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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Fonemen_versus_allofonen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonemen_versus_allofonen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Fonemen versus allofonen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonemen_versus_allofonen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonemen_in_verschillende_talen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonemen_in_verschillende_talen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonemen in verschillende talen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonemen_in_verschillende_talen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcriptie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcriptie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transcriptie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcriptie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Toepassingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toepassingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Foneem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 120 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صوتية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ধ্বনি – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuonema" title="Fuonema – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fuonema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанема – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фанема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фанэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фанэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE" title="স্বনিম – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বনিম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སྒྲ་ཚན། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒྲ་ཚན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Абяалбари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Абяалбари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فۆنیم – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9m" title="Foném – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Foném" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%A1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фѡнима – Kerkslavisch" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Фѡнима" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslavisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffonem" title="Ffonem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffonem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φώνημα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φώνημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="واج – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneemi" title="Foneemi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foneemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3in%C3%A9im" title="Fóinéim – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fóinéim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipu" title="Taipu – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Taipu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-heean" title="Myn-heean – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-heean" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פונמה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्वनिम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वनिम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8m" title="Fonèm – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fonèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հնչույթ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonemo" title="Fonemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0an" title="Hljóðan – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ფონემა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%86%8C" title="음소 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac" title="Vac – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vac" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonema" title="Phonema – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Foneem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funema" title="Funema – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funema" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C4%93ma" title="Fonēma – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasimpeo" title="Hasimpeo – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasimpeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വനിമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വനിമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneem" title="Phoneem – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phoneem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foneme" title="Foneme – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Foneme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A8ma" title="Fonèma – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fonèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Фонемæ – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фонемæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE" title="ਧੁਨੀਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="صوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="غږيزه څپه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږيزه څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funemi" title="Funemi – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funemi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="صوتيو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوتيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoneme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%A9ma" title="Fonéma – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonéma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem" title="Phonem – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phonem" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonimu" title="Fonimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fonimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒலியன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponema" title="Ponema – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ponema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbirim" title="Sesbirim – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sesbirim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фонема – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81" title="صوتیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوتیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Âm vị – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foninme" title="Foninme – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foninme" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fonema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="פאנעם – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Im-sò͘ – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Im-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>foneem</b> (van <a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Oudgrieks</a> φωνή, phōnḗ, <i>geluid, toon, stem, taal</i>) is een verzameling klanken die alle dezelfde betekenisonderscheidende functie hebben. Zo wordt bijvoorbeeld een <i>r</i> door verschillende sprekers verschillend uitgesproken, maar daarmee is steeds het zelfde foneem /r/ bedoeld. In verschillende talen kan eenzelfde foneem door verschillende letters of combinaties daarvan worden weergegeven. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonemen_versus_allofonen">Fonemen versus allofonen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fonemen versus allofonen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fonemen versus allofonen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een groot aantal verschillende klanken kan voor een spreker van een taal als varianten (<a href="/wiki/Allofoon" title="Allofoon">allofonen</a>) van een bepaald foneem worden beschouwd. Het mechanisme dat daaraan ten grondslag ligt, heet <a href="/wiki/Categorische_perceptie" title="Categorische perceptie">categorische perceptie</a>. