CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Orchiectomy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"caa70459-57a5-4ca5-957c-5cb1b31b8517","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Orchiectomy","wgTitle":"Orchiectomy","wgCurRevisionId":1280935089,"wgRevisionId":1280935089,"wgArticleId":28747619,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2019","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Urologic surgery","Surgical oncology","Male genital surgery","Feminizing surgery","Testicle"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Orchiectomy","wgRelevantArticleId":28747619,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1806228","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/1200px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1398"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/800px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="932"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/640px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="746"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Orchiectomy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchiectomy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchiectomy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Orchiectomy rootpage-Orchiectomy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orchiectomy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orchiectomy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orchiectomy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orchiectomy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_orchiectomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_orchiectomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simple orchiectomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_orchiectomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcapsular_orchiectomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcapsular_orchiectomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Subcapsular orchiectomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcapsular_orchiectomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inguinal_orchiectomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inguinal_orchiectomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inguinal orchiectomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inguinal_orchiectomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_orchiectomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_orchiectomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Partial orchiectomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_orchiectomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-operative_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-operative_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-operative considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-operative_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-operative_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-operative_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-operative care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-operative_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Risks and complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Psychosocial effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_a_gender_reassignment_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchiectomy_as_a_gender_reassignment_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Orchiectomy as a gender reassignment procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_a_gender_reassignment_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-operative_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-operative_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Pre-operative evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-operative_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health_(WPATH)_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health_(WPATH)_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.1</span> <span>World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health_(WPATH)_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_medical_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_medical_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Other medical considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_medical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_diagnosis_and_treatment_for_testicular_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchiectomy_as_diagnosis_and_treatment_for_testicular_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Orchiectomy as diagnosis and treatment for testicular cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_diagnosis_and_treatment_for_testicular_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_a_complication_of_testicular_torsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchiectomy_as_a_complication_of_testicular_torsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Orchiectomy as a complication of testicular torsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchiectomy_as_a_complication_of_testicular_torsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchiectomy_for_prostate_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchiectomy_for_prostate_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Orchiectomy for prostate cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchiectomy_for_prostate_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchiectomy_for_pediatric_testis_tumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchiectomy_for_pediatric_testis_tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchiectomy_for_pediatric_testis_tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-pubertal_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-pubertal_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Post-pubertal populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-pubertal_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orchiectomy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استئصال الخصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استئصال الخصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquiectomia" title="Orquiectomia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orquiectomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchiektomie" title="Orchiektomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orchiektomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquiectom%C3%ADa" title="Orquiectomía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orquiectomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ارکیدکتومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارکیدکتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchiectomie" title="Orchiectomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orchiectomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchiectomia" title="Orchiectomia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orchiectomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidektomia" title="Orchidektomia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orchidektomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquiectomia" title="Orquiectomia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orquiectomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орхиэктомия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орхиэктомия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ئۆرکئاکتمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرکئاکتمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkiektomia" title="Orkiektomia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orkiektomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidektomi" title="Orkidektomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orkidektomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%9Fiektomi" title="Orşiektomi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orşiektomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Орхіектомія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орхіектомія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%B9%E8%86%A5" title="閹膥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="閹膥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF" title="睾丸切除术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="睾丸切除术" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1806228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Orchiectomy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Orchiectomy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Orchiectomy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&oldid=1280935089" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Orchiectomy&id=1280935089&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrchiectomy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrchiectomy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Orchiectomy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orchiectomy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1806228" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surgical removal of one or both testicles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Orchi" redirects here. For the village in Zanjan, Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Owrachi" title="Owrachi">Owrachi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Orchiectomy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_(orchidectomy)_CRUK_141.