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<ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiac_ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cardiac ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bowel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Limb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cutaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney_ischemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney_ischemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kidney ischemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney_ischemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occlusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occlusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Occlusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occlusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Etymology and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ischemia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نقص التروية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقص التروية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isquemia" title="Isquemia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isquemia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemija" title="Ishemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ishemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isqu%C3%A8mia" title="Isquèmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isquèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemie" title="Ischemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ischemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isk%C3%A6mi" title="Iskæmi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iskæmi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isch%C3%A4mie" title="Ischämie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ischämie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isheemia" title="Isheemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isheemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισχαιμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισχαιμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isquemia" title="Isquemia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isquemia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemio" title="Iskemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iskemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemia" title="Iskemia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iskemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ایسکمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایسکمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isch%C3%A9mie" title="Ischémie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ischémie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%ED%98%88" title="허혈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허혈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իշեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իշեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="स्थानिक अरक्तता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थानिक अरक्तता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemija" title="Ishemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ishemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemio" title="Iskemio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iskemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemia" title="Iskemia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iskemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ischemia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ischemia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="איסכמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסכמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ишемия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ишемия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ischemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E%C5%9Fem%C3%AE" title="Îşemî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îşemî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ишемия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ишемия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1%C4%93mija" title="Išēmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Išēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszk%C3%A9mia" title="Iszkémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iszkémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemia" title="Iskemia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iskemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemie" title="Ischemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ischemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E8%A1%80" title="虚血 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虚血" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemi" title="Iskemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iskemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅଳ୍ପରକ୍ତ‌ତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଳ୍ପରକ୍ତ‌ତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemiya" title="Ishemiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishemiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedokrwienie" title="Niedokrwienie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niedokrwienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isquemia" title="Isquemia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isquemia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemie" title="Ischemie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ischemie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ишемия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ишемия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemia" title="Ishemia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishemia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemia" title="Ischaemia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ischaemia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemija" title="Ishemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ishemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیسکیمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسکیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Исхемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исхемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishemija" title="Ishemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ishemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskemia" title="Iskemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iskemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemi" title="Ischemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ischemi" 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data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اقفار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اقفار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwednoix" title="Lwednoix – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwednoix" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFu_m%C3%A1u_c%E1%BB%A5c_b%E1%BB%99" title="Thiếu máu cục bộ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiếu máu cục bộ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ischemia%22">"Ischemia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ischemia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ischemia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ischemia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ischemia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ischemia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Ischemia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">ischaemia, ischæmia</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischemia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/220px-Ischemia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/330px-Ischemia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ischemia.JPG/440px-Ischemia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="1910" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Vascular ischemia of the toes with characteristic <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ischemia</b> <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>ischaemia</b> is a restriction in <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> supply to any <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">muscle group</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organ</a> of the body, causing a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> that is needed for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular metabolism">cellular metabolism</a> (to keep tissue alive).