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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr-FR" xml:lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8">  <title>Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011) - Encyclopædia Universalis</title> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta name="generator" content="TYPO3 CMS" /> <meta name="description" content="Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011). Chimiste américain né le 9 décembre 1919 à Cleveland (Ohio), William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. effectue ses..." /> <meta name="robots" content="index, all, follow" /> <meta name="viewport" content="viewport-fit=cover, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="author" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011). Chimiste américain né le 9 décembre 1919 à Cleveland (Ohio), William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. effectue ses études supérieures à l'institut de technologie de Californie (Caltech), à Pasadena, où il obtient en 1946 un doctorat préparé sous la..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/william-nunn-lipscomb/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011). Chimiste américain né le 9 décembre 1919 à Cleveland (Ohio), William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. effectue ses études supérieures à l'institut de technologie de Californie (Caltech), à Pasadena, où il obtient en 1946 un doctorat préparé sous la..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/william-nunn-lipscomb/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011)","headline":"Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011)","description":"Biographie de WILLIAM NUNN LIPSCOMB Jr. (1919-2011). 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>LIPSCOMB </strong><span class="pc">WILLIAM NUNN </span><span class="rm">Jr. (1919-2011)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT099135_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT099135_0"></i><p> Chimiste américain né le 9 décembre 1919 à Cleveland (Ohio), William Nunn Lipscomb Jr. effectue ses études supérieures à l'institut de technologie de Californie (Caltech), à Pasadena, où il obtient en 1946 un doctorat préparé sous la direction de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de LINUS CARL PAULING (1901-1994). Le chimiste américain Linus Carl Pauling est l'une des deux seules personnes, avec Marie Curie (1867-1934), à avoir reçu deux prix Nobel dans deux disciplines différentes : le prix Nobel de chimie en 1954, « pour sa recherche sur la nature de la liaison chimique et son application à l'élucidation de la structure de substances complexe..." title="Article : LINUS CARL PAULING (1901-1994)" href="/encyclopedie/linus-carl-pauling/">Linus Carl Pauling</a> (Prix Nobel de chimie 1954). Après avoir été professeur associé de chimie physique à l'université du Minnesota, il est nommé en 1959 professeur à l'université Harvard (Cambridge, Massachusetts).</p><p>Lipscomb s'est intéressé très tôt aux méthodes de diffraction par les rayons X et par les électrons et a très vite réalisé qu'elles constituent un outil efficace pour déterminer la structure des boranes, des composés synthétiques fortement réactifs de formule générique B<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub> : le diborane B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> et ses homologues supérieurs étaient connus depuis les années 1920, mais leurs structures précises n'avaient pas été établies. Lipscomb met au point des méthodes de diffraction des rayons X à basse température, compatibles avec la grande instabilité des composés qu'il veut étudier. Cela lui permet de déterminer la structure de nombreux boranes déjà connus ou préparés à cette occasion. Il ne se contente pas de décrire les résultats de l'analyse cristallographique, qui mettent en évidence les très curieuses structures des boranes, mais cherche et trouve une explication théorique pour interpréter les structures établies par analyse cristallographique. Les résultats de Lipscomb, publiés à partir de 1954, montrent que, à l'état fondamental, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bore est l'élément chimique de symbole B et de numéro atomique Z = 5. Bien que sa chimie soit mal connue et en pleine évolution, les emplois de ses dérivés sont anciens, nombreux et importants.. Au début du Moyen Âge, on importait en Europe du borax, venu des Indes, sous des noms (d'origine arabe ?) tels que « tincar », « tinckal »... Vers 1500, ce produit est appelé (or..." title="Article : BORE" href="/encyclopedie/bore/">bore</a> dispose de trois électrons de valence et de quatre orbitales de valence pour former des liaisons chimiques ; d'où la constitution avec l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'hydrogène est un gaz inodore et incolore ; c'est le plus léger de tous les éléments chimiques. Son numéro atomique est égal à 1. Il perd son électron unique dans ses combinaisons avec les éléments non-métalliques ; il s'unit également avec les métaux pour donner des hydrures dans lesquels il peut jouer le rôle d'anion (H - ). Enfin les composés les plus nombreux et notamment tou..." title="Article : HYDROGÈNE" href="/encyclopedie/hydrogene/">hydrogène</a> de liaisons déficientes en électrons, dans lesquelles deux électrons se répartissent sur trois centres, dans des liaisons du type B...H...B.</p><p>Lipscomb a été un pionnier dans l'utilisation de la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) du bore11 et, à partir de 1970, il s'est intéressé à la détermination de la structure tridimensionnelle de macromolécules comme les enzymes, en mettant à profit sa très riche expérience en cristallographie de rayons X. Pour ses travaux, il a reçu le prix Nobel de chimie en 1976.</p><p>Lipscomb est mort le 14 avril 2011 à Cambridge.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Georges BRAM</p><p class="author"> —  ENCYCLOPÆDIA UNIVERSALIS</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" 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