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/280px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/420px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg/560px-Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="437" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of the incisions in an orchiectomy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Orchidectomy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urology</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806228" class="extiw" title="d:Q1806228">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orchiectomy</b> (also named <b>orchidectomy</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical procedure</a> in which one or both <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> are removed. The surgery can be performed for various reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>treatment for <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a></li> <li>as part of <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> for transgender women</li> <li>as management for advanced <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to remove damaged testes after <a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">testicular torsion</a>.</li> <li>after a trauma or complex rupture of the tunica albuginea.</li> <li>as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Post_vasectomy_pain_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Post vasectomy pain syndrome">post vasectomy pain syndrome</a>.</li></ul> <p>Less frequently, orchiectomy may be performed following a trauma, or due to wasting away of one or more testicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okoye2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_orchiectomy">Simple orchiectomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple orchiectomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Palliative_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative treatment">palliative treatment</a> for advanced cases of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. A simple orchiectomy may also be required in the event of <a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">testicular torsion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okoye2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the procedure, the person lies flat on an operating table with the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> taped against the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. The nurse shaves a small area for the incision. After anesthetic has been administered, the surgeon makes an incision in the midpoint of the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> and cuts through the underlying tissue. The surgeon removes the testicles and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a> through the incision. The incision is closed with two layers of <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutures</a> and is covered with a <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing (medical)">surgical dressing</a>. If desired, <a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_testicle" title="Prosthetic testicle">prosthetic testicles</a> can be inserted before the incision is closed to present an outward appearance of a pre-surgical scrotum.<sup id="cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcapsular_orchiectomy">Subcapsular orchiectomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subcapsular orchiectomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subcapsular orchiectomy is also commonly performed for treatment of prostate cancer. The operation is similar to that of a simple orchiectomy, with the exception that the <a href="/wiki/Glandular_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glandular tissue">glandular tissue</a> that surrounds each testicle is removed rather than the entire testis itself. This type of orchiectomy is performed to remove testosterone-producing glandular tissue while maintaining the appearance of an ordinary scrotum.<sup id="cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisconsin_medical_recorder_(1905)_(14779654884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg/220px-Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg/330px-Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg/440px-Wisconsin_medical_recorder_%281905%29_%2814779654884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Inguinal orchiectomy being performed</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inguinal_orchiectomy">Inguinal orchiectomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inguinal orchiectomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_orchiectomy" title="Inguinal orchiectomy">Inguinal orchiectomy</a></div> <p><b>Inguinal orchiectomy</b> (named from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">inguen</i></span> for "groin", and also called <b>radical orchiectomy</b>) is performed when an onset of <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a> is suspected, in order to prevent a possible spread of cancer from the spermatic cord into the lymph nodes near the kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inguinal orchiectomy can be either unilateral (one testicle) or bilateral (both testicles). The surgeon makes an incision in the groin area (in contrast to an incision in the scrotum, as is done in both simple and subcapsular orchiectomies). The entire <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a> is removed, as well as the testicle(s). A long, non-absorbable suture may be left in the stump of the spermatic cord in case later surgery is deemed necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the cord and testicle(s) have been removed, the surgeon washes the area with saline solution and closes the layers of tissues and skin with sutures. The wound is then covered with sterile gauze and bandaged.<sup id="cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_orchiectomy">Partial orchiectomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partial orchiectomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partial orchiectomy is an option for individuals with testicular masses that want to preserve their testes and their function. During surgery, the testis is exposed in a similar way to inguinal orchiectomy. Once the testis is exposed and the spermatic cord is clamped, there is a current debate as to whether surgeons should deliver <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">cold ischaemia</a> which means submitting the organ, in this case the testis, into a cold/freezing environment. Whether or not it is submerged and frozen, the next step is to cut the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_vaginalis" title="Tunica vaginalis">tunica vaginalis</a> and an ultrasound is used to find the tumor. After, the tumor is scraped away from the testis in a process called <a href="/wiki/Enucleation_(surgery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enucleation (surgery)">enucleation</a>. Following enucleation, biopsies are taken of the tissues surrounding the testicle where the mass once was. Afterwards, each layer or tunica of the testis is sutured up and the testis is placed back in the scrotum. The skin layers are also closed up with sutures.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-operative_considerations">Pre-operative considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-operative considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guidelines state that fertility counseling should be offered to all patients undergoing inguinal orchiectomy, as there is a risk of reduced fertility or infertility. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) accounts for 95% of cases of testicular cancer in young men.