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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Weights and measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weights_and_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prehistoric origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece:_fancy_shapes_for_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece:_fancy_shapes_for_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ancient Greece: fancy shapes for painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece:_fancy_shapes_for_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_amphora_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_amphora_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Greek amphora types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_amphora_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neck_amphora_(c._6th–5th_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck_amphora_(c._6th–5th_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Neck amphora (c. 6th–5th century BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck_amphora_(c._6th–5th_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belly_amphora_(c._640–450_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belly_amphora_(c._640–450_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>Belly amphora (c. 640–450 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belly_amphora_(c._640–450_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panathenaic_prize_amphora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panathenaic_prize_amphora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.3</span> <span>Panathenaic prize amphora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panathenaic_prize_amphora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfoor" title="Amfoor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amfoor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أمفورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمفورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%A1_(%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Ամֆորէա (αμφορέας) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամֆորէա (αμφορέας)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nfora" title="Ánfora – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ánfora" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амфара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амфара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1forenn" title="Añforenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Añforenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80mfora" title="Àmfora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àmfora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphore" title="Amphore – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amphore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αμφορέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμφορέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nfora" title="Ánfora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ánfora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amforo" title="Amforo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amforo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfora" title="Anfora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anfora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آمفورا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمفورا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphore" title="Amphore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amphore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfara" title="Amfara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amfara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%8F%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="암포라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암포라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ամֆորա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամֆորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amforo" title="Amforo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amforo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amf%C3%B3ra" title="Amfóra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amfóra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfora" title="Anfora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anfora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אמפורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמפורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0" title="ಆಂಫೋರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಫೋರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ამფორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამფორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amphora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphor" title="Amphor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amphor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Amphora" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9" title="アンフォラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンフォラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82nfora" title="Ânfora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ânfora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfor%C4%83" title="Amforă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amforă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amphora" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9mmulu" title="Bùmmulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bùmmulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amphora" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="அம்ப்போரா மதுச்சாடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அம்ப்போரா மதுச்சாடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amfora" title="Amfora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amfora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Амфора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амфора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%80%B3%E7%93%B6" title="双耳瓶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="双耳瓶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%80%B3%E7%93%B6" title="双耳瓶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双耳瓶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of vase. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amphora_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amphora (disambiguation)">Amphora (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Amphora</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphorae_stacking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/250px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/375px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/500px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Amphora</i> designed for marine transport, taken from <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecks" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwrecks">shipwrecks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The museum archaeologists have devised a rack and roping device to illustrate how the cargo might have been kept from shifting.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anforagrega-atenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Anforagrega-atenas.jpg/250px-Anforagrega-atenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Anforagrega-atenas.jpg/375px-Anforagrega-atenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Anforagrega-atenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="662" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic prize amphora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> style, showing the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Ceramic, a small minority in metal, rare instances in stone or glass</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Small-volume container varying from table-top size to half the height of a human, able to be carried by one or more people.