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(PDF) Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="1PACf1QzOn-DZDFSh48C4VRQWRgN4gwJ5nlHCKFIpYkXOu8MY9IH1JIJidAZ4zOgSKj3XsI4hHASNVyS9ruNCg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Umberto Albarella" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/104925794/Livestock_size_and_the_Roman_Early_Anglo_Saxon_transition_Britain_in_North_West_Europe" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/96711210/21800052/21099240/s200_umberto.albarella.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/104925794/Livestock_size_and_the_Roman_Early_Anglo_Saxon_transition_Britain_in_North_West_Europe" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella" /> <meta name="description" content="This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term" /> <title>(PDF) Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/104925794/Livestock_size_and_the_Roman_Early_Anglo_Saxon_transition_Britain_in_North_West_Europe" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '76fc599fe9ec1fff2969df94a387714e0e55b182'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740162192000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740162192000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term of comparison. The results indicate that typical Roman husbandry practices survived into fourth century Britain: the animal economy focussed on cattle, livestock improvements, and surplus production, which allowed to feed the taxation cycle and to supply the army and town dwellers; on the other hand, the zooarchaeological evidence highlights substantial changes in the aims and scale of animal exploitation in the post-Roman period. Such discontinuity demonstrates the key role formerly played by the Roman state in shaping local animal economies and in integrating food production practices throughout the northwestern provinces. At the same time, the more generalized animal husbandry strategies of post-Roman settlements respond well to the needs of self-sufficient communities. Cattle decreased in size, as large, robust animals were no longer needed; on the other hand, the large size of sheep and other domesticates, improved in Roman times, benefitted Early Anglo-Saxon herders, and were often maintained. 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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":104925794,"created_at":"2023-07-25T09:46:29.121-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-07-26T15:52:10.228-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term of comparison. The results indicate that typical Roman husbandry practices survived into fourth century Britain: the animal economy focussed on cattle, livestock improvements, and surplus production, which allowed to feed the taxation cycle and to supply the army and town dwellers; on the other hand, the zooarchaeological evidence highlights substantial changes in the aims and scale of animal exploitation in the post-Roman period. Such discontinuity demonstrates the key role formerly played by the Roman state in shaping local animal economies and in integrating food production practices throughout the northwestern provinces. At the same time, the more generalized animal husbandry strategies of post-Roman settlements respond well to the needs of self-sufficient communities. Cattle decreased in size, as large, robust animals were no longer needed; on the other hand, the large size of sheep and other domesticates, improved in Roman times, benefitted Early Anglo-Saxon herders, and were often maintained. This evidence suggests that post-Roman communities did not simply cope with adverse economic conditions but reacted appropriately to the new circumstances.","publication_date":"2022,,","publication_name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [96711210]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":104523108,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/104523108/mini_magick20230725-1-1bynxb.png?1690303690" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Livestock size and the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition: Britain in North-West Europe</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96711210" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella"><img alt="Profile image of Umberto Albarella" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/96711210/21800052/21099240/s65_umberto.albarella.jpg" />Umberto Albarella</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2022, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">25 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 104925794; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=104925794"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study contributes to reconstruct the socioeconomic dynamics of change at the Roman-Early Anglo-Saxon transition in Britain through zooarchaeological analysis. Contemporary assemblages from the nearby European mainland are used to provide a term of comparison. The results indicate that typical Roman husbandry practices survived into fourth century Britain: the animal economy focussed on cattle, livestock improvements, and surplus production, which allowed to feed the taxation cycle and to supply the army and town dwellers; on the other hand, the zooarchaeological evidence highlights substantial changes in the aims and scale of animal exploitation in the post-Roman period. Such discontinuity demonstrates the key role formerly played by the Roman state in shaping local animal economies and in integrating food production practices throughout the northwestern provinces. At the same time, the more generalized animal husbandry strategies of post-Roman settlements respond well to the needs of self-sufficient communities. Cattle decreased in size, as large, robust animals were no longer needed; on the other hand, the large size of sheep and other domesticates, improved in Roman times, benefitted Early Anglo-Saxon herders, and were often maintained. This evidence suggests that post-Roman communities did not simply cope with adverse economic conditions but reacted appropriately to the new circumstances.