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TGCT is associated with abnormal semen parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because testicular cancer is commonly diagnosed in young, fertile men, it is critical that these individuals be educated on preserving their semen through freezing (<a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">cryopreservation</a>) and complete a fertility assessment prior to surgery. In addition, testicular prosthesis placement counseling and education is encouraged to be given before an individual undergoes orchiectomy or before inguinal exploration with possibility of orchiectomy. This is an elective surgery which can be done at the time of orchiectomy. Testicular prosthesic placement has known psychological benefits (see below). Although risks for complications with prosthesis is low, individuals should also be informed of the possibility of infection, rotation, and replacement of prosthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-operative_care">Post-operative care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-operative care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following orchiectomy, those who have undergone the procedure are advised to avoid bathing, swimming, and heavy lifting for at least one month. If an individual had previously been taking hormone and/or hormone-blocking medications, modifications to their medication would be needed after the procedure. Any androgen-blocking medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone</a>, are stopped, and estrogen hormones can be resumed at the doctor's discretion. Post-operative pain management includes icing the surgical site, wearing supportive underwear, and the use of pain relief medications (<a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>) such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen; for more severe pain, <a href="/wiki/Narcotic_analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotic analgesics">narcotic analgesics</a> may be needed. A follow-up appointment to monitor recovery and healing is routine.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_complications">Risks and complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Risks and complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risks and complications should be discussed with an individual pre-operatively. Risks and complications for inguinal orchiectomy include scrotal hematoma (accumulation of blood in the scrotum), infection, post-operative pain (60% initially, 1.8% one year after), phantom testis syndrome (pain in the kidney as a result from trauma from the testicle), reduced fertility, and with the more rare complications being inguinal hernia, ilioinguinal nerve injury, tumor spillage, and hypogonadism.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unilateral orchiectomy results in decreased sperm count but does not reduce testosterone levels.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Bilateral orchiectomy</b> causes infertility and greatly reduced testosterone levels. In cisgender men, this can lead to side effects including loss of sexual interest, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, hot flashes, breast enlargement (<i><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a></i>), weight gain, loss of muscle mass, and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been discovered that some individuals with a history of prostate cancer who had bilateral orchiectomy had effects on their new bone production, resulting in increased risk of bone fractures due to testosterone deficiency after the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bilateral orchiectomy also reduces the use of exogenous medications for transgender women; the reduction in testosterone eliminates the need for testosterone-blocking medications and can contribute to feminizing features such as breast enlargement.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial_effects">Psychosocial effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Psychosocial effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> men, the loss of one or both testicles from orchiectomy can have severe implications in identity and self-image surrounding masculinity, such that it can lead to thoughts of hopelessness, inadequacy, and loss. Among male testicular cancer survivors who have lost a testicle, there are feelings of shame and loss, which are more evident in young and single men than older and non-single men.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as one third of men who will undergo orchiectomy are not offered the option of having a testicular prosthesis. Data shows that simply offering testicular prosthesis to men undergoing orchioectomy is psychologically beneficial. While some men do not mind losing a testicle, studies have shown that there is a change in body image in testicular cancer survivors who have undergone orchiectomy and an improvement in body image in 50–60% of individuals who undergo testicular prosthesis placement. One year after testicular prosthesis placement, there are reports of increase in self-esteem and psychological well-being during sexual activity in a study that followed up on post-orchiectomy individuals including adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there is a current debate whether children undergoing orchiectomy should be offered testicular prosthesis to be inserted at the time of orchiectomy procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okoye2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchiectomy_as_a_gender_reassignment_procedure">Orchiectomy as a gender reassignment procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orchiectomy as a gender reassignment procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilateral simple orchiectomy is one option of <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">gender-affirming surgery</a> for transgender women.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be performed as a standalone procedure or at the same time as a <a href="/wiki/Vaginoplasty" title="Vaginoplasty">vaginoplasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilateral orchiectomy is considered first before undergoing vaginoplasty. Vaginoplasty can still be administered after undergoing bilateral orchiectomy, as the orchiectomy preserves the penoscrotal skin that can later be transformed into a skin flap. Additionally, it is an option for those who are unable to undergo vaginoplasty due to the risk of complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to alleviating <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>, the procedure allows trans women to stop taking testosterone-blocking medications, which may cause unwanted side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common testosterone-blocking medications that most use before undergoing orchiectomy are <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone</a>. Common side effects caused by spironolactone are drowsiness, confusion, headache, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">polyuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">polydipsia</a>, and electrolyte imbalance (<a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>). Cyproterone can cause side effects such as fatigue, low mood, and <a href="/wiki/Fulminant_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminant hepatitis">fulminant hepatitis</a>. Orchiectomy allows individuals to stop taking these medications and avoid these adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also an alternative for trans women who have contraindications to antiandrogens and is a minimally invasive procedure to eliminate testosterone levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-operative_evaluation">Pre-operative evaluation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-operative evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health_(WPATH)_criteria"><span id="World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health_.28WPATH.29_criteria"></span>World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Criteria from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) are used as a framework to guide health care professionals in approving or denying an orchiectomy. When a transgender individual wants to complete an orchiectomy, they are in a state of gender incongruence and they must meet the criteria before having the procedure done. The criteria are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>(i) persistent, documented gender dysphoria, </p><p>(ii) capacity to make informed decisions and consent to treatment, </p><p>(iii) well-controlled medical or mental health comorbidities, and </p><p> (iv) the use of hormone therapy for 12 months.