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id="toc-Communist_League_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_League_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Communist League of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_League_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entryism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entryism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Entryism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entryism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_from_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_from_the_Socialist_Party_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Split from the Socialist Party of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_from_the_Socialist_Party_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Formation of the Socialist Workers Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1940 split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Postwar years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Cold War period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_new_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_new_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1970s and new leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_new_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>1980s and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.1</span> <span>Internal affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_and_after:_Internal_peace_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_and_after:_Internal_peace_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>1990s and after: Internal peace and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_and_after:_Internal_peace_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COINTELPRO_and_FBI_infiltration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COINTELPRO_and_FBI_infiltration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>COINTELPRO and FBI infiltration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COINTELPRO_and_FBI_infiltration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International affiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National Secretaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_current_and_former_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_current_and_former_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Prominent current and former members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_current_and_former_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Archival material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Workers Party (United States)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حزب العمال الاشتراكيين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب العمال الاشتراكيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(Vereinigte_Staaten)" title="Socialist Workers Party (Vereinigte Staaten) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Socialist Workers Party (Vereinigte Staaten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_de_los_Trabajadores_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(Usono)" title="Socialist Workers Party (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialist Workers Party (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_socialiste_des_travailleurs_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti socialiste des travailleurs (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti socialiste des travailleurs (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="사회주의 노동자당 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의 노동자당 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Socialista_dei_Lavoratori_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="社会主義労働者党 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会主義労働者党 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(USA)" title="Socialist Workers Party (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Socialist Workers Party (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalistyczna_Partia_Robotnicza" title="Socjalistyczna Partia Robotnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalistyczna Partia Robotnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_dos_Trabalhadores_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Социалистическая рабочая партия (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическая рабочая партия (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialistinen_ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4enpuolue_(Yhdysvallat)" title="Sosialistinen työväenpuolue (Yhdysvallat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosialistinen työväenpuolue (Yhdysvallat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(USA)" title="Socialist Workers Party (USA) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialist Workers Party (USA)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalist_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Partisi_(ABD)" title="Sosyalist İşçi Partisi (ABD) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyalist İşçi Partisi (ABD)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Соціалістична робітнича партія (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістична робітнича партія (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="سوشلسٹ ورکرز پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوشلسٹ ورکرز پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="社會主義工人黨 (美國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社會主義工人黨 (美國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States">"Socialist Workers Party" United States</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Socialist+Workers+Party%22+United+States&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #AA0000; border-bottom:2px solid #AA0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Socialist Workers Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">January 1938<span class="noprint">; 86 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1938-01</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">306 W. 37th Street, 13th floor<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> 10018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Castroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Castroism">Castroism</a> (since 1959)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-about_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> (since 2023) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <b>Historical</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> (until 1980s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> (1938–1953)<br /><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a> (1953–1963)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Secretariat of the Fourth International">United Secretariat of the Fourth International</a> (1963–1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_tendency" title="Pathfinder tendency">Pathfinder tendency</a> (from 1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA0000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Members in elected offices</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themilitant.com">themilitant<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; 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padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>Contemporary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_US" title="Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_US" title="Template talk:Socialism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg/220px-Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg/330px-Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg/440px-Socialist_Workers_Party_The_Militant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Logo of <i>The Militant</i>, the SWP's newspaper</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Socialist Workers Party</b> (<b>SWP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The SWP began as a group which, because it supported <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> over <a href="/wiki/Soviet_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet leader">Soviet leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>. Since the 1930s, it has published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a></i> as a weekly newspaper. It also maintains <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathfinder Press">Pathfinder Press</a>. </p><p>Until the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the SWP was the largest <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> organization in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 1960s and 1970s, the SWP and its youth wing, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Socialist_Alliance" title="Young Socialist Alliance">Young Socialist Alliance</a>, were the third-largest socialist organizations, after the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>. The SWP suffered many splits and its membership declined. The modern SWP is smaller than its progeny, such as the Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a> and the Marxist-Leninist <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a>. </p><p>The SWP places a priority on "solidarity work" to aid <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> and is strongly supportive of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuba</a>. During the 2020s, the SWP has defended "<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Israel's right to exist</a>" and "right to defend itself", especially during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>. This contrasts with other U.S. socialist organizations, which take an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a> position and defend <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zionism_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zionism-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_League_of_America">Communist League of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communist League of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></div> <p>The SWP traces its origins back to the former <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a> (CLA), founded in 1928 by members of the CPUSA expelled for supporting Russian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Concentrated almost exclusively in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, the CLA did not have more than 100 adherents in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After five years of propaganda work, the CLA remained a tiny organization, with a membership of about 200 and very little influence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the failure of the communist and social democratic left to stop its rise created a situation where radical parties throughout the world reexamined their priorities and sought mechanisms for building united action. As early as December 1933, a Trotskyist splinter group called the <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a> (CLS), headed by former Socialist Party youth section leader <a href="/wiki/Albert_Weisbord" title="Albert Weisbord">Albert Weisbord</a> and his wife Vera Buch, approached <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> seeking a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> hunger march of the two organizations followed by a general strike.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggestion was dismissed as "<a href="/wiki/Nonsense" title="Nonsense">poppycock</a>" by SP Executive Secretary <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Senior" title="Clarence Senior">Clarence Senior</a>, but the seed of the idea of joint action had been planted.