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aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabin_chimes_and_overhead_panel_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_chimes_and_overhead_panel_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_chimes_and_overhead_panel_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_purser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_purser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chief purser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_purser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Purser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Qualifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haute_couture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haute_couture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Haute couture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haute_couture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform_and_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_and_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Uniform and makeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_and_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabin_air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cabin air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_disruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_disruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sleep disruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_disruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondhand_tobacco_smoke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondhand_tobacco_smoke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Secondhand tobacco smoke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondhand_tobacco_smoke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sexual harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Emotional labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship_and_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship_and_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sponsorship and advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship_and_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Unions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_in_emergencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_in_emergencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Roles in emergencies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles_in_emergencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles in emergencies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles_in_emergencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-11_September_2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_September_2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>11 September 2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_September_2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_emergencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_emergencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other emergencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_emergencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_flight_attendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_flight_attendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable flight attendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_flight_attendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flight attendant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugwaardin" title="Lugwaardin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugwaardin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="مضيف (طيران) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضيف (طيران)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BCard" title="Stüard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stüard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="বিমানবালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমানবালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Стюард – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стюард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མཁའ་སྐྱོད་བུ་མོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཁའ་སྐྱོད་བུ་མོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliar_de_vol" title="Auxiliar de vol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Auxiliar de vol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevard_(leteck%C3%A1_doprava)" title="Stevard (letecká doprava) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stevard (letecká doprava)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinepersonale" title="Kabinepersonale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kabinepersonale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugbegleiter" title="Flugbegleiter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flugbegleiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reisisaatja" title="Reisisaatja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reisisaatja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliar_de_vuelo" title="Auxiliar de vuelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Auxiliar de vuelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugservisto" title="Flugservisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flugservisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazkineko_laguntzaile" title="Hegazkineko laguntzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazkineko laguntzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="مهماندار هواپیما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهماندار هواپیما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_navigant_commercial" title="Personnel navigant commercial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Personnel navigant commercial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardess" title="Stewardess – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stewardess" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neach-frithealaidh_itealain" title="Neach-frithealaidh itealain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neach-frithealaidh itealain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EC%8A%B9%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90" title="항공 승무원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공 승무원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="उड़ान परिचर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उड़ान परिचर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramugari" title="Pramugari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pramugari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistente_di_volo" title="Assistente di volo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assistente di volo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="דייל אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייל אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administer_aeroplani" title="Administer aeroplani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Administer aeroplani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utask%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91" title="Utaskísérő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Utaskísérő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مضيف طيران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مضيف طيران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramugari" title="Pramugari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pramugari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward_(luchtvaart)" title="Steward (luchtvaart) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steward (luchtvaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="विमान परिचारिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विमान परिचारिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%A4%E4%B9%97%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1" title="客室乗務員 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="客室乗務員" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinpersonale" title="Kabinpersonale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kabinpersonale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinpersonale" title="Kabinpersonale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kabinpersonale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardesa" title="Stewardesa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stewardesa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessoal_navegante_comercial" title="Pessoal navegante comercial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pessoal navegante comercial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Стюардесса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стюардесса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flight attendant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اسٽيورڊيس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽيورڊيس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevardesa" title="Stevardesa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stevardesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinpersonal" title="Kabinpersonal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kabinpersonal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="విమాన సహాయకులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విమాన సహాయకులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พนักงานต้อนรับบนเครื่องบิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พนักงานต้อนรับบนเครื่องบิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostes" title="Hostes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hostes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Стюард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стюард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFp_vi%C3%AAn_h%C3%A0ng_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Tiếp viên hàng không – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếp viên hàng không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1" title="空中服務員 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="空中服務員" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostese" title="Hostese – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hostese" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%98%E5%8A%A1%E5%91%98" title="空中乘务员 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空中乘务员" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101539#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Position in an aircrew</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the occupation. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/The_Flight_Attendant" title="The Flight Attendant"><i>The Flight Attendant</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Flight_Attendant_(novel)" title="The Flight Attendant (novel)"><i>The Flight Attendant</i> (novel)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cabin crew", "Stewardess", "Stewardesses", and "Air hostess" redirect here. For the music duo, see <a href="/wiki/Cabin_Crew" title="Cabin Crew">Cabin Crew</a>. For the 1967 film, see <a href="/wiki/Stewardess_(film)" title="Stewardess (film)"><i>Stewardess</i> (film)</a>. For the 1969 film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Stewardesses" title="The Stewardesses"><i>The Stewardesses</i></a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Air_Hostess_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Air Hostess (disambiguation)">Air Hostess (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg/300px-Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg/450px-Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg/600px-Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</a> flight attendant directing a passenger to his seat</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flight attendant</b>, also known as a <b>steward</b> (<small><abbr title="masculine form"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</span></span></abbr></small>) or <b>stewardess</b> (<small><abbr title="feminine form"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</span></span></abbr></small>), or <b>air host</b> (<small><abbr title="masculine form"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</span></span></abbr></small>) or <b>hostess</b> (<small><abbr title="feminine form"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</span></span></abbr></small>), is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">aircrew</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Passenger_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger airline">commercial flights</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jets</a> and some government aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively called <b>cabin crew</b>, flight attendants are primarily responsible for passenger safety and comfort. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul,_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg/170px-Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg/255px-Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg/340px-Vraagteken_vlucht_Lockheed_Electra_naar_Istanbul%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3702" /></a><figcaption>Dutch flight attendants, Istanbul, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">passenger ships</a> or <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">passenger trains</a>, but has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Additionally, the job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight collectively form a <i>cabin crew</i>, as distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">engineers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a>. </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kubis" title="Heinrich Kubis">Heinrich Kubis</a> was the world's first flight attendant, in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubis first attended to the passengers on board the DELAG Zeppelin <a href="/wiki/LZ_10_Schwaben" title="LZ 10 Schwaben">LZ 10 <i>Schwaben</i></a>. He also attended to the famous <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">LZ 129 <i>Hindenburg</i></a> and was on board when it burst into flames. He survived by jumping out a window when it neared the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Origins of the word "steward" in transportation are reflected in the term "<a href="/wiki/Chief_steward" title="Chief steward">chief steward</a>" as used in <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">maritime transport</a> terminology. The term <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a> and chief steward are often used interchangeably describing personnel with similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual derivation results from the international <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> maritime tradition (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Chief_mate" title="Chief mate">chief mate</a>) dating back to the 14th century and the civilian <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">United States Merchant Marine</a> on which US aviation is somewhat modelled. Due to <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">international conventions</a> and agreements, in which all ships' personnel who sail internationally are similarly <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Mariner%27s_Document" title="Merchant Mariner's Document">documented</a> by their respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns such duties to the chief steward in the overall <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">rank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">command structure</a> of which pursers are not positionally represented or rostered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg/220px-Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg/330px-Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg/440px-Nelly_Diener_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="3573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Diener" title="Nelly Diener">Nelly Diener</a>, the first female flight attendant in Europe, hired in May 1934. She was killed on the plane pictured behind her, in the July <a href="/wiki/1934_Swissair_Tuttlingen_accident" title="1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident">1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> of the United Kingdom had "cabin boys" or "stewards"; in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working on <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> planes between <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines" title="Western Airlines">Western Airlines</a> (1928) and <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan American World Airways</a> (Pan Am) (1929) were the first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passenger <a href="/wiki/Fokker" title="Fokker">Fokker</a> aircraft used in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> had stewards in the era of gambling trips to <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a> from <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>. Lead flight attendants would in many instances also perform the role of purser, steward, or chief steward in modern aviation terminology. </p><p>The first female flight attendant was a 25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurse</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Church" title="Ellen Church">Ellen Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hired by <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she also first envisioned <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> on aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "stewardesses" or "air hostesses", on most of their flights. In the United States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 positions offered by <a href="/wiki/Trans-World_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-World Airlines">Transcontinental and Western Airlines</a> in December 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-hostess_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_(Suva-Sydney)_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg/170px-1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg/255px-1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg/340px-1949.01._Washing_up_on_Catalina_%28Suva-Sydney%29_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Washing dishes during a <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas Airlines</a> flight, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and by 1936, they had all but taken over the role.<sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were selected not only for their knowledge but also for their physical characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1936 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article described the requirements: </p> <blockquote><p>The girls who qualify for hostesses must be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that the rigid physical examination each must undergo four times every year, and you are assured of the bloom that goes with perfect health.<sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Three decades later, a 1966 <i>New York Times</i> <a href="/wiki/Classified_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Classified ad">classified ad</a> for stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these requirements: </p> <blockquote><p>A high school graduate, single (widows and divorcees with no children considered), 20 years of age (girls 19<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> may apply for future consideration). 5'2" but no more than 5'9", weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and have at least 20/40 vision without glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Appearance was considered one of the most important factors to become a stewardess. At that time, airlines believed that the exploitation of female sexuality would increase their profits; thus the uniforms of female flight attendants were often formfitting, complete with white gloves and high heels.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_(1919-2017)_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_(48361402931).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg/220px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg/330px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg/440px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_Heathrow_Airport_-_Victoria_Station_London00622_%2848361402931%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6661" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption>Flight attendant circa 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, they were required to be unmarried and were fired if they decided to wed.<sup id="cite_ref-hostess_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement to be a <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurse</a> on an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired,<sup id="cite_ref-hostess_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hostess-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and disappeared almost entirely during <a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">World War II</a> as many nurses joined <a href="/wiki/Military_nurse" title="Military nurse">military nurse</a> corps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carol_Taylor" title="Ruth Carol Taylor">Ruth Carol Taylor</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">first African-American</a> flight attendant in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hired in December 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-femininityinflight_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-femininityinflight-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 11 February 1958, Taylor was the flight attendant on a <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines" title="Mohawk Airlines">Mohawk Airlines</a> flight from <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a> to New York, the first time such a position had been held by an African American.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was let go within six months as a result of Mohawk's then-common marriage ban.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Banks-Edmiston" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Banks-Edmiston">Patricia Banks-Edmiston</a> became the first black flight attendant for <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Airlines">Capitol Airlines</a> in 1960 following a legal complaint which resulted in the airline being required to hire her.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a>'s first complainants were female flight attendants complaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, and bans on marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Originally female flight attendants were fired if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline, were fired if they exceeded weight regulations, and were required to be single upon hiring and fired if they got married.<sup id="cite_ref-femininityinflight.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-femininityinflight.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under <a href="/wiki/Title_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII">Title VII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-K_Barry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K_Barry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant.<sup id="cite_ref-brynmawr1968_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brynmawr1968-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case of <i>Diaz v. Pan Am</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-genders1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genders1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> was passed in 1978, and the no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-quindlen1993_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quindlen1993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1991_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airlines still often have vision and height requirements and may require flight attendants to pass a medical evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of a flight attendant is to "provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically flight attendants require holding a high school diploma or equivalent, and in the United States, the median annual wage for flight attendants was $50,500 in May 2017, higher than the median for all workers of $37,690.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of flight attendants required on flights is mandated by each country's regulations. In the US, for light planes with 19 or fewer seats, or, if weighing more than 7,500 pounds, 9 or fewer seats, no flight attendant is needed; on larger aircraft, one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats is required.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered the industry since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-female_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-female-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_attendant" title="Special:EditPage/Flight attendant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg/220px-Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg/330px-Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg/440px-Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir" class="mw-redirect" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> flight attendant performing a <a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">pre-flight safety demonstration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to each flight, flight attendants and pilots go over safety and emergency checklists, the locations of emergency equipment and other features specific to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children travelling alone, or VIPs. Weather conditions are discussed including anticipated <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. A safety check is conducted to ensure equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_flotation_device" title="Personal flotation device">life-vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">torches</a> (flash lights) and firefighting equipment are on board and in proper condition. They monitor the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">cabin</a> for any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the loading of <a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">carry-on baggage</a>, checking for weight, size and <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a>. They make sure those sitting in <a href="/wiki/Exit_row" title="Exit row">emergency exit rows</a> are willing and able to assist in an evacuation. They then give a <a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">safety demonstration</a> or monitor passengers as they watch a safety video. They then must "secure the cabin" ensuring tray tables are stowed, <a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">seats</a> are in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and seat belts are fastened prior to take-off.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroflot_flight_attendant_(hostess).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg/170px-Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg/255px-Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg/340px-Aeroflot_flight_attendant_%28hostess%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> flight attendant, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>Once up in the air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers using an <a href="/wiki/Airline_service_trolley" title="Airline service trolley">airline service trolley</a>. The duty has led to the mildly derogatory slang term "trolley dolly".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the lavatory to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke detector</a> has not been disabled or destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure the health and safety of the pilot(s). They must also respond to call lights dealing with special requests. During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to landing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected and secured along with service and <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galley</a> equipment. All hot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin check must then be completed prior to <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a>. It is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of emergencies occur during take-off and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon landing, flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monitor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and small children off the airplane and escort children, while following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort them to the designated person picking them up. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanwings_-_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germanwings_-_Service.jpg/220px-Germanwings_-_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germanwings_-_Service.jpg/330px-Germanwings_-_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Germanwings_-_Service.jpg/440px-Germanwings_-_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Flight attendants for <a href="/wiki/Germanwings" title="Germanwings">Germanwings</a> delivering in-flight services</figcaption></figure> <p>Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained in <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>. More frequent situations may include a bleeding nose, illness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressive and anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training includes <a href="/wiki/Rejected_takeoff" title="Rejected takeoff">rejected take-offs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">emergency landings</a>, cardiac and in-flight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, fires, <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">depressurization</a>, on-board births and deaths, dangerous goods and spills in the cabin, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">emergency evacuations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijackings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">water landings</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabin_chimes_and_overhead_panel_lights">Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_attendant" title="Special:EditPage/Flight attendant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On most commercial airliners, flight attendants receive various forms of notification on board the aircraft in the form of <a href="/wiki/Warning_chime" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning chime">audible chimes</a> and coloured lights above their stations. While the colours and chimes are not universal and may vary between airlines and aircraft types, these colours and chimes are generally the most commonly used: </p> <ul><li><b><span style="color:hotpink">Pink</span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>) or <b><span style="color: red;">Red</span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>): interphone calls from the cockpit to a flight attendant and/or interphone calls between two flight attendants, the latter case if a green light is not present or being used for the same purpose (steady with high-low chime), or all services emergency call (flashing with repeated high-low chime). On some airlines Airbus' aircraft (such as <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>), this light is accompanied by a high-medium-low chime to call the purser. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a> uses a separate red light to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Sterile_flight_deck_rule" title="Sterile flight deck rule">sterile flight deck</a> while using pink for interphone calls from the cockpit.</li> <li><b><span style="color:blue">Blue</span></b>: call from passenger in seat (steady with single high chime).</li> <li><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFBF00">Amber</span></b>: call from passenger in lavatory (steady with single high chime), or lavatory smoke detector set off (flashing with repeated high chime).</li> <li><b><span style="color:green;">Green</span></b>: on some aircraft (some airlines Airbus aircraft, and the Boeing 787), this colour is used to indicate interphone calls between two flight attendants, distinguishing them from the pink or red light used for interphone calls made from the flight deck to a flight attendant, and is also accompanied with a high-low chime like the pink or red light. On the Boeing 787, a flashing green light with a repeated high-low chime is used to indicate a call to all flight attendant stations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_purser">Chief purser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief purser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_attendant" title="Special:EditPage/Flight attendant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The chief purser (CP), also titled as in-flight service manager (ISM), flight service manager (FSM), customer service manager (CSM) or cabin service director (CSD) is the senior flight attendant in the chain of command of flight attendants. While not necessarily the most-senior crew members on a flight (in years of service to their respective carrier), chief pursers can have varying levels of "in-flight" or "on board" bidding seniority or tenure in relation to their flying partners. To reach this position, a crew member requires some minimum years of service as flight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and chief pursers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and managerial role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purser">Purser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Purser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_attendant" title="Special:EditPage/Flight attendant">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a> is in charge of the cabin crew, in a specific section of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself (if the purser is the highest ranking). On board a larger aircraft, pursers assist the chief purser in managing the cabin. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typically with an airline for several years prior to application for, and further training to become a purser, and normally earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and supervisory role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minimum entry requirements for a career as a flight attendant is usually the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_grade" title="Twelfth grade">final year of high school</a>; e.g. the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a>. Many prospective attendants have a post-secondary school <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a> in an area such as tourism and a number hold <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a> having worked in other occupations, often as teachers. Graduates holding degrees, including those with studies in one or more <a href="/wiki/Foreign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign languages">foreign languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">business studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> can be favoured by employers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flight attendants are normally trained in the <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> or headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety, and attendants are evaluated for each type of aircraft in which they work. One of the most elaborate training facilities was <a href="/wiki/Breech_Academy" title="Breech Academy">Breech Academy</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> (TWA) opened in 1969 in <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park, Kansas</a>. Other airlines also sent their attendants to the school. However, during the fare wars, the school's viability declined and it closed around 1988. </p><p>Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, use of evacuation slides/life rafts, in-flight <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a>, ditching/emergency landing procedures, <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">decompression emergencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crew_resource_management" title="Crew resource management">crew resource management</a>, and security. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> requires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats and used by an air carrier for transportation to hold a <i>Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency</i>. It shows that a level of required training has been met. It is not limited to the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed the airlines where the holders were working), and is the attendant's personal property. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2 (listed on the certificate as "Group I" and "Group II"). Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the general type of aircraft, (<a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">propeller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a>), on which the holder has trained.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also training schools, not affiliated with any particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical, training to flight attendants employed by an airline, but also take curriculum modules to help them gain employment. These schools often use actual airline equipment for their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emergency situations. In some countries, such as France, a <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a> is required, together with the <i><a href="/wiki/Certificat_de_formation_%C3%A0_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Certificat de formation à la sécurité">Certificat de formation à la sécurité</a></i> (Safety training certificate).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingual</a> flight attendants are often in demand to accommodate international travellers. The languages most in demand, other than English, are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, airlines with international routes pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of flight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certain languages when launching international destinations. <a href="/wiki/Carole_Middleton" title="Carole Middleton">Carole Middleton</a> recalled when interviewed in 2018 that "you had to be able to speak another language" when working in the industry in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height">Height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height for this is over 152 cm but under 185 cm tall. Regional carriers using small aircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some airlines, such as <a href="/wiki/EVA_Air" title="EVA Air">EVA Air</a>, have height requirements for purely <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg/170px-Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg/255px-Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg/340px-Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> flight attendants in uniform featuring <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a></figcaption></figure><p>A flight attendant's presentation has changed over the decades. Many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance; hats, <a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">jackets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">skirts</a> showed simple straight lines and military details like <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a> and brass buttons. Many uniforms had a summer and winter version, differentiated by <a href="/wiki/Colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Colours">colours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabrics</a> appropriate to the <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a>: <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a> for winter, for example, <a href="/wiki/Khaki_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaki (colour)">khaki</a> for summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise the <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">publicity</a> value of their female flight attendants, more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-end <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a> and still others called in noted <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designers</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">milliners</a> to create distinctive and attractive apparel. During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines" title="Pacific Southwest Airlines">Pacific Southwest Airlines</a> (PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirts</a>. In the early 1970s, the uniform changed to <a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FORBES_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FORBES-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haute_couture">Haute couture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Haute couture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, the first flight attendant <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a> were designed to be durable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers with the first female flight attendants dressing in uniforms resembling <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">nurses</a>' outfits. The first female flight attendants for <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> wore green berets, green capes and nurse's shoes and other airlines, such as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a>, actually dressed female flight attendants in <a href="/wiki/Nurse_uniform" title="Nurse uniform">nurses' uniforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the 1960s a number of airlines were promoting their flight attendant's uniforms as evoking the refinement of <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></i>. In March 1962, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> launched a new model designed by Marc Bohan at <a href="/wiki/Dior" title="Dior">Dior</a>, introducing the "Air France" model into its Haute couture collection.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a> debuted their new flight attendant's uniforms at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg/170px-Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg/255px-Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg/340px-Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_female_flight_attendants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines" title="Pacific Southwest Airlines">Pacific Southwest Airlines</a> (PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short <a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">miniskirts</a>. In the early 1970s, the uniform changed to <a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FORBES_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FORBES-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photo shows PSA flight attendants in 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1980s, Asian airlines, especially national flag carrier ones, usually feature the <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">traditional dress</a> and fabrics of their respective country in their female flight attendants' uniform. It was meant as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to convey welcoming warmth and hospitality. For example, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways</a> flight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits into traditional Thai costume prior to passengers boarding.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the uniform of <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> female flight attendants is a modified <a href="/wiki/Kebaya" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a>, inspired by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> motif of <i>Parang Gondosuli</i>, the motif is called <i>Lereng Garuda Indonesia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Airlines">Malaysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> flight attendants wear <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> prints in their uniform. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines" title="Vietnam Airlines">Vietnam Airlines</a> flight attendants wear red <a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">áo dài</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a> flight attendants wear a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> on all passenger flights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_and_makeup">Uniform and makeup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uniform and makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the mid-1990s, several US-based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes with heels. Minimum heel heights ranged from one-half inch to the two inches mandated by <a href="/wiki/USAir" class="mw-redirect" title="USAir">USAir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight attendants at times avoided censure by changing into more comfortable shoes during flights, since their supervisors were less likely to be present there.<sup id="cite_ref-Banaszak-HollLevitsky2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banaszak-HollLevitsky2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Israeli airline <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airline's workers' union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the requirement was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2016, some female crew members on <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.<sup id="cite_ref-thinkprogress.org_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkprogress.org-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> began to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers and not wear makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> declared that it had ended uniform rules based on gender. Female flight attendants are no longer required to wear high heels, male flight attendants can wear makeup, and flight attendants of any gender can wear the same type of jewelry and have long hair in a ponytail or bun.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_conditions">Health conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study found higher instances of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid</a> cancers reported in flight attendants in contrast to the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the increased cancer cases reported were seen in <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> (3.4% of flight crew compared to 2.3% in the general population - a 50% increase), <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> (1.0% compared to 0.70%), <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal cancer</a> (0.47% compared to 0.27% – a 74% increase), <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a> (0.67% compared to 0.56%) and higher rates of both melanoma and non-melanoma <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancers</a> with reports of the latter increasing with every five years spent in the job.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study did not look into what causes this increase, but the authors said increased exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> from time spent in the thinner <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">upper atmosphere</a>, poor cabin air quality as well as <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">disrupted sleep</a> and meal cycles could be factors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies have found increased rates of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced respiratory health,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_injury" title="Musculoskeletal injury">musculoskeletal injuries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_514–521_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths_514–521-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher rates of mental health conditions in flight attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flight attendants and crew members are known to be exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">cosmic ionizing radiation</a> which is a form of radiation that comes from space and intensifies as altitude above sea level increases. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> lists ionizing radiation as a known <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens">human carcinogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_514–521_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths_514–521-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers are also exposed to this type of cosmic radiation, but they spend considerably less time on average in the air than crew members. An online travel agency report found, in particular, that travelling adults in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> spend on average 306 hours on flights to holiday destinations during their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">US Federal Aviation Administration</a>, a flight attendant can spend up to 30 hours of flight time in seven consecutive days and in some cases more.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of cosmic radiation on air crew members is a subject of a growing body of research.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cabin crew members are also regularly exposed to more <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV radiation</a> than the general population, which can make these workers more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Radiation_Protection_and_Measurements" title="National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements">National Council on Radiation Protection</a> (NCRP) reports that aircrew have the largest average annual effective dose of all U.S. radiation workers.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabin_air_quality">Cabin air quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cabin air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poor cabin air quality is a subject of ongoing study in relation to symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> difficulties among many others that have been reported by flight attendants, particularly on long-haul routes. There is also much concern regarding the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">contagious diseases</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. An open question remains whether these complaints are due to poor cabin air quality or to other factors inherent in flights, such as lowered <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">barometric pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chemical contaminants found in the cabin may include engine leakages, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>, which contain compounds that may act as <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">hormone disruptors</a> and increase the risk of some <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_disruption">Sleep disruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sleep disruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flight attendants often have <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">disrupted sleep cycles</a>. They are more likely to have disruptions in their sleep patterns because they may work at night, cross time zones, and have irregular schedules. There is some evidence linking sleep disruptions to increased cancer risk.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight attendants may also have different lifestyle behaviours related to diet, physical activity, and health care than the general population which could affect overall health and cancer risk.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondhand_tobacco_smoke">Secondhand tobacco smoke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondhand tobacco smoke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the flight attendants working today were exposed to second-hand <a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">in-flight smoke</a> until 1998 with partial smoking bans enacted in 1988. The long-term effects of this historical <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">secondhand smoke</a> exposure have not been well characterized.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_harassment">Sexual harassment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sexual harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Flight attendants are exposed to verbal and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies in the United States and Australia have found that the vast majority (two-thirds) of flight attendants experience sexual harassment in the course of their careers, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, inappropriate touching and sexual comments both by colleagues and passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Flight attendants describe the verbal sexual harassment as comments that are "nasty, unwanted, lewd, crude, inappropriate, uncomfortable, sexual, suggestive, and dirty". They also report being subjected to passengers' explicit sexual fantasies, propositions, request for sexual "favours" and pornographic videos and pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The studies also found that 70% of flight attendants who experience sexual harassment on the job "chose not to report the incident because they did not think it would be dealt with appropriately or they were concerned reporting it would make the situation worse" and "their airline was not doing enough to put a stop to harassment",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "they have not noticed any employer efforts over the past year to address sexual harassment at work."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emotional_labour">Emotional labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Emotional labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">emotional labour</a> as the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfil the emotional requirements of a job through a publicly visible facial and bodily display within the workplace (as opposed to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">emotion work</a>, i.e. the management of one's feelings in private life) was first established and linked to the profession of flight attendants by Professor Emerita of Sociology <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Hochschild</a>, in her book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Managed_Heart" title="The Managed Heart">The Managed Heart</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hochschild, flight attendants do emotional labour to enhance the status of the customer and entice further sales by their friendliness,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support this effort by evoking feelings that make the "nice" display seem natural.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to how flight attendants are supposed to use their smile in the job, the author writes:</p><blockquote><p>[I]n the flight attendant's work, smiling is separated from its usual function, which is to express a personal feeling, and attached to another one—expressing a company feeling. The company exhorts them to smile more, and "more sincerely," at an increasing number of passengers. The workers respond to the speed-up with a slowdown: they smile less broadly, with a quick release and no sparkle in the eyes, thus dimming the company's message to the people. It is a war of smiles.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Hochschild notes that corporate logic in the airline industry generates a series of links between competition, market expansion, advertising, heightened passenger expectations about rights to display, and company demands for acting; and when conditions allow this logic to work, private use of emotional exchange gives way to corporate use of emotional exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hochschild also writes of how flight attendants are trained to control passengers' feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fear or anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">emotional labour</a> performed by flight attendants and cross-cultural aspects of it have since been actively studied and are a topic of ongoing research.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsorship_and_advertising">Sponsorship and advertising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sponsorship and advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg/220px-Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg/330px-Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg/440px-Air_Serbia_flight_attendants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Air_Serbia" title="Air Serbia">Air Serbia</a> flight attendants (Tourist Fair <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> 2017)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG/220px-Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG/330px-Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG/440px-Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Girl" title="Singapore Girl">Singapore Girls</a>, featured in <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>' advertising</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertising the attractiveness and friendliness of their flight attendants. <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(NA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airlines (NA)">National Airlines</a> began a "Fly Me"; campaign using attractive female flight attendants with <a href="/wiki/Tagline" title="Tagline">taglines</a> such as "I'm Lorraine. Fly me to <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>." <a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International Airways</a> presented a campaign known as the "Air Strip" with similarly attractive young female flight attendant changing uniforms mid-flight.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, many airlines had a policy such that only unmarried women could be flight attendants,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a mandatory retirement age of 32 for flight attendants because of the belief women would be less appealing and attractive after this age. Many of the women were recruited as seniors in college and in <a href="/wiki/Beauty_pageants" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauty pageants">beauty pageants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serling_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serling-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-K_Barry_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K_Barry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a> have long sponsored international sporting events and employ their flight attendants to present awards at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a> and other events.