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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>On the road to power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-On_the_road_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle On the road to power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-On_the_road_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prime_Ministership:_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Ministership:_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prime Ministership: 1963</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Ministership:_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_and_the_17_July_Revolution:_1964–1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_and_the_17_July_Revolution:_1964–1968"> <div 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href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Economic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Agricultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Oil industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_of_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_of_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Standard of living</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_of_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>The Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%85%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%80%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD" title="አህመድ ሀሰን አልበክር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አህመድ ሀሰን አልበክር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1" title="أحمد حسن البكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمد حسن البكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_H%C9%99s%C9%99n_%C6%8Fl-B%C9%99kr" title="Əhməd Həsən Əl-Bəkr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhməd Həsən Əl-Bəkr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0" title="আহমেদ হাসান আল-বকর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আহমেদ হাসান আল-বকর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Ахмед Хасан аль-Бакр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ахмед Хасан аль-Бакр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Ахмэд Хасан аль-Бакр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ахмэд Хасан аль-Бакр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ахмед Хасан ал-Бакър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахмед Хасан ал-Бакър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Has%C3%A1n_al_Bakr" title="Ahmed Hasán al Bakr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmed Hasán al Bakr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="احمد حسن البکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمد حسن البکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%98%EC%82%B0_%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%ED%81%AC%EB%A5%B4" title="아흐마드 하산 알바크르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아흐마드 하산 알바크르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="अहमद हसन अल वकर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अहमद हसन अल वकर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="אחמד חסן אל-בכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמד חסן אל-בכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აჰმედ ჰასან ალ-ბაქრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰმედ ჰასან ალ-ბაქრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бакр Ахмед Хасан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бакр Ахмед Хасан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Haszan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Haszan al-Bakr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ahmed Haszan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1" title="احمد حسن البكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمد حسن البكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="アフマド・ハサン・アル＝バクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフマド・ハサン・アル＝バクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Al_Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan Al Bakr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ahmad Hasan Al Bakr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="احمد حسن البکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="احمد حسن البکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="حسن البکر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حسن البکر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80,_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аль-Бакр, Ахмад Хасан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Бакр, Ахмад Хасан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="ئەحمەد حەسەن بەکر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەحمەد حەسەن بەکر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Аҳмад Ҳасан ал-Бакр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмад Ҳасан ал-Бакр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hasan_el-Bekir" title="Ahmed Hasan el-Bekir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmed Hasan el-Bekir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Ахмед Хасан аль-Бакр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахмед Хасан аль-Бакр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="احمد حسن البکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احمد حسن البکر" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal (Iraq)">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">أحمد حسن البكر</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/220px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/330px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg/440px-Ahmad_Hassan_el_Bakr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="843" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 July 1968 – 16 July 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif">Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif</a><br />Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 July 1968 – 15 July 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif">Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 February 1963 – 18 November 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 November 1974 – 15 October 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammad_Shihab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammad Shihab (page does not exist)">Hammad Shihab</a> <small>(died in office)</small><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_al-Khadduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdullah al-Khadduri (page does not exist)">Abdullah al-Khadduri</a> <small>(acting from July 1973)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khairallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan Khairallah">Adnan Khairallah</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 July 1968 – 16 July 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Post established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Regional Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Regional Branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 1966 – 16 July 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">National Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 November 1963 – February 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamdi_Abd_al-Majid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamdi Abd al-Majid (page does not exist)">Hamdi Abd al-Majid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi Regional Branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 November 1963 – 16 July 1979</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1914-07-01</span>)</span>1 July 1914<br /><a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-10-04)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraqi Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Iraqi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath</a> (1940s–1966)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraq)">Baghdad-based Ba'ath</a> (1966–1982) (<a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">NPF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ghaida al-Nada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data">Abdul Karim al-Nada <small>(brother-in-law)<br /></small>Mahmud al-Nada <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />Ali al-Nada <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />Hassan al-Nada <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khairallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan Khairallah">Adnan Khairallah</a> <small>(son-in-law)</small><br /><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:لؤي خير الله طلفاح">Lo'uay Khairallah</a> <small>(son-in-law)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Haytham<br />Muhammad <small>(died in 1978)</small><br /><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:عبد السلام البكر">Abd al-Salam</a> <br />Haifa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Hasan_Al-Bakr_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ahmed_Hasan_Al-Bakr_signature.jpg/123px-Ahmed_Hasan_Al-Bakr_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Ahmed_Hasan_Al-Bakr_signature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Iraq"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1938–1982</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png/25px-IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png/38px-IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png/50px-IraqArmyRankInsignia-1.