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entryism">Entryism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entryism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">Entryism</a></div> <p>Early in 1934, some French Trotskyists of the Communist League conceived of the idea of entering the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">French Socialist Party</a> (the <i>Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière</i> or SFIO) in order to recruit members for the Trotskyists, or so some critics have charged. The group retained its identity as a factional organization inside the SFIO and built a base among the party's youth section, continuing their activity until <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> action between the SFIO and the mainline <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party of France</a> made their position untenable. This tactic of "entering" the larger social democratic parties of each country, endorsed by Trotsky himself, became known as the "<a href="/wiki/French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a>" and was replicated by various Trotskyist parties around the world. In 1934, the Communist League of America merged with the <a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/A._J._Muste" title="A. J. Muste">A. J. Muste</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 775–778">: 775–778 </span></sup> </p><p>Throughout 1935, the Workers Party was deeply divided over the "<a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryism</a>" tactic called for by the "French Turn" and a bitter debate swept the organization. Ultimately, the majority faction of <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Jim Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a> won the day and the Workers Party determined to enter the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. A minority faction headed by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Oehler" title="Hugo Oehler">Hugo Oehler</a> refused to accept this result and split from the organization into the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_League_(Oehlerite)" title="Revolutionary Workers League (Oehlerite)">Revolutionary Workers League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 779–783">: 779–783 </span></sup> </p><p>The Socialist Party was itself beset with factional disagreements. The party's left-wing Militant faction sought to expand the organization into an "all-inclusive party"—inviting in members of the <a href="/wiki/Lovestoneites" title="Lovestoneites">Lovestone</a> and Trotskyist movements as well as radical individuals as the first step towards making the Socialist Party a mass party.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were no mass entries at this time, several radical oppositionists did make their way into the party, including former <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a>, youth leader and ex-<a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> supporter Herbert Zam and attorney and American Workers Party activist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._112_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldman at this time also joined with YPSL leader Ernest Erber to establish a newspaper in Chicago with a Trotskyist orientation, <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(US,_1935)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Appeal (US, 1935)">The Socialist Appeal</a>,</i> later to serve as the organ of the Trotskyists inside the Socialist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._113_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._113-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1936, just as the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party was expelling the Old Guard for their factional organization and alleged "violation of party discipline", James Cannon and his faction won their internal battle in the Workers Party to join the Socialist Party, when a national branch referendum voted unanimously for entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._113_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._113-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations commenced with the Socialist Party leadership, with the admissions ultimately made on the basis of individual applications for membership rather than admission of the Workers Party and its approximately 2,000 members as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 6, 1936, the Workers Party's weekly newspaper, <i>The New Militant,</i> published its last issue and announced "Workers Party Calls All Revolutionary Workers to Join Socialist Party".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>They fear, in a word, that Soviet America will become the counterpart of what they have been told Soviet Russia looks like. Actually American soviets will be as different from the Russian soviets as the United States of President Roosevelt differs from the Russian Empire of Czar Nicholas II. Yet communism can come in America only through revolution, just as independence and democracy came in America. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Trotsky on <i>If America Should Go Communist</i> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>At its inception, the entryist tactic was likely made in good faith. Historian Constance Myers writes that "initial prognoses for the union of Trotskyists and Socialists were favorable", but "constant and protracted contact caused differences to surface" later.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party leader Jim Cannon later hinted that the entry of the Trotskyists into the Socialist Party had been a contrived tactic aimed at stealing "confused young Left Socialists" for his own organization.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trotskyists retained a common orientation with the radicalized Socialist Party in their opposition to the European war, their preference for <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> over the trade unionism of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, a commitment to trade union activism, and the defense of the Soviet Union as the first workers' state, while at the same time maintaining antipathy toward Stalin's government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cannon went to <a href="/wiki/Sunland-Tujunga,_Los_Angeles" title="Sunland-Tujunga, Los Angeles">Tujunga, California</a>, a suburb of Los Angeles, to establish another new newspaper, <i>Labor Action,</i> targeted to trade unionists and Socialist Party members and aimed at winning them over to Trotskyist views while Shachtman and Burnham handled the bulk of the faction's activities in New York. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> attracted nearly 188,000 votes in his 1936 Socialist Party run for President, but performed poorly in historic strongholds of the party. Moreover, the party's membership had begun to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was deeply factionalized, with the Militant faction split into right ("Altmanite"), center ("Clarity") and left ("Appeal") factions, in addition to the radical pacifists led by Thomas. A special convention was planned for the last week of March 1937 to set the party's future policy, initially intended as an unprecedented "secret" gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._127_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._127-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_from_the_Socialist_Party_of_America">Split from the Socialist Party of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Split from the Socialist Party of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the March convention, the Trotskyist Socialist Appeal faction held an organizational gathering of their own in Chicago, with 93 delegates gathering on February 20–22, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._127_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._127-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting organized the faction on a permanent basis, electing a National Action Committee of five to "coordinate branch work" and "formulate Appeal policies".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two delegates from the Clarity caucus were in attendance. James Burnham vigorously attacked the Labour and Socialist International, the international organization of left-wing parties to which the Socialist Party belonged and tension rose along these lines among the Trotskyists. United action between the Clarity and Appeal groups was not forthcoming and an emergency meeting of Vincent Dunne and Cannon was held in New York with leaders of the various factions including Thomas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Altman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Altman (page does not exist)">Jack Altman</a> and Gus Tyler of Clarity. At this meeting, Thomas pledged that the upcoming convention would make no effort to terminate the newspapers of the various factions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was no action to expel the Trotskyist Appeal faction, but pressure continued to build along these lines, egged on by the Communist Party's increasingly vehement denunciations of Trotsky and his followers as wreckers and agents of international fascism. The convention passed a ban on future branch resolutions on controversial matters, an effort to rein in the activities of the factions at the local level. It also banned factional newspapers, establishing a national organ instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Constance Myers indicates that three factors led to the Trotskyists' expulsion from the Socialist Party in 1937: the divergence between the official Socialists and the Trotskyist faction on the issues, the determination of Altman's wing of the Militants to oust the Trotskyists, and Trotsky's own decision to move toward a break with the party.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing that the Clarity faction had chosen to stand with the Altmanites and the Thomas group, Trotsky recommended that the Appeal group focus on disagreements over Spain to provoke a split. At the same time, Thomas, freshly returned from Spain, had concluded that the Trotskyists had joined the Socialist Party not to make it stronger, but to capture it for their own purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 24–25, 1937, a meeting of the Appeal faction's National Action Committee voted to ratchet up the rhetoric against the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello LaGuardia</a> (a favorite son of many in Socialist ranks) and to reestablish their newspaper, <i>The Socialist Appeal.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._139_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._139-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was met with expulsions from the party beginning August 9 with a rump meeting of the Central Committee of Local New York, which expelled 52 New York Trotskyists by a vote of 48 to 2 (with 18 abstentions) and ordering 70 more to be brought up on charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers,_pg._139_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers,_pg._139-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wholesale expulsions followed, with a major section of the <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a> (YPSL) leaving the party with the Trotskyists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1,000 or so Trotskyists who entered the Socialist Party in 1936 exited in the summer of 1937 with their ranks swelled by another 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 31, 1937, representatives of this faction gathered in Chicago to establish a new political organization—the Socialist Workers Party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_Party">Formation of the Socialist Workers Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation of the Socialist Workers Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The October 2, 1937 issue of the <i>Socialist Appeal</i> included a convention call from the so-called "Left Wing" to "All Locals and Branches of the Socialist Party", accusing the NEC of the party of having "betrayed the principles of socialism" by withdrawing the party's candidate for mayor of New York in favor of LaGuardia and for having ordered "the bureaucratic expulsion of all the revolutionary members of the party who oppose and obstruct this sell-out policy".