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<span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaporization_cutting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaporization_cutting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vaporization cutting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaporization_cutting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melt_and_blow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melt_and_blow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Melt and blow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melt_and_blow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_stress_cracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_stress_cracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Thermal stress cracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_stress_cracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stealth_dicing_of_silicon_wafers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stealth_dicing_of_silicon_wafers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stealth dicing of silicon wafers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stealth_dicing_of_silicon_wafers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactive_cutting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactive_cutting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reactive cutting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactive_cutting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tolerances_and_surface_finish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerances_and_surface_finish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tolerances and surface finish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerances_and_surface_finish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Machine configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Machine_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Machine configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Machine_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pulsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pulsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Power consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_cutting_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_cutting_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Production and cutting rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_cutting_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laser cutting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="القطع بالليزر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القطع بالليزر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_con_l%C3%A1ser" title="Corte con láser – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corte con láser" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazerl%C9%99_k%C9%99sm%C9%99" title="Lazerlə kəsmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lazerlə kəsmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8F%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Лазер ярҙамында ҡырҡыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лазер ярҙамында ҡырҡыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лазерно рязане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лазерно рязане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallat_l%C3%A0ser" title="Tallat làser – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tallat làser" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasersk%C3%A6ring" title="Laserskæring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laserskæring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserschneiden" title="Laserschneiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laserschneiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserl%C3%B5ikus" title="Laserlõikus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laserlõikus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Κοπή με λέιζερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοπή με λέιζερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_con_l%C3%A1ser" title="Corte con láser – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte con láser" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserraren_bidezko_ebaketa" title="Laserraren bidezko ebaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laserraren bidezko ebaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برش لیزری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برش لیزری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9coupe_laser" title="Découpe laser – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Découpe laser" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80_%EC%A0%88%EB%8B%A8" title="레이저 절단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이저 절단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezanje_laserom" title="Rezanje laserom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rezanje laserom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemotongan_laser" title="Pemotongan laser – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemotongan laser" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8" title="חיתוך בלייזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיתוך בלייזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9zerv%C3%A1g%C3%A1s" title="Lézervágás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lézervágás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="लेझर कटर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेझर कटर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasersnijden" title="Lasersnijden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lasersnijden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E5%88%87%E6%96%AD" title="レーザ切断 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レーザ切断" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserskj%C3%A6ring" title="Laserskjæring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laserskjæring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazerli_kesish" title="Lazerli kesish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lazerli kesish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%99cie_laserowe" title="Cięcie laserowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cięcie laserowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_e_grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_laser" title="Corte e gravação a laser – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corte e gravação a laser" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лазерная резка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лазерная резка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasersko_rezanje" title="Lasersko rezanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lasersko rezanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezanje_laserom" title="Rezanje laserom – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rezanje laserom" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezanje_laserom" title="Rezanje laserom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rezanje laserom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserleikkaus_(teollisuus)" title="Laserleikkaus (teollisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laserleikkaus (teollisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasersk%C3%A4rning" title="Laserskärning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laserskärning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சீரொளி வெட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீரொளி வெட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazer_kesim" title="Lazer kesim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lazer kesim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лазерне різання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лазерне різання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%AFt_b%E1%BA%B1ng_laser" title="Cắt bằng laser – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cắt bằng laser" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%88%87%E5%89%B2" title="激光切割 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="激光切割" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%88%87%E5%89%B2" title="雷射切割 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷射切割" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q593053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LaserCutter.jpg/330px-LaserCutter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/LaserCutter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a laser cutter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/220px--Lasercutting-video.