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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch academic title</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a>.</div> <p><b>Doctorandus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[dɔktoːˈrɑndʏs]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Nl-doctorandus.ogg\/Nl-doctorandus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-doctorandus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Nl-doctorandus.ogg/Nl-doctorandus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-doctorandus.ogg" title="File:Nl-doctorandus.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'he who should become a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctor</a>'; <b>drs.</b>) is a Dutch <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks" title="List of academic ranks">academic title</a> according to the pre-<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor</a>–<a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master</a> system. The female form is <b>doctoranda</b> (<b>dra.</b>; this form is not commonly used). The title is acquired by passing the <i>doctoraalexamen</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Final_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Final examination">exam</a> which usually concludes university study. Some students will continue to do research under the supervision of a <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>, which eventually allows them to obtain the title of <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctor</a>. </p><p>In Dutch, the words <i>doctoraal</i> and <i>doctoraat</i> have different meanings, the first referring to the doctorandus, the second word referring to the doctorate phase or title. The word 'doctorandus' is based on the traditional principle that this degree is a prerequisite and intermediate step for obtaining a doctorate title. However, in the twentieth century the doctorandi have become considered to be graduates and when they can choose a scientific career, they do so usually as a paid <i><a href="/wiki/Promovendus" class="mw-redirect" title="Promovendus">promovendus</a></i> and not as research students. An exception are medical students, where the doctoral exam is an intermediate step after which the students have to follow internships, in order to obtain the full medical degree of physician (<i>arts</i> in Dutch). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Dutch legislation, the Dutch doctorandus degree is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> or <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a> degree in English-speaking countries, with the difference that the coursework and comprehensive exams for a doctorate are included in the academic study. After being graduated to "drs.", the candidate can start with PhD-level research and writing the dissertation without any further exams. </p><p>The abbreviation is <b>drs.</b> This means that Dutch graduates who received the doctorandus title may sign like <b>drs. A. Jansen</b>. After the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, the title doctorandus has been replaced by the degrees MA and MSc, and those who receive such Dutch degrees may choose: they may use MA/MSc behind their name, or continue to use drs., mr. or ir., reflecting the field in which they graduated. According to Art. 7.20 of the Dutch law on higher education and scientific research,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a graduate of a master's degree granted through scientific education (i.e. by a Dutch research university) may sign as ir. (ir. stems from the Dutch 'ingenieur' (engineer)) for those who graduated in an academic study of agriculture, natural environment or technical field, mr. (mr. stems from the Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">meester</i></span> (master) at law) for those who graduated in law and drs. by those who graduated in other fields. According to Art. 7.19a<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dutch customs the degrees granted to such graduates are MSc for engineers, MA or MSc for doctoranduses and established by ministerial regulation for jurists (actually LLM). This means that two situations can be discerned: </p> <ol><li>Those who received their doctorandus title before the Bologna process have the option of signing like <b>A. Jansen, M</b>, since the old doctorandus title (from before the Bologna process) is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>, and the shortcut M may officially be used in order to render such title as an international title.<sup id="cite_ref-nvao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burgervragen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgervragen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onzetaal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onzetaal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nvaomail_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvaomail-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially useful when one has a combination of pre-Bologna and post-Bologna titles and degrees, since a combination of one or more recognized Dutch titles with one or more international degrees is not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-onzetaal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onzetaal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Dutch Department of Education, "The termination 'of Arts' or the termination 'of Science' are namely legally protected and may only be used by those who have got a degree therein after the introduction of the Bachelor/Master curricula (2002)."<sup id="cite_ref-burgervragen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgervragen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, titles received before 1 September 2002 are considered old titles, while titles received after this date are considered new titles.<sup id="cite_ref-nvao_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old titles ir., mr. or drs. may be borne as M behind one's name, since the Art. 7.22a of the Dutch Law on higher education and scientific research refers to the old Art. 7.21 of this law, which allowed those who bear such titles to use the M (from Master) behind their names; Art. 7.22a maintains the application of the old Art. 7.21 proviso for the old titles although the old Art. 7.21 article has been revoked (i.e. it does not apply to new titles).<sup id="cite_ref-nvaomail_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvaomail-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Those who received their master's degree from Dutch research universities after the Bologna process in other fields than agriculture, natural environment, technical field and law may also bear the title doctorandus and alternatively have the option of signing like <b>A. Jansen, MA</b> or <b>A. Jansen, MSc</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only as specified on their diploma. In this case, either a MA or a MSc is granted, which entitles one to bear the title doctorandus. This means that people who have graduated soon after 1 September 2002 have no (separate) bachelor's degree, but only a master's degree, which is their first degree.