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":104523108,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/104925794/Livestock_size_and_the_Roman_Early_Anglo_Saxon_transition_Britain_in_North_West_Europe"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":104523108,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/104925794/Livestock_size_and_the_Roman_Early_Anglo_Saxon_transition_Britain_in_North_West_Europe"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The development of animal husbandry from the Late Iron Age to the end of the Roman period: a case study from South-East Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 1828-48. </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12935" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UmbertoAlbarella">Umberto Albarella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper zooarchaeological evidence from Iron Age and Roman sites in South-East Britain is presented and the results are applied to the continuing debate over culture contact and change following the Roman invasion. Evidence from Heybridge in Essex indicates that there were two stages of livestock development. These may reflect the import of new breeding stock into Britain. Differences between the rate of livestock development at this rural site and the nearby urban centre of Colchester indicate differing mechanisms of animal supply between the two sites. The appearance of very large cattle in Late Roman contexts at Boreham in Essex suggests that improvement of animals continued throughout the Roman occupation and was not merely an initial response to new economic and administrative demands. The biometrical evidence from these three sites is compared with evidence from elsewhere in Europe and the development of livestock during the Roman Period is shown to be complex and varied. The impetus and ideology behind the changes in animal husbandry following the Roman invasion in Britain are explored.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Albarella U., Johnstone C. \u0026 Vickers, K. 2008. The development of animal husbandry from the Late Iron Age to the end of the Roman period: a case study from South-East Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 1828-48. ","attachmentId":31121437,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3283582/Albarella_U_Johnstone_C_and_Vickers_K_2008_The_development_of_animal_husbandry_from_the_Late_Iron_Age_to_the_end_of_the_Roman_period_a_case_study_from_South_East_Britain_Journal_of_Archaeological_Science_35_1828_48","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3283582/Albarella_U_Johnstone_C_and_Vickers_K_2008_The_development_of_animal_husbandry_from_the_Late_Iron_Age_to_the_end_of_the_Roman_period_a_case_study_from_South_East_Britain_Journal_of_Archaeological_Science_35_1828_48"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="35944840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35944840/Livestock_changes_at_the_beginning_and_end_of_the_Roman_period_in_Britain_issues_of_acculturation_adaptation_and_improvement">Livestock changes at the beginning and end of the Roman period in Britain: issues of acculturation, adaptation, and 'improvement'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30355664" href="https://unive.academia.edu/MauroRizzetto">Mauro Rizzetto</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3376695" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/PamCRabtree">Pam CRabtree</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">European Journal of Archaeology Special Issue 'Animal husbandry in the western Roman Empire: a zooarchaeological perspective' 20(3): 535-556.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Livestock changes at the beginning and end of the Roman period in Britain: issues of acculturation, adaptation, and 'improvement'","attachmentId":55828063,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35944840/Livestock_changes_at_the_beginning_and_end_of_the_Roman_period_in_Britain_issues_of_acculturation_adaptation_and_improvement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35944840/Livestock_changes_at_the_beginning_and_end_of_the_Roman_period_in_Britain_issues_of_acculturation_adaptation_and_improvement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37534043" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37534043/Grau_Sologestoa_I_and_Albarella_U_2019_The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_11_6_pp_2781_2803">Grau-Sologestoa, I. and Albarella, U. 2019. The 'long' sixteenth century: a key period of animal husbandry change in England. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(6), pp. 2781–2803.