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unions">Unions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flight attendant <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> were formed, beginning at United Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay, benefits and working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those unions would later challenge what they perceived as <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> and unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates. The largest flight attendants' union is the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Flight Attendants">Association of Flight Attendants</a>, representing nearly 60,000 flight attendants at 19 airlines within the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Association_of_Flight_Attendants_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Association_of_Flight_Attendants-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Flight_Attendants" title="Association of Professional Flight Attendants">Association of Professional Flight Attendants</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represents the flight attendants of American Airlines, the world's largest carrier. APFA is the largest independent flight attendant union in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by either Cabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerful <a href="/wiki/Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Transport and General Workers' Union">Transport and General Workers' Union</a>. </p><p>In Australia, flight attendants are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Flight_Attendants%27_Association_of_Australia" title="Flight Attendants' Association of Australia">Flight Attendants' Association of Australia</a> (FAAA). There are two divisions: one for international crews (<a href="/wiki/Flight_length" title="Flight length">long-haul</a>) and one for domestic crews (short-haul). </p><p>In New Zealand, flight attendants can be represented by either the <a href="/wiki/Flight_Attendants_and_Related_Services_Association" title="Flight Attendants and Related Services Association">Flight Attendants and Related Services Association</a> (FARSA) or by the <a href="/wiki/Engineering,_Printing_and_Manufacturing_Union" title="Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union">Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union</a> (EPMU). </p><p>In Canada, flight attendants are represented by either the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Public_Employees" title="Canadian Union of Public Employees">Canadian Union of Public Employees</a> (CUPE) or by the Canadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally female flight attendants were required to be single upon hiring, and were fired if they got married, exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline.<sup id="cite_ref-femininityinflight.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-femininityinflight.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the group Stewardesses for Women's Rights protested sexist advertising and company discrimination, and brought many cases to court. In 1964, United States President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signed the Civil Rights Act into law which prohibited sex discrimination and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> in 1968. The EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant. For flight attendants, this meant that they had an official governing body to report offences to and allowed them to successfully challenge age ceiling and marriage bans in relation to their effectiveness as employees.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-K_Barry_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K_Barry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case of <i>Diaz v. Pan Am</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-genders1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genders1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1986_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-quindlen1993_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quindlen1993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1991_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1970s, the term <i>stewardess</i> had generally been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">gender-neutral</a> alternative <i>flight attendant</i>. Also, during the 1980s and 1990s, more men were allowed to apply as flight attendants, helping to create more usage of this term. More recently the term <i>cabin crew</i> or <i>cabin staff</i> has begun to replace 'flight attendants' in some parts of the world, because of the term's recognition of their role as members of the crew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_in_emergencies">Roles in emergencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Roles in emergencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) and other aviation authorities view flight attendants as essential for safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121 aircraft operations.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies, some done in light of <a href="/wiki/British_Airtours_Flight_28M" class="mw-redirect" title="British Airtours Flight 28M">British Airtours Flight 28M</a>, have concluded that assertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuation of aeroplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of cabin crew actions include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11_September_2001">11 September 2001</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 11 September 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of flight attendants received heightened prominence after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> when flight attendants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a>; Robert Fangman of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a>; Renee May of <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ong" title="Betty Ong">Betty Ong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Amy_Sweeney" title="Madeline Amy Sweeney">Madeline Amy Sweeney</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a>) actively attempted to protect passengers from assault, and also provided vital information to <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_controller" title="Air traffic controller">air traffic controllers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijackings</a>, as did many passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-FAH_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAH-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of these attacks, many flight attendants at major airlines were laid off because of decreased passenger loads.<sup id="cite_ref-FAH_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAH-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_emergencies">Other emergencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other emergencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_attendant" title="Special:EditPage/Flight attendant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aided survivors after the crash of <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_1" title="TWA Flight 1">TWA Flight 1</a>, then walked 4 mi (6.4 km) through a snowstorm to find help, before returning to the crash scene.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Senior Purser <a href="/wiki/Neerja_Bhanot" title="Neerja Bhanot">Neerja Bhanot</a> saved the lives of passengers and crew when <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a> was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children from the terrorists. After her death she received the Special Courage Award from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> and India's highest civilian honour for bravery, the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra_(military_decoration)" title="Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)">Ashoka Chakra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naila_Nazir_(flight_attendant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naila Nazir (flight attendant)">Naila Nazir</a>, Pakistani flight attendant (employee of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a>) who received 1985's <a href="/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation">Flight Safety Foundation</a> (FSF) Heroism Award for her brave handling of tense and dangerous situation during the 13 days of the Flight PK-326 hijacking ordeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Oneheckofafight_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oneheckofafight-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FSF_Heroism_Award_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF_Heroism_Award-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Airtours_Flight_28M" class="mw-redirect" title="British Airtours Flight 28M">British Airtours Flight 28M</a>, the two forward flight attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, repeatedly crawled into the smoke filled and burning cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and were subsequently awarded the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallantry_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallantry Medal">Queen's Gallantry Medal</a>. The two rear flight attendants, Sharon Ford and Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors but were overwhelmed by fire and smoke were awarded the same medal posthumously.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_Flight_751" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751">Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751</a>, when cabin crew recognised an emergency landing was imminent and commanded the passengers to "bend down ... hold your knees" to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">brace position</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_529" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529">Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529</a>, whose sole flight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergency briefings, brace and evacuation commands to the passengers when the <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia" title="Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia">Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia</a> aircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOAC_Flight_712" title="BOAC Flight 712">BOAC Flight 712</a>, where a flight attendant, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jane_Harrison" title="Barbara Jane Harrison">Barbara Jane Harrison</a>, died saving passengers from an on-board fire and was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_5390" title="British Airways Flight 5390">British Airways Flight 5390</a>, in which a flight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost through a cockpit window that had failed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Airways_Flight_242" title="Southern Airways Flight 242">Southern Airways Flight 242</a>, on which the cabin crew provided safety briefings to their passengers, and on their own initiative, warned passengers of the impending crash by commanding passengers to adopt the brace position. At least one flight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Florida_Flight_90" title="Air Florida Flight 90">Air Florida Flight 90</a>, in which Kelly Duncan, the lone surviving flight attendant, passed the only life vest she could find to a passenger. She is recognised in the NTSB report for this "unselfish act".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TWA flight attendant <a href="/wiki/Uli_Derickson" title="Uli Derickson">Uli Derickson</a> who protected passengers during the <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_847" title="TWA Flight 847">TWA Flight 847</a> hijacking by assisting with negotiation efforts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_843" title="TWA Flight 843">TWA Flight 843</a>, when a TWA <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011">Lockheed L-1011</a> aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight attendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants, evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of life. The NTSB in their after accident report noted, "The performance of the flight attendants during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency evacuation."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_2069" title="British Airways Flight 2069">British Airways Flight 2069</a>, cabin crew stopped the plane from being crashed by a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mentally ill</a> passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crew on <a href="/wiki/2001_shoe_bomb_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 shoe bomb plot">American Airlines Flight 63</a> prevented shoe bomber <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reid_(shoe_bomber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Reid (shoe bomber)">Richard Colvin Reid</a> from blowing up the plane.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flight attendants on <a href="/wiki/Qantas_Flight_1737" class="mw-redirect" title="Qantas Flight 1737">Qantas Flight 1737</a> prevented their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with mental health issues. Two of them were taken to hospital with stab wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243" title="Aloha Airlines Flight 243">Aloha Airlines Flight 243</a> suffered a decompression which tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section of <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> away from the plane. The only fatality was flight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the airplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown violently to the floor during the decompression but, despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle reassuring passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flight attendants on <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Flight_797" title="Air Canada Flight 797">Air Canada Flight 797</a> (Sergio Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specifically taught in training such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the fire and smoke, and passing out towels for passengers to cover their nose and mouths with while the cabin was filling with smoke. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind.</li> <li>USAir flight attendant Richard DeMary helped to evacuate surviving passengers and another crew member from the burning wreckage of <a href="/wiki/USAir_Flight_1016" title="USAir Flight 1016">USAir Flight 1016</a>, which crashed during a go-around in adverse weather conditions after a failed landing attempt at <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport" title="Charlotte Douglas International Airport">Charlotte Douglas International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flight attendants on <a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549" title="US Airways Flight 1549">US Airways Flight 1549</a> successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft within 90 seconds even though the rear was rapidly filling with water.