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A convention was called by four Socialist Party State Committees, the NEC of the YPSL and the organized Left Wing organizations of Chicago and New York, originally slated for Thanksgiving weekend, November 25–28, in Chicago, but it was soon postponed until December 31 "in order to provide adequate time for discussion by the membership" of important questions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1937, an agenda was published by the Convention Organizing Committee naming Cannon as the primary reporter on the Trade Union question, Shachtman on the Russian Resolution, Goldman on the Spanish Resolution, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Spector" title="Maurice Spector">Maurice Spector</a> on the International Resolution, Burnham on the Declaration of Principles of the new organization and Abern on Party Organization and Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gathering was to conclude with the election of a new National Committee. </p><p>On December 31, over 100 regular and fraternal delegates gathered in Chicago, where they were greeted by a speech of welcome delivered by Chicago leader Albert Goldman, a labor attorney. As editor of the Trotskyist movement's ongoing theoretical magazine, <i>The New International</i>, Shachtman delivered the first official report to the gathering, dealing with the political situation in the United States. He declared:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It is entirely inconceivable that <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> can succeed in resisting the inexorable tendencies that are pulling it into the vortex of the coming world war. </p><p>If the working class is unable to prevent the outbreak of war, and the United States enters directly into it, our party stands pledged to the traditional position of revolutionary Marxism. </p><p> It will utilize the crisis of capitalist rule engendered by the war to prosecute the class struggle with the utmost intransigence, to strengthen the independent labor and revolutionary movements, and to bring the war to a close by the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of proletarian rule in the form of the workers state.</p></blockquote> <p>The convention devoted a full day to discussion of the labor movement's problems and the role of the new organization in the unions, with Cannon delivering the primary report. While criticizing the "reactionary role which the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">AFL</a> leadership has played", Cannon declared that "our party...takes a clear-cut position in favor of the earliest and completest possible unification of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">AFL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">CIO</a>, and also the hitherto unaffiliated Railroad Brotherhoods".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940_split">1940 split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1940 split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1940 split in the SWP followed an internal factional debate over the party's internal government, the class nature of the Russian state and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> philosophy and other questions. The SWP experienced many other factional conflicts and splits in its history, but this was the largest and foreshadowed many features of those to come.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The majority faction, led by Cannon, supported Trotsky's position that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> remained a "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">workers' state</a>" and should be supported in any war with capitalist states, despite their opposition to Stalin's government. The minority faction, led by Shachtman, held that the Soviet Union should not be supported in its war with <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. One of its leaders, <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>, held in addition that the Soviet Union had degenerated so far that it deserved no defense whatsoever. Like this debate, most later factional disputes within the SWP centered on different attitudes toward revolutions in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 793–810">: 793–810 </span></sup> </p><p>The opposition faction alleged that Cannon's leadership of the SWP was "bureaucratic conservative" and demanded the right to its own publications to express its views outside the party. The majority faction said this was contrary to Lenin's concept of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> and that disagreements within the SWP should be debated only internally. Similar disagreements over the SWP's internal government have surfaced in most later faction fights, with most later opposition factions raising similar demands and accusations. Despite this, most of these later factions claimed political descent from Cannon and the SWP majority, not from earlier opposition factions and splinter parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 793–810">: 793–810 </span></sup> </p><p>The minority faction led by Shachtman eventually split away almost 40% of the party's membership and 80% of its youth organization, the <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Workers Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 793–810">: 793–810 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of members were imprisoned under the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> of 1941, under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s administration, including Cannon (see <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act Trials</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those imprisoned included the main national leaders of the SWP and those members most prominent in the Midwest Teamsters. With Roosevelt's decision to increase the power of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> during this time, the arrests were made swiftly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party put into practice the so-called <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Military_Policy" title="Proletarian Military Policy">Proletarian Military Policy</a> of opposing the war politically while attempting to transform what they saw as an imperialist war into a civil war. The party lost a number of its members while sailing in extremely perilous convoys to Murmansk. Problems caused by some experienced leaders' imprisonment and many others' enlistment in the armed forces meant that the editorship of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a></i> passed through a number of hands during the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The SWP was active in supporting labor strikes that occurred despite the wartime "no-strike pledge" and protests against racist discrimination during the war, such as <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>'s <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 824–825">: 824–825 </span></sup> The SWP maintained that the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a> was insufficient to address racist discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 824–825">: 824–825 </span></sup> The Post Office refused to mail some issues of <i>The Militant</i> and threatened to cancel its third-class mailing permit, citing objections to its articles calling for violent overthrow of the government. The SWP said it was being persecuted for opposing racist discrimination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_years">Postwar years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Postwar years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, the SWP and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> both expected that there would be a wave of revolutionary struggles like those that accompanied the end of the previous war. Indeed, revolutions did occur in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, to name only those that resulted in the overthrow of capitalism, but contrary to Trotskyist expectations they were headed by Moscow-oriented "<a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a>" parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The largest strike wave in United States history, involving over five million workers, occurred with the end of the war and the wartime pledge made by many <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> leaders not to strike for the duration, but this did not mean there were not many strikes during wartime as there were many <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strikes</a> during this period as well as strikes officially called by the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">United Mine Workers of America</a>. There were also protests by GIs demanding rapid demobilization after the end of the war, sometimes called the going-home movement. The SWP participation in this upsurge led to a brief period of rapid growth for the SWP immediately after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 825">: 825 </span></sup> </p><p>The end of the war also saw the reorganization of the Fourth International in which the SWP played a major role. As part of this process, moves were made to heal the breach with Shachtman's supporters in the Workers Party (WP) and for the two groups to fuse. This eventually came to nothing, but some SWP members who supported the views of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Felix Morrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a> grew dissatisfied with what they saw as the SWP's ultra-leftist attitude towards revolutionary policies. Eventually, they left the SWP in a state of demoralization and some joined the WP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a faction within the WP called the <a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Forest_Tendency" title="Johnson–Forest Tendency">Johnson-Forest Tendency</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a> (known as Johnson) and <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a> (Forest), was impatient with the WP's caution and felt the situation could rapidly become pre-revolutionary. This led them to leave the WP and rejoin the SWP in 1947. This tendency had moved further away from the "<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">orthodox Trotskyism</a>" of the SWP, producing tension. For example, they continued to hold the position that the Soviet Union was a "<a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalist</a>" society. By 1951, their presence in the SWP was ever more anomalous and most left to form the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_Publishing_Committee" title="Correspondence Publishing Committee">Correspondence Publishing Committee</a>. Dunayevskaya and her supporters eventually formed the News and Letters Committees in 1955 after splitting with James, who was deported from the United States to Britain, where he continued to advise the Correspondence Publishing Committee, which split again in 1962, with those loyal to James taking the name <a href="/wiki/Facing_Reality" title="Facing Reality">Facing Reality</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_period">Cold War period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cold War period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brief postwar wave of labor unrest gave way to the conservatism of the 1950s, the reform of previously radical labor unions and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. The SWP's attempt at entryism into the growing civil rights movement, which continued uninterrupted out of World War II, could not fully offset these trends and the SWP experienced a period of decline and isolation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The party also had a number of splits over these years. One saw the departure of the faction of <a href="/wiki/Bert_Cochran" title="Bert Cochran">Bert Cochran</a> and Clarke, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_of_America" title="Socialist Union of America">American Socialist Union</a>, which lasted until 1959. That 1953 opposition supported some of the positions of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Michel Pablo</a>, the Secretary of the Fourth International, although Pablo disagreed with their wish to dissolve the Fourth International.