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data">Sometimes inscribed with an identifying mark, or, in the case of painted ware, the signature of the potter or artist and the names of the characters depicted in the scene.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">The shards are ubiquitous in any type of archaeological context. The vessels were used primarily to carry wine, which was drunk by all known peoples over Eurasia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from at least the Neolithic.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data">Circum-Mediterranean, Black Sea, Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg/220px-Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg/330px-Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg/440px-Amphora-rhyton_17.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Silver amphora-rhyton with zoomorphic handles, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassil_Bojkov_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassil Bojkov Collection (page does not exist)">Vassil Bojkov Collection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>amphora</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀμφορεύς">ἀμφορεύς</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>amphoreús</i></span></i></span>; English <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>amphorae</b> or <b>amphoras</b></span>) is a type of container<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storage rooms and packages, tied together with rope and delivered by land or sea. The size and shape have been determined from at least as early as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Period. Amphorae were used in vast numbers for the transport and storage of various products, both liquid and dry, but mostly for wine. They are most often <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, but examples in metals and other materials have been found. Versions of the amphorae were one of many shapes used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">Ancient Greek vase painting</a>. </p><p>The amphora complements a vase, the <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a>, which makes available capacities between one-half and two and one-half tons. In contrast, the amphora holds under a half-ton, typically less than 50 kilograms (110 lb). The bodies of the two types have similar shapes. Where the pithos may have multiple small loops or lugs for fastening a rope harness, the amphora has two expansive <a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">handles</a> joining the shoulder of the body and a long neck. The necks of pithoi are wide for scooping or bucket access. The necks of amphorae are narrow for pouring by a person holding it by the bottom and a handle. Some variants exist. The handles might not be present. The size may require two or three handlers to lift. For the most part, however, an amphora was tableware, or sat close to the table, was intended to be seen, and was finely decorated as such by master painters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stoppers of perishable materials, which have rarely survived, were used to seal the contents. Two principal types of amphorae existed: the <i>neck amphora</i>, in which the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and the <i>one-piece amphora</i>, in which the neck and body form a continuous curve upwards. Neck amphorae were commonly used in the early history of ancient Greece, but were gradually replaced by the one-piece type from around the 7th century BC onward. </p><p>Most were produced with a pointed base to allow upright storage by embedding in soft ground, such as sand. The base facilitated transport by ship, where the amphorae were packed upright or on their sides in as many as five staggered layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins196_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins196-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If upright, the bases probably were held by some sort of rack, and ropes passed through their handles to prevent shifting or toppling during rough seas. Heather and reeds might be used as packing around the vases. Racks could be used in kitchens and shops. The base also concentrated deposits from liquids with suspended solid particles, such as olive oil and wines. </p><p>Amphorae are of great use to <a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">maritime archaeologists</a>, as they often indicate the age of a <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwreck</a> and the geographic origin of the cargo. They are occasionally so well preserved that the original content is still present, providing information on foodstuffs and mercantile systems. Amphorae were too cheap and plentiful to return to their origin-point and so, when empty, they were broken up at their destination. At a breakage site in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Testaccio" title="Testaccio">Testaccio</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the fragments, later wetted with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> (calce viva), remained to create a hill now named <a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a>, 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometre in circumference. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amphora is a Greco-Roman word developed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The Romans acquired it during the Hellenization that occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a> is the first known literary person to use it. The Romans turned the Greek form into a standard - a declension noun, <i>amphora</i>, pl. <i>amphorae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word and the vase were almost certainly introduced to Italy through the Greek settlements there, which traded extensively in Greek pottery. </p><p>Even though the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> imported, manufactured, and exported amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and other Greek vase names were Etruscanized, no Etruscan form of the word exists. There was perhaps an as yet unidentified native Etruscan word for the vase that pre-empted the adoption of <i>amphora</i>. </p><p>The Latin word derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>amphoreus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀμφορεύς</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a shortened form of <i>amphiphoreus</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀμφιφορεύς</span></span>), a compound word combining <i>amphi-</i> ("on both sides", "twain")<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>phoreus</i> ("carrier"), from <i>pherein</i> ("to carry"),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the vessel's two carrying handles on opposite sides.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amphora appears as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸</span></span>, <i>a-pi-po-re-we</i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> Bronze Age records of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀀𐀡𐀩𐀸</span></span>, <i>a-po-re-we</i>, at Mycenae, and the fragmentary <i>]-re-we</i> at Pylos, designated by <span class="nowrap">Ideogram 209</span> <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐃨</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_L._Bennett_Jr." title="Emmett L. Bennett Jr.">Bennett's</a> AMPHORA, which has a number of scribal variants. The two spellings are transcriptions of amphiphorēwes (plural) and amphorēwe (dual) in Mycenaean Greek from which it may be seen that the short form prevailed on the mainland. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> uses the long form for metrical reasons, and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> has the short form. Ventris and Chadwick's translation is "carried on both sides."