</li> <li>Nine cabin crew members aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_358" title="Air France Flight 358">Air France Flight 358</a> successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90 seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>. The NTSB stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed to the 100% survival rate.</li> <li>The flight attendants of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_434" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 434">Philippine Airlines Flight 434</a> kept the passengers calm after a bomb exploded during the flight from <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Though one passenger was killed during the explosion, they took care of the injured passengers.</li></ul> <p>One exception was the accident on <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Flight_797" title="Air Canada Flight 797">Air Canada Flight 797</a>, when the investigative board found that "misleading" reports about the fire by the flight attendant in charge "influenced the captain's decision to delay the initiation of a descent", and that such "delay increased the time for the fire to propagate and the time that passengers were exposed to the toxic environment before the airplane could be evacuated". The accident killed 23 passengers; none of the flight attendants sustained any injuries. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Air Dolomiti flight attendant"><img alt="Air Dolomiti flight attendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg/120px-Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg/180px-Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg/240px-Female_flight_attendant_of_Air_Dolomiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Air_Dolomiti" title="Air Dolomiti">Air Dolomiti</a> flight attendant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAS_DC-9,_interior_of_cabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scandinavian Airlines flight attendants in the 1960s"><img alt="Scandinavian Airlines flight attendants in the 1960s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg/120px-SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg/180px-SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg/240px-SAS_DC-9%2C_interior_of_cabin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a> flight attendants in the 1960s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SANDRA_FORCE1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Southwest Airlines flight attendant"><img alt="Southwest Airlines flight attendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SANDRA_FORCE1.png/120px-SANDRA_FORCE1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SANDRA_FORCE1.png/180px-SANDRA_FORCE1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SANDRA_FORCE1.png/240px-SANDRA_FORCE1.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> flight attendant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swissair flight attendant, 1953"><img alt="Swissair flight attendant, 1953" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg/120px-Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg/180px-Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg/240px-Hostess_der_Swissair_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a> flight attendant, 1953</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wizz Air flight attendant"><img alt="Wizz Air flight attendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG/120px-A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG/180px-A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG/240px-A_Wizz_Air_Airbus_A320_t%C3%ADpus%C3%BA_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p%C3%A9nek_fed%C3%A9lzete_l%C3%A9giutas-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9r%C5%91vel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a> flight attendant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emirates flight attendant in the A380 bar for Emirates"><img alt="Emirates flight attendant in the A380 bar for Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg/120px-Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg/180px-Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg/240px-Emirates_flight_attendant_in_the_Airbus_A380_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emirates flight attendant in the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">A380</a> bar for <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_flight_attendants">Notable flight attendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable flight attendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_flight_attendants" title="List of notable flight attendants">List of notable flight attendants</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinmanagers.com/corporate/">"Cabin Managers – Corporate"</a>. cabinmanagers.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704175618/http://www.cabinmanagers.com/corporate/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cabin+Managers+%E2%80%93+Corporate&rft.pub=cabinmanagers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinmanagers.com%2Fcorporate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119053532/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/airforceenlistedjobs/a/afjob1a6x1.htm">"1A6X1 – Flight Attendant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. 9 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usmilitary.about.com/od/airforceenlistedjobs/a/afjob1a6x1.htm">the original</a> on 19 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1A6X1+%E2%80%93+Flight+Attendant&rft.pub=About.com&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusmilitary.about.com%2Fod%2Fairforceenlistedjobs%2Fa%2Fafjob1a6x1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman,_Dan2010" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Dan (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airships.net/blog/worlds-first-flight-attendant">"The First Flight Attendant: Heinrich Kubis, 1912"</a>. <i>Airships: The Hindenburg and other Zeppelins</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711122929/http://www.airships.net/blog/worlds-first-flight-attendant/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airships%3A+The+Hindenburg+and+other+Zeppelins&rft.atitle=The+First+Flight+Attendant%3A+Heinrich+Kubis%2C+1912&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airships.net%2Fblog%2Fworlds-first-flight-attendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/161"><i>Guinness World Records 2014</i></a>. Guinness World Records Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/161">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9"><bdi>978-1-908843-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908843-15-9&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPages" class="citation web cs1">Pages, The Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/07/23/before-the-stewardess-the-steward-when-flight-attendants-were-men/">"Before the Stewardess, the Steward: When Flight Attendants Were Men – Sociological Images"</a>. <i>thesocietypages.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409102829/https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/07/23/before-the-stewardess-the-steward-when-flight-attendants-were-men/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesocietypages.org&rft.atitle=Before+the+Stewardess%2C+the+Steward%3A+When+Flight+Attendants+Were+Men+%E2%80%93+Sociological+Images&rft.aulast=Pages&rft.aufirst=The+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesocietypages.org%2Fsocimages%2F2013%2F07%2F23%2Fbefore-the-stewardess-the-steward-when-flight-attendants-were-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152027/http://news.travel.aol.com/2009/11/20/history-of-flight-attendant-uniforms/">"History of Flight Attendant Uniforms – AOL Travel News"</a>. AOL. 17 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.travel.aol.com/2009/11/20/history-of-flight-attendant-uniforms/">the original</a> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Flight+Attendant+Uniforms+%E2%80%93+AOL+Travel+News&rft.pub=AOL&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.travel.aol.com%2F2009%2F11%2F20%2Fhistory-of-flight-attendant-uniforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYtimes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYtimes_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYtimes_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYtimes_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/air-hostess-finds-life-adventurous-they-are-crazy-about-their-jobs.html">"Air hostess finds life adventurous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 12 April 1936. p. N1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150232/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/air-hostess-finds-life-adventurous-they-are-crazy-about-their-jobs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Page XX12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/liberation-at-30000-feet-on-the-freedom-of-early-airline-stewardesses/">"Liberation at 30,000 Feet: On the Freedom of Early Airline Stewardesses"</a>. 12 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315054016/https://lithub.com/liberation-at-30000-feet-on-the-freedom-of-early-airline-stewardesses/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=United+Settles+Sex-Bias+Case&rft.date=1986-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F07%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Funited-settles-sex-bias-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quindlen1993-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quindlen1993_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quindlen1993_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuindlen1993" class="citation news cs1">Quindlen, Anna (16 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/16/opinion/public-private-in-thin-air.html?sec=health">"Public & Private; In Thin Air"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422055413/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/16/opinion/public-private-in-thin-air.html?sec=health">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Public+%26+Private%3B+In+Thin+Air&rft.date=1993-05-16&rft.aulast=Quindlen&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fpublic-private-in-thin-air.html%3Fsec%3Dhealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1991-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1991_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1991_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/us/accord-on-flight-attendants-weight.html">"Accord on Flight Attendants' Weight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 30 August 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422055151/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/us/accord-on-flight-attendants-weight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Accord+on+Flight+Attendants%27+Weight&rft.date=1991-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F30%2Fus%2Faccord-on-flight-attendants-weight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-4">"Occupational Outlook Handbook – Flight Attendants"</a>. U.S. Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912211538/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm#tab-4">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupational+Outlook+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Flight+Attendants&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Labor+%E2%80%93+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Ftransportation-and-material-moving%2Fflight-attendants.htm%23tab-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm">"Flight Attendants: Occupational Outlook Handbook"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912211538/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/flight-attendants.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Attendants%3A+Occupational+Outlook+Handbook&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Ftransportation-and-material-moving%2Fflight-attendants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/home.htm">"Transportation and Material Moving Occupations: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>www.bls.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901223346/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/home.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bls.gov&rft.atitle=Transportation+and+Material+Moving+Occupations%3A+Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%3A+U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Ftransportation-and-material-moving%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?mc=true&n=sp14.3.121.m&r=SUBPART&ty=HTML#se14.3.121_1391">"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations: Title 14, §121.391 Flight attendants"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506173746/https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?mc=true&n=sp14.3.121.m&r=SUBPART&ty=HTML#se14.3.121_1391">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eCFR+%E2%80%94+Code+of+Federal+Regulations%3A+Title+14%2C+%C2%A7121.391+Flight+attendants.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FretrieveECFR%3Fmc%3Dtrue%26n%3Dsp14.3.121.m%26r%3DSUBPART%26ty%3DHTML%23se14.3.121_1391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-female-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-female_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saenz, Rogelio and Evans, Louwanda (June 2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/usflightattendants.aspx">The Changing Demography of U.S. Flight Attendants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308193515/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/usflightattendants.aspx">Archived</a> 8 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bls.gov-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bls.gov_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos171.htm">"Flight Attendants: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. Bls.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102138/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos171.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Attendants%3A+Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%3A+U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.pub=Bls.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Focos171.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2009" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Steve (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-ZEAAAQBAJ&dq=Steve+Goddard,+Seven+Floors+High+%27trolley+dolly%27&pg=PT216"><i>Seven Floors High</i></a>. AuthorHouse UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781728376097" title="Special:BookSources/9781728376097"><bdi>9781728376097</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240722150254/https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-ZEAAAQBAJ&dq=Steve+Goddard,+Seven+Floors+High+%27trolley+dolly%27&pg=PT216#v=onepage&q=Steve%20Goddard%2C%20Seven%20Floors%20High%20'trolley%20dolly'&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>I am sure these people were once normal. That is until they walked into BA's superior 'trolley dolly' school. From day one, I am positive it was drummed into them that all economy passengers are scum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Floors+High&rft.pub=AuthorHouse+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781728376097&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgM-ZEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSteve%2BGoddard%2C%2BSeven%2BFloors%2BHigh%2B%2527trolley%2Bdolly%2527%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/10/25/when-flying-is-taking-off-really-more-dangerous-than-landing/#7e01ac5b266e">"When Flying, is Taking off Really More Dangerous Than Landing?