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240345" href="https://unibasel.academia.edu/IdoiaGrauSologestoa">Idoia Grau Sologestoa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although many historians have extensively discussed the agricultural history of England between the Late Middle Ages and the Modern Era, this period of crucial changes has received less attention by archaeologists. In this paper, zooarchaeological evidence dated between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period is analysed to investigate changes in animal husbandry during the 'long' sixteenth century. The size and shape of the main domestic animals (cattle, sheep, pig and chicken) is explored through biometrical data and discussed in line with evidence of taxonomic frequencies, ageing and sex ratios. Data from 12 sites with relevant chronologies and located in different areas of the country are considered. The results show that, although a remarkable size increase of animals occurred in England throughout the post-medieval period, much of this improvement occurred as early as the sixteenth century. The nature and causes of such improvement are discussed, with the aim of understanding the development of Early Modern farming and the foundations of the so-called Agricultural Revolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Grau-Sologestoa, I. and Albarella, U. 2019. The 'long' sixteenth century: a key period of animal husbandry change in England. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(6), pp. 2781–2803.","attachmentId":57507801,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37534043/Grau_Sologestoa_I_and_Albarella_U_2019_The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_11_6_pp_2781_2803","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37534043/Grau_Sologestoa_I_and_Albarella_U_2019_The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_11_6_pp_2781_2803"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="36004286" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36004286/Animals_in_Saxon_and_Scandinavian_England_Backbones_of_Economy_and_Society">Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian England. Backbones of Economy and Society</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60494" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MatildaHolmes1">Matilda Holmes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this book an analysis of over 300 animal bone assemblages from English Saxon and Scandinavian sites is presented. The data set is summarised in extensive tables for use as comparanda for future archaeozoological studies. Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian England takes as its core four broad areas of analysis. The first is an investigation of the diet of the population, and how food was used to establish social boundaries. Increasingly diverse diets are recognised, with high-status populations distinguishing themselves from other social sectors through the way food was redistributed and the diversity of taxa consumed. Secondly, the role of animals in the economy is considered, looking at how animal husbandry feeds into underlying modes of production throughout the Saxon period. From the largely self-sufficient early Saxon phase animal husbandry becomes more specialised to supply increasingly urban settlements. The ensuing third deliberation takes into account the foodways and interactions between producer and consumer sites, considering the distribution of food and raw materials between farm, table and craft worker. Fundamental changes in the nature of the Saxon economy distinguish a move away from food renders in the middle Saxon phase to market-based provisioning; opening the way for greater autonomy of supply and demand. Finally, the role of wics and burhs as centres of production is investigated, particularly the organisation of manufacture and provisioning with raw materials.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian England. Backbones of Economy and Society","attachmentId":55891458,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36004286/Animals_in_Saxon_and_Scandinavian_England_Backbones_of_Economy_and_Society","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36004286/Animals_in_Saxon_and_Scandinavian_England_Backbones_of_Economy_and_Society"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="34200088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34200088/Animal_Husbandry_across_the_Western_Roman_Empire_Changes_and_Continuities">Animal Husbandry across the Western Roman Empire: Changes and Continuities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="342221" href="https://csic.academia.edu/SilviaValenzuelaLamas">Silvia Valenzuela Lamas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This special issue of the European Journal of Archaeology discusses aspects of animal husbandry in a number of provinces of the Western Roman Empire. In this introduction, we describe the general characteristics of animal husbandry in pre-Roman and Roman times to assess any changes that may have occurred after the Roman conquest. The results suggest that the territoriality typifying the first millennium BC had a significant impact on production, resulting in a decrease in cattle size and frequencies across Europe. Nevertheless, not all the regions reacted in the same way, and regional communities that focused their animal production on pigs implemented more sustainable husbandry practices over time. By bringing together studies carried out across Europe, this journal issue highlights the existence of cases of both change and continuity across the Empire, and the (uneven) impact of the market economy on animal husbandry and dietary practices in climatically different regions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Animal Husbandry across the Western Roman Empire: Changes and Continuities","attachmentId":54117031,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34200088/Animal_Husbandry_across_the_Western_Roman_Empire_Changes_and_Continuities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34200088/Animal_Husbandry_across_the_Western_Roman_Empire_Changes_and_Continuities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5337826" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5337826/Animal_husbandry_and_farming_in_East_Anglia_from_the_5th_to_the_10th_centuries_CE">Animal husbandry and farming in East Anglia from the 5th to the 10th centuries