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ischemia is generally caused by problems with <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microvascular_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvascular dysfunction">microvascular dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also implies local <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> in a part of a body resulting from <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">constriction</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>). </p><p>Ischemia causes not only insufficiency of oxygen but also reduced availability of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and inadequate removal of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ischemia can be partial (poor <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>) or total blockage. The inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the organs must be resolved either by treating the cause of the inadequate delivery or reducing the oxygen demand of the system that needs it. For example, patients with myocardial ischemia have a decreased blood flow to the heart and are prescribed with medications that reduce <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">inotropic effect</a> to meet the new level of blood delivery supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosed vasculature</a> so that it is adequate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signs and symptoms of ischemia vary, as they can occur anywhere in the body and depend on the degree to which blood flow is interrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, clinical manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Acute_limb_ischaemia" title="Acute limb ischaemia">acute limb ischemia</a> (which can be summarized as the <b>"six P's"</b>) include <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulseless" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulseless">pulseless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm#In_medicine" title="Poikilotherm">poikilothermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without immediate intervention, ischemia may progress quickly to tissue <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> within a few hours. <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">Paralysis</a> is a very late sign of acute arterial ischemia and signals the death of <a href="/wiki/Nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerves">nerves</a> supplying the extremity. <a href="/wiki/Foot_drop" title="Foot drop">Foot drop</a> may occur as a result of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve damage">nerve damage</a>. Because nerves are extremely sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, limb <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> or ischemic <a href="/wiki/Neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathy">neuropathy</a> may persist after <a href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">revascularization</a> and may be permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac_ischemia">Cardiac ischemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cardiac ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coronary_ischemia" title="Coronary ischemia">Coronary ischemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a></div> <p>Cardiac ischemia may be asymptomatic or may cause chest pain, known as <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>. It occurs when the heart muscle, or <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, receives insufficient blood flow.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This most frequently results from <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, which is the long-term accumulation of cholesterol-rich plaques in the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>. In most Western countries, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Ischemic heart disease</a> is the most common cause of death in both men and women, and a major cause of hospital admissions.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowel">Bowel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bowel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_ischemia" title="Intestinal ischemia">Intestinal ischemia</a></div> <p>Both large and small intestines can be affected by ischemia. The blockage of blood flow to the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> (colon) is called <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">ischemic colitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ischemia of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small bowel</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">mesenteric ischemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain">Brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brain_ischemia" title="Brain ischemia">Brain ischemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">Ischemic stroke</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brain_ischemia" title="Brain ischemia">Brain ischemia</a> is insufficient blood flow to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, and can be <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic</a>. Acute <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic stroke">ischemic stroke</a> is a neurological emergency typically caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow in a vessel in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic ischemia of the brain may result in a form of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> called <a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">vascular dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sudden, brief episode (symptoms lasting only minutes) of ischemia affecting the brain is called a <a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA), often called a mini-stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TIAs can be a warning of future strokes, with approximately 1/3 of TIA patients having a serious stroke within one year.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limb">Limb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Acute_limb_ischaemia" title="Acute limb ischaemia">Acute limb ischaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_limb_threatening_ischemia" title="Chronic limb threatening ischemia">Chronic limb threatening ischemia</a></div> <p>Inadequate blood supply to a <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> may result in <a href="/wiki/Acute_limb_ischaemia" title="Acute limb ischaemia">acute limb ischemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_limb_threatening_ischemia" title="Chronic limb threatening ischemia">chronic limb threatening ischemia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutaneous">Cutaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cutaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">Cyanosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a></div> <p>Reduced blood flow to the skin layers may result in <a href="/wiki/Mottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottling">mottling</a> or uneven, patchy discoloration of the skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney_ischemia">Kidney ischemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kidney ischemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kidney_ischemia" title="Kidney ischemia">Kidney ischemia</a> is a loss of blood flow to the kidney cells. Several physical symptoms include shrinkage of one or both kidneys,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">renovascular hypertension</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute renal failure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> progressive azotemia,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acute <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a