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weights_and_measures">Weights and measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Weights and measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amphora_(unit)" title="Amphora (unit)">Amphora (unit)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg/170px-Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg/255px-Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg/340px-Amphora_Dressel_1B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dressel 1B type amphora<br /><i>Key :</i> 1: rim; 2: neck; 3: handle; 4: shoulder;<br />5: belly <i>or</i> body; 6: foot</figcaption></figure> <p>Amphorae varied greatly in height. The largest stands as tall as 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) high, while some were less than 30 centimetres (12 inches) high - the smallest were called amphoriskoi (literally "little amphorae"). Most were around 45 centimetres (18 inches) high. </p><p>There was a significant degree of standardisation in some variants; the wine amphora held a standard measure of about 39 litres (41 US qt), giving rise to the amphora quadrantal as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. In all, approximately 66 distinct types of amphora have been identified. </p><p>Further, the term also stands for an ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman unit of measurement</a> for liquids. The volume of a Roman amphora (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amphora quadrantal</i></span>) was about one cubic <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pes" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pes">pes</a></i></span> (foot), equivalent to 26.2 liters (5.8 imp gal; 6.9 U.S. gal).<sup id="cite_ref-smith_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman amphorae were <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">wheel-thrown</a> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> containers. During the production process the body was made first and then left to dry partially.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then coils of clay were added to form the neck, the rim, and the handles.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the amphora was complete, the maker then treated the interior with resin that would prevent permeation of stored liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstruction of these stages of production is based primarily on the study of modern amphora production in some areas of the eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amphorae often were marked with a variety of stamps, <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a>, and inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They provided information on the production, content, and subsequent marketing. A stamp usually was applied to the amphora at a partially dry stage. It indicates the name of the <i>figlina</i> (workshop) and/or the name of the owner of the workshop. Painted stamps, <i><a href="/wiki/Tituli_picti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tituli picti">tituli picti</a></i>, recorded the weight of the container and the contents, and were applied after the amphora was filled. Today, stamps are used to allow historians to track the flow of trade goods and recreate ancient trade networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first systematic classification of Roman amphorae types was undertaken by the German scholar <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dressel" title="Heinrich Dressel">Heinrich Dressel</a>. Following the exceptional amphora deposit uncovered in Rome in Castro Pretorio at the end of the 1800s, he collected almost 200 inscriptions from amphorae and included them in the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></i>. In his studies of the amphora deposit he was the first to elaborate a classification of types, the so-called "Dressel table",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which still is used today for many types. </p><p>Subsequent studies on Roman amphorae have produced more detailed classifications, which usually are named after the scholar who studied them. For the neo-Phoenician types see the work by Maña published in 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the revised classification by Van der Werff in 1977–1978.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gallic amphorae have been studied by Laubenheimer in a study published in 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the Cretan amphorae have been analyzed by Marangou-Lerat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beltràn studied the Spanish types in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adriatic types have been studied by Lamboglia in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a general analysis of the Western Mediterranean types see Panella,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177–275_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177–275-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Peacock and Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_origins">Prehistoric origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistoric origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banpo_amphora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banpo_amphora.jpg/220px-Banpo_amphora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banpo_amphora.jpg/330px-Banpo_amphora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banpo_amphora.jpg/440px-Banpo_amphora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Amphora found in <a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a> (China), made by the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a>; 5000–3000 BC; <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a> (Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceramics of shapes and uses falling within the range of amphorae, with or without handles, are of prehistoric heritage across Eurasia, from the Caucasus to China. Amphorae dated to approximately 4800 BC have been found in <a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Amphorae first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> coast at approximately 3500 BC. </p><p>In the Bronze and Iron Ages amphorae spread around the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> world, being used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as the principal means for transporting and storing <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and other agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins196_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins196-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were produced on an industrial scale until approximately the 7th century AD. <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Wooden</a> and skin containers seem to have supplanted amphorae thereafter. </p><p>They influenced <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a> and other East Asian ceramic cultures, especially as a fancy shape for high-quality decorative ceramics, and continued to be produced there long after they had ceased to be used further west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece:_fancy_shapes_for_painting">Ancient Greece: fancy shapes for painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece: fancy shapes for painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">Ancient Greek vase painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery of ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg/250px-Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg/330px-Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg/500px-Amphora_Athens_Louvre_A512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Large late Geometric Attic amphora; 725–700 BC; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> (Paris, France)</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides coarse amphorae used for storage and transport, the vast majority, high-quality painted amphorae were produced in Ancient Greece in significant numbers for a variety of social and ceremonial purposes. Their design differs vastly from the more functional versions; they are typified by wide mouth and a ring base, with a glazed surface and decorated with figures or geometric shapes. They normally have a firm base on which they can stand. <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphorae</a> were used as prizes in the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Festival">Panathenaic Festivals</a> held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, filled with olive oil from a sacred grove. Surviving examples bear the inscription "I am one of the prizes from Athens", and usually depict the particular event they were awarded for. </p><p>Painted amphorae were also used for funerary purposes, often in special types such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">loutrophoros</a></i>. Especially in earlier periods, outsize vases were used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead. By the Roman period vase-painting had largely died out, and utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_amphora_types">Greek amphora types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greek amphora types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various different types of amphorae were popular at different times: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Neck_amphora_(c._6th–5th_century_BC)"><span id="Neck_amphora_.28c._6th.E2.80.935th_century_BC.29"></span>Neck amphora (c. 6th–5th century BC)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neck amphora (c. 6th–5th century BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a neck amphora, the handles are attached to the neck, which is separated from the belly by an angular carination. There are two main types of neck amphorae: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Nolan_amphora" title="Nolan amphora">Nolan amphora</a> (late 5th century BC), named for its type site, <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a> near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenian amphorae">Tyrrhenian amphora</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are also some rarer special types of neck amphora, distinguished by specific features, for example: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointed_amphora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pointed amphora (page does not exist)">Pointed amphora</a>, with a notably pointed toe, sometimes ending in a knob-like protrusion</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></i>, used for storing water during ritual ceremonies, such as marriages and funerals.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Belly_amphora_(c._640–450_BC)"><span id="Belly_amphora_.28c._640.E2.80.93450_BC.29"></span>Belly amphora (c. 640–450 BC)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belly amphora (c. 640–450 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the neck amphora, a belly amphora does not have a distinguished neck; instead, the belly reaches the mouth in a continuous curve. After the mid-5th century BC, this type was rarely produced. The <i><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">pelike</a></i> is a special type of belly amphora, with the belly placed lower, so that the widest point of the vessel is near its bottom. The <i>pelike</i> was introduced around the end of the 6th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Panathenaic_prize_amphora">Panathenaic prize amphora</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Panathenaic prize amphora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another special type is the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic prize amphora</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure vase painting">black-figure</a> decoration, produced exclusively as prize vessels for the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a> and retaining the black-figure technique for centuries after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure vase painting">red-figure vase painting</a>. Some examples bear the inscription "ΤΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΗΘΕΝ ΑΘΛΩΝ" meaning "[I am one] of the prizes from [the goddess] Athena". They contained the prize of oil from the sacred olive tree of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> for the winners of the athletic contests held to honour the goddess, and were evidently kept thereafter, and perhaps used to store wine, before being buried with the prize-winner. They depicted goddess Athena on one side (as seen on the second image on this page) and the athletic event on the other side, e.g. a scene of wrestling or running contest etc. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_GR147.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panathenaic prize amphora for runners; c. 530 BC; terracotta; height: 62.2 cm (241⁄2 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Panathenaic prize amphora for runners; c. 530 BC; terracotta; height: 62.2 cm (241⁄2 in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_GR147.jpg/250px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_GR147.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_GR147.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_GR147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic prize amphora</a> for runners; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>; terracotta; height: 62.2 cm (24<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in.); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek amphora; 2nd half of the 2nd century BC; glass; from Olbia (Roman-era Sardinia); Altes Museum (Berlin)"><img alt="Greek amphora; 2nd half of the 2nd century BC; glass; from Olbia (Roman-era Sardinia); Altes Museum (Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg/118px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg/177px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg/236px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_Antikensammlung_Berlin_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek amphora; 2nd half of the 2nd century BC; glass; from <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Roman-era Sardinia</a>); <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> (Berlin)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg/220px-Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg/330px-Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg/440px-Roman_Holy_Land_1st-3rd_century_AD_lead_pilgrim%27s_votive_amphora_%22Ampulla%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>Miniature Roman Holy Land 1st–3rd century AD lead pilgrim's votive amphora "Ampulla"</figcaption></figure> <p>By the Roman period utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced. </p><p>The first type of Roman amphora, Dressel 1, appears in central Italy in the late 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type had thick walls and a characteristic red fabric. It was very heavy, although also strong. Around the middle of the 1st century BC the so-called Dressel 2-4 starts to become widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of amphora presented some advantages in being lighter and with thinner walls. It has been calculated that while a ship could accommodate approximately 4500 Dressel 1, it was possible to fit 6000 Dressel 2–4 in the same space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dressel 2-4 were often produced in the same workshops used for the production of Dressel 1 which quickly ceased to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time in <a href="/wiki/Cuma_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuma (Italy)">Cuma</a> (southern Italy) the production of the <i>cadii cumani</i> type starts (Dressel 21–22). These containers were mainly used for the transportation of fruit and were used until the middle imperial times. At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Spello" title="Spello">Spello</a> amphorae, small containers, were produced for the transportation of wine. On the Adriatic coast the older types were replaced by the Lamboglia 2 type, a wine amphora commonly produced between the end of the 2nd and the 1st century BC. This type develops later into the Dressel 6A which becomes dominant during Augustan times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Gallic provinces the first examples of Roman amphorae were local imitations of pre-existent types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2–4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70. The more typical Gallic production begins within the ceramic ateliers in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> during late Augustan times. The type Oberaden 74 was produced to such an extent that it influenced the production of some Italic types.