PEDOT:PSS Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy

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This is particularly important for their application in electronic devices where their electronic and optical properties are crucial in determining device performance. So" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551736345554"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101736345554"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431736345554"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841736345554"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801736345554" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/pedot-pss-characterization" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/main-style.css?v=16729050345922917521738234789">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/main.js?v=157338903963497831821738573942"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="PEDOT:PSS Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The characterization of PEDOT:PSS is essential for determining the relationship between the materials structure, morphology and resulting properties. This is particularly important for their application in electronic devices where their electronic and optical properties are crucial in determining device performance. So" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/pedot-pss-characterization" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="PEDOT:PSS Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The characterization of PEDOT:PSS is essential for determining the relationship between the materials structure, morphology and resulting properties. This is particularly important for their application in electronic devices where their electronic and optical properties are crucial in determining device performance. Some of the key characterization techniques include: Raman Spectroscopy X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy X-ray Diffraction Understanding the how to characterize PEDOT:PSS using these techniques allows us to determine the effect of processing techniques and post-treatments. PEDOT:PSS Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is used to detect how light interactions with PEDOT:PSS in specific ways. This technique is used to determine a materials structure based its vibrational modes. It is particularly useful to determine the effect of doping on the overall structure of the polymer blend. Raman scattering is mostly sensitive to PEDOT vibrations.[[reference author="Kong, M." year="2022" title="Advanced Optical Characterization"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = 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You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>PEDOT:PSS Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy</h1> <div class="container"> <p><img alt="PEDOT:PSS Applications" class="featured-image" height="280" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-Collection.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" width="1340"></p> <p>The characterization of <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/pedot" title="PEDOT:PSS">PEDOT:PSS</a> is essential for determining the relationship between the materials structure, morphology and resulting properties. This is particularly important for their application in electronic devices where their electronic and optical properties are crucial in determining device performance. Some of the key characterization techniques include:</p> <ul> <li>Raman Spectroscopy</li> <li>X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy</li> <li>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</li> <li>X-ray Diffraction</li> </ul> <p>Understanding the how to characterize PEDOT:PSS using these techniques allows us to determine the effect of processing techniques and post-treatments.</p> <h2>PEDOT:PSS Raman Spectroscopy</h2> <hr> <p>Raman spectroscopy is used to detect how light interactions with <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/pedot" title="PEDOT:PSS">PEDOT:PSS</a> in specific ways. This technique is used to determine a materials structure based its vibrational modes. It is particularly useful to determine the effect of doping on the overall structure of the polymer blend. Raman scattering is mostly sensitive to PEDOT vibrations. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Kong, M. (2022). Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and..."></span> </p> <h3>Resonance Raman Effect</h3> <p>The Raman spectra of PEDOT:PSS varies depending on which laser excitation wavelength is used. This is especially the case when using common lasers in the near-infrared (NIR) and visible range due to the resonance Raman effect. When the laser excitation wavelength matches or is near an electronic absorption band of the material, specific molecular vibrations are selectively enhanced. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Kong, M. (2022). Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and..."></span> </p> <p>PEDOT:PSS absorbs light in a way that allows different laser wavelengths to interact with different electronic transitions, making certain vibrational modes stand out more in the spectra. This is particularly the case for the Raman bands which are associated with PEDOT’s conjugated π-bonding system where electrons experience delocalization. Changes in wavelength causes specific segments of the polymer to have preferential resonant enhancement as the laser interacts with the polymer. This results in changes in the spectra including variation in intensity of certain vibrational modes or shifts in peak positions. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Kong, M. (2022). Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and..."></span> </p> <p>Shorter wavelengths (visible) might excite higher energy electronic transitions, while longer wavelengths (NIR) interact with lower energy transitions. Longer wavelengths also selectively enhance segments with longer effective conjugation lengths.</p> <h3>What to Look Out For...