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Lasercutting-video.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lasercutting-video.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Lasercutting-video.ogv/Lasercutting-video.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Laser cutting process on a sheet of steel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png/170px-Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png/255px-Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png/340px-Laser_cutting_CAD_and_physical_part.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> (top) and stainless steel laser-cut part (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Laser cutting</b> is a technology that uses a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge. While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser <a href="/wiki/Cutting" title="Cutting">cutting</a> works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The <a href="/wiki/Laser_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser optics">laser optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> (computer numerical control) are used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials uses a motion control system to follow a CNC or <a href="/wiki/G-code" title="G-code">G-code</a> of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, the first production laser cutting machine was used to <a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">drill</a> holes in <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a>. This machine was made by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Engineering_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Engineering Research Center">Western Electric Engineering Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the British pioneered laser-assisted oxygen jet cutting for metals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1970s, this technology was put into production to cut titanium for aerospace applications. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/CO2_lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 lasers">CO<sub>2</sub> lasers</a> were adapted to cut non-metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, because, at the time, CO<sub>2</sub> lasers were not powerful enough to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laser-and-CNC-Control.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Laser-and-CNC-Control.jpg/220px-Laser-and-CNC-Control.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Laser-and-CNC-Control.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Industrial laser cutting of steel with cutting instructions programmed through the CNC interface</figcaption></figure> <p>The laser beam is generally focused using a high-quality lens on the work zone. The <a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">quality of the beam</a> has a direct impact on the focused spot size. The narrowest part of the focused beam is generally less than 0.0125 inches (0.32 mm) in diameter. Depending upon the material thickness, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerf" class="extiw" title="wikt:kerf">kerf</a> widths as small as 0.004 inches (0.10 mm) are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to be able to start cutting from somewhere other than the edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Piercing usually involves a high-power pulsed laser beam which slowly makes a hole in the material, taking around 5–15 seconds for 0.5-inch-thick (13 mm) <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, for example. </p><p>The parallel rays of coherent light from the laser source often fall in the range between 0.06–0.08 inches (1.5–2.0 mm) in diameter. This beam is normally focused and intensified by a lens or a mirror to a very small spot of about 0.001 inches (0.025 mm) to create a very intense laser beam. In order to achieve the smoothest possible finish during contour cutting, the direction of the beam <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> must be rotated as it goes around the periphery of a contoured workpiece. For sheet metal cutting, the focal length is usually 1.5–3 inches (38–76 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advantages of laser cutting over <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical cutting">mechanical cutting</a> include easier work holding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there is no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material). Precision may be better since the laser beam does not wear during the process. There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small <a href="/wiki/Heat-affected_zone" title="Heat-affected zone">heat-affected zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some materials are also very difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laser cutting for metals has the advantage over <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">plasma cutting</a> of being more precise<sup id="cite_ref-Laser_cutting_for_metals_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laser_cutting_for_metals-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using less energy when cutting sheet metal; however, most industrial lasers cannot cut through the greater metal thickness that plasma can. Newer laser machines operating at higher power (6000 watts, as contrasted with early laser cutting machines' 1500-watt ratings) are approaching plasma machines in their ability to cut through thick materials, but the capital cost of such machines is much higher than that of plasma cutting machines capable of cutting thick materials like steel plate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg/220px-CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg/330px-CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg/440px-CNC_Laser_Cutting_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>4000 watt CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> laser cutter</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The <a href="/wiki/CO2_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 laser">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> laser</a> is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. The <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> (Nd) and neodymium <a href="/wiki/Yttrium-aluminium-garnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium-aluminium-garnet">yttrium-aluminium-garnet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a>) lasers are identical in style and differ only in the application. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd:YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. Both CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and Nd/Nd:YAG lasers can be used for <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Todd,_p._186_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todd,_p._186-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the gas mix (DC-excited) or using radio frequency energy (RF-excited). The <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_heating" title="Dielectric heating">RF method</a> is newer and has become more popular. Since DC designs require electrodes inside the cavity, they can encounter electrode erosion and plating of electrode material on <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glassware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. Since RF resonators have external electrodes they are not prone to those problems. CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> lasers are used for the industrial cutting of many materials including titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, aluminium, plastic, wood, engineered wood, wax, fabrics, and paper. YAG lasers are primarily used for cutting and scribing metals and ceramics. </p><p>In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well. Common variants