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814171554/https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/10/25/when-flying-is-taking-off-really-more-dangerous-than-landing/#7e01ac5b266e">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=When+Flying%2C+is+Taking+off+Really+More+Dangerous+Than+Landing%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fquora%2F2017%2F10%2F25%2Fwhen-flying-is-taking-off-really-more-dangerous-than-landing%2F%237e01ac5b266e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gooduniversitiesguide.com.au/careers-guide/flight-attendant">"How to become a Flight Attendant"</a>. Good Universities Guide. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131011216/https://www.gooduniversitiesguide.com.au/careers-guide/flight-attendant">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>...Education level Advanced Diploma/Diploma: 17.6% Bachelor degree: 15.7% Certificate III/IV: 17.3% Post Graduate/Graduate Diploma or Graduate Certificate: 2.5% Year 10 and below: 5.2% Year 11: 4.2% Year 12: 37.5%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+become+a+Flight+Attendant&rft.pub=Good+Universities+Guide&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gooduniversitiesguide.com.au%2Fcareers-guide%2Fflight-attendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.com/professions/flight-attendants/requirements">"Flight Attendants"</a>. First Hand. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131034414/https://vault.com/professions/flight-attendants/requirements">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Although there is no specific major that will prepare you for a career as a flight attendant, degrees in hospitality, tourism, public relations, business, communications, psychology, sociology, nursing, anthropology, police or fire science, and education are all good choices. A business degree with an emphasis in customer service or public relations is another excellent option. If you are especially interested in international flights, you might consider getting a degree in a foreign language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Attendants&rft.pub=First+Hand&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.com%2Fprofessions%2Fflight-attendants%2Frequirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2008/FACert.pdf">"Flight Attendant Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. faa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912183859/https://www.faa.gov/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_safety/info/all_infos/media/2008/facert.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Attendant+Certificate+of+Demonstrated+Proficiency&rft.pub=faa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fother_visit%2Faviation_industry%2Fairline_operators%2Fairline_safety%2Finfo%2Fall_infos%2Fmedia%2F2008%2FFACert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/CFS_presentation-2.pdf">Certificat de Formation à la Sécurité</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004002601/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/CFS_presentation-2.pdf">Archived</a> 4 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511004709/http://blog.airlinecareer.com/2009/06/flight-attendant-jobs-for-second.html">"Flight Attendant Jobs for Second Language Speakers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.airlinecareer.com/2009/06/flight-attendant-jobs-for-second.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flight+Attendant+Jobs+for+Second+Language+Speakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.airlinecareer.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fflight-attendant-jobs-for-second.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-daily-telegraph-telegraph-magazine/20181201/282475709892582">"Life Really is Normal - most of the time!"</a>. UK Daily Telegraph. 1 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206150924/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-daily-telegraph-telegraph-magazine/20181201/282475709892582">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"You had to be able to speak another language'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Life+Really+is+Normal+-+most+of+the+time%21&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-daily-telegraph-telegraph-magazine%2F20181201%2F282475709892582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220105358/https://careers.airnz.co.nz/customers/flight_attendants">"Becoming a Flight Attendant – Air New Zealand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careers.airnz.co.nz/customers/flight_attendants">the original</a> on 20 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Flight+attendants+through+the+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbreaking%2Fchi-history-stewardesses-flight-attendants-20130516%2C0%2C327510.photogallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.airfrance.com/en/creation">"EARLY INSPIRATIONS"</a>. Airfrance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225063009/https://corporate.airfrance.com/en/creation">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>Uniformes: Every detail of the new uniform evokes the refinement of haute couture...In March 1962, Air France launched a new model designed by Marc Bohan at Dior, introducing the "Air France" model into its haute couture collection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EARLY+INSPIRATIONS&rft.pub=Airfrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.airfrance.com%2Fen%2Fcreation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet" class="citation web cs1">Street, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/china-hainan-airlines-uniforms/index.html">"Are these the coolest cabin crew uniforms ever?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240717012326/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/china-hainan-airlines-uniforms/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>Hainan Airlines debuted the collection at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week Fall/Winter 2017 – cementing the airline's status as a fashion force to be reckoned with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+these+the+coolest+cabin+crew+uniforms+ever%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fchina-hainan-airlines-uniforms%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117020641/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/and-worlds-best-airline-889768">"The world's best airline is ..."</a> CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/and-worlds-best-airline-889768">the original</a> on 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight%3A+Inspired+by+the+Rich+Textile+Tradition+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Garuda+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garuda-indonesia.com%2Fid%2Fen%2Fgaruda-indonesia-experience%2Fservice-concept%2Fsight.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marc-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marc_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder1997" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Marc (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503063953/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=law_pubs">"Smart Women, Stupid Shoes, and Cynical Employers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Al+Flight+Attendants+Say+Goodbye+to+High+Heels&rft.pub=Israel+National+News&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.au=Yedidyah+Ben+Or%2C+10%2F09%2F15+12%3A26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F200542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinkprogress.org-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thinkprogress.org_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/culture/2016/02/06/3746877/british-airways-pants/">"Because It Is 2016, British Airways Finally Agrees Female Employees May Wear Pants To Work"</a>. <i>ThinkProgress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804053934/http://thinkprogress.org/culture/2016/02/06/3746877/british-airways-pants/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.twu.com.au&rft.atitle=TWU+%E2%80%93+Transport+Workers+Union+%28TWU%29+%E2%80%93+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twu.com.au%2Fhome%2Fcampaigns%2Fcabin-crew-sexual-harassment-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cabin-crew-sexual-harassment-australia-airlines-twu-report-a8574116.html">"Majority of flight attendants have experienced sexual harassment, new survey finds"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 8 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328023937/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/cabin-crew-sexual-harassment-australia-airlines-twu-report-a8574116.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048003"><bdi>978-0520048003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9280843">9280843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9280843&rft.isbn=978-0520048003&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). <i>The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048003"><bdi>978-0520048003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9280843">9280843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9280843&rft.isbn=978-0520048003&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). <i>The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048003"><bdi>978-0520048003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9280843">9280843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9280843&rft.isbn=978-0520048003&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). <i>The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048003"><bdi>978-0520048003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9280843">9280843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9280843&rft.isbn=978-0520048003&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1983" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). <i>The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520048003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520048003"><bdi>978-0520048003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9280843">9280843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Managed+Heart%3A+Commercialization+of+Human+Feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9280843&rft.isbn=978-0520048003&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeAnNoh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Chongho; An, Myungsook; Noh, Yonghwi (1 September 2015). "The effects of emotional display rules on flight attendants' emotional labor strategy, job burnout and performance". <i>Service Business</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 409–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11628-014-0231-4">10.1007/s11628-014-0231-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1862-8508">1862-8508</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144953839">144953839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Service+Business&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+emotional+display+rules+on+flight+attendants%27+emotional+labor+strategy%2C+job+burnout+and+performance&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-425&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144953839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1862-8508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11628-014-0231-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chongho&rft.au=An%2C+Myungsook&rft.au=Noh%2C+Yonghwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkabe2019" class="citation book cs1">Okabe, Noriko (2019). "Role Ambiguity and Trust Repair of Flight Attendants: Emotional Labor of Human Service Employees". In Kantola, Jussi Ilari; Nazir, Salman; Barath, Tibor (eds.). <i>Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Society</i>. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 783. Springer International Publishing. pp. 84–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-94709-9_9">10.1007/978-3-319-94709-9_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319947099" title="Special:BookSources/9783319947099"><bdi>9783319947099</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150082931">150082931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+Ambiguity+and+Trust+Repair+of+Flight+Attendants%3A+Emotional+Labor+of+Human+Service+Employees&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Human+Factors%2C+Business+Management+and+Society&rft.series=Advances+in+Intelligent+Systems+and+Computing&rft.pages=84-96&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150082931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-94709-9_9&rft.isbn=9783319947099&rft.aulast=Okabe&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Claire (1 November 2003). "Sky Service: The Demands of Emotional Labour in the Airline Industry". <i>Gender, Work & Organization</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 513–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0432.00210">10.1111/1468-0432.00210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0432">1468-0432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Sky+Service%3A+The+Demands+of+Emotional+Labour+in+the+Airline+Industry&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=513-550&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0432.00210&rft.issn=1468-0432&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorBrotheridge2006" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Ian; Brotheridge, Céleste M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Ask+the+pilot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Ftech%2Fcol%2Fsmith%2F2006%2F06%2F23%2Faskthepilot191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621021230/http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,3211,00.html">"Flight attendant history 2"</a>. United Airlines. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+life+of+an+Aussie+flight+attendant+working+for+Emirates+-+from+job+perks+to+living+in+Dubai&rft.pub=7NEWS+App&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F7news.