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The next, smaller split was that of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Sam Marcy</a>'s Global Class War faction, which called within the SWP for support of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry Wallace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> presidential run in 1948 and regarded <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> as a revolutionary leader. This faction ended up leaving the SWP in 1958 after supporting the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, a position contrary to that of the SWP and other Trotskyist tendencies. It went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s the remaining members of the SWP clung to its firmly held beliefs and grew older. Consequently, the party membership shrank over these years from a postwar high in 1948 until the tide began to turn in the early 1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> signaled a change in the SWP's political direction as it embarked on pro-Castro "solidarity work" through the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Play_for_Cuba_Committee" title="Fair Play for Cuba Committee">Fair Play for Cuba Committee</a>. The result was a small accretion of youth to the party's ranks. In the same period, longtime SWP leader Murry Weiss won another group of youth from the <a href="/wiki/Shachtmanism" title="Shachtmanism">Shachtmanites</a> as they joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. Many of the new recruits were drawn from the student movement, unlike those who had led the party since the 1930s; as a result, the party's internal culture began to change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite such growing signs of an end to the isolation the group endured during the McCarthyite period, it experienced a new split in the early 1960s. A number of small oppositional groups developed within the party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the key issues was the Cuban Revolution and the SWP's response to it. Cannon and other SWP leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a> saw Cuba as qualitatively different from the Stalinist states of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Their analysis brought them closer to the <a href="/wiki/International_Secretariat_of_the_Fourth_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Secretariat of the Fourth International">International Secretariat of the Fourth International</a> (ISFI), from which the SWP had split in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 334–335">: 334–335 </span></sup> </p><p>The SWP successfully negotiated a reunification of the ISFI and the International Committee of the Fourth International, leading to the creation in 1963 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">reunified Fourth International</a>. Two sections of the ICFI, including <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Gerry Healy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)#Socialist_Labour_League" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)">Socialist Labour League</a>, rejected the merger and turned against the SWP leadership, working with opponents within the party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most important faction opposing the SWP leadership's new line was the Revolutionary Tendency (RT), led by <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson_(Trotskyist)" title="James Robertson (Trotskyist)">James Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth" title="Tim Wohlforth">Tim Wohlforth</a>, which rejected the SWP's "capitulation" to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a> and opposed joining the USFI. It was critical of the Castro government, arguing that Cuba remained a "<a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">deformed workers' state</a>". But a split developed within this faction between groups headed by the two men. Nonetheless, both the RT and the Reorganized Minority Tendency split to form the Spartacist (see <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">American Committee for the Fourth International</a>, respectively, with the latter becoming aligned with Healy's SLL.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 923–929">: 923–929 </span></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath, the <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> branch also left to found the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a> after protesting the alleged suppression of internal democracy, as did Murray and <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 937–938">: 937–938 </span></sup> These groups later attempted to create the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for a Revolutionary Socialist Party">Committee for a Revolutionary Socialist Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The SWP supported both the civil rights movement and the black nationalist movement that grew during the 1960s. It particularly praised the militancy of black nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, who in turn spoke at the SWP's public forums and gave an interview to <i>Young Socialist</i> magazine. After his assassination, the SWP had limited success in forming alliances with his followers and other black nationalists. But these movements were part of the radicalization that aided the SWP's growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 856–858">: 856–858 </span></sup> </p><p>The SWP provided a political ideology for African Americans seeking equality in the early 20th century. Black nationalists were in favor of socialist policy and ideas. During the 1960s, the SWP had begun nominating African American candidates for president. The SWP hoped to change American values and ensure each citizen had equal rights under the law. "Many black nationalists turned to the Socialist Workers Party because the SWP proposed that its black members collaborate with other militant African Americans", according to a group of historians studying the public service of African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SWP expanded the ideas of nationalism to African Americans and arguably expanded black nationalism for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other left-wing groups, the SWP grew during the 1960s and experienced particularly brisk growth in early 1970s. Much of this was due to its involvement in many of the campaigns and demonstrations against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war in Vietnam</a>. The SWP advocated that the antiwar movement call for the immediate withdrawal of all American troops and focus on organizing large, legal demonstrations for this demand. It was recognized by friend and foe alike as a major factor influencing the direction of the antiwar movement along these lines. One of the leaders of the antiwar movement at this time, along with <a href="/wiki/David_Dellinger" title="David Dellinger">Dave Dellinger</a> and many others, was <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a>, a World War II veteran and former leader of the garment workers union in New York City. Halstead was the SWP's 1968 presidential nominee and visited Vietnam in that capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The SWP was also increasingly outspoken in its defense of Castro's government and its identification with that government. A new leadership led by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a> (who became national secretary in 1972) made identification with Cuba an ever-greater part of the SWP's politics throughout the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 853">: 853 </span></sup> </p><p>The party also published many of Trotsky's works in these years through its publishing house, Pathfinder Press. Not only were the better-known writings reprinted, many for the first time since the 1930s, but other more obscure articles and letters were collected and printed for a wider audience than they had when first distributed. The expansion of the press also allowed the SWP to host <i><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Press" title="Intercontinental Press">Intercontinental Press</a></i>, the FI magazine that moved from Paris to New York in 1969, which later merged with <i><a href="/wiki/Inprecor" title="Inprecor">Inprecor</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_new_leadership">1970s and new leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s and new leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of labor militancy in the early 1970s affected the SWP and currents developed within it urging a reorientation of the party toward this militancy. One such current was the Proletarian Orientation Tendency, which included <a href="/wiki/Larry_Trainor" title="Larry Trainor">Larry Trainor</a>, and eventually dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 875–876">: 875–876 </span></sup> </p><p>The international tensions developed further when the SWP and its co-thinkers established the Leninist Trotskyist Tendency in 1973 in order to contribute to the debate for the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)#Tenth_World_Congress:_guerrilla_debate" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">Tenth World Congress</a>. It argued for a reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> orientation adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)#Ninth_World_Congress:_Vietnam_solidarity" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">Ninth World Congress</a>. This period was the peak of the SWP's growth and influence. The party continued its involvement in the movement against the war in Vietnam, which peaked in 1970–1971. The SWP also supported Chicano nationalism, including the <a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida Party</a>. It helped organize protests demanding legal abortion through the Women's National Abortion Action Coalition. With the mid-to-late 1970s decline of these movements and the end of the 1960s–1970s youth radicalization, SWP membership and influence went into decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 867–868">: 867–868 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the Internationalist Tendency (IT) developed. The IT posed a greater challenge to the SWP leadership's relationship with the Fourth International, as the IT agreed with the Fourth International's advocacy of guerrilla warfare as a "tactic on a continental scale" in Latin America. But despite tensions between the SWP and the International, when the SWP expelled the IT, the International refused to side with the IT. In 1974, the SWP expelled 115 members of the IT, the largest split since 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IT disintegrated over the next few months, some of its supporters finding their way back into the SWP.