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Labiaal" title="Labiaal">labiale</a> <a href="/wiki/Stemhebbend" title="Stemhebbend">stemhebbende</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosief" title="Plosief">plosief</a> aan het begin van het woord bak klinkt uit de monden van tien verschillende sprekers steeds anders, maar die tien verschillende klanken worden alle tien tot hetzelfde foneem /b/ gerekend. Als die klanken vervangen worden door klanken die onder het foneem /d/ (de alveolaire plosief) vallen, dan is dak te horen. Dat is een woord met een andere betekenis en daarom worden die klanken tot een ander foneem gerekend. Dit betekent dat de woorden bak en dak in het <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a> een <a href="/wiki/Minimaal_paar" title="Minimaal paar">minimaal paar</a> vormen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonemen_in_verschillende_talen">Fonemen in verschillende talen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fonemen in verschillende talen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fonemen in verschillende talen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klanken die fonemen zijn in een taal, hoeven dit niet te zijn in andere talen. Een taal als het <a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a> onderscheidt tussen een <a href="/wiki/Velaar" title="Velaar">velare</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosief" title="Plosief">plosief</a> die zoals de Nederlandse /k/ wordt uitgesproken (de kaf) en een soortgelijke klank die diep in de keel wordt uitgesproken (de qaf). Het Arabische woord <i>qalb</i>, dat hart betekent, vormt een minimaal paar met <i>kalb</i>, hond; de /q/ en /k/ zijn hier dus betekenisonderscheidend. In het Nederlands zou de <a href="/wiki/Uitspraak_(taal)" title="Uitspraak (taal)">uitspraak</a> van een woord als kraan wellicht vreemd klinken als de <i>k</i> diep in de keel zou worden gearticuleerd. Toch zou er geen andere betekenis aan worden toegekend dan bij de normale uitspraak van het woord. In tegenstelling tot het Arabisch zijn de /k/ en /q/ in het Nederlands dus geen afzonderlijke fonemen. </p><p>In het Nederlands worden de klanken /ɦ/ en /ɣ/ onderscheiden, zoals in de minimale paren hier/gier en heus/geus. De /h/ en /ɣ/ zijn dus verschillende fonemen. </p><p>Het <a href="/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans">Spaans</a> kent alleen /x/, de stemloze variant van /ɣ/ (meestal geschreven met een <i>j</i>) en in het <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a> alleen /h/, dat meer wrijving kent dan /ɦ/. Voor Engels- en Spaanstalige sprekers klinken ze vrijwel identiek. In hun talen zijn het dus geen verschillende fonemen. Een Spanjaard die Engels spreekt, zal dus een /x/ laten horen in plaats van een /h/ en een Engelsman vindt dat niet slecht. Een Nederlander vindt echter dat de Spanjaard zijn Engels erbarmelijk uitspreekt. </p><p>Overigens is het ook zo dat verschillende varianten van dezelfde taal ook verschillende fonemen kunnen hebben. Zo spreken sommige Nederlandstaligen de middelste klank van de woorden lachen en vlaggen verschillend uit, terwijl anderen dat onderscheid niet maken. Voor de laatste groep geldt dat deze medeklinker slechts twee allofonen van hetzelfde foneem zijn (de <i>g</i> in respectievelijk legt en legde). In dit geval geldt dus dat een klank die in een bepaalde variant niet als foneem bestaat, dat wel doet als allofoon. Dit hoeft echter niet altijd zo te zijn. In het Engels bijvoorbeeld spreken sommigen de woorden <i>witch</i> en <i>which</i> verschillend uit, maar degenen die dat niet doen, gebruiken de met <i>wh</i> weergegeven klank ook niet als allofoon en spreken hem altijd uit als in <i>witch</i>. </p><p>Naast oorspronkelijke fonemen kan een taal ook leenfonemen hebben, fonemen die samen met de leenwoorden waarin ze voorkomen, zijn overgenomen. In het Nederlands is dit bijvoorbeeld het foneem /g/ in het van oorsprong Engelse <i>goal</i>. Als allofoon van /k/ is deze klank niet zeldzaam in het Nederlands (voorbeeld zakdoek), maar als foneem komt hij alleen in leenwoorden voor. Een soortgelijk voorbeeld is de lange klinker /ɔː/ in de tweede lettergreep van het uit het Frans ontleende controle, maar als foneem slechts in leenwoorden. Wat betreft het laatstgenoemde voorbeeld is het vermeldenswaardig dat klinkerlengte in Franse woorden net als bij oorspronkelijk Nederlandse woorden allofonisch is, maar dat in sommige Franse woorden die het Nederlands heeft overgenomen, de klinkerlengte fonematisch is geworden. In het woord horen kan op grond van het feit dat de /o/ door een <i>r</i> wordt gevolgd, geconcludeerd worden dat de <i>o</i> langer moet worden uitgesproken dan in bijvoorbeeld hopen, maar voor de tweede <i>o</i> in controle gelden de Franse regels voor het bepalen van de klinkerlengte. In het Nederlands betekent dit dat de lengte onvoorspelbaar is en dat gewoon bekend moet zijn dat de desbetreffende klinker lang is. Overigens wordt in het Frans <i>contrôle</i> tegenwoordig uitgesproken als [kɔntʁoːl] in plaats van als [kɔntʁɔːl] en is er sprake van een leenfoneem dat in de taal van oorsprong zelfs als allofoon niet meer bestaat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcriptie">Transcriptie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Transcriptie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Transcriptie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De gangbare conventie is om foneem-symbolen te noteren tussen schuine strepen. Fonemen worden meestal <a href="/wiki/Transcriptie_(taal)" title="Transcriptie (taal)">getranscribeerd</a> volgens het <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Fonetisch_Alfabet" title="Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet">internationaal fonetisch alfabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassingen">Toepassingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij <a href="/wiki/Spraakherkenning" title="Spraakherkenning">spraakherkenning</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spraaksynthese" title="Spraaksynthese">spraaksynthese</a> wordt niet alleen gebruikgemaakt van fonemen, maar ook van <a href="/wiki/Difoon" title="Difoon">difonen</a>. Dit zijn klanken die worden gevormd uit delen van twee fonemen, waarbij de overgangen tussen fonemen een belangrijke rol spelen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foneem&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optimaliteitstheorie" title="Optimaliteitstheorie">Optimaliteitstheorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foon_(fonetiek)" title="Foon (fonetiek)">Foon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinctief_kenmerk" title="Distinctief kenmerk">Distinctief kenmerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archifoneem" title="Archifoneem">Archifoneem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonetische_neutralisatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonetische neutralisatie">Fonetische neutralisatie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klankinventaris_van_het_Nederlands" title="Klankinventaris van het Nederlands">Klankinventaris van het Nederlands</a>, voor een overzicht van de Nederlandse fonemen.</li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonemes#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phonemes">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phonemes#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phonemes">Phonemes</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foneem&oldid=63700171">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foneem&oldid=63700171</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Foneem" title="Categorie:Foneem">Foneem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Fonologie" title="Categorie:Fonologie">Fonologie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lingu%C3%AFstische_terminologie" title="Categorie:Linguïstische terminologie">Linguïstische terminologie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taalkunde" title="Categorie:Taalkunde">Taalkunde</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 23 jan 2023 om 10:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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