disease with high mortality rate and high morbidity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to treat could cause <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a need for renal surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ischemia is a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a> involving an interruption in the arterial <a href="/wiki/Blood_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood supply">blood supply</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organ</a>, or extremity that, if untreated, can lead to tissue death. It can be caused by <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerotic</a> artery, or trauma. <a href="/wiki/Venous" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous">Venous</a> problems like venous outflow obstruction and low-flow states can cause <a href="/wiki/Acute_arterial_ischemic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute arterial ischemic disorder">acute arterial ischemia</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a> is one of the most frequent causes of acute arterial ischemia. Other causes are heart conditions including <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve disease">mitral valve disease</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiomyopathies">cardiomyopathies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthesis</a>, in all of which <a href="/wiki/Thrombi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombi">thrombi</a> are prone to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occlusion">Occlusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occlusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thrombi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombi">thrombi</a> may dislodge and may travel anywhere in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, where they may lead to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a>, an acute arterial <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">occlusion</a> causing the oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Blood_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood supply">blood supply</a> distal to the <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">embolus</a> to decrease suddenly. The degree and extent of symptoms depend on the size and location of the <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_(blood_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction (blood vessel)">obstruction</a>, the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clot</a> fragmentation with <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a> to smaller vessels, and the degree of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_arterial_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral arterial disease">peripheral arterial disease</a> (PAD).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">Thromboembolism</a> (blood clots)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> (foreign bodies in the circulation, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid_embolism" title="Amniotic fluid embolism">amniotic fluid embolism</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma">Trauma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Traumatic injury">Traumatic injury</a> to an extremity may produce partial or total occlusion of a vessel from <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shearing_(physics)" title="Shearing (physics)">shearing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Laceration">laceration</a>. Acute arterial occlusion may develop as a result of <a href="/wiki/Arterial_dissection" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial dissection">arterial dissection</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iatrogenic">iatrogenic</a> arterial injury (e.g., after <a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">angiography</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inadequate flow of blood to a part of the body may be caused by any of the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_outlet_syndrome" title="Thoracic outlet syndrome">Thoracic outlet syndrome</a> (compression of the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> (lipid-laden plaques obstructing the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a> (lower than normal level of glucose)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a> (abnormally rapid beating of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">Radiotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy#Effects_on_subsequent_surgery" title="Radiation therapy">therapeutic radiation</a> used to treat cancer can cause a delayed side effect injury in adjacent tissue via <a href="/wiki/Obliterating_endarteritis" title="Obliterating endarteritis">progressive, proliferative endarteritis</a>, inflamed arterial linings that disrupt the tissue's blood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID_29261879_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID_29261879-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a> (low blood pressure, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>)</li> <li>Outside compression of a blood vessel, e.g. by a <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome" title="Superior mesenteric artery syndrome">superior mesenteric artery syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a> (abnormally shaped red blood cells)</li> <li>Induced <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> which restrict the blood flow and force the blood to the extremities of the body, as in acrobatics and military flying</li> <li>Localized extreme cold, such as by <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> or improper <a href="/wiki/Cold_compression_therapy" title="Cold compression therapy">cold compression therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourniquet" title="Tourniquet">Tourniquet</a> application</li> <li>An increased level of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">glutamate receptor</a> stimulation <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">Arteriovenous malformations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_occlusive_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral artery occlusive disease">peripheral artery occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">rupture of significant blood vessels</a> supplying a tissue or organ.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a> vasoconstricts the periphery so that red blood cells cannot work internally on vital organs such as the heart, brain, etc., thus causing lack of oxygen to the periphery.</li> <li>Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a>, such as due to the ingestion of excessive doses of <a href="/wiki/Central_depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central depressant">central depressants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Drinking_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking alcohol">alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, can result in ischemia of the extremities due to unusual body positions that prevent normal circulation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png/300px-Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png/450px-Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png/600px-Ischemic_preconditioning_of_the_heart.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption> Native records of contractile activity of the left ventricle of isolated rat heart perfused under <a href="/wiki/Langendorff_heart" title="Langendorff heart">Langendorff technique</a>. Curve A - contractile function of the heart is greatly depressed after ischemia-reperfusion. Curve B - a set of short ischemic episodes (<a href="/wiki/Ischemic_preconditioning" title="Ischemic preconditioning">ischemic preconditioning</a>) before prolonged ischemia provides functional recovery of contractile activity of the heart at reperfusion.