CE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3376695" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/PamCRabtree">Pam CRabtree</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Available online xxx a b s t r a c t</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Animal husbandry and farming in East Anglia from the 5th to the 10th centuries CE","attachmentId":32494004,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5337826/Animal_husbandry_and_farming_in_East_Anglia_from_the_5th_to_the_10th_centuries_CE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5337826/Animal_husbandry_and_farming_in_East_Anglia_from_the_5th_to_the_10th_centuries_CE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="42128963" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42128963/Size_power_wool_and_veal_zooarchaeological_evidence_for_late_medieval_innovations">Size, power, wool and veal: zooarchaeological evidence for late medieval innovations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96711210" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella">Umberto Albarella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environment and subsistence in medieval Europe, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Size, power, wool and veal: zooarchaeological evidence for late medieval innovations","attachmentId":62263891,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42128963/Size_power_wool_and_veal_zooarchaeological_evidence_for_late_medieval_innovations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42128963/Size_power_wool_and_veal_zooarchaeological_evidence_for_late_medieval_innovations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="108931909" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108931909/Change_and_regionalism_in_British_cattle_husbandry_in_the_Iron_Age_and_Roman_periods_an_osteometric_approach">Change and regionalism in British cattle husbandry in the Iron Age and Roman periods: an osteometric approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96711210" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella">Umberto Albarella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cattle and Humans. Interdisciplinary Approaches to an Ancient Relationship, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">European communities experienced many agricultural and economic changes during the Iron Age and after the Roman conquest. Variations in livestock size and shape are direct evidence of such transformations. Based on 56,283 cattle bone measurements from 112 archaeological sites, this study aims to better define husbandry change mechanisms and diversity in Britain. Results reveal very different regional patterns, due to environmental and cultural characteristics, breeding preferences, and external contacts. Cattle size seems to reflect the uneven impact of the Iron Age economic organization on British populations, the Roman influence over production strategies, and the establishment of trade networks within Britain and with the mainland Europe. This detailed analysis of the pastoral landscape of the well-de- fined territory of Britain can help our understanding of processes of economic change in the broader area of Iron Age and Roman Europe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Change and regionalism in British cattle husbandry in the Iron Age and Roman periods: an osteometric approach","attachmentId":107192922,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108931909/Change_and_regionalism_in_British_cattle_husbandry_in_the_Iron_Age_and_Roman_periods_an_osteometric_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108931909/Change_and_regionalism_in_British_cattle_husbandry_in_the_Iron_Age_and_Roman_periods_an_osteometric_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="83823413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83823413/Market_strategies_in_the_Roman_provinces_Different_animal_husbandry_systems_explored_by_a_comparative_regional_approach">Market strategies in the Roman provinces: Different animal husbandry systems explored by a comparative regional approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9498075" href="https://unibasel.academia.edu/SabineDeschlerErb">Sabine Deschler-Erb</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Roman occupation led to urbanisation, trade and population increases in the northwestern provinces, which caused an increased demand for food. The adaptation of agrarian regimes to satisfy this increased demand is still little understood. Zooarchaeological data from two regions were analysed in order to identify and explain broad patterns in animal husbandry in regions that are known to have had a different development. Such a systematic and direct comparison of zooarchaeological data from two regions in the Roman Empire has not been carried out before. The data set contains 128 assemblages from 81 rural sites in the Lower Rhine region in the Netherlands and the northern part of modern Switzerland, with a total of over 68,000 bone fragments of cattle, sheep or goat and pig. Analysis revealed differences in species proportions, with cattle and horse more important in the Dutch research area and pig and chicken in the Swiss research area. Slaughter ages revealed further differences in exploitation, with a larger focus on meat in the Dutch research area, and a larger emphasis on arable farming, transport and industry in the Swiss research area. The Swiss research area also shows evidence of more intensive pork production. Cattle increase in size in both research areas, but are generally larger in the Swiss research area. The differences in animal husbandry can be related to different modes of agrarian production, with a larger scale of farming and a higher extent of specialisation found in the Swiss research area. The conclusion of this study is that while changes in animal husbandry occur throughout the Roman Empire as a result of economic and demographic developments, different regions responded in different ways.