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 875–876">: 875–876 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1978, the SWP leadership decided that the key task was for party members to make a turn to industry. This turn entailed party members getting jobs in blue-collar industries in preparation for, the SWP leadership projected, increasing mass struggles. The 1977–1978 coal miners' strike and developments like Steelworkers Fight Back were among the events pointed to in arguing for this change in policy. Party members sought to get jobs in the same workplaces in order to work as organized "fractions", doing "communist political work" as well as union activity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result, many members were asked to move and change jobs, often out of established careers and into low-paying jobs in small towns. Many of the older members with experience in <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> resisted this "colonization program", which upset their established routine in the unions, as did some of the younger members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_after">1980s and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_affairs">Internal affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internal affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposition to the "turn to industry" developed within the SWP. This opposition was not homogeneous and was itself beset by differences among different factions. </p><p>A further factor in the growing divisions within the SWP was the move by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary-Alice_Waters" title="Mary-Alice Waters">Mary-Alice Waters</a> and others in the leadership away from the Trotskyist label. In 1982, Barnes gave a speech, later published as <i>Their Trotsky and Ours: Communist Continuity Today,</i> in which he rejected Trotsky's theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>, arguing that it failed to sufficiently distinguish between the democratic and socialist tasks of a workers' revolution. Barnes argued that anticapitalist revolutions typically began with a "workers' and farmers' government" that initially concentrated on bourgeois-democratic measures and only later moved on to the abolition of capitalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Barnes also argued that the Trotskyist label unnecessarily distinguished leftists in that tradition from leftists of other origins, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuban Communist Party</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a>. He argued that the SWP had more in common with these organizations than with many groups calling themselves Trotskyist. The SWP has continued to publish numerous books by Trotsky and advocate a number of ideas commonly associated with Trotskyism, including Trotsky's analysis of Stalinism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The opposition factions continued to support the theory of permanent revolution and the Trotskyist label: they anticipated that the SWP leadership was reassessing its place in the Fourth International. While declaring their support for the Cuban and the leftist Nicaraguan governments, they were more critical of the Castroist and Sandinista leadership. They also continued to oppose the "turn to industry".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One opposition group rallied around the Weinsteins on the West Coast (with supporters elsewhere too), while another rallied around <a href="/wiki/George_Breitman" title="George Breitman">George Breitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lovell" title="Frank Lovell">Frank Lovell</a>. Together they formed an opposition bloc on the SWP's National Committee, but in 1983 both groups were expelled. The opposition factions, having split from the SWP, formed new organizations. The Weinstein group formed the San Francisco-based <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Action (U.S.)">Socialist Action</a>. The Breitman-Lovell group after a time formed the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Internationalist_Tendency" title="Fourth Internationalist Tendency">Fourth Internationalist Tendency</a>. Both groups called themselves "public factions" of the SWP and set the task of recapturing the SWP to their understanding of Trotskyism. Another group, mainly in Los Angeles, had been close to Breitman, belonged briefly to Socialist Action, and left to join the "regroupment" organization <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (U.S.)">Solidarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 886–895">: 886–895 </span></sup> </p><p>This was the most recent split or major faction fight in the SWP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities">Activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SWP's most high-profile and controversial campaign in the late 1980s and early 1990s was its <a href="/wiki/Mark_Curtis_(SWP_member)" title="Mark Curtis (SWP member)">Mark Curtis</a> Defense Committee, established after Curtis, an SWP activist and trade union organizer, was charged and convicted on burglary and rape charges in 1988. The party claimed that Curtis had been framed by police for his role in defending immigrant workers. Curtis was eventually paroled, but he was later arrested in Chicago on prostitution-related charges and then expelled from the SWP.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The SWP now focuses much of its energy on raising awareness about socialist ideas by running political candidates for office, holding weekly Militant Labor Forums and distributing <i>The Militant</i>, a socialist weekly, as well as Pathfinder books, many of which feature Barnes's speeches and writings. SWP members are present in a handful of trade unions and take part in such activities as promoting Cuban solidarity, joining striking workers' picket lines, actions against racism and police brutality, opposing US imperialist wars, defending the <a href="/wiki/Bundy_standoff" title="Bundy standoff">Bundy</a> family, speaking out against attacks on democratic rights, and promoting the creation of a broad-based labor party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 5, 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_1" title="2022 California Proposition 1">California abortion proposition debate</a>, Betsey Stone announced the SWP's opposition to the constitutional amendment in <i>The Militant</i>, arguing that "we need to fight to make abortion rarer by changing the social conditions that have led to its widespread use".<sup id="cite_ref-SWP_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_and_after:_Internal_peace_and_decline">1990s and after: Internal peace and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1990s and after: Internal peace and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SWP has experienced an unusually long period of internal peace since, although it has declined steadily in both membership and political influence on the American left. Numerous recent expulsions—sometimes of long-standing SWP veterans—have contributed to the membership decline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2003, the party sold its major headquarters building in New York City for $20 million and moved to another location in Manhattan. Party leaders Barnes and Mary-Alice Waters subsequently sold their West Village condominium for $1.87 million.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COINTELPRO_and_FBI_infiltration">COINTELPRO and FBI infiltration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: COINTELPRO and FBI infiltration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> report of 1976, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) had investigated the SWP since 1940 and, in 1961, initiated a COINTELPRO program against it. The FBI said it had targeted the SWP because of its support for "such causes as Castro's Cuba and integration problems arising in the South". Under the COINTELPRO operation the FBI collected information about SWP members' political views, conducted up to 92 break-ins of the SWP's offices, and interfered in elections to damage SWP candidates' campaigns. FBI officials testified to the Church Committee that the SWP has "not been responsible for any violent acts nor has it urged actions constituting an indictable incitement to violence".<sup id="cite_ref-church-final-report_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-church-final-report-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1960 and 1976, the FBI used 1,300 informants against the SWP and YSA, including 300 SWP/YSA members. The FBI's highest-placed member was Ed Heisler, who was a member of the SWP National Committee from 1977 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 836–837">: 836–837 </span></sup> In 1986, the party won a lawsuit against the FBI as a result of years of spying and disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that Herbert Hill of the NAACP, a former SWP member, was an informant on the party after he left in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_affiliation">International affiliation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to legal constraints, the SWP ended its formal affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> in the 1940s. It remained in close political solidarity with the Fourth International.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The SWP broke formally with the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_(post-reunification)" title="Fourth International (post-reunification)">Fourth International</a> in 1990, though it had been increasingly inactive in the Trotskyist movement since Barnes's 1982 speech "<a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Their Trotsky and Ours</a>", which some view as signaling a break with Trotskyism. The SWP action followed the 1985 World Congress and the SWP closed Intercontinental Press in 1986.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The SWP's international formation is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_tendency" title="Pathfinder tendency">Pathfinder tendency</a> because they each operate a Pathfinder Bookstore that sells the publications of the SWP's publishing arm, <i>Pathfinder Press</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No SWP candidate has yet won a major contested, partisan election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SWP has run candidates for President since 1948. It received its greatest number of votes in 1976, when its candidate <a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a> received 90,310 votes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Presidential candidate </th> <th>Vice presidential candidate </th> <th>Popular votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Electoral votes </th> <th>Result </th> <th>Ballot access </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rachele_Fruit" title="Rachele Fruit">Rachele Fruit</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Richter (page does not exist)">Dennis Richter</a> </td> <td>T.B.D </td> <td>T.B.D </td> <td>T.B.D </td> <td>T.B.D </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">58 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a> </td> <td>Malcolm Jarrett </td> <td>6,791 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.00%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">54 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Osborne Hart</a> </td> <td>12,467 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC2016_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC2016-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maura_DeLuca" title="Maura DeLuca">Maura DeLuca</a> </td> <td>4,117 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.00%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">59 