</p></blockquote><p>Additionally, persons wishing to go through with the procedure are required to obtain referrals from two independent qualified mental health professionals. This referral should include "the individual's demographic information, psychosocial assessment results, duration of the therapeutic relationship, type of evaluation and therapy performed, if the criteria for surgery have been met and if informed consent has been obtained from the patient."<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2020_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_medical_considerations">Other medical considerations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other medical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual seeking to undergo orchiectomy is evaluated by a healthcare provider to ensure that the procedure is safe. Many candidates for orchiectomy are on estrogen therapy before the operation, which increases risk of intraoperative <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE); thus, the provider must take this risk into account and determine whether <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> (prevention) is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current smokers, individuals with limited mobility, individuals older than the age of 40, and individuals who have a medical history of <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombolytic disorder</a> are at higher risk of developing VTE. For these high-risk populations, the use of sequential compression devices during the operation is recommended to prevent VTE complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchiectomy_as_diagnosis_and_treatment_for_testicular_cancer">Orchiectomy as diagnosis and treatment for testicular cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orchiectomy as diagnosis and treatment for testicular cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in males ages 15 to 34. In 2017, there were 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) 2019 guidelines recommend imaging with testicular ultrasound in any individual suspected of having testicular cancer following a physical examination. The ultrasound aids in differentiating diagnoses so that the individual may avoid the need of the surgical approach of inguinal orchiectomy. Inguinal orchiectomy is the gold standard treatment approach for those with confirmed malignancy of testicular cancer. Thus, it is imperative to diagnose the individual as having benign tumor vs. malignant tumor. Benign tumors are cancerous masses typically outside the testicle or surrounding it (extratesticular), whereas the malignant tumors typically lie within/inside the testicle (intratesticular).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An orchiectomy is used not only as a treatment option, but also as a diagnostic tool for testicular cancer. Before an orchiectomy is deemed necessary, liver function tests, tumor markers, and various blood panels are taken to confirm the presence of testicular cancer. Tumor markers that may be checked include <a href="/wiki/Beta-human_chorionic_gonadotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin">beta human chorionic gonadotropin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">lactate dehydrogenase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">alpha fetoprotein</a>. These markers are rechecked after orchiectomy to stage the testicular cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imaging, including <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">chest radiography</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">abdominal/pelvic CT (computed tomography)</a> are also performed after orchiectomy to evaluate for <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for any cancerous tumor that is found in the testicles; however, in cases where tumors are small, testis- or testes-sparing surgery may be performed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partial orchiectomy, also known as testis-sparing surgery, is another treatment option for smaller testicular masses which is becoming widely popular in recent years. This treatment option is an alternative to remove testicular cancer masses which are <20 mm, have a high probability of being benign, and with negative serum tumor markers. Its benefits include preserving fertility and normal hormone function.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About half of testicular cancer germ cell tumors are <a href="/wiki/Seminoma" title="Seminoma">seminomas</a>. Individuals with seminomas are 80-85% likely to have a stage 1 diagnosis and the individual must undergo surveillance every 3–6 months in the first year following their orchiectomy, with an abdominal/pelvic CT at 3, 6 and 12 months. Additional treatment such as chemotherapy may be given if they have risk factors for a relapse. Men with stage 1 seminoma after orchiectomy have been shown to be free from a relapse for five years following orchiectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchiectomy_as_a_complication_of_testicular_torsion">Orchiectomy as a complication of testicular torsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orchiectomy as a complication of testicular torsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among children and adolescents diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">testicular torsion</a>, the orchiectomy rate is as high as 42%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the goal during surgery is to correct the twist of the spermatic cord, orchiectomy is performed if the testicle is examined during the surgery to have dead tissue (<a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>) and suspected to no longer be a functioning testicle (no fertility).<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delays in diagnosis and treatment increase the risk of orchiectomy, with diagnosis in the first four to eight hours of symptoms being critical to prevent permanent <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemic damage</a>, decreased fertility, and need for orchiectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1877426_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1877426-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchiectomy_for_prostate_cancer">Orchiectomy for prostate cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orchiectomy for prostate cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostate cancer, if non-metastatic, is commonly treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Less often, orchiectomy is used to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer grows in the presence of testosterone. When testosterone is present, " it is metabolized and converted into <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) which stimulates the growth of prostate cells. This leads to normal prostate growth in adolescents but contributes to abnormal cell growth in older men."<sup id="cite_ref-castration_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castration-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing the amount of testosterone in a person is one way in which prostate cancer is treated. If the prostate cancer is in fact metastatic, then orchiectomy may be used "...to abolish the stimulation of cancer cells by inhibiting testicular testosterone production and thereby reducing androgen levels in the blood: so-called androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)."<sup id="cite_ref-Holm2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holm2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castration or orchiectomy is a suitable option for androgen deprivation therapy, and it should be used if a very quick reduction in testosterone levels is needed. However, in recent years, orchiectomy is not commonly used since medical castration is a viable option.<sup id="cite_ref-Holm2017_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holm2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical castration means that drugs or medications are used to suppress the production of androgens such as testosterone. Some examples of medications used in medical castration include, euprolide, goserelin (Zoladex), buserelin, and triptorelin (Trelstar).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the side effects of these medications include but are not limited to "Reduced sexual desire and libido, Impotence, reduced size of testes and penis, hot flashes, growth of breast tissue (gynaecomastia) and pain across the breasts, thinning of the bones or osteoporosis and risk of fracture, anemia, loss of muscle mass, weight gain, fatigue and memory problems, and depression."<sup id="cite_ref-castration_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castration-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchiectomy_for_pediatric_testis_tumors">Orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the mid-1980s, pediatric testis tumors were managed in accordance with adult guidelines where the standard therapy was radical inguinal orchiectomy. It was later discovered that this procedure was being overused in the pediatric population, particularly those in pre-puberty, because it was assumed that the tumor was malignant.