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Finside-the-life-of-an-aussie-flight-attendant-working-for-emirates-from-job-perks-to-living-in-dubai-c-14015379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2024/03/emirates-sponsors-wimbledon/">"Emirates sponsors Wimbledon"</a>. TTR Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716012000/https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2024/03/emirates-sponsors-wimbledon/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emirates+sponsors+Wimbledon&rft.pub=TTR+Weekly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttrweekly.com%2Fsite%2F2024%2F03%2Femirates-sponsors-wimbledon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Skygirl to Flight Attendant, Women and the Making of a Union by Georgia Panter Nielsen, ILR Press/Cornell, Ithaca, New York (1982)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87546-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87546-093-2">978-0-87546-093-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Association_of_Flight_Attendants-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Association_of_Flight_Attendants_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afacwa.org/about_afa">"Association of Flight Attendants – About AFA"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804044543/https://www.afacwa.org/about_afa">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Flight+Attendants+%E2%80%93+About+AFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afacwa.org%2Fabout_afa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apfa.org/">"Association of Professional Flight Attendants – Home"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000012/https://apfa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Professional+Flight+Attendants+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapfa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093432/http://hub.aa.com/en/nr/pressrelease/apfa-nations-largest-independent-flight-attendant-union-calls-for-approval-of-oneworlds-immunity-application">"Newsroom – Home – American Airlines Group, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hub.aa.com/en/nr/pressrelease/apfa-nations-largest-independent-flight-attendant-union-calls-for-approval-of-oneworlds-immunity-application">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsroom+%E2%80%93+Home+%E2%80%93+American+Airlines+Group%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhub.aa.com%2Fen%2Fnr%2Fpressrelease%2Fapfa-nations-largest-independent-flight-attendant-union-calls-for-approval-of-oneworlds-immunity-application&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2007" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Kathleen (2007). <i>Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University. pp. 128–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Femininity+in+Flight%3A+A+History+of+Flight+Attendants&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.391">"14 CFR 121.391 – Flight attendants. | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute"</a>. Law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083413/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.391">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14+CFR+121.391+%E2%80%93+Flight+attendants.+%26%23124%3B+US+Law+%26%23124%3B+LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.pub=Law.cornell.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F14%2F121.391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822140626/http://casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/aug/44-47.pdf">"Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. casa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2005/aug/44-47.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evacuate%2C+Evacuate%2C+Evacuate&rft.pub=casa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Ffsa%2F2005%2Faug%2F44-47.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913154209/http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2006/pdf/grant_20040239.pdf">"Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. atsb.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/2006/pdf/grant_20040239.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evacuation+Commands+for+Optimal+Passenger+Management&rft.pub=atsb.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsb.gov.au%2Fpublications%2F2006%2Fpdf%2Fgrant_20040239.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAH-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAH_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAH_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061130135620/http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,50102,00.html">"Flight attendant history 10"</a>. united.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,50102,00.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+attendant+history+10&rft.pub=united.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.united.com%2Fpage%2Farticle%2F0%2C6722%2C50102%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahama1940" class="citation news cs1">Grahama, Frederick (7 January 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/07/archives/winged-hostess-the-girl-on-the-plane-may-also-be-a-heroine.html">"Winged Hostess: The girl on the plane may also be a heroine"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170643/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/07/archives/winged-hostess-the-girl-on-the-plane-may-also-be-a-heroine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Winged+Hostess%3A+The+girl+on+the+plane+may+also+be+a+heroine&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1940-01-07&rft.aulast=Grahama&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F01%2F07%2Farchives%2Fwinged-hostess-the-girl-on-the-plane-may-also-be-a-heroine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514221121/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848531-1,00.html">"Transport: On Cheat Mountain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 20 April 1936. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,848531-1,00.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Transport%3A+On+Cheat+Mountain&rft.date=1936-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C848531-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oneheckofafight-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oneheckofafight_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720054137/http://www.historyofpia.com/hijackings.htm">"History of PIA"</a>. 2 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofpia.com/hijackings.htm/">the original</a> on 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+PIA&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofpia.com%2Fhijackings.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSF_Heroism_Award-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FSF_Heroism_Award_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714013543/http://www.flightsafety.org/hero.html">"FSF Heroism Award"</a>. 2 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightsafety.org/hero.html/">the original</a> on 14 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF+Heroism+Award&rft.date=2009-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightsafety.org%2Fhero.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113909/http://home3.inet.tele.dk/stefan-g/STEFANBOG.pdf">"Det gælder dit liv!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. home3.inet.tele.dk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTSB+Atlantic+Southeast+Airlines%2C+Inc.%2C+Flight+529&rft.pub=ntsb.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fdoclib%2Freports%2F1996%2FAAR9606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106175910/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2001/may/16-19.pdf">"Am I alive?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. casa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/2001/may/16-19.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Am+I+alive%3F&rft.pub=casa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Ffsa%2F2001%2Fmay%2F16-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080817013255/http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf">"Full NTSB Accident Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. amelia.db.erau.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+NTSB+Accident+Report&rft.pub=amelia.db.erau.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famelia.db.erau.edu%2Freports%2Fntsb%2Faar%2FAAR82-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113908/http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR93-04.pdf">"NTSB Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTSB+Report&rft.pub=airdisaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airdisaster.com%2Freports%2Fntsb%2FAAR93-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twaflight843.com/">"TWA Flight 843"</a>. twaflight843.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126221848/http://www.twaflight843.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TWA+Flight+843&rft.pub=twaflight843.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twaflight843.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1092642.stm">"Crew's training saved terror flight"</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. 29 December 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222083406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1092642.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crew%27s+training+saved+terror+flight&rft.date=2000-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1092642.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1725627.stm">"Explosives scare forces down plane"</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. 23 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115094430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1725627.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Explosives+scare+forces+down+plane&rft.date=2001-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F1725627.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/29/1054177673194.html">"Heroes foil Qantas hijack attack"</a>. <i>theage.com.au</i>. Melbourne. 30 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526224018/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/29/1054177673194.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=theage.com.au&rft.atitle=Heroes+foil+Qantas+hijack+attack&rft.date=2003-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F05%2F29%2F1054177673194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730225734/http://starbulletin.com/2005/12/22/features/story05.html">"243 is horrific Aloha flight story"</a>. starbulletin.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starbulletin.com/2005/12/22/features/story05.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=243+is+horrific+Aloha+flight+story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarbulletin.com%2F2005%2F12%2F22%2Ffeatures%2Fstory05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621010435/http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/dc9crash.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.casa.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casa.gov.au/fsa/1998/nov/dc9crash.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.casa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Ffsa%2F1998%2Fnov%2Fdc9crash.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2007" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Kathleen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGVy_CsvIwgC"><i>Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants</i></a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822339465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822339465"><bdi>978-0822339465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Femininity+in+Flight%3A+A+History+of+Flight+Attendants&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822339465&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGVy_CsvIwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiemeyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Tiemeyer, Phil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoQkDQAAQBAJ"><i>Plane Queer: Labor, Sexuality, and AIDS in the History of Male Flight Attendants</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520274761" title="Special:BookSources/9780520274761"><bdi>9780520274761</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871014980">871014980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plane+Queer%3A+Labor%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+AIDS+in+the+History+of+Male+Flight+Attendants&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871014980&rft.isbn=9780520274761&rft.aulast=Tiemeyer&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoQkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVantoch2013" class="citation book cs1">Vantoch, Victoria (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jetsexairlineste0000vant"><i>The Jet Sex: Airline Stewardesses and the Making of an American Icon</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4481-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-4481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jet+Sex%3A+Airline+Stewardesses+and+the+Making+of+an+American+Icon&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4481-6&rft.aulast=Vantoch&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjetsexairlineste0000vant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfhart2022" class="citation book cs1">Wulfhart, Nell McShane (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/636297/the-great-stewardess-rebellion-by-nell-mcshane-wulfhart/"><i>The Great Stewardess Rebellion: How Women Launched a Workplace Revolution at 30,000 Feet</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385546454" title="Special:BookSources/9780385546454"><bdi>9780385546454</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1309091093">1309091093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Stewardess+Rebellion%3A+How+Women+Launched+a+Workplace+Revolution+at+30%2C000+Feet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1309091093&rft.isbn=9780385546454&rft.aulast=Wulfhart&rft.aufirst=Nell+McShane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F636297%2Fthe-great-stewardess-rebellion-by-nell-mcshane-wulfhart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+attendant" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSs5EAAAQBAJ">The Great Stewardess Rebellion: How Women Launched a Workplace Revolution at 30,000 Feet</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_attendant&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Commercial_aviation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flugbegleiter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4369165-1">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flugbegleiterin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135254-3">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flight attendants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002659">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Agents de bord"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941317g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span 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