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Iraqi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Iraqi War">Anglo–Iraqi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Iraq)" title="Field marshal (Iraq)">Field Marshal</a> <b>Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1 July 1914 – 4 October 1982)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Iraqi politician who served as the fourth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">president of Iraq</a>, from 17 July 1968 to 15 July 1979. He was a leading member of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party</a> and its regional organisation <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch), which espoused <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, a mix of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>. </p><p>Al-Bakr first rose to prominence after the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(1932%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iraq (1932–58)">overthrew the monarchy</a>. In the newly established government, he was involved in improving Iraqi–Soviet relations. In 1959 al-Bakr was forced to resign from the Iraqi military; the then Iraqi government accused him of anti-government activities. Following his forced retirement, he became the chairman of the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch's Military Bureau. Through this office he recruited members to the Ba'athist cause through <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a> (8 February); al-Bakr was appointed prime minister, and later, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'ath</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserist</a> coalition government. The government lasted for less than a year, and was <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">ousted in November 1963</a>. </p><p>Al-Bakr and the party then pursued underground activities and became vocal critics of the government. During this period, al-Bakr was elected the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch's Secretary General (the head), and appointed his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, the party cell's deputy leader. Al-Bakr and the Ba'ath Party regained power in the coup of 1968, later called the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a>. In the coup's aftermath, he was elected the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> and the president; he was later appointed the prime minister. Saddam, the Ba'ath Party's deputy, became the deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and vice president, and was responsible for Iraq's security services. </p><p>Under al-Bakr's rule, Iraq grew economically due to high international oil prices, which strengthened its position in the Arab world and increased Iraqis' <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. Land reforms were introduced, and wealth was distributed more equally. A sort of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> was established in the late 1970s under Saddam's direction. Al-Bakr gradually lost power to Saddam in the 1970s, as the latter strengthened his position within the party and the state through security services. In 1979, al-Bakr resigned from all public offices for "health reasons". He died in 1982 of unreported causes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Bakr was born 1 July 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a>. He belonged to the Abu Bakr clan of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bejat (page does not exist)">al-Bejat</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bu_Nasir_(Iraqi_tribe)" title="Al-Bu Nasir (Iraqi tribe)">Nasir tribe</a>. His father Hassan Bakr Omar passed away in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he entered the Iraqi Military Academy after spending six years as a primary-school <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>. During his early military career, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a>'s failed revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Iraqi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Iraqi War">British in 1941</a>, and was imprisoned and expelled from the army. After 15 years of trying to rehabilitate himself al-Bakr was reinstated in the Iraqi Army in 1956, the same year he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraqi branch</a>. In 1957, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a>. Around this time al-Bakr got into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_and_Civilians_Movement" title="Free Officers and Civilians Movement">Free Officers and Civilians Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped bring down the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemite Monarchy</a> and bring <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> to power during the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a>. He had a short stint in the public limelight during Qasim's rule, and withdrew Iraq from the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> and was a key player in improving Iraq's bilateral relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1959, a year following the coup, al-Bakr was again forced to retire from the military under allegations that he led an anti-government rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> by officers who favoured closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period he became a member of the Ba'ath Party.<sup id="cite_ref-heled_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heled-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, al-Bakr retained his prominence within the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s, when Saddam became a member of the Ba'ath Party, the two established a bond. Their future close relationship became possible because of Saddam's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Khairallah_Talfah" title="Khairallah Talfah">Khairallah Talfah</a>. At the very beginning, Saddam was only a Ba'ath Party member, not a party activist.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Qasim's government's repressive policy towards the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a>, Secretary (leader) of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch, reorganised the party's rank and file, and on 24 December 1962 launched a nationwide protest against Qasim's government. The government's treatment of dissent did not soften and by 1963 several leading Iraqi Ba'athists had travelled to <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> to plan a coup against Qasim. The plan was simple: to build a support network in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-S&D_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&D-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Military Bureau was established to set these plans in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Bakr was elected its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bureau managed to recruit increasing numbers of officers, most often through personal attachments to certain people; for instance, some officers attached themselves to the bureau because of their relationship with al-Bakr.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Bakr led the February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état,<sup id="cite_ref-heled_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heled-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later called the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>, and overthrew Qasim's government.