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered that the majority of the pediatric tumor registries over reported malignant tumors and had biased reporting. It has now been found that most tumors are benign lesions and the majority are cases of <a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">teratoma</a> which act benign in pre-puberty pediatric individuals along with other benign tumors that have been reported such as: <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli cell tumour">Sertolic cell tumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Leydig cell tumour">Leydig cell tumor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">juvenile granulosa cell tumors</a>. Most malignant tumors found in pre-pubertal individuals are pure yolk sac tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a difference in pre-pubertal, post-pubertal, and adult testis tumors in their histology and their level of malignancy with malignant tumors being rare in the pre-pubertal pediatric population.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a consideration to switch to testes sparing surgery (TSS) such as partial orchiectomy specifically for the pre-puberty pediatric populations who lack signs of malignant tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partial orchiectomy allows the ability to preserve hormone function and the possibility of reproduction in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been found to increase the quality of life. In the case that an individual is pediatric (<18 years of age) and is a post-pubertal with a malignant testes tumor, they must follow the adult recommended standard guidelines and proceed with radical inguinal orchiectomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-pubertal_populations">Post-pubertal populations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-pubertal populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-pubertal pediatric population and adults are at higher risk of malignant tumors and usually have a histology of a mixed germ cell tumor. Their first line of treatment is radical orchiectomy; however, they may be candidates for testis-sparing surgery such as partial orchiectomy, if there is a presence of a benign tumor. Although partial orchiectomy is controversial for this group of individuals, it has been found to be a successful procedure for benign masses such as stromal tumors, epidermoid cysts, and fibrous pseudotumors.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is greater use of partial orchiectomy with individuals who have small, benign testicular mass usually < 2 cm which indicate the tumors being benign. There is limited data on the size of tumors of the pediatric population, therefore, size cannot be used as a predictor of a tumor being benign.<sup id="cite_ref-Woo2020_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/40px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surgeries_by_type" class="mw-redirect" title="List of surgeries by type">List of surgeries by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">Testicular cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">Androgen deprivation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">Oophorectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_reassignment_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment therapy">Gender reassignment therapy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Francis2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis2020_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancisGroberPotterBlodgett2020" class="citation journal cs1">Francis C, Grober E, Potter E, Blodgett N, Krakowsky Y (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2050052119301209">"A Simple Guide for Simple Orchiectomy in Transition-Related Surgeries"</a>. <i>Sexual Medicine Reviews</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">492–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sxmr.2019.11.004">10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.11.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31959532">31959532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210841721">210841721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Medicine+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Guide+for+Simple+Orchiectomy+in+Transition-Related+Surgeries&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E492-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210841721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31959532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sxmr.2019.11.004&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Grober%2C+E&rft.au=Potter%2C+E&rft.au=Blodgett%2C+N&rft.au=Krakowsky%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS2050052119301209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWashingtonBayneButlerGarcia2017" class="citation journal cs1">Washington, S.; Bayne, D.; Butler, C.; Garcia, M. (February 2017). "Bilateral Orchiectomy For Transgender Patients: An Efficient Surgical Technique That Anticipates Future Vaginoplasty and is Associated with Minimal Morbidity". <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">e91 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e92</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2016.12.203">10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.203</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6931332962">6931332962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Bilateral+Orchiectomy+For+Transgender+Patients%3A+An+Efficient+Surgical+Technique+That+Anticipates+Future+Vaginoplasty+and+is+Associated+with+Minimal+Morbidity&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee91+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee92%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6931332962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsxm.2016.12.203&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bayne%2C+D.&rft.au=Butler%2C+C.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp2013_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpKieranArlen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, Victoria J.; Kieran, Kathleen; Arlen, Angela M. (15 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1215/p835.html">"Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>88</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">835–</span>840. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24364548">24364548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Testicular+torsion%3A+diagnosis%2C+evaluation%2C+and+management&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E835-%3C%2Fspan%3E840&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24364548&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Victoria+J.&rft.au=Kieran%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Arlen%2C+Angela+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fpubs%2Fafp%2Fissues%2F2013%2F1215%2Fp835.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orchiectomy_for_Prostate_Cancer_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/tests-treatments/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=hw77950">"Orchiectomy for Prostate Cancer"</a>. <i>Alberta Government and Alberta Health Services</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Government+and+Alberta+Health+Services&rft.atitle=Orchiectomy+for+Prostate+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyhealth.alberta.ca%2FHealth%2Ftests-treatments%2Fpages%2Fconditions.aspx%3FHwid%3Dhw77950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okoye2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okoye2022_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkoyeSaikali2022" class="citation book cs1">Okoye, Eloka; Saikali, Shady W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562336/">"Orchiectomy"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966007">32966007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orchiectomy&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.pub=StatPearls&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32966007&rft.aulast=Okoye&rft.aufirst=Eloka&rft.au=Saikali%2C+Shady+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK562336%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrologyMatch-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UrologyMatch_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034405/http://www.urologymatch.com/node/101">"Surgical Procedures: Orchiectomy — radical/simple"</a>. UrologyMatch.