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> the title Drs. is only used for graduates working on a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, who eventually change their title from Drs. to Dr. The title Lic. (which stems from <i><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiaat</a></i>) is used for those who have finished a masters' degree, but it is rarely used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree was also used in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> until 1994 (because of Indonesia being a former colony of the Netherlands), where it was given to all bachelors except law, agriculture, natural environment, and engineering. The title ir. for academic engineers is still used in Indonesia by those who obtained their degree before 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, Sweden, and Estonia the term is used in the form: "doktorand", with the same etymology: <i>he who should become a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctor</a></i> (but dropping the gender qualifier) to refer to a student reading for his or her doctorate. However, it is not a formal title and is never written abbreviated. Similarly, in Romania it is "doctorand", abbreviated "drd." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/Hoofdstuk7597869/Titel1/Paragraaf4/Artikel720/geldigheidsdatum_25-08-2011">Art. 7.20 WHW</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005682/Hoofdstuk7597869/Titel1/Paragraaf4/Artikel719a/geldigheidsdatum_25-08-2011">Art. 7.19a WHW</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nvao-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nvao_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nvao_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvao.net/titulatuur_nl">Titulatuur Nederland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930061733/http://www.nvao.net/titulatuur_nl">Archived</a> September 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organization — this source denies that one may bear a <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna-style</a> bachelor's or master's degree instead of the old titles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minocw.nl/bachelor/355/Titels.html">Opleidingen en titels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210184259/http://www.minocw.nl/bachelor/355/Titels.html">Archived</a> February 10, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/hoger-onderwijs/titulatuur">Titulatuur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304133509/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/hoger-onderwijs/titulatuur">Archived</a> March 4, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website of the government of the Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/hoger-onderwijs/vraag-en-antwoord/welke-titel-mag-ik-voeren-als-ik-ben-afgestudeerd-of-gepromoveerd.html">Vraag en antwoord. Welke titel mag ik voeren na het voltooien van een opleiding in het hoger onderwijs?</a> website of the Royal Government — this source affirms that those who have an old ir., mr. or drs. title may optionally use M (from Master) behind their names, instead of the shortcut before their names.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burgervragen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burgervragen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burgervragen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607172828/http://members.home.nl/icnl/burgervragen.pdf">"Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.home.nl/icnl/burgervragen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens%27+questions+letter+from+Dutch+Department+of+Education%2C+Culture+and+Science&rft.pub=Members.home.nl&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.home.nl%2Ficnl%2Fburgervragen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctorandus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onzetaal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onzetaal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onzetaal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onzetaal.nl/advies/titulatuur3.php">Drs. A Jansen, MBA?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024651/http://www.onzetaal.nl/advies/titulatuur3.php">Archived</a> 2011-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> OnzeTaal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nvaomail-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nvaomail_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nvaomail_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928063959/http://members.home.nl/icnl/nvao-drs-m.pdf">"Message from the website"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>members.home.nl</i>. 29 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.home.nl/icnl/nvao-drs-m.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=members.home.nl&rft.atitle=Message+from+the+website&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.home.nl%2Ficnl%2Fnvao-drs-m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctorandus" class="Z3988"></span> NVAO Communication Department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 7.19a, section 2, subsections f and g of the Dutch Law on higher education and scientific research.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nufficglossary.nuffic.nl/site/Content.aspx?TermId=310">"doctorandus"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> in the Nuffic Glossary (Dutch-English terminology for describing higher education in the Netherlands)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&oldid=1247022728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctorandus&oldid=1247022728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Education in the Netherlands">Education in the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doctoral_degrees" title="Category:Doctoral degrees">Doctoral degrees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Belgium" title="Category:Education in Belgium">Education in Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Education in Indonesia">Education in Indonesia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Dutch_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Dutch IPA">Pages with Dutch IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Langnf_omitting_second_positional_parameter" title="Category:Pages with Langnf omitting second positional parameter">Pages with Langnf omitting second positional parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2019">Articles with dead external links from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 12:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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