<sup id="cite_ref-S&D_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&D-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_road_to_power">On the road to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: On the road to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Ministership:_1963">Prime Ministership: 1963</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime Ministership: 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser,_al-Bakr_and_Atassi,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nasser%2C_al-Bakr_and_Atassi%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Nasser%2C_al-Bakr_and_Atassi%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Nasser%2C_al-Bakr_and_Atassi%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Nasser%2C_al-Bakr_and_Atassi%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Nasser%2C_al-Bakr_and_Atassi%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Tripartite unity talks between Iraqi Prime Minister al-Bakr (left), Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (center) and Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Lu%27ay_al-Atassi" title="Lu'ay al-Atassi">Lu'ay al-Atassi</a> (right), 16 April 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In the coup's aftermath, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>, an independent, was installed as president, al-Bakr was installed as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">vice president</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Sadi was chosen as deputy prime minister, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iraq)">Minister of Interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a> was chosen as chief of staff. Soon after taking power, two factions were established; the radicals, mostly military men, who wished for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist policies</a>, and the moderates, led by <a href="/wiki/Talib_Shabib" class="mw-redirect" title="Talib Shabib">Talib Shabib</a>, who wanted to broaden the government's traditional base of support by including non-Ba'athists in government. Al-Bakr was a moderate and spent much of his time trying to seek a compromise between the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-S&D_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&D-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To solve the ideological differences between the party factions, al-Bakr called a meeting of the National Command, the leading organ of the Ba'ath Party. The meeting did not go as al-Bakr planned, and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, the Secretary General of the National Command (the Ba'ath Party leader), suggested that the National Command should take over the Iraqi Ba'ath Party cell. The meeting led Arif, the President, to lead the <a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_and_the_17_July_Revolution:_1964–1968"><span id="Underground_and_the_17_July_Revolution:_1964.E2.80.931968"></span>Underground and the 17 July Revolution: 1964–1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Underground and the 17 July Revolution: 1964–1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Baathist Syria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist-Saddamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadist-Saddamist conflict">Assadist-Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following his and the party's ouster, al-Bakr was jailed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The November coup had the effect of strengthening al-Bakr's position within the party as well as that of his close associates. After a couple of years, al-Bakr was elected as the Iraqi branch's Secretary General of the Regional Command. Simultaneously with al-Bakr's rise to power, Saddam's position within the party also strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, Saddam became one of al-Bakr's closest associates, and he was trusted with important tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam was tasked with establishing the party's security apparatus. Al-Bakr consolidated his hold on the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch by appointing supporters to important offices. By appointing fellow <a href="/wiki/Tikriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikriti">Tikritis</a> and by appointing family members to top offices, al-Bakr was ensuing a policy of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Salih al-Sadi">Ali Salih al-Sadi</a>, the Secretary General of the Iraqi branch's Regional Command, was expelled from the party in 1964, and al-Bakr succeeded him in office. The remaining members of the Military Bureau were given high offices within the Regional Command. The Ba'ath Party tried unsuccessfully to oust the Arif government in 1964. In the failed coup's aftermath, both al-Bakr and Saddam, were sentenced to jail for two years. In 1966, when Saddam was released from prison, al-Bakr appointed him Deputy Secretary of the Regional Command. Saddam, who would prove to be a skilled organiser, revitalised the party.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, al-Bakr called for the establishment of a national unity government between ba'athist and nasserist forces. Al-Bakr's call for a unity government should be taken with a grain of salt; by this time the Military Bureau and the Regional Command were already planning a coup to oust the government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg/220px-Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg/330px-Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg/440px-Baath_Party_founder_Michel_Aflaq_with_Iraqi_President_Ahmad_Hasan_al-Bakr_in_Baghdad_in_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>al-Bakr (left) shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, the founder of ba'athist thought, in 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a> against the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party split in two; a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-led_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)">Damascus-based (Syrian-led) Ba'ath Party</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-led_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction)">Baghdad-based (Iraqi-led) Ba'ath Party</a>. In February 1968, the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party convened the Ninth National Congress and elected Aflaq as the Secretary General of the National Command of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. This decision worsened the already bad relations with the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Bakr was elected to the National Command as a member at the Ninth National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coup of 1968, later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a>, brought al-Bakr and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power in Iraq. Saddam and <a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a> led the coup on the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was al-Bakr who masterminded it. From his military headquarters, al-Bakr contacted <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a>, the President, and asked him to surrender. Arif asked for time to consider; he wanted to find out if he had any loyal troops left. He phoned al-Bakr back later that evening and surrendered. Al-Bakr, in return, guaranteed his safety.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when the situation was secure, the Ba'ath Party announced it had taken power.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before taking power, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party tried successfully to recruit military officers for the cause; some, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a> were already Ba'ath Party members, others, such as <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif">Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif</a>, the deputy head of the military intelligence and Ibrahim Daud, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a>, were not members.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the coup, a power struggle broke out between Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party led by al-Bakr and the military wing, led predominantly by an-Naif and Daud. an-Naif and Daud had been appointed prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Defence (Iraq)">Minister of Defence</a> respectively, while al-Bakr was appointed president and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a>, which had been established the morning after the coup and had become the highest <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative branch</a> of government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an-Naif and Daud, according to <a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Con Coughlin</a>, should have had the upper hand because of their support within the military, they lost the power struggle to al-Bakr due to his political skills and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's organisational structure.