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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal aspects of free trade agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic aspects of free trade agreements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic aspects of free trade agreements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_diversion_and_trade_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_diversion_and_trade_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trade diversion and trade creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_diversion_and_trade_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FTAs_as_public_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FTAs_as_public_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>FTAs as public goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FTAs_as_public_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifying_for_preferences_under_an_FTA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifying_for_preferences_under_an_FTA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qualifying for preferences under an FTA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifying_for_preferences_under_an_FTA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases_on_FTAs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases_on_FTAs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Databases on FTAs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Databases_on_FTAs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Databases on FTAs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Databases_on_FTAs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-WTO's_Regional_Trade_Agreements_Information_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WTO's_Regional_Trade_Agreements_Information_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WTO's_Regional_Trade_Agreements_Information_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITC's_Market_Access_Map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITC's_Market_Access_Map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>ITC's Market Access Map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITC's_Market_Access_Map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="اتفاقية تجارة حرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية تجارة حرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB-i%C3%BB_b%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk_hia%CC%8Dp-t%C4%93ng" title="Chû-iû bō͘-e̍k hia̍p-tēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chû-iû bō͘-e̍k hia̍p-tēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporazum_o_slobodnoj_trgovini" title="Sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freihandelsabkommen" title="Freihandelsabkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freihandelsabkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabakaubandusleping" title="Vabakaubandusleping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabakaubandusleping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_libre_comercio" title="Tratado de libre comercio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de libre comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_de_libre-%C3%A9change" title="Accord de libre-échange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accord de libre-échange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95" title="자유 무역 협정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유 무역 협정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99" title="הסכם סחר חופשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם סחר חופשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasezerano_y%27ubucuruzi" title="Amasezerano y'ubucuruzi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Amasezerano y'ubucuruzi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സ്വതന്ത്ര വ്യാപാര കരാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വതന്ത്ര വ്യാപാര കരാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اتفاق تجاره حره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتفاق تجاره حره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_perdagangan_bebas" title="Perjanjian perdagangan bebas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian perdagangan bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လွတ်လပ်စွာ ကုန်သွယ်မှု သဘောတူညီချက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လွတ်လပ်စွာ ကုန်သွယ်မှု သဘောတူညီချက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="自由貿易協定 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自由貿易協定" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_livre-com%C3%A9rcio" title="Tratado de livre-comércio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de livre-comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ڕێککەوتنی بازرگانیی ئازاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێککەوتنی بازرگانیی ئازاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frihandelsavtal" title="Frihandelsavtal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frihandelsavtal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbest_ticaret_anla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Serbest ticaret anlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Serbest ticaret anlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81" title="آزاد تجارتی معاہدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد تجارتی معاہدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BB%B1_do" title="Hiệp định thương mại tự do – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp định thương mại tự do" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="自由貿易協定 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由貿易協定" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3536928#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bi- or multi-lateral agreement to remove all trade barriers between signatory states</div> <p>A <b>free trade agreement</b> (<b>FTA</b>) or <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> is an agreement according to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade area">free-trade area</a> between the cooperating <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>. There are two types of trade agreements: <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">bilateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a>. Bilateral trade agreements occur when two countries agree to loosen <a href="/wiki/Trade_restrictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade restrictions">trade restrictions</a> between the two of them, generally to expand business opportunities. Multilateral trade agreements are agreements among three or more countries, and are the most difficult to negotiate and agree.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FTAs, a form of trade pacts, determine the <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a> and duties that countries impose on imports and exports with the goal of reducing or eliminating <a href="/wiki/Trade_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