of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and slab. In a fast axial flow resonator, the mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen is circulated at high velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion-cooled resonators have a static gas field that requires no pressurization or glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and glassware. </p><p>The laser generator and external optics (including the focus lens) require cooling. Depending on system size and configuration, waste heat may be transferred by a coolant or directly to air. Water is a commonly used coolant, usually circulated through a chiller or heat transfer system. </p><p>A <i>laser microjet</i> is a water-jet-guided <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> in which a pulsed laser beam is coupled into a low-pressure water jet. This is used to perform laser cutting functions while using the water jet to guide the laser beam, much like an optical fiber, through total internal reflection. The advantages of this are that the water also removes debris and cools the material. Additional advantages over traditional "dry" laser cutting are high dicing speeds, parallel <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerf" class="extiw" title="wikt:kerf">kerf</a>, and omnidirectional cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-SPIE_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPIE-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiber_laser" title="Fiber laser">Fiber lasers</a> are a type of solid-state laser that is rapidly growing within the metal cutting industry. Unlike CO<sub>2</sub>, Fiber technology utilizes a solid gain medium, as opposed to a gas or liquid. The “seed laser” produces the laser beam and is then amplified within a glass fiber. With a wavelength of only 1064 nanometers fiber lasers produce an extremely small spot size (up to 100 times smaller compared to the CO<sub>2</sub>) making it ideal for cutting reflective metal material. This is one of the main advantages of Fiber compared to CO<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>Fibre laser cutter benefits include: </p> <ul><li>Rapid processing times.</li> <li>Reduced energy consumption & bills – due to greater efficiency.</li> <li>Greater reliability and performance - no optics to adjust or align and no lamps to replace.</li> <li>Minimal maintenance.</li> <li>The ability to process highly reflective materials such as copper and brass.</li> <li>Higher productivity - lower operational costs offer a greater return on your investment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laser_cutting" title="Special:EditPage/Laser cutting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are many different methods of cutting using lasers, with different types used to cut different materials. Some of the methods are vaporization, melt and blow, melt blow and burn, thermal stress cracking, scribing, cold cutting, and burning stabilized laser cutting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaporization_cutting">Vaporization cutting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vaporization cutting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In vaporization cutting, the focused beam heats the surface of the material to a flashpoint and generates a keyhole. The keyhole leads to a sudden increase in <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorptivity</a> quickly deepening the hole. As the hole deepens and the material boils, vapor generated erodes the molten walls blowing ejection out and further enlarging the hole. Nonmelting materials such as wood, carbon, and thermoset plastics are usually cut by this method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melt_and_blow">Melt and blow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Melt and blow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high-pressure gas to blow molten material from the cutting area, greatly decreasing the power requirement. First, the material is heated to melting point then a gas jet blows the molten material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the temperature of the material any further. Materials cut with this process are usually metals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_stress_cracking">Thermal stress cracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thermal stress cracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brittle materials are particularly sensitive to thermal fracture, a feature exploited in thermal stress cracking. A beam is focused on the surface causing localized heating and thermal expansion. This results in a crack that can then be guided by moving the beam. The crack can be moved in order of m/s. It is usually used in the cutting of glass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stealth_dicing_of_silicon_wafers">Stealth dicing of silicon wafers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stealth dicing of silicon wafers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wafer_dicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafer dicing">Wafer dicing</a></div> <p>The separation of <a href="/wiki/Microelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectronic">microelectronic</a> chips as prepared in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">silicon wafers</a> may be performed by the so-called stealth dicing process, which operates with a pulsed <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG laser</a>, the wavelength of which (1064 nm) is well adapted to the electronic <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (1.11 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a> or 1117 nm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactive_cutting">Reactive cutting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reactive cutting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reactive cutting is also called "burning stabilized laser gas cutting" and "flame cutting". Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser beam as the ignition source. Mostly used for cutting carbon steel in thicknesses over 1 mm. This process can be used to cut very thick steel plates with relatively little laser power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolerances_and_surface_finish">Tolerances and surface finish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tolerances and surface finish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laser cutters have a positioning accuracy of 10 micrometers and repeatability of 5 micrometers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Standard <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">roughness</a> Rz increases with the sheet thickness, but decreases with laser power and <a href="/wiki/Cutting_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting speed">cutting speed</a>. When cutting low carbon steel with laser power of 800 W, standard roughness Rz is 10 μm for sheet thickness of 1 mm, 20 μm for 3 mm, and 25 μm for 6 mm. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542}}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>12.528</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.542</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.528</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.322</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542}}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/370ab2c05147f4e7a63a358518f92d2a310ddcda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:20.424ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542}}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}}"></span> </p><p>Where: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7cc88ca7e9ccc189fd2091b0a553758e250998d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.953ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=}"></span> steel sheet thickness in mm; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4db3adef01611d5cea6a0961ec02a8f1f867a15" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.199ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=}"></span> laser power in kW (some new laser cutters have laser power of 4 kW); <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8af5bb3e96708a768e3558e74ffc41d1f322486" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.241ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=}"></span> cutting