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish amphorae became particularly popular thanks to a flourishing production phase in late Republican times. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></i> regions (south-western and eastern Spain) were the main production areas between the 2nd and the 1st century BC due to the distribution of land to military veterans and the founding of new colonies. Spanish amphorae were widespread in the Mediterranean area during early imperial times. The most common types were all produced in Baetica and among these there were the Dressel 20, a typical olive oil container, the Dressel 7–13, for <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> (fish sauce), and the Haltern 70, for <a href="/wiki/Defrutum" class="mw-redirect" title="Defrutum">defrutum</a> (fruit sauce). In the Tarraconensis region the Pascual 1 was the most common type, a wine amphora shaped on the Dressel 1, and imitations of Dressel 2–4. </p><p>North-African production was based on an ancient tradition which may be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001207_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001207-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phoenician amphorae had characteristic small handles attached directly onto the upper body. This feature becomes the distinctive mark of late-Republican/early imperial productions, which are then called neo-Phoenician. The types produced in <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and Northern Tunisia are the Maña C1 and C2, later renamed Van der Werff 1, 2, and 3.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Aegean area the types from the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> were quite popular starting from the 3rd century BC due to local wine production which flourished over a long period. These types developed into the <i>Camulodunum</i> 184, an amphora used for the transportation of Rhodian wine all over the empire. Imitations of the Dressel 2-4 were produced on the island of Cos for the transportation of wine from the 4th century BC until middle imperial times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005374_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005374-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cretan containers also were popular for the transportation of wine and can be found around the Mediterranean from Augustan times until the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005375_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005375-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late empire period, north-African types dominated amphora production. The so-called African I and II types were widely used from the 2nd until the late 4th century AD. Other types from the eastern Mediterranean (Gaza), such as the so-called Late Roman 4, became very popular between the 4th and the 7th century AD, while Italic productions ceased. </p><p>The largest known wreck of an amphorae cargo ship, carrying 6,000 pots, was discovered off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a> island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern winemakers and <a href="/wiki/Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer">brewers</a> use amphorae to provide a different palate and taste to their products from those that are available with other aging methods.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Roman pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla-Axum_Amphoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla-Axum Amphoras">Ayla-Axum Amphoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinate" title="Carinate">Carinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demijohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Demijohn">Demijohn</a>, another large container used historically for wine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a>, scholar of the contents of shipwrecked amphorae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">Stirrup jar</a>, a two-handled amphora whose opposing handles connect the aperture to the sides of the vessel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayan" title="Tapayan">Tapayan</a>, earthenware and stoneware vessels used for storing and transporting various products in ancient maritime Southeast Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen" title="Zafar, Yemen">Zafar, Yemen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTwede2002" class="citation cs2">Twede, D. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247738955">"Commercial Amphoras: The Earliest Consumer Packages?"</a>, <i>Journal of Macromarketing</i>, <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>108, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027467022001009">10.1177/027467022001009</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154514559">154514559</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromarketing&rft.atitle=Commercial+Amphoras%3A+The+Earliest+Consumer+Packages%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F027467022001009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154514559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Twede&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F247738955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkins196-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins196_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins196_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins1994" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, L.; Adkins, R. A. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00adki_0"><i>Handbook to life in Ancient Rome</i></a></span>. New York, N.Y.: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00adki_0/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816027552" title="Special:BookSources/9780816027552"><bdi>9780816027552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+life+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780816027552&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Adkins%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein00adki_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=amphora">amphora</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)mforeu/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀμφορεύς</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)mfi/"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀμφί</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=foreu/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φορεύς</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fe/rw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φέρειν</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGöransson2007" class="citation book cs1">Göransson, Kristian (2007). <i>The transport amphorae from Euesperides: The maritime trade of a Cyrenaican city 400-250 BC</i>. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 4o No. 25. Stockholm: Lund. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transport+amphorae+from+Euesperides%3A+The+maritime+trade+of+a+Cyrenaican+city+400-250+BC&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Acta+Archaeologica+Lundensia%2C+Series+in+4o+No.+25&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lund&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ransson&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentrisChadwick1973" class="citation book cs1">Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). <i>Documents in Mycenaean Greek</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: University Press. pp. 324, 328, 494, 532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=324%2C+328%2C+494%2C+532&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Sir William; Charles Anthon (1851) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUPhhcdSACQC"><i>A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and geography partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology</i></a> New York: Harper & Bros. Tables, pp. 1024–1030</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock,_Williams_1986,_45_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeacockWilliams1986" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, D. P. S.; Williams, D. F. (1986). <i>Amphorae and the Roman economy: an introductory guide</i>. Longman archaeology series. London; New York: Longman. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amphorae+and+the+Roman+economy%3A+an+introductory+guide&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Longman+archaeology+series&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=D.+P.+S.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanger2024" class="citation cs2">Langer, Máximo (16 April 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802206678.00043">"Plea bargaining as second-best criminal adjudication and the future of criminal procedure thought in global perspective"</a>, <i>Research Handbook on Plea Bargaining and Criminal Justice</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">552–</span>574, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-667-8"><bdi>978-1-80220-667-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2025</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Handbook+on+Plea+Bargaining+and+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Plea+bargaining+as+second-best+criminal+adjudication+and+the+future+of+criminal+procedure+thought+in+global+perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E552-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-80220-667-8&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ximo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4337%2F9781802206678.00043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941031010"><i>The Ancient Greek Economy : Markets, Households and City-States</i></a>. Edward Monroe Harris, David M. Lewis, Mark Woolmer. Cambridge. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-56553-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-56553-0"><bdi>978-1-139-56553-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/941031010">941031010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Greek+Economy+%3A+Markets%2C+Households+and+City-States&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F941031010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-56553-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F941031010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dressel 1879, Di un grande deposito di anfore rinvenuto nel nuovo quartiere del Castro Pretorio, in BullCom, VII, 36–112, 143–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maña, Sobre tipologia de ánforas pùnicas, in <i>VI Congreso Arqueologico del Sudeste Español</i>, Alcoy, 1950, Cartagena, 1951, 203–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amphores de tradition punique à Uzita, in BaBesch 52-53, 171-200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laubenheimer, Les amphores gauloises sous l’empire: recherches nouvelles sur leur production et chronologie, in <i>Amphores romaines et histoire économiqué: dis ans de recherche</i>. Actes du Colloque de Sienne (22-24 mai 1986), Rome, 105-138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marangou-Lerat, Le vin et les amphores de Crète de l’epoque classique à l’epoque impériale, in <i>Etudes Cretoises</i>, 30, Paris, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beltràn, <i>Las anforas Romanas en Espana</i>, Zaragoza</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sulla cronologia delle anfore romane di età repubblicana" in <i>Rivista Studi Liguri 21</i>, 252–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177–275-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177–275_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanella2001">Panella 2001</a>, pp. 177–275: <q>Le anfore di età imperiale del Mediterraneo occidentale</q>, in <i>Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines III</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001177_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanella2001">Panella 2001</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001194_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanella2001">Panella 2001</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005369_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruno2005">Bruno 2005</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanella2001207-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanella2001207_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanella2001">Panella 2001</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Werff 1977-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005374-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005374_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruno2005">Bruno 2005</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno2005375-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno2005375_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruno2005">Bruno 2005</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2019" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Julia (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/roman-shipwreck-kefalonia-fiskardo/index.html">"Biggest ever Roman shipwreck found in the eastern Med"</a>. <i>CNN Travel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Travel&rft.atitle=Biggest+ever+Roman+shipwreck+found+in+the+eastern+Med&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Froman-shipwreck-kefalonia-fiskardo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106192624/http://www.cantillon.be/br/3_22">"Back to the future"</a>. <i>Cantillon.be/br/</i>. Brasserie Cantillon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantillon.be/br/3_22">the original</a> on 6 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cantillon.be%2Fbr%2F&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cantillon.be%2Fbr%2F3_22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruno2005" class="citation cs2">Bruno, Brunella (2005), "Le anfore da trasporto", in Gandolfi, Daniela (ed.), <i>La ceramica e i materiali di Età Romana. Classi, produzioni, commerci e consumi</i>, Bordighera: Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+anfore+da+trasporto&rft.btitle=La+ceramica+e+i+materiali+di+Et%C3%A0+Romana.