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC2012_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC2012-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7,575<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.00%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">128 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins" title="Arrin Hawkins">Arrin Hawkins</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>11,088<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">150 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a> </td> <td>7,378 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">150 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC00_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC00-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laura_Garza" title="Laura Garza">Laura Garza</a> </td> <td>8,463 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">105 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC1996_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC1996-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James "Mac" Warren</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a> </td> <td>23,096 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.02%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">146 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC1992_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC1992-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James "Mac" Warren</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a> </td> <td>15,604 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.02%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">153 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC1988_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC1988-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Melvin T. Mason</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a> </td> <td>24,672 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.02%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">150 / 538</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: red; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FEC1984_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC1984-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Matilde Zimmermann</a> </td> <td>49,031<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.05%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1980_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a> </td> <td>90,986 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.11%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1976_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1976-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a> </td> <td>66,679<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.09%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1972_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1972-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a> </td> <td>41,390 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.05%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1968_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1968-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Edward Shaw</a> </td> <td>32,327 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.05%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1964_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1964-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a> </td> <td>60,166 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.06%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1960_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1960-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a> </td> <td>7,797 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1956_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1956-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a> </td> <td>10,312 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1952_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1952-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a> </td> <td>13,614 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF0000; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.01%</div></div> </td> <td>0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Lost </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HC1948_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC1948-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Secretaries">National Secretaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National Secretaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1938–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> (1953–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a> (since 1972)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_current_and_former_members">Prominent current and former members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prominent current and former members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Martin Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Braverman" title="Harry Braverman">Harry Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Breitman" title="George Breitman">George Breitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Brock" title="Alice Brock">Alice Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carter_(socialist)" title="Joseph Carter (socialist)">Joseph Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Cochran" title="Bert Cochran">Bert Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Cooper_(socialist)" title="Jake Cooper (socialist)">Jake Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Coontz" title="Stephanie Coontz">Stephanie Coontz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farrell" title="James T. Farrell">James T. Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Fraser" title="Clara Fraser">Clara Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Fraser" title="Richard S. Fraser">Richard Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hansen_(socialist)" title="Joseph Hansen (socialist)">Joseph Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Koppel" title="Martin Koppel">Martin Koppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lovell" title="Frank Lovell">Frank Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Sam Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Montauk" title="Paul Montauk">Paul Montauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Felix Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ring" title="Harry Ring">Harry Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robertson_(Trotskyist)" title="James Robertson (Trotskyist)">James Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Rodriguez_(activist)" title="Olga Rodriguez (activist)">Olga Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Ed Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Skoglund" title="Carl Skoglund">Carl Skoglund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Starsky" title="Morris Starsky">Morris Starsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Swabeck" title="Arne Swabeck">Arne Swabeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trainor" title="Larry Trainor">Larry Trainor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Alice_Waters" title="Mary-Alice Waters">Mary-Alice Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Loeb_Weiss" title="David Loeb Weiss">David Loeb Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lavan_Weissman" title="George Lavan Weissman">George Lavan Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Weissman" title="Constance Weissman">Constance Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hill_(labor_director)" title="Herbert Hill (labor director)">Herbert Hill</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Mural" title="Pathfinder Mural">Pathfinder Mural</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2008, as in 2004, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a> was constitutionally unqualified for the presidency because Calero is not an American citizen, so <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a> ran as an alternate in some states.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5,151 votes for Calero-Kennedy, 2,424 for Harris-Kennedy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2004, as in 1972, both <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins" title="Arrin Hawkins">Arrin Hawkins</a> were constitutionally unqualified for the presidency because Calero is not an American citizen and Hawkins was 29 years old, with the minimum age being 35. <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a>, the SWP's ticket from 2000, stood in on the ballot in some states where Calero and Hawkins could not be listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3,677 votes for Calero-Hawkins, 7,411 for Harris-Trowe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because DeBerry did not qualify for ballot access in some states, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a> ran as an alternate in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1980 United States presidential election in California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1980 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1980 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1980 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1980 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1980 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1980 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1980 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1980 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Richard Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1980 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">38,738 for DeBerry-Zimmerman, 6,264 for Pulley-Zimmerman, 4,029 for Congress-Zimmerman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1972, Jenness was constitutionally unqualified for the presidency (under Article II, section 1) because Jenness was 31 years old. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a> ran as alternates in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1972 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1972 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1972 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">83,380 for Jenness-Pulley, of which 30,579 votes in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> due to ballot malfunction, yielding 52,801; and 13,878 for Reed-DeBerry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/fit/balsheet.htm">"Balance Sheet on the Socialist Workers Party (U.S.A.)"</a>. September 2, 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balance+Sheet+on+the+Socialist+Workers+Party+%28U.S.A.%29&rft.date=1990-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fdocument%2Ffit%2Fbalsheet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themilitant.com/about/">"About Us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemilitant.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themilitant.com/2024/04/20/the-fight-against-jew-hatred-and-pogroms-in-the-imperialist-epoch/">"The fight against Jew-hatred and pogroms in the imperialist epoch"</a>. April 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fight+against+Jew-hatred+and+pogroms+in+the+imperialist+epoch&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemilitant.com%2F2024%2F04%2F20%2Fthe-fight-against-jew-hatred-and-pogroms-in-the-imperialist-epoch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zionism-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zionism_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themilitant.com/2024/01/27/fight-against-jew-hatred-defend-israels-right-to-exist-defend-itself/">"Fight against Jew-hatred! Defend Israel's right to exist, defend itself"</a>. February 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fight+against+Jew-hatred%21+Defend+Israel%27s+right+to+exist%2C+defend+itself&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemilitant.com%2F2024%2F01%2F27%2Ffight-against-jew-hatred-defend-israels-right-to-exist-defend-itself%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Breitman, "Answers to Questions," in <i>The Founding of the Socialist Workers Party: Minutes and Resolutions, 1938-39.