet advisers, who had promoted cooperation with the KMT, were discredited and lost their leadership roles in the CCP. Chen was personally blamed, forced to resign and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a>, who did not change Chen's policies in any fundamental way. The CCP planned for worker uprisings and revolutions in the urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnouin38_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnouin38-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Terror completely routed the Communists, and only 10,000 party members out of 60,000 survived.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first battles of the ten-year Chinese Civil War began with armed Communist insurrections in Changsha, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. During the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang Uprising">Nanchang Uprising</a> in August, Communist troops under <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> were defeated but escaped from Kuomintang forces by withdrawing to the mountains of Jiangxi. In September Mao led a small peasant army in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a> in Hunan. It was brutally crushed and the survivors retreated to Jiangxi as well, forming the first elements of what would become the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. By the time the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Central Committee</a> was forced to flee Shanghai in 1933, Mao had established peasant-based <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, turning the Communist's base of support from urban <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="People's War">People's War</a> would be fought. </p><p>In June 1928, the National Revolutionary Army captured the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>'s capital of Beijing, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_reunification_(1928)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reunification (1928)">nominal unification of China</a> and worldwide recognition of the Republic as the legal government of China.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_People%27s_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai People's Commune">Shanghai People's Commune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Fate" title="Man's Fate">Man's Fate</a></i>, a 1933 novel written by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A portmanteau of Nanjing and Wuhan</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carter_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarter1976" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Peter (1976). <i>Mao</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192731401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192731401"><bdi>978-0192731401</bdi></a>. <q>In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0192731401&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan-Purnell-Plozza_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2016" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid; <a href="/wiki/Shivaun_Plozza" title="Shivaun Plozza">Plozza, Shivaun</a> (eds.). <i>China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience</i>. Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781875585083" title="Special:BookSources/9781875585083"><bdi>9781875585083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Rising%3A+The+Revolutionary+Experience&rft.place=Collingwood&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=History+Teachers%27+Association+of+Victoria&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781875585083&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983114_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur1983">Wilbur 1983</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983170-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1983170_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur1983">Wilbur 1983</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhao2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (8 September 2004). <i>A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism</i> (1st ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804750011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804750011"><bdi>978-0804750011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation-State+by+Construction%3A+Dynamics+of+Modern+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-08&rft.isbn=978-0804750011&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976135–140-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976135–140_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur1976">Wilbur 1976</a>, pp. 135–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976180–181-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur1976180–181_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur1976">Wilbur 1976</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Chang, Kuo-t'ao</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofchinesecom0001chan"><i>The rise of the Chinese Communist Party: 1928–1938</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700600724" title="Special:BookSources/9780700600724"><bdi>9780700600724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+1928%E2%80%931938&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780700600724&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kuo-t%27ao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofchinesecom0001chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Perry2003" class="citation web cs1">J. Perry, Elizabeth (11 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040601045124/https://www.hws.edu/news/speakers/transcripts/eperrychina.asp">"Revolution Betrayed? The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China (and Other Post-revolutionary Societies)"</a>. <i>Hobart and William Smith Colleges</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hws.edu/news/speakers/transcripts/eperrychina.asp">the original</a> on 1 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hobart+and+William+Smith+Colleges&rft.atitle=Revolution+Betrayed%3F+The+Fate+of+Revolutionary+Militias+in+China+%28and+Other+Post-revolutionary+Societies%29&rft.date=2003-04-11&rft.aulast=J.+Perry&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hws.edu%2Fnews%2Fspeakers%2Ftranscripts%2Feperrychina.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Lifu, "Columbia Interviews", part 1, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang2025" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Xian (2025). <i>Gendered Memories: An Imaginary Museum for Ding Ling and Chinese Female Revolutionary Martyrs</i>. China Understandings Today series. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05719-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05719-1"><bdi>978-0-472-05719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendered+Memories%3A+An+Imaginary+Museum+for+Ding+Ling+and+Chinese+Female+Revolutionary+Martyrs&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.series=China+Understandings+Today+series&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05719-1&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storm.mg/amparticle/4378903">"許劍虹觀點：國共是如何分家的？談談95年前蔣中正與馮玉祥的會面-風傳媒"</a> [Xu Jianhong’s point of view: How did the Kuomintang and the Communist Party separate? Talk about the meeting between Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yuxiang 95 years ago]. <i>storm.mg</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 19 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531050031/https://www.storm.mg/amparticle/4378903">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storm.mg&rft.atitle=%E8%A8%B1%E5%8A%8D%E8%99%B9%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E6%98%AF%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%88%86%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F%E8%AB%87%E8%AB%8795%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E8%88%87%E9%A6%AE%E7%8E%89%E7%A5%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%83%E9%9D%A2-%E9%A2%A8%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92&rft.date=2022-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storm.mg%2Famparticle%2F4378903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121034607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html">"China: Nationalist Notes"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 25 June 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=China%3A+Nationalist+Notes&rft.date=1928-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C786420%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChangHalliday2005" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). <a href="/wiki/Mao:_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story"><i>Mao, The Unknown Story</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07126-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-07126-2"><bdi>0-224-07126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%2C+The+Unknown+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-224-07126-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jung&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maozedongchinain0000rebe/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History</i></a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">503828045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212114812/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503828045&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaozedongchinain0000rebe%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnouin38-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnouin38_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnouin38_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnouinChanggen2006" class="citation book cs1">Barnouin, Barbara; Changgen, Yu (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zhouenlaipolitic0000barn"><i>Zhou Enlai: A Political Life</i></a></span>. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629962807" title="Special:BookSources/9789629962807"><bdi>9789629962807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhou+Enlai%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789629962807&rft.aulast=Barnouin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Changgen%2C+Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzhouenlaipolitic0000barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstable2014" class="citation book cs1">Constable, Nicole (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxMTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295805450" title="Special:BookSources/9780295805450"><bdi>9780295805450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guest+People%3A+Hakka+Identity+in+China+and+Abroad&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780295805450&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxMTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShort2016" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABOMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182"><i>Mao: The Man Who Made China</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786730152" title="Special:BookSources/9781786730152"><bdi>9781786730152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Man+Who+Made+China&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781786730152&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABOMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJowett2013" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip S. (2013). <i>China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782004073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782004073"><bdi>978-1782004073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Wars%3A+Rousing+the+Dragon+1894%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1782004073&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972108–110-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972108–110_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1972">Harrison 1972</a>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972111-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1972111_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1972">Harrison 1972</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStranahan1994" class="citation web cs1">Stranahan, Patricia (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024165448/http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_4b_polit.htm">"The Politics of Persuasion: Communist Rhetoric and the Revolution"</a>. <i>Indiana University Bloomington</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_4b_polit.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+Bloomington&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Persuasion%3A+Communist+Rhetoric+and+the+Revolution&rft.date=1994-07&rft.aulast=Stranahan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~easc%2Fresources%2Fworking_paper%2Fnoframe_4b_polit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanH._Etzold1976" class="citation book cs1">Chan, F. Gilbert; H. Etzold, Thomas (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinain1920snati0000unse"><i>China in the 1920s: Nationalism and Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: New Viewpoints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-05589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-05589-2"><bdi>978-0-531-05589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+the+1920s%3A+Nationalism+and+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Viewpoints&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-531-05589-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=F.+Gilbert&rft.au=H.+Etzold%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinain1920snati0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChesneaux1968" class="citation book cs1">Chesneaux, Jean (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineselabormove0000ches"><i>The Chinese Labor Movement 1919–1927</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804706445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804706445"><bdi>978-0804706445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Labor+Movement+1919%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0804706445&rft.aulast=Chesneaux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineselabormove0000ches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1972" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, James P. (1972). <i>The Long March to Power – a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921–72</i>. New York: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333141547" title="Special:BookSources/0333141547"><bdi>0333141547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+March+to+Power+%E2%80%93+a+History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%2C+1921%E2%80%9372&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0333141547&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaacsTrotsky2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Isaacs" title="Harold Isaacs">Isaacs, Harold</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1 May 2010). Issacs, Arnold (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/isaacs/1938/tcr/index.htm"><i>The Tragedy of The Chinese Revolution</i></a> (reprinted ed.). Chicago: Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-84-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-84-4"><bdi>978-1-931859-84-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+The+Chinese+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=reprinted&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-84-4&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Trotsky%2C+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fisaacs%2F1938%2Ftcr%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerry1995" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Elizabeth J. (1995). <i>Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2491-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanghai+on+Strike%3A+The+Politics+of+Chinese+Labor&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2491-3&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Stephen A. (2000). <i>A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2314-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2314-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Road+Is+Made%3A+Communism+in+Shanghai%2C+1920-1927&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2314-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStranahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Stranahan, Patricia (1998). <i>Underground: The Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival, 1927–1937</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8723-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8723-6"><bdi>0-8476-8723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground%3A+The+Shanghai+Communist+Party+and+the+Politics+of+Survival%2C+1927%E2%80%931937&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8476-8723-6&rft.aulast=Stranahan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilbur1976" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, C. Martin (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sunyatsenfrustra0000wilb"><i>Sun Yat-Sen, Frustrated Patriot</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231040365" title="Special:BookSources/9780231040365"><bdi>9780231040365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-Sen%2C+Frustrated+Patriot&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780231040365&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=C.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsunyatsenfrustra0000wilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilbur1983" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalistrevol00wilb_0"><i>The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31864-8"><bdi>978-0-521-31864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nationalist+Revolution+in+China%2C+1923%E2%80%931928&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31864-8&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=C.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalistrevol00wilb_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilburLien-ying_How1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, C. Martin; Lien-ying How, Julie (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionariesofre0000wilb"><i>Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920-1927</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-57652-0"><bdi>978-0-674-57652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionaries+of+Revolution%3A+Soviet+Advisers+and+Nationalist+China%2C+1920-1927&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-57652-0&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=C.+Martin&rft.au=Lien-ying+How%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissionariesofre0000wilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShanghai+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shanghai_massacre" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Shanghai massacre">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shanghai_massacre" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Shanghai massacre">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Exploring Chinese History: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c03s06.html">The Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-purge.htm">Tales of Old Shanghai: 1927 – the Communist Purge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023124/http://www.earnshaw.com//shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-purge.htm">Archived</a> 25 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan_line" title="Li Lisan line">Li Lisan line</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&oldid=1282602221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_massacre&oldid=1282602221</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Category:Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1927_in_China" title="Category:1927 in China">1927 in 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