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Market strategies in the Roman provinces: Different animal husbandry systems explored by a comparative regional approach","attachmentId":89045448,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83823413/Market_strategies_in_the_Roman_provinces_Different_animal_husbandry_systems_explored_by_a_comparative_regional_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83823413/Market_strategies_in_the_Roman_provinces_Different_animal_husbandry_systems_explored_by_a_comparative_regional_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="76799370" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76799370/New_trajectories_or_accelerating_change_Zooarchaeological_evidence_for_Roman_transformation_of_animal_husbandry_in_Northern_Italy">New trajectories or accelerating change? Zooarchaeological evidence for Roman transformation of animal husbandry in Northern Italy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1349272" href="https://udl.academia.edu/AriadnaNietoEspinet">Ariadna Nieto Espinet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Throughout the Western provinces of the Roman Empire, greater economic and political connectivity had a major impact on agricultural production, which grew in scale and specialisation after integration with the Roman state. However, uniquely in Western Europe, farming strategies in Italy began to evolve centuries before the Roman conquest, and many ‘Roman’ patterns associated with livestock size and the relative proportions of different taxa first emerged during the early and middle centuries of the first millennium BC. These changes imply a significant reorganisation of production strategies well before Roman hegemony, even in relatively marginal areas of Italy. Zooarchaeological studies have documented further significant changes to livestock production in Roman times, but the relationship between these developments and earlier trends remains unclear. Through analysis of zooarchaeological data for species representation and livestock biometry from lowland northern Italy (Po–Friuli...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New trajectories or accelerating change? Zooarchaeological evidence for Roman transformation of animal husbandry in Northern Italy","attachmentId":84380191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76799370/New_trajectories_or_accelerating_change_Zooarchaeological_evidence_for_Roman_transformation_of_animal_husbandry_in_Northern_Italy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76799370/New_trajectories_or_accelerating_change_Zooarchaeological_evidence_for_Roman_transformation_of_animal_husbandry_in_Northern_Italy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":104523108,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":104523108,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_104523108" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="42129065" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42129065/The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England">The 'long' sixteenth century: a key period of animal husbandry change in England</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240345" href="https://unibasel.academia.edu/IdoiaGrauSologestoa">Idoia Grau Sologestoa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96711210" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella">Umberto Albarella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The 'long' sixteenth century: a key period of animal husbandry change in England","attachmentId":62264016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42129065/The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42129065/The_long_sixteenth_century_a_key_period_of_animal_husbandry_change_in_England"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="42118150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42118150/The_end_of_the_Sheep_Age_people_and_animals_in_the_late_Iron_Age">The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the late Iron Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96711210" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/UAlbarella">Umberto Albarella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Late Iron Age in Britain and beyond, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the late Iron Age","attachmentId":62252015,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42118150/The_end_of_the_Sheep_Age_people_and_animals_in_the_late_Iron_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42118150/The_end_of_the_Sheep_Age_people_and_animals_in_the_late_Iron_Age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="29792250" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29792250/Murphy_P_Albarella_U_Germany_M_and_Locker_A_2000_Production_imports_and_status_biological_remains_from_a_Late_Roman_farm_Great_Holts_Farm_Boreham_Essex_Environmental_Archaeology_5_35_48">Murphy P., Albarella U., Germany M. & Locker A. 2000. 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="39904333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39904333/THE_USE_OF_ANIMALS_AT_ROMAN_ROADSIDE_SETTLEMENTS_IN_BRITAIN_CONTEXTUALIZING_SOME_NEW_RESULTS_FROM_WARE_HERTFORDSHIRE">THE USE OF ANIMALS AT ROMAN ROADSIDE SETTLEMENTS IN BRITAIN: CONTEXTUALIZING SOME NEW RESULTS FROM WARE, HERTFORDSHIRE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="711426" href="https://york.academia.edu/LizzieWright">Lizzie Wright</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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