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urologymatch.com/node/101">the original</a> on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surgical+Procedures%3A+Orchiectomy+%E2%80%94+radical%2Fsimple&rft.pub=UrologyMatch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urologymatch.com%2Fnode%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoschelWong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Koschel SG, Wong LM (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7807348">"Radical inguinal orchidectomy: the gold standard for initial management of testicular cancer"</a>. <i>Translational Andrology and Urology</i>. <b>9</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">3094–</span>3102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2019.12.20">10.21037/tau.2019.12.20</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7807348">7807348</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33457282">33457282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Andrology+and+Urology&rft.atitle=Radical+inguinal+orchidectomy%3A+the+gold+standard+for+initial+management+of+testicular+cancer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3094-%3C%2Fspan%3E3102&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7807348%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33457282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftau.2019.12.20&rft.aulast=Koschel&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Wong%2C+LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7807348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDjaladatBurnerParikhBeroukhim_Kay2014" class="citation journal cs1">Djaladat H, Burner E, Parikh PM, Beroukhim Kay D, Hays K (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270136">"The Association Between Testis Cancer and Semen Abnormalities Before Orchiectomy: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjayao.2014.0012">10.1089/jayao.2014.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270136">4270136</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25538860">25538860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+and+Young+Adult+Oncology&rft.atitle=The+Association+Between+Testis+Cancer+and+Semen+Abnormalities+Before+Orchiectomy%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4270136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25538860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjayao.2014.0012&rft.aulast=Djaladat&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Burner%2C+E&rft.au=Parikh%2C+PM&rft.au=Beroukhim+Kay%2C+D&rft.au=Hays%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4270136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerreiraNetto_JúniorEstevesRivero1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira U, Netto Júnior NR, Esteves SC, Rivero MA, Schirren C (1991). "Comparative study of the fertility potential of men with only one testis". <i>Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00365599109024555">10.3109/00365599109024555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1685802">1685802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Urology+and+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Comparative+study+of+the+fertility+potential+of+men+with+only+one+testis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00365599109024555&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1685802&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Netto+J%C3%BAnior%2C+NR&rft.au=Esteves%2C+SC&rft.au=Rivero%2C+MA&rft.au=Schirren%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffGagel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hoff AO, Gagel RF (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/osteoporosis-breast-and-prostate-cancer-survivors">"Osteoporosis in breast and prostate cancer survivors"</a>. <i>Oncology</i>. <b>19</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">651–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15945345">15945345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncology&rft.atitle=Osteoporosis+in+breast+and+prostate+cancer+survivors&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15945345&rft.aulast=Hoff&rft.aufirst=AO&rft.au=Gagel%2C+RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancernetwork.com%2Fview%2Fosteoporosis-breast-and-prostate-cancer-survivors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hehemann2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hehemann2019_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHehemannWalsh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hehemann MC, Walsh TJ (2019). "Orchiectomy as Bridge or Alternative to Vaginoplasty". <i>The Urologic Clinics of North America</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">505–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2019.07.005">10.1016/j.ucl.2019.07.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31582025">31582025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203661392">203661392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Urologic+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Orchiectomy+as+Bridge+or+Alternative+to+Vaginoplasty&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203661392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31582025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2019.07.005&rft.aulast=Hehemann&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Walsh%2C+TJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauptHenkeKutschmarHauser2020" class="citation journal cs1">Haupt, Claudia; Henke, Miriam; Kutschmar, Alexia; Hauser, Birgit; Baldinger, Sandra; Saenz, Sarah Rafaela; Schreiber, Gerhard (28 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078580">"Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in transitioning transgender women"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2020</b> (11): CD013138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013138.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD013138.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078580">8078580</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33251587">33251587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antiandrogen+or+estradiol+treatment+or+both+during+hormone+therapy+in+transitioning+transgender+women&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD013138&rft.date=2020-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8078580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33251587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013138.pub2&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Henke%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Kutschmar%2C+Alexia&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Birgit&rft.au=Baldinger%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Saenz%2C+Sarah+Rafaela&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8078580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchepisiDe_PadovaDe_LisiCasadei2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schepisi G, De Padova S, De Lisi D, Casadei C, Meggiolaro E, Ruffilli F, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397854">"Psychosocial Issues in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Endocrinology</i>. <b>10</b>: 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2019.00113">10.3389/fendo.2019.00113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6397854">6397854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30858829">30858829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+Issues+in+Long-Term+Survivors+of+Testicular+Cancer&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30858829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffendo.2019.00113&rft.aulast=Schepisi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=De+Padova%2C+S&rft.au=De+Lisi%2C+D&rft.au=Casadei%2C+C&rft.au=Meggiolaro%2C+E&rft.au=Ruffilli%2C+F&rft.au=Rosti%2C+G&rft.au=Lolli%2C+C&rft.au=Ravaglia%2C+G&rft.au=Conteduca%2C+V&rft.au=Farolfi%2C+A&rft.au=Grassi%2C+L&rft.au=De+Giorgi%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6397854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCappuccioRossettiCavaliereIovane2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cappuccio, F.; Rossetti, S.; Cavaliere, C.; Iovane, G.; Taibi, R.; D’Aniello, C.; Imbimbo, C.; Facchini, S.; Abate, V.; Barberio, D.; Facchini, G. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26355%2Feurrev_201802_14290">"Health-related quality of life and psychosocial implications in testicular cancer survivors. A literature review"</a>. <i>European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">645–</span>661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26355%2Feurrev_201802_14290">10.26355/eurrev_201802_14290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7321114216">7321114216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29461592">29461592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+for+Medical+and+Pharmacological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Health-related+quality+of+life+and+psychosocial+implications+in+testicular+cancer+survivors.+A+literature+review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E645-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7321114216&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29461592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26355%2Feurrev_201802_14290&rft.aulast=Cappuccio&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Rossetti%2C+S.&rft.au=Cavaliere%2C+C.&rft.au=Iovane%2C+G.&rft.au=Taibi%2C+R.&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Aniello%2C+C.&rft.au=Imbimbo%2C+C.&rft.au=Facchini%2C+S.&rft.au=Abate%2C+V.&rft.au=Barberio%2C+D.&rft.au=Facchini%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.26355%252Feurrev_201802_14290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayonMichaelCoward2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hayon S, Michael J, Coward RM (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6958971">"The modern testicular prosthesis: patient selection and counseling, surgical technique, and outcomes"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Andrology</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Faja.aja_93_19">10.4103/aja.aja_93_19</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6958971">6958971</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31744995">31744995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Andrology&rft.atitle=The+modern+testicular+prosthesis%3A+patient+selection+and+counseling%2C+surgical+technique%2C+and+outcomes&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6958971%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31744995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Faja.aja_93_19&rft.aulast=Hayon&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Michael%2C+J&rft.au=Coward%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6958971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBairdMeyersHu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Baird, Drew C.; Meyers, Garrett J.; Hu, Jocelyn S. (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=29671528">"Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>97</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29671528">29671528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Testicular+Cancer%3A+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29671528&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Drew+C.&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Garrett+J.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Jocelyn+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Flink_out%3Fpmid%3D29671528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchickSternard2022" class="citation book cs1">Schick, Michael A.; Sternard, Britni T. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448199">"Testicular Torsion"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. StatPearls. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28846325">28846325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Testicular+Torsion&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.pub=StatPearls&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28846325&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Sternard%2C+Britni+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK448199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1877426-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1877426_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPraterOverdorf1991" class="citation journal cs1">Prater, J. M.; Overdorf, B. S. (September 1991). "Testicular torsion: a surgical emergency". <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">834–</span>840. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4433551963">4433551963</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5161575">5161575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1877426">1877426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Testicular+torsion%3A+a+surgical+emergency&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E840&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4433551963&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1877426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F5161575%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft.aulast=Prater&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Overdorf%2C+B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castration-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-castration_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-castration_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandal2014" class="citation news cs1">Mandal, Ananya (19 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-medical-castration.aspx">"What is medical castration?"</a>. <i>News-Medical.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Medical.net&rft.atitle=What+is+medical+castration%3F&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FWhat-is-medical-castration.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holm2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holm2017_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holm2017_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmDahlKleppFosså2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holm, Henriette Veiby; Dahl, Alv A.; Klepp, Olbjørn Harald; Fosså, Sophie D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskriftet.no/2017/06/klinisk-oversikt/moderne-behandling-av-prostatakreft-med-fjernmetastaser">"Moderne behandling av prostatakreft med fjernmetastaser"</a> [Modern treatment of prostate cancer with distant metastases]. <i>Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening</i> [<i>Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association</i>] (in Norwegian). <b>137</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">803–</span>805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4045%2Ftidsskr.16.0265">10.4045/tidsskr.16.0265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28597635">28597635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskrift+for+den+Norske+Legeforening&rft.atitle=Moderne+behandling+av+prostatakreft+med+fjernmetastaser&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E805&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4045%2Ftidsskr.16.0265&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28597635&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Henriette+Veiby&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Alv+A.&rft.au=Klepp%2C+Olbj%C3%B8rn+Harald&rft.au=Foss%C3%A5%2C+Sophie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskriftet.no%2F2017%2F06%2Fklinisk-oversikt%2Fmoderne-behandling-av-prostatakreft-med-fjernmetastaser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordHou2009" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, E. David; Hou, Amy H. (1 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/role-lhrh-antagonists-treatment-prostate-cancer">"The role of LHRH antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer"</a>. <i>Oncology</i>. <b>23</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">626–</span>630. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19626830">19626830</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA218529581">A218529581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+LHRH+antagonists+in+the+treatment+of+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E626-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19626830&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=E.+David&rft.au=Hou%2C+Amy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancernetwork.com%2Fview%2Frole-lhrh-antagonists-treatment-prostate-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woo2020-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2020_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooRoss2020" class="citation journal cs1">Woo LL, Ross JH (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7658131">"Partial orchiectomy <i>vs.</i> radical orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors"</a>. <i>Translational Andrology and Urology</i>. <b>9</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2400–</span>2407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau-19-815">10.21037/tau-19-815</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7658131">7658131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33209713">33209713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Andrology+and+Urology&rft.atitle=Partial+orchiectomy+vs.