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An-Naif was removed from office on 30 July 1968, and Daud lost his position shortly after. They were both exiled. Their removal was later referred to by the government as the "correctional coup".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Bakr consolidated his position in government by appointing himself prime minister and by appointing his close associate, <a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a>, as Minister of Defence in the aftermath of the "corrective coup".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency:_1968–1979"><span id="Presidency:_1968.E2.80.931979"></span>Presidency: 1968–1979</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidency: 1968–1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_system">Economic system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite al-Bakr's and the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party's radical rhetoric, their economic policies were neither radical nor very <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>. Al-Bakr's policy can be divided into two parts: the first being a largely <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">populist</a> economic policy, and the second, an economic policy based on <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late-1970s, Saddam had <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> control over Iraq's economic development by being chairman of the most important economic committees. A shift happened under Saddam's command; a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a>, according to Con Coughlin, with government ownership of natural resources and the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> was established. Saddam also started a diversification programme to ensure that Iraq would not be dependent on its oil revenues in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the Ba'ath takeover, the Iraqi government set economic growth targets through <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">economic planning</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> (RCC), the highest legislative and executive organ of party and state, implemented and decided the goals of the plan. It was the political elite, and not the economic elite, which decided the content of an economic plan; before the Ba'ath took power, it was the other way around. The RCC convened every year to set up a budget for each year to come.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_policy">Agricultural policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agricultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the very beginning, al-Bakr's handling of Iraqi agriculture was handled with a populist touch. For instance, in 1969 the government cancelled all compensation for sequestered lands. This decree relieved the beneficiaries of the reform by removing the financial burden. Investments in agriculture increased, and by May 1970 the government had introduced a new land reform. This land reform tried to revitalise Iraqi agriculture by resolving some of the issues of the previous land reforms, such as by paying more attention to the relationship to the type of land and irrigation system, and limits on how much land could be owned.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operatives">Co-operatives</a> were established, and cultivators were obliged to join them if they wanted to benefit from government subsidies and investments.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around this time, the government also established several <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farms</a> to placate the party's left-wing faction; the establishment of collective farms soon halted. Other measures were also introduced which benefited the landholding peasants, but these reforms were never able to counter the decline in agricultural production. Because of this, and the high population growth at the time, Iraq became a net importer of food grains; imports of food grain increased twelvefold from the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-agric_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agric-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of subsidies and the removal of financial burdens from the peasantry were populist, but were also part of al-Bakr's plan of creating a patrimonial system with himself at the top. This system gave the economic levers of powers to the political elite, which it used to confiscate the properties of its political opponents. The continued sequestration of land increased the strength of the patrimonial system; members of the political elite could bestow lands to people to increase the support for the government. The government could do this because the government was Iraq's biggest landowner. The co-operatives which had been established provided a means of social control through their regulation. Corruption also proved to be a problem, and the acquisition of land of people close to the political leadership was repeated on a scale not seen since the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">time of the monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agric_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agric-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patrimonial system also favoured those who already owned land; roughly one-third of agricultural land was owned by the estimated 3 percent of landowners. Instead of confiscating their property, and evening out the distribution of land, the government kept the system in place.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-to-late 1970s, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's land reform was beginning to have an effect. By 1976, 71 percent of state-owned land was given 222,000 new farmers. These farmers were also given up-to-date agricultural equipment. Co-operatives increased from a low 473 in 1968 to 1,852 in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-edus_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edus-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_industry">Oil industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oil industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government, which was still embroiled in a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Petroleum Company">Iraqi Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), a private enterprise, on Law 80 of 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq was later able to negotiate a treaty with the Soviet Union, whereby the later built an oil pipeline to an oil refinery and oil export facility at <a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">al-Faw</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, to improve Iraq's oil producing capabilities. This agreement would signal the end of the IPC's dominance over Iraq's oil resources; it also reinforced al-Bakr's belief that the company needed to be nationalised. Negotiations between the Iraqi government and the IPC began in December 1971 and ended in March 1972 when the government was given shares in the IPC's equity. However, relations soon soured; the IPC cut its own production at the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Field" title="Kirkuk Field">Kirkuk Field</a> by half. The government saw this as proof of the company's arrogance, and the government also began to see the danger of a private company controlling such a vital source of the government's revenues. The IPC was nationalised in June 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-oilr_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilr-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nationalisation of the IPC proved to be the last important element of foreign control over Iraq's control, and Iraq as a whole. Austerity measures were introduced in anticipation of the loss of revenue. Even so, the nationalisation proved highly popular with the people. In addition, al-Bakr and Saddam had taken steps to make the anticipated loss less severe on the people and the economy; Saddam visited Moscow and negotiated a treaty whereby the Soviet Union would buy some of Iraq's oil, and second, the government did not nationalise the IPC subsidiaries and gave French members "special treatment". These French members bought nearly a quarter of Iraq's oil production. This policy proved highly successful, and there was a massive increase in the price of oil in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Arab–Israeli War</a>. The oil revenues strengthened the political elite's patrimonial system; the means of patronage exceeded "anything available" to previous rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-oilr_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilr-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the nationalisation of the IPC, Iraq's oil revenue increased from 219 million <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">ID</a> in 1972 1.7 billion ID in 1974 to 3.7 billion ID in 1978 to 8.9 billion ID in 1980. In short, Iraq increased its oil revenue by over 40 times in less than a decade. With the success of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, Iraq became the second largest oil exporter in the world. The increase in oil export rejuvenated the country's economy; nearly all economic indexes increased to unprecedented levels. From 1970 to 1980 Iraq's economy grew by 11.7 percent. The growth rates of the 1970s were not sustainable; economic growth depended on high oil prices and Iraq's oil exporting capabilities, and once oil was cut out of the picture, Iraq's growth would decrease dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-anger_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anger-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_of_living">Standard of living</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standard of living"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On taking power, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party promised wealth distribution and a more equal society; the government's effort to implement this was hampered by the government's lack of revenue. The government was able to fulfill this promise with the increase in oil revenues in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-dist_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after taking power, Al-Bakr introduced <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> on basic commodities, and introduced tax relief and a limited social welfare programme. These programmes were not properly developed until the mid-1970s, when increasing oil revenue allowed the government to invest more in such areas.<sup id="cite_ref-reform_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reform-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Con Coughlin</a>, the author of <i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i>, one of the Ba'ath Party's main goals was the elimination of both the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dist_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> increased due to the nationalisation of the IPC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's electricity grid was expanded, and for the first time in Iraq's history, it reached the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Kurds">The Kurds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Kurds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Bakr conflicts intensified between the government and the Kurds. In early 1974 heavy fighting erupted in northern Iraq between government forces and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> nationalists, who rejected as inadequate a new Kurdish autonomy law based on a 1970 agreement. The Kurds, led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a>, received arms and support from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Around this same time he founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front</a> in an effort to broaden the support base for his government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repression">Repression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1978 a decree was passed which made all non-Ba'thist <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> activity illegal and membership of any other political party punishable by <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> for all those who were members or former members of the Armed Forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His government initially supported closer ties with <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a>, and under his rule Iraq almost joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">flag of Iraq</a> was modified in preparation for this goal. However, the relationship with Nasser deteriorated and the Iraqi media led a campaign to counteract and reverse the wide Iraqi street support of Nasser with some regular comedy based radio shows famously known as "G'ood's program". The program was suddenly terminated when Nasser died. </p><p>Bakr's government also strengthened Iraq's ties with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. On 9 April 1972, Iraq and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship. The two countries agreed to cooperate in political, economic, and military affairs. The Soviet Union also agreed to supply Iraq with arms. </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Charles R. H. Tripp</a>, the Ba'athist coup of 1968 upset "the US-sponsored security system established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the Middle East. It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad government was a potential ally of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-Tripp_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripp-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1973 to 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> colluded with <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> to finance and arm Kurdish rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> in an attempt to weaken al-Bakr. When Iran and Iraq signed the <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">Algiers Agreement</a> in 1975, the support ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripp_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripp-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Bakr died in October 1982 of unreported causes. He was given a state funeral, attended by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> (father of the Ba'athist ideology), who was reported to have led his funeral procession, and King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a>. He was buried in Baghdad's Al Karkh cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List of presidents of Iraq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أحمد حسن البكر</span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">'Aḥmad Ḥasan al-Bakr</i></span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&dq=Ahmed+Hassan+al-Bakr+1914&pg=PA191">Profile of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rajibi1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Rajibi, Ahmad (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/olomnasb_ymail_20160522"><i>النجوم الزواهر في شجرة الأمير ناصر</i></a> (in Arabic). دار الحرية،.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Al-Rajibi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folomnasb_ymail_20160522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_Spencer_2010_https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191_191_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Spencer2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2010). <i>The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-947-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Middle+East+Wars%3A+The+United+States+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Iraq+Conflicts&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-947-4&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Spencer2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2010). <i>The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U05OvsOPeKMC&pg=PA191">191–192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-947-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Middle+East+Wars%3A+The+United+States+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Iraq+Conflicts&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-947-4&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heled-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heled_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heled_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/39"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/27"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&D-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S&D_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&D_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S&D_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmadi,_Hafizullah2001" class="citation book cs1">Emadi, Hafizullah (2001). <i>Politics of the Dispossessed: Superpowers and Developments in the Middle