</i> New York: Monad Press, 1982; pg. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Breitman, "Answers to Questions," pg. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Ashton Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army: Trotskyists in America, 1928-1941.</i> Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977; pg. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers,_pg._112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._112_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._112_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander1991_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert1991" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaltro0000alex"><i>International Trotskyism: A Documented Analysis of the World Movement</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822309758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822309758"><bdi>978-0822309758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trotskyism%3A+A+Documented+Analysis+of+the+World+Movement&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0822309758&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationaltro0000alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Myers attributes this idea to Militant leader Paul Porter and dates it to 1934.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers,_pg._113-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._113_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._113_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pp. 113-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1934/08/ame.htm">"Leon Trotsky: If America Should Go Communist (1934)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+If+America+Should+Go+Communist+%281934%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1934%2F08%2Fame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1944" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, James P. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000cann"><i>The History of American Trotskyism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Press" title="Pioneer Press">Pioneer Press</a>. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873489546" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873489546"><bdi>978-0873489546</bdi></a>. <q>If we had stood aside, the Stalinists would have gobbled up the Socialist Left Wing and it would have been used as another club against us, as in Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Trotskyism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Pioneer+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=978-0873489546&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofamerica0000cann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pp. 126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers,_pg._127-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._127_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._127_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The committee included Vincent Dunne, Albert Goldman, Max Shachtman, and Richard Babb Whitten. Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pp. 128-129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers,_pg._139-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._139_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers,_pg._139_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, <i>The Prophet's Army,</i> pg. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Left Wing Issues Convention Call: NY and Chicago Join Four State Committees in National Appeal, <i>Socialist Appeal,</i> v. 1, no. 8 (Oct. 2, 1937), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Convention Postponed for Wider Discussions,"<i> Socialist Appeal,</i> v. 1, no. 12 (Oct. 30, 1937), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Convention Date Near, Locals Elect Delegates," Socialist Appeal, v. 1, no. 19 (Dec. 18, 1937), pg. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Left Wing Delegates Found Socialist Workers Party at Convention in Chicago," <i>Socialist Appeal,</i> v. II, no. 2 (Jan. 8, 1938), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Left Wing Delegates Found Socialist Workers Party at Convention in Chicago," pg. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1977" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Constance (August 13, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45367167">"American Trotskyists: The First Years"</a>. <i>Studies in Comparative Communism</i>. <b>10</b> (1/2 (Spring/Summer 1977)): 133–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-3592%2877%2980080-X">10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80080-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45367167">45367167</a>. <q>Shachtman took out with him 40 percent of the membership, but this included 80 percent of the Trotskyist youth and left the party the minuscule sect it had been in Communist League of America years before 1934.34</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Communism&rft.atitle=American+Trotskyists%3A+The+First+Years&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%2F2+%28Spring%2FSummer+1977%29&rft.pages=133-151&rft.date=1977-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0039-3592%2877%2980080-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45367167%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45367167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset,_Seymour_Martin.2000" class="citation book cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43403442"><i>It didn't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States</i></a>. Marks, Gary, 1952- (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04098-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04098-4"><bdi>0-393-04098-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43403442">43403442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+didn%27t+happen+here+%3A+why+socialism+failed+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43403442&rft.isbn=0-393-04098-4&rft.au=Lipset%2C+Seymour+Martin.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43403442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverty-Stacke2013" class="citation journal cs1">Haverty-Stacke, Donna T. (June 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat083">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Punishment of Mere Political Advocacy": The FBI, Teamsters Local 544, and the Origins of the 1941 Smith Act Case"</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 68–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjat083">10.1093/jahist/jat083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=%22Punishment+of+Mere+Political+Advocacy%22%3A+The+FBI%2C+Teamsters+Local+544%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+1941+Smith+Act+Case&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-93&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjat083&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft.aulast=Haverty-Stacke&rft.aufirst=Donna+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjat083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasrudWintz2009" class="citation book cs1">Glasrud, Bruce A.; Wintz, Cary D. (2009). <i>African Americans and the Presidency: The Road to the White House</i>. 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July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185441/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+2008&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg-AnderssonRoza2009" class="citation web cs1">Berg-Andersson, Richard; Roza, Tony (December 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreenpapers.com/G08/President-Details.phtml">"The Green Papers: 2008 General Election"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918171238/https://www.thegreenpapers.com/G08/President-Details.phtml">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Green+Papers%3A+2008+General+Election&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.aulast=Berg-Andersson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Roza%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreenpapers.com%2FG08%2FPresident-Details.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC2004-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC2004_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2004.pdf">"Federal Elections 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185553/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+2004&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC00-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC00_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections00.pdf">"Federal Elections 00"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185648/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections00.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+00&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC1996-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC1996_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections96.pdf">"Federal Elections 96"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202185745/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections96.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+96&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC1992-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC1992_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections92.pdf">"Federal Elections 92"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202162939/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections92.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+92&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC1988-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC1988_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections88.pdf">"Federal Elections 88"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202162943/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections88.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+88&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEC1984-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FEC1984_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections84.pdf">"Federal Elections 84"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202162947/https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections84.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+84&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fresources%2Fcms-content%2Fdocuments%2Ffederalelections84.