+radical+orchiectomy+for+pediatric+testis+tumors&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2400-%3C%2Fspan%3E2407&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7658131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33209713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftau-19-815&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.au=Ross%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7658131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woo2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2016_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woo2016_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWooRoss2016" class="citation journal cs1">Woo LL, Ross JH (2016). "The role of testis-sparing surgery in children and adolescents with testicular tumors". <i>Urologic Oncology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urolonc.2015.05.019">10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26094168">26094168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologic+Oncology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+testis-sparing+surgery+in+children+and+adolescents+with+testicular+tumors&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.urolonc.2015.05.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26094168&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.au=Ross%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChungLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chung JM, Lee SD (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265712">"Overview of pediatric testicular tumors in Korea"</a>. <i>Korean Journal of Urology</i>. <b>55</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">789–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4111%2Fkju.2014.55.12.789">10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265712">4265712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25512812">25512812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Overview+of+pediatric+testicular+tumors+in+Korea&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E789-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4265712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25512812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4111%2Fkju.2014.55.12.789&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Lee%2C+SD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4265712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchiectomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_male_reproductive_system162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Male_genital_procedures" title="Template:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_genital_procedures" title="Template talk:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_genital_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male genital procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_male_reproductive_system162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_incision_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral incision of the prostate">Transurethral incision of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_biopsy" title="Prostate biopsy">Prostate biopsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_biopsy" title="Transrectal biopsy">Transrectal biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_biopsy" title="Transurethral biopsy">Transurethral biopsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatectomy" title="Prostatectomy">Prostatectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral resection of the prostate">Transurethral resection of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_retropubic_prostatectomy" title="Radical retropubic prostatectomy">Radical retropubic prostatectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_microwave_thermotherapy" title="Transurethral microwave thermotherapy">Transurethral microwave thermotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transurethral_needle_ablation_of_the_prostate" title="Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate">Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_brachytherapy" title="Prostate brachytherapy">Prostate brachytherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_massage" title="Prostate massage">Prostate massage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocelectomy" title="Spermatocelectomy">Spermatocelectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vas deferens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy_reversal" title="Vasectomy reversal">Vasectomy reversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasovasostomy" title="Vasovasostomy">Vasovasostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoepididymostomy" title="Vasoepididymostomy">Vasoepididymostomy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orchiectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchiopexy" title="Orchiopexy">Orchiopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penectomy" title="Penectomy">Penectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_implant" title="Penile implant">Penile implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preputioplasty" title="Preputioplasty">Preputioplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreskin_restoration" title="Foreskin restoration">Foreskin restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenuloplasty_of_prepuce_of_penis" title="Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis">Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_Frenulectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile Frenulectomy">Penile Frenulectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_plethysmography" title="Penile plethysmography">Penile plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_test" title="Postage stamp test">Postage stamp test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semen_analysis" title="Semen analysis">Semen analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal ultrasound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806228#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172716-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&oldid=1280935089">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&oldid=1280935089</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urologic_surgery" title="Category:Urologic surgery">Urologic surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surgical_oncology" title="Category:Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_genital_surgery" title="Category:Male genital surgery">Male genital surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminizing_surgery" title="Category:Feminizing surgery">Feminizing surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Testicle" title="Category:Testicle">Testicle</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 08:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchiectomy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orchiectomy</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-sdh4n","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.595","walltime":"0.744","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2658,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":80742,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1512,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":123938,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 664.474 1 -total"," 34.76% 230.980 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.39% 182.022 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.41% 95.745 1 Template:Lang"," 12.66% 84.153 2 Template:Short_description"," 12.54% 83.341 1 Template:Male_genital_procedures"," 12.17% 80.841 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.78% 65.009 1 Template:Infobox_medical_intervention"," 7.44% 49.434 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.21% 41.237 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.400","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21233340,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-2wljh","timestamp":"20250331181039","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Orchiectomy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchiectomy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1806228","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1806228","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-09-08T10:09:42Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T08:57:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Diagram_showing_how_the_testicle_is_removed_%28orchidectomy%29_CRUK_141.svg","headline":"surgical removal of one or both testicles"}</script> </body> </html>