East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXQ6j9LqU9IC&pg=PA87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97365-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97365-4"><bdi>0-275-97365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+the+Dispossessed%3A+Superpowers+and+Developments+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-275-97365-4&rft.au=Emadi%2C+Hafizullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Marashi,_IbrahimSalama2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama (2008). <i>Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC&pg=PA97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Armed+Forces%3A+an+Analytical+History&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40078-7&rft.au=al-Marashi%2C+Ibrahim&rft.au=Salama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Marashi,_IbrahimSalama2008" class="citation book cs1">al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama (2008). <i>Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUKNV6gFKucC&pg=PA92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Armed+Forces%3A+an+Analytical+History&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40078-7&rft.au=al-Marashi%2C+Ibrahim&rft.au=Salama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n192">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard,_John2010" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, John (2010). <i>From Storm to Freedom: America's Long War with Iraq</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromstormtofreed0000ball/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-018-4"><bdi>978-1-59114-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Storm+to+Freedom%3A+America%27s+Long+War+with+Iraq&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-018-4&rft.au=Ballard%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/45"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/48"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/46"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/46"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/47"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n208">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n209">184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed,_Sami_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000</i>. Cune Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-xU8QHSooC&pg=PA134">134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0"><bdi>1-885942-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+and+Women+Who+Shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-885942-40-0&rft.au=Moubayed%2C+Sami+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostiner,_Joseph1998" class="citation book cs1">Kostiner, Joseph (1998). <i>Conflict and Cooperation in the Gulf Region</i>. VS Verlag. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQb1Ilj2U7EC&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-16205-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-16205-5"><bdi>3-531-16205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+the+Gulf+Region&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-531-16205-5&rft.au=Kostiner%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed,_Sami_M.2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000</i>. Cune Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-xU8QHSooC&pg=PA347">347</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-40-0"><bdi>1-885942-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+and+Women+who+shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-885942-40-0&rft.au=Moubayed%2C+Sami+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDishon1973" class="citation book cs1">Dishon (1973). <i>Middle East Record 1968</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3torytPXdUC&pg=PA735">735</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-21611-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-21611-5"><bdi>0-470-21611-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Record+1968&rft.pages=735&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-470-21611-5&rft.au=Dishon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/52"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/53"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/54"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/55"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/56"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/55"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/55">55–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/57"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/57">57–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/59"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reform-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reform_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reform_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n222">197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112">112–113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlnasrawi,_Abbas1994" class="citation book cs1">Alnasrawi, Abbas (1994). <i>The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of development and Prospects, 1950–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMKNYNzUbIC&pg=PA72">72–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29186-1"><bdi>0-313-29186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Iraq%3A+Oil%2C+Wars%2C+Destruction+of+development+and+Prospects%2C+1950%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-29186-1&rft.au=Alnasrawi%2C+Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n222">197</a>–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agric-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agric_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agric_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n223">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n224">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edus-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edus_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/115"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n224">199</a>–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oilr-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oilr_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oilr_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n225">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anger-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anger_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlnasrawi,_Abbas1994" class="citation book cs1">Alnasrawi, Abbas (1994). <i>The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of development and Prospects, 1950–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMKNYNzUbIC&pg=PA80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29186-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29186-1"><bdi>0-313-29186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Iraq%3A+Oil%2C+Wars%2C+Destruction+of+development+and+Prospects%2C+1950%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-29186-1&rft.au=Alnasrawi%2C+Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dist-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dist_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dist_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/112">112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/107"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin,_Con2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Con_Coughlin" title="Con Coughlin">Coughlin, Con</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/113"><i>Saddam: His Rise and Fall</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050543-5"><bdi>0-06-050543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam%3A+His+Rise+and+Fall&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-050543-5&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+Con&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaddam00conc%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tripp-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tripp_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tripp_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripp,_Charles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp" title="Charles R. H. Tripp">Tripp, Charles</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip"><i>A History of Iraq</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyiraq00trip/page/n228">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87823-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iraq&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87823-4&rft.au=Tripp%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryiraq00trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/05/Former-Iraqi-president-Ahmed-Hassan-Al-Bakr-who-died-Monday/8688402638400/">"Former Iraqi president Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr, who