speed in meters per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process is capable of holding quite close <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a>, often to within 0.001 inch (0.025 mm). Part geometry and the mechanical soundness of the machine have much to do with tolerance capabilities. The typical surface finish resulting from laser beam cutting may range from 125 to 250 micro-inches (0.003 mm to 0.006 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-Todd,_p._186_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todd,_p._186-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_configurations">Machine configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Machine configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg/220px-Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg/330px-Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg/440px-Dual_Pallet_Flying_Optics_Laser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dual-pallet flying optics laser</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg/220px-Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg/330px-Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg/440px-Industrial_4kW_laser_with_flying_optics_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Flying optics laser head</figcaption></figure> <p>There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: moving material, hybrid, and flying optics systems. These refer to the way that the laser beam is moved over the material to be cut or processed. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically designated X and Y <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate axis">axis</a>. If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis. </p><p>Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. This method provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and a single point from which to remove cutting effluent. It requires fewer optics but requires moving the workpiece. This style of machine tends to have the fewest beam delivery optics but also tends to be the slowest. </p><p>Hybrid lasers provide a table that moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and moves the head along the shorter (Y) axis. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than a flying optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. This can result in reduced power loss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines. </p><p>Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with a laser beam) that moves over the workpiece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying optics cutters keep the workpiece stationary during processing and often do not require material clamping. The moving mass is constant, so dynamics are not affected by varying the size of the workpiece. Flying optics machines are the fastest type, which is advantageous when cutting thinner workpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length from the near field (close to the resonator) cutting to the far field (far away from the resonator) cutting. Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics, or the use of a constant beam length axis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiaxis_machining" title="Multiaxis machining">Five and six-axis machines</a> also permit cutting formed workpieces. In addition, there are various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focus distance and nozzle standoff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulsing">Pulsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pulsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulsed_lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsed lasers">Pulsed lasers</a> which provide a high-power burst of energy for a short period are very effective in some laser cutting processes, particularly for piercing, or when very small holes or very low cutting speeds are required, since if a constant laser beam were used, the heat could reach the point of melting the whole piece being cut. </p><p>Most industrial lasers have the ability to pulse or cut CW (continuous wave) under NC (<a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a>) program control. </p><p>Double pulse lasers use a series of pulse pairs to improve <a href="/wiki/Material_removal_rate" title="Material removal rate">material removal rate</a> and hole quality. Essentially, the first pulse removes material from the surface and the second prevents the ejecta from adhering to the side of the hole or cut.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_consumption">Power consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Power consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main disadvantage of laser cutting is the high power consumption. Industrial laser efficiency may range from 5% to 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power consumption and efficiency of any particular laser will vary depending on output power and operating parameters. This will depend on the type of laser and how well the laser is matched to the work at hand. The amount of laser cutting power required, known as <i>heat input</i>, for a particular job depends on the material type, thickness, process (reactive/inert) used, and desired cutting rate. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Amount of heat input required for various materials at various thicknesses using a CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> laser [watts]<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Material </th> <th colspan="5">Material thickness </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.51 mm </td> <td>1.0 mm </td> <td>2.0 mm </td> <td>3.2 mm </td> <td>6.4 mm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stainless steel </th> <td>1000 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>1500 </td> <td>2500 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aluminium </th> <td>1000 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>3800 </td> <td>10000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mild steel </th> <td>− </td> <td>400 </td> <td>− </td> <td>500 </td> <td>− </td></tr> <tr> <th>Titanium </th> <td>250 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plywood </th> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Boron/epoxy </th> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>− </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_cutting_rates">Production and cutting rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production and cutting rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The maximum cutting rate (production rate) is limited by a number of factors including laser power, material thickness, process type (reactive or inert), and material properties. Common industrial systems (≥1 kW) will cut carbon steel metal from <span class="nowrap">0.51 – 13 mm</span> in thickness. For many purposes, a laser can be up to thirty times faster than standard sawing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cutting rates using a CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> laser [cm/second] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Workpiece material </th> <th colspan="6">Material thickness </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.51 mm </td> <td>1.0 mm </td> <td>2.0 mm </td> <td>3.2 mm </td> <td>6.4 mm </td> <td>13 mm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stainless steel </th> <td>42.3 </td> <td>23.28 </td> <td>13.76 </td> <td>7.83 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>0.76 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aluminium </th> <td>33.87 </td> <td>14.82 </td> <td>6.35 </td> <td>4.23 </td> <td>1.69 </td> <td>1.27 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mild steel </th> <td>− </td> <td>8.89 </td> <td>7.83 </td> <td>6.35 </td> <td>4.23 </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Titanium </th> <td>12.7 </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>4.23 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plywood </th> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>7.62 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Boron / epoxy </th> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>− </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_machining" title="Laser beam machining">Laser beam machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_quality" title="Laser beam quality">Laser beam quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_converting" title="Laser converting">Laser converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_drilling" title="Laser drilling">Laser drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_engraving" title="Laser engraving">Laser engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_galvanometer" title="Mirror galvanometer">Mirror galvanometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberg, p. 1447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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(2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phpro.2015.11.025">"Innovation Study for Laser Cutting of Complex Geometries with Paper Materials"</a>. <i>Physics Procedia</i>. 