+Classi%2C+produzioni%2C+commerci+e+consumi&rft.place=Bordighera&rft.pub=Istituto+Internazionale+di+Studi+Liguri&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Brunella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanella2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panella, Clementina (2001), "Le anfore di età imperiale del Mediterraneo occidentale", in Lévêque, Pierre; Morel, Jean Paul Maurice (eds.), <i>Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines III</i> (in French), Paris: Belles Lettres, pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>275</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+anfore+di+et%C3%A0+imperiale+del+Mediterraneo+occidentale&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9ramiques+hell%C3%A9nistiques+et+romaines+III&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Belles+Lettres&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Panella&rft.aufirst=Clementina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphora&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amphoras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amphoras">Amphoras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphorae.icac.cat/">Amphorae ex Hispania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/amphoras/project.html">The AMPHORAS project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030075336/http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/amphoras/project.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphoreus.org/index.php?lang=en">Bulletin amphorologique</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/amphora_ahrb_2005/">Roman Amphorae: a digital resource</a> from the University of Southampton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.1.6">Roman Amphoras in Britain</a> in Internet Archaeology <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.1.6">10.11141/ia.1.6</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_amphorae" title="Template:Greek amphorae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_amphorae" title="Template talk:Greek amphorae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_amphorae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek amphorae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_amphorae97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek amphorae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neck amphorae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphora_of_Hermonax_in_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Amphora of Hermonax in Würzburg">Amphora of Hermonax in Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsehead_Amphora" title="Horsehead Amphora">Horsehead Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris_Amphora" title="Judgement of Paris Amphora">Judgement of Paris Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_Amphora_by_Exekias_(Berlin_F_1720)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck Amphora by Exekias (Berlin F 1720)">Neck Amphora by Exekias (Berlin F 1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikosthenic_amphora" title="Nikosthenic amphora">Nikosthenic amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_amphora" title="Nolan amphora">Nolan amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_amphora" title="Tyrrhenian amphora">Tyrrhenian amphora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belly amphorae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belly_Amphora_by_the_Andokides_Painter_(Munich_2301)" title="Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)">Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handled_amphora_(Boston_63.1515)" title="Two-handled amphora (Boston 63.1515)">Two-handled amphora (Boston 63.1515)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Melian_pithamphora22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melian_pithamphora" title="Melian pithamphora">Melian pithamphora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_Amphora" title="Horses Amphora">Horses Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_Amphora" title="Rider Amphora">Rider Amphora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphorae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphiletos_Painter_Panathenaic_prize_amphora" title="Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora">Euphiletos amphora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_vase_shapes166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Template:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Template talk:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_vase_shapes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek vase shapes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_vase_shapes166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typology_of_Greek_vase_shapes" title="Typology of Greek vase shapes">Greek vase shapes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wine vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotyla" title="Cotyla">Kotyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">Kantharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkhesion">Karkhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyathos" title="Kyathos">Kyathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakaina" title="Lakaina">Lakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastos" title="Mastos">Mastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe">Oenochoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psykter" title="Psykter">Psykter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">Skyphos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">Hydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydriske" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydriske">Hydriske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpis_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpis (pottery)">Kalpis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinos" title="Dinos">Dinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">Krater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cookware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olla_(Roman_pot)" title="Olla (Roman pot)">Chytra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes" title="Lebes">Lebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tableware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_plate" title="Fish plate">Pinakion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perfume, oil, and wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabastron" title="Alabastron">Alabastron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryballos" title="Aryballos">Aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askos_(pottery_vessel)" title="Askos (pottery vessel)">Askos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes_Gamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebes Gamikos">Lebes Gamikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">Lekythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydion" title="Lydion">Lydion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(vessel)" title="Pyxis (vessel)">Pyxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">Stirrup jar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funerary and religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernos" title="Kernos">Kernos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">Lekythos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">Loutrophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">Phiale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_(basket)" title="Calathus (basket)">Calathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olla_(Roman_pot)" title="Olla (Roman pot)">Chytra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebes" title="Lebes">Lebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">Pelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">Pithos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situla" title="Situla">Situla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamnos" title="Stamnos">Stamnos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_skyphos" title="Band skyphos">Band skyphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinetron" title="Epinetron">Epinetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Luchnos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging261" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging261" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_box" title="Pizza box">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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