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1980-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1980_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1980"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1980election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1980&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1980election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1976-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1976_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1976"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1976election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1976&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1976election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1972-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1972_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1972election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1972election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1972&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1972election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1968-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1968_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1968election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1968election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1968&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1969-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1968election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1964-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1964_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1964election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1964election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1964&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1965-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1964election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1960-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1960_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1960election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1960election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1960&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1961-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1960election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1956-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1956_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1956election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1956"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1956election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1956&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1957-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1956election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1952-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1952_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1952election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1952"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1952election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1952&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1952election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC1948-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC1948_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf">"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of 1948"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. April 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528234643/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1948election.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Presidential+and+Congressional+Election+of+1948&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1949-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2F1948election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Workers+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Breitman, George (ed.) <i>Founding of the Socialist Workers Party: Minutes and Resolutions, 1938-39.</i> New York: Monad Press, 1982.</li> <li>Cannon, James P., <i>The History of American Trotskyism: Report of a Participant.</i> New York: Pioneer Press, 1944.</li> <li>Fields, A. Belden, <i>Trotskyism and Maoism: Theory and Practice in France and the United States.</i> Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936756-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-936756-29-2">0-936756-29-2</a>.</li> <li>Halstead, Fred, <i>Out Now!: A Participant's Account of the Movement in the United States Against the Vietnam War.</i> New York: Monad Press, 1978.</li> <li>Jayko, Margaret (ed.), <i>FBI on Trial: The Victory in the Socialist Workers Party Suit Against Government Spying.</i> New York: Pathfinder Press, 1988.</li> <li>LeBlanc, Paul; Bryan Palmer, and Thomas Bias (eds.), <i>US Trotskyism, 1928-1965.</i> In Three Volumes. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019.</li> <li>McDonald, Larry, <i>Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution.</i> Washington, D.C.: ACU Education and Research Institute, 1977.</li> <li>Myers, Constance Ashton, <i>The Prophet's Army: Trotskyists in America, 1928-1941.</i> Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.</li> <li>Sheppard, Barry, <i>The Party: The Socialist Workers Party, 1960-1988. A Political Memoir. Volume 1: The Sixties.</i> Chippendale, Australia: Resistance Books, 2005.</li> <li>Sheppard, Barry, <i>The Party: The Socialist Workers Party, 1960-1988. A Political Memoir. Volume 2: Interregnum, Decline, and Collapse, 1973-1988.</i> Chippendale, Australia: Resistance Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902869-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902869-59-2">978-0-902869-59-2</a>.</li> <li>Wohlforth, Tim, <i>The Prophet's Children: Travels on the American Left.</i> Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanity Press, 1994.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Archival material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>George Breitman Papers. <a href="/wiki/Tamiment_Library_and_Robert_F._Wagner_Archives" title="Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives">Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040418215616/http://dlib.nyu.edu:8083/tamwagead/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=breitman.xml&style=saxon01t2002.xsl">Finding Aid</a>.</li> <li>James P. Cannon Papers. Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison. Also available on microfilm.</li> <li>Frank Lovell Papers. Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429022910/http://dlib.nyu.edu:8083/tamwagead/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=lovell.xml&style=saxon01t2002.xsl">Finding Aid</a>.</li> <li>Max Shachtman Papers. Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429230035/http://dlib.nyu.edu:8083/tamwagead/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=shachtman.xml&style=saxon01t2002.xsl">Finding Aid</a>.</li> <li>David Loeb Weiss Papers. Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University.</li> <li>Myra Tanner Weiss Papers. Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University.</li> <li>Socialist Workers Party records 1928-1990. Hoover Institution for War and Peace, Stanford, California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf1k40019v/">Finding aid</a>.</li> <li>Melba Windoffer Papers. Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=WindofferMelba1798.xml">Finding Aid</a>.</li> <li>George E. Rennar Papers. Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=RennarGeorge0636_1656.xml">Finding Aid</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themilitant.com"><i>The Militant</i> homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathfinderpress.com">Pathfinder Press homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/index.htm">James P. Cannon Internet Archive</a>. Marxists Internet Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/protestsweb/index.html">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections - Vietnam War Era Ephemera</a>. Includes ephemera produced by the SWP.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrc.epexio.com/records/WHE/4">Catalogue of the SWP publications within Tony Whelan's papers</a>. Held at the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Records_Centre,_University_of_Warwick" title="Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick">Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Template:Socialist Workers Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Template talk:Socialist Workers Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Workers_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Workers Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Workers Party (United States)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1938–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a> (1953–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barnes_(politician)" title="Jack Barnes (politician)">Jack Barnes</a> (1972–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Dobbs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Dobbs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Dobbs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Dobbs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">DeBerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Halstead</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Jenness</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Pulley</a>+<a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Reed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">DeBerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Camejo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">DeBerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a>+<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Pulley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a>+<a href="/wiki/Richard_Congress" title="Richard Congress">Congress</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_T._Mason" title="Melvin T. Mason">Mason</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">Warren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Mickells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">Warren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laura_Garza" title="Laura Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Trowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Calero</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins" title="Arrin Hawkins">Hawkins</a>+<a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Trowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Calero</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Kennedy</a>+<a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maura_DeLuca" title="Maura DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Jarrett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm Jarrett (page does not exist)">Jarrett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties by state<br />and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Socialist Workers Party of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_tendency" title="Pathfinder tendency">Pathfinder tendency</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Militant" title="The Militant">The Militant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(including <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaist</a> parties)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Communist Party of Puerto Rico">Communist Party of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_(Provisional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party USA (Provisional)">Communist Party USA (Provisional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party" title="Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party">Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Front_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Socialist Front (Puerto Rico)">Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Movement_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Workers' Socialist Movement (Puerto Rico)">Workers' Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template:United States state and local political parties">State and local political parties (without national body)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140776914">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85001300">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82165244">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951302n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951302n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Socialist Workers Party"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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