15th Nordic Laser Materials Processing Conference, Nolamp 15. <b>78</b>: 128–137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhPro..78..128H">2015PhPro..78..128H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phpro.2015.11.025">10.1016/j.phpro.2015.11.025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-3892">1875-3892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Procedia&rft.atitle=Innovation+Study+for+Laser+Cutting+of+Complex+Geometries+with+Paper+Materials&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=128-137&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.issn=1875-3892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phpro.2015.11.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhPro..78..128H&rft.aulast=Happonen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Stepanov%2C+A.&rft.au=Piili%2C+H.&rft.au=Salminen%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.phpro.2015.11.025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todd,_p._186-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Todd,_p._186_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todd,_p._186_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPIE-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPIE_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrottet, D et al.,"Heat damage-free Laser-Microjet cutting achieves highest die fracture strength", <i>Photon Processing in Microelectronics and Photonics IV</i>, edited by J. Fieret, et al., Proc. SPIE Vol. 5713 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctrlasers.co.uk/fibre-lasers">"Fibre Lasers"</a>. CTR Lasers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fibre+Lasers&rft.pub=CTR+Lasers&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctrlasers.co.uk%2Ffibre-lasers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190350/http://www.om.ugal.ro/AnnalsFasc8Tribology/pdf/2006/13-Annals2006-Radovanovic.pdf">"Research on surface roughness by laser cut by Miroslav Radovanovic and Predrag Dašić"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.om.ugal.ro/AnnalsFasc8Tribology/pdf/2006/13-Annals2006-Radovanovic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+on+surface+roughness+by+laser+cut+by+Miroslav+Radovanovic+and+Predrag+Da%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.om.ugal.ro%2FAnnalsFasc8Tribology%2Fpdf%2F2006%2F13-Annals2006-Radovanovic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaristan2004" class="citation book cs1">Caristan, Charles L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRah71xUxbMC&pg=PA38"><i>Laser Cutting Guide for Manufacturing</i></a>. Society of Manufacturing Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872636866" title="Special:BookSources/9780872636866"><bdi>9780872636866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laser+Cutting+Guide+for+Manufacturing&rft.pub=Society+of+Manufacturing+Engineers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780872636866&rft.aulast=Caristan&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRah71xUxbMC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsman,_A2007" class="citation web cs1">Forsman, A; et al. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//fusion.gat.com/pubs-ext/miscpubs/A25867.pdf">"Superpulse A nanosecond pulse format to improve laser drilling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Photonics Spectra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superpulse+A+nanosecond+pulse+format+to+improve+laser+drilling&rft.pub=Photonics+Spectra&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=Forsman%2C+A&rft_id=%2F%2Ffusion.gat.com%2Fpubs-ext%2Fmiscpubs%2FA25867.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.laserline.de/tl_files/Laserline/downloads/broschueren/en/Laserline_Image_high_power_diode_laser.pdf">http://www.laserline.de/tl_files/Laserline/downloads/broschueren/en/Laserline_Image_high_power_diode_laser.pdf</a> - Page 4:"High electrical/optical efficiency of up to 45%"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToddAllenAlting1994">Todd, Allen & Alting 1994</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428185057/http://www.laserage.com/laser-cutting/">"Laser Cutting"</a>. <i>Laserage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laserage.com/laser-cutting/">the original</a> on 2018-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laserage&rft.atitle=Laser+Cutting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laserage.com%2Flaser-cutting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_cutting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Bromberg, Joan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6Ta1MPiOM8C&pg=RA1-PA202"><i>The Laser in America, 1950-1970</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02318-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02318-4"><bdi>978-0-262-02318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laser+in+America%2C+1950-1970&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02318-4&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP6Ta1MPiOM8C%26pg%3DRA1-PA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObergJonesHortonRyffel2004" class="citation book cs1">Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2004). <i>Machinery's Handbook</i> (27th ed.). New York, NY: Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2700-8"><bdi>978-0-8311-2700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machinery%27s+Handbook&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=27th&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-2700-8&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Jones%2C+Franklin+D.&rft.au=Horton%2C+Holbrook+L.&rft.au=Ryffel%2C+Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddAllenAlting1994" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC"><i>Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide</i></a>. Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-3049-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-3049-0"><bdi>0-8311-3049-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Processes+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8311-3049-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Dell+K.&rft.au=Alting%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6x1smAf_PAcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaser+cutting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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(cutter)">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">Tool bit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Hydraulic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">Machine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_press" title="Punch press">Punch press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_press" title="Stamping press">Stamping press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_pin" title="Drift pin">Drift pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_saw" title="Piercing saw">Piercing saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench" title="Workbench">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_measuring_instruments" title="Category:Metalworking measuring instruments">Measuring instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_bar" title="Sine bar">Sine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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