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cascade" title="Ischemic cascade">Ischemic cascade</a></div> <p>Ischemia results in tissue damage in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cascade" title="Ischemic cascade">ischemic cascade</a>. The damage is the result of the build-up of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a> products, inability to maintain <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> damage, and eventual leakage of <a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">autolyzing</a> <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> into the cell and surrounding tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissues can cause additional damage known as <a href="/wiki/Reperfusion_injury" title="Reperfusion injury">reperfusion injury</a> that can be more damaging than the initial ischemia. Reintroduction of blood flow brings oxygen back to the tissues, causing a greater production of <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">free radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> that damage cells. It also brings more calcium ions to the tissues causing further calcium overloading and can result in potentially fatal <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmias</a> and also accelerates cellular <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">self-destruction</a>. The restored blood flow also exaggerates the <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> response of damaged tissues, causing <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">white blood cells</a> to destroy damaged cells that may otherwise still be viable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early treatment is essential to keep the affected organ viable. The treatment options include injection of an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombolysis" title="Thrombolysis">thrombolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embolectomy" title="Embolectomy">embolectomy</a>, surgical revascularization, or partial amputation. Anticoagulant therapy is initiated to prevent further enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">thrombus</a>. Continuous IV <a href="/wiki/Unfractionated_heparin" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfractionated heparin">unfractionated heparin</a> has been the traditional agent of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the condition of the ischemic limb is stabilized with <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulation">anticoagulation</a>, recently formed <a href="/wiki/Emboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Emboli">emboli</a> may be treated with catheter-directed <a href="/wiki/Thrombolysis" title="Thrombolysis">thrombolysis</a> using intra-arterial <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic">thrombolytic</a> agent (e.g., recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (<a href="/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue plasminogen activator">tPA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Streptokinase" title="Streptokinase">streptokinase</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Urokinase" title="Urokinase">urokinase</a>). A percutaneous <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a> and threaded to the site of the <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clot</a> is used to infuse the drug. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic">thrombolytic</a> agents work directly to resolve the clot over a period of 24 to 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct <a href="/wiki/Arteriotomy" title="Arteriotomy">arteriotomy</a> may be necessary to remove the clot. Surgical <a href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">revascularization</a> may be used in the setting of trauma (e.g., laceration of the artery). <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">Amputation</a> is reserved for cases where limb salvage is not possible. If the patient continues to have a risk of further <a href="/wiki/Embolization" title="Embolization">embolization</a> from some persistent source, such as chronic <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, treatment includes long-term oral <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulation">anticoagulation</a> to prevent further acute arterial ischemic episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decrease in body temperature reduces the aerobic metabolic rate of the affected cells, reducing the immediate effects of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>. Reduction of body temperature also reduces the inflammation response and reperfusion injury. For frostbite injuries, limiting thawing and warming of tissues until warmer temperatures can be sustained may reduce <a href="/wiki/Reperfusion_injury" title="Reperfusion injury">reperfusion injury</a>. </p><p>Ischemic stroke is at times treated with various levels of <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> therapy at hospital discharge, followed by home time, in an attempt to lower the risk of adverse events.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Infarct Combat Project (ICP) is an international <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> founded in 1998 to fight <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart diseases</a> through education and research.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>ischemia</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἴσχαιμος <i>iskhaimos</i> 'staunching blood', from ἴσχω <i>iskhο</i> 'keep back, restrain' and αἷμα <i>haima</i> 'blood'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia-reperfusion_injury_of_the_appendicular_musculoskeletal_system" title="Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system">Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">Infarction</a> – Tissue death due to inadequate blood supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_protein" title="Inhibitor protein">Inhibitor protein</a> – Cell biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_triad_of_death" title="Trauma triad of death">Trauma triad of death</a> – Combination of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i> 2nd edition, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ischemia">Entry "ischemia"</a> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merck & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/peripheral_arterial_disease/occlusive_peripheral_arterial_disease.html#v722187">Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease</a>, The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook website, revised and updated March 2010. 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accessed October 26, 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elizabeth (editor). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDjBLDoxsJMC&pg=PA107">Oxford Reference: <i>Concise Medical Dictionary</i></a> (1990, 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press: Market House Books, 1987, 2nd ed., pp. 107, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281991-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-281991-8">978-0-19-281991-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischemia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ischaemia_and_infarction" title="Template:Ischaemia and infarction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ischaemia_and_infarction" title="Template talk:Ischaemia and infarction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ischaemia_and_infarction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ischaemia and infarction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ischaemia_and_infarction58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ischaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemia">Ischaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ischemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_ischemia" title="Brain ischemia">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Large intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Small intestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">Infarction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_infarct" title="Anemic infarct">Anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_infarct" title="Hemorrhagic infarct">Hemorrhagic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_infarction" title="Splenic infarction">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb_infarction" title="Limb infarction">Limb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological 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