died Monday"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Iraqi+president+Ahmed+Hassan+Al-Bakr%2C+who+died+Monday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F10%2F05%2FFormer-Iraqi-president-Ahmed-Hassan-Al-Bakr-who-died-Monday%2F8688402638400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+Hassan+al-Bakr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> </b><br />1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Office created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> </b><br />1963–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Razzaq_an-Naif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif">Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> </b><br />1968–1979 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_Arif" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman Arif">Abd ar-Rahman Arif</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a> </b><br />1968–1979 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Office created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> </b><br />1968–1979 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Iraq_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Iraq" title="Template:Presidents of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Presidents of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Iraq_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">Presidents of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> (1958–1968)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Najib_ar-Ruba%27i" title="Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i">ar-Ruba'i</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Bazzaz" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz">al-Bazzaz</a><sup>†*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1959%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (1968–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (2003–2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Garner" title="Jay Garner">Garner</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Bremer</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> (since 2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Mashal_Ajil_al-Yawer" title="Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer">al-Yawer</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Talabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Masum" title="Fuad Masum">Masum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Salih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Rashid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(2004%E2%80%932008).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>*</sup> interim</li> <li><sup>†</sup> military</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Iraq_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Template:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Iraq_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime ministers of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a> (1920–1932)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Rahman_Al-Gillani" title="Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani">al-Gillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muhsin_al-Sa%27dun" title="Abdul Muhsin al-Sa'dun">al-Sa'dun</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Askari" title="Ja'far al-Askari">al-Askari</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_al-Hashimi" title="Yasin al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Suwaidi" title="Tawfiq al-Suwaidi">T. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Al-Suwaidi" title="Naji Al-Suwaidi">N. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">al-Said</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> (1932–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Shawkat" title="Naji Shawkat">Shawkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Al_Midfai" title="Jamil Al Midfai">al-Midfai</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Jawdat_Al-Ayyubi" title="Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi">al-Ayyubi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_al-Hashimi" title="Yasin al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Sulayman" title="Hikmat Sulayman">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">al-Said</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_al-Hashimi" title="Taha al-Hashimi">al-Hashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdi_al-Pachachi" title="Hamdi al-Pachachi">H. Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Suwaidi" title="Tawfiq al-Suwaidi">T. Suwaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshad_al-Umari" title="Arshad al-Umari">Arshad al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Jabr" title="Salih Jabr">Jabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Sadr_(prime_minister)" title="Mohammad al-Sadr (prime minister)">al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzahim_al-Pachachi" title="Muzahim al-Pachachi">Muzahim al-Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mahmud_al-Umari" title="Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari">Mustafa al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_Mahmud" title="Nureddin Mahmud">Mahmud</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Fadhel_al-Jamali" title="Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali">al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshad_al-Umari" title="Arshad al-Umari">Arshad al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Wahab_Mirjan" title="Abdul-Wahab Mirjan">Mirjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mukhtar_Baban" title="Ahmad Mukhtar Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> (1958–1968)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Abdul-Karim Qasim">Qasim</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Bakr</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Yahya</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Abd_ar-Razzaq" title="Arif Abd ar-Razzaq">ar-Razzaq</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Bazzaz" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz">al-Bazzaz</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naji_Talib" title="Naji Talib">Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Arif</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Yahya</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1959%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (1968–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_an-Naif" title="Abdul Razzaq an-Naif">an-Naif</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">as-Samarrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a> (2003–2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bahr_al-Uloom" title="Mohammad Bahr al-Uloom">al-Ulooum</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">al-Jaafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi" title="Ahmed Chalabi">Chalabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Allawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Talabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">A. Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Abdel_Hamid" title="Mohsen Abdel Hamid">Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bahr_al-Uloom" title="Mohammad Bahr al-Uloom">al-Uloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezzedine_Salim" title="Ezzedine Salim">Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Mashal_Ajil_al-Yawer" title="Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer">al-Yawer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> (since 2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Allawi</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">al-Jaafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">al-Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">al-Abadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdul-Mahdi" title="Adil Abdul-Mahdi">Abdul-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi">Al-Kadhimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Al Sudani</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq_(2004%E2%80%932008).