</h3> <figure><img height="474" width="848" alt="Raman spectrum of PEDOT:PSS" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Example-Raman-Spectrum-of-PEDOT-PSS.svg?v=1725968316" loading="lazy"> <figcaption>Example Raman Spectrum of PEDOT:PSS</figcaption> </figure> <p>For <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/pedot" title="PEDOT:PSS">PEDOT:PSS</a> the vibrational modes most sensitive to change are above 1200 cm<sup>-1</sup>. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Garreau, S. (1999). In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Raman Studies of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT)"></span> The most intense band is at ~ 1444 cm<sup>-1</sup> and this is the one used to determine the impact of processing and/or doping. This peak is assumed to contain two components. These components are thought to be the benzoid and quinoid tautomers of the PEDOT chains. The width of the band can be linked to the distribution of conjugation lengths. A narrow band can indicate a homogeneous distribution of conjugated domains and is usually red-shifted. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Kong, M. (2022). Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and..."></span> </p> <figure><img loading="lazy" height="236" alt="quinoid and benzoid tautomers of PEDOT" width="424" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Quinoid-and-Benzoid-Tautomers-of-PEDOT.svg?v=1725968316"> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <table width="100%"> <thead> <tr> <th width="25%"></th> <th>Quinoid</th> <th>Benzoid</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Raman Signal</strong></td> <td>Lower Frequency</td> <td>Higher Frequency</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Conjugation Length</strong></td> <td>Longer</td> <td>Shorter</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Electron Delocalization</strong></td> <td>More Delocalized</td> <td>Less Delocalized</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Vibrational Mode</strong></td> <td>Lower Energy</td> <td>Higher Energy</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The higher-frequency (blue shifted) character is thought to arise from the benzoid structure. This is due to it's shorter conjugation lengths where electrons are less delocalized and therefore have higher energy vibrational modes. The lower-frequency (red shifted) character is from the quinoid where the opposite is true. This tautomer has longer conjugation lengths so electrons have more delocalization and lower energy vibrational modes.</p> <h3>What Causes Main Peak at ~1444 cm<sup>-1</sup> to Shift?</h3> <p>In general the main Raman band for PEDOT:PSS at 1444 cm<sup>-1</sup> is affected by two main factors: <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Kong, M. (2022). Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and..."></span> </p> <ul> <li>Dedoping / removal of PSS = Causes Red shift</li> <li>Reduction of grain size / changes in morphology = Causes Blue shift</li> </ul> <p>In a higher PSS content film, where the grains are already small, further treatment with DMSO is likely to induce a red shift.</p> <p>In a lower PSS content film that has larger aggregates, further treatment with DMSO will allow for smaller PEDOT:PSS domains with lower chain aggregation and/or lower overall alignment of grains.</p> <a data-track-content="" class="green-banner" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/pedot"> <p data-content-piece="cta-pedot-pss-and-pedot-based-polymers" data-content-name="/pages/pedot-pss-characterization">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Based Polymers</p> <img loading="lazy" alt="PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Based Polymers" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-Collection_600x120_crop_center.jpg" height="120" width="600"> <button>Browse now</button></a> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="tile-container"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-Cover-01.svg?v=1713185025" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Polymerization"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis">PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Synthesis</a> <p>PEDOT synthesis involves the oxidative chemical or electrochemical polymerization of EDOT monomer.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-synthesis">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOTPSS_Conductivity-01.svg?v=1713279131" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Polymerization"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties">PEDOT:PSS Properties: How to Enhance Them</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS has a unique combination of electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties. It is one of the most widely used intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) blends. As a result of it’s desirable properties it has received significant attention in the field of organic optoelectronics, particularly as a p-type semiconductor. This versatile material exhibits a range properties that make it suitable for various applications.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <p> <div class="custom-panel"> <div class="custom-panel-body"> <h3>References</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c05945" title="Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Raman Scattering">Advanced Optical Characterization of PEDOT:PSS by Combining Spectroscopic...</a>, Kong, M., ACS Omega (2022) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma9905674" title="In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Raman Studies of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT)">In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Raman Studies of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT)</a>, Garreau, S., ACS Omega (1999) </li> </ul> </div> </div> </p> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> 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PEDOT:PSS Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy | Ossila