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq_%282004%E2%80%932008%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>*</sup> interim</li> <li><sup>†</sup> military</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template talk:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;;background:#017B48;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraqi-dominated faction</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syrian-dominated faction</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt" title="Ar-Rashid revolt">Ar-Rashid revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Post-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_under_Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="List of members of the Revolutionary Command Council under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar <small><i>(de facto)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Regional Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Homsi" title="Akram al-Homsi">Akram al-Homsi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assem_Qanso" title="Assem Qanso">Assem Qanso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isam_al-Qadi" title="Isam al-Qadi">Isam al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakad_Salem" title="Rakad Salem">Rakad Salem</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Members</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Command</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Farah" title="Elias Farah">Elias Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakem_Al-Fayez" title="Hakem Al-Fayez">Hakem Al-Fayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Yashruti" title="Khaled Yashruti">Khaled Yashruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Members of the Regional Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humam_Abd_al-Khaliq_Abd_al-Ghafur" title="Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur">Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_Abdul-Jalil" title="Ghanim Abdul-Jalil">Ghanim Abdul-Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Abdul-Majid" title="Saad Abdul-Majid">Saad Abdul-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mustafa_Abdullah" title="Jamal Mustafa Abdullah">Jamal Mustafa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Awadi" title="Hussein Al-Awadi">Hussein Al-Awadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdullah_Mahdi_Al-Douri" title="Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri">Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_Ghaidan" title="Saadoun Ghaidan">Saadoun Ghaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Mahmud_Gharib" title="Fadil Mahmud Gharib">Fadil Mahmud Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nassif_Jassim" title="Latif Nassif Jassim">Latif Nassif Jassim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Taan_Kazim" title="Rashid Taan Kazim">Rashid Taan Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khayr_Allah" title="Adnan Khayr Allah">Adnan Khayr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Abdul-Hussein_Mashhadi" title="Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi">Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Saleh_Al-Numan" title="Aziz Saleh Al-Numan">Aziz Saleh Al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamoud_Al-Obaidi" title="Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi">Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Mutlaq_al-Rawi" title="Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi">Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Rifai" title="Rashid al-Rifai">Rashid al-Rifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Baqi_Abd_Karim_Al-Sadun" title="Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun">Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zimam_al-Sadun" title="Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun">Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Khaliq_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i">Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i">Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Shindakh_Thamer" title="Nayef Shindakh Thamer">Nayef Shindakh Thamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Sirhan" title="Khamis Sirhan">Khamis Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdallah_al-Ubaydi" title="Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi">Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Shuaib" title="Musa Shuaib">Musa Shuaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsen_Bilal" title="Muhsen Bilal">Muhsen Bilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Dakhlallah" title="Mahdi Dakhlallah">Mahdi Dakhlallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diyab" title="Ahmad Diyab">Ahmad Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Duba" title="Ali Duba">Ali Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Habash" title="Marwan Habash">Marwan Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badr_Hassan" title="Adnan Badr Hassan">Adnan Badr Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_Hilal" title="Hilal Hilal">Hilal Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Hussein" title="Mohammad al-Hussein">Mohammad al-Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_al-Jundi" title="Abdul-Karim al-Jundi">Abdul-Karim al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham" title="Mohammad Jihad al-Laham">Mohammad Jihad al-Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Makhous" title="Ibrahim Makhous">Ibrahim Makhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Masharqa" title="Zuhair Masharqa">Zuhair Masharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Qaddura" title="Abdul Qadir Qaddura">Abdul Qadir Qaddura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_al-Sharaa" title="Farouk al-Sharaa">Farouk al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Shihabi" title="Hikmat al-Shihabi">Hikmat al-Shihabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yasin" title="Salim Yasin">Salim Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Nasser_al-Dhahab" title="Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab">Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam <small><i>(interim)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">Mahmoud al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Mahmoud Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div>* = incumbent</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organization_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athist_regional_branches" title="Category:Ba'athist regional branches"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Regional branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_al-Jamahir" title="Sawt al-Jamahir">Sawt al-Jamahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Popular fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Associated organizations</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Ba'ath Party breakaway groups"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Breakaway groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Damascus branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Toilers%27_Movement" title="Arabic Toilers' Movement">Arabic Toilers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_and_Islamic_Forces" title="Palestinian National and Islamic Forces">Palestinian National and Islamic Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahd_Bloc" title="Ahd Bloc">Ahd Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria">National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Alliance" title="Palestinian National Alliance">Palestinian National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Salvation_Front" title="Palestinian National Salvation Front">Palestinian National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Movement" title="Libyan National Movement">Libyan National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Iraq)" title="Popular Unity Party (Iraq)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawab_(Mauritania)" title="Sawab (Mauritania)">Sawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Unified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_(Syria)" title="General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)">General Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Peasants" title="General Union of Peasants">General Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini" title="Ardulfurataini">Arḍ ul-Furātayn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238046#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083345047">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/119202037">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/101600/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4cDB7fgtHkWkd6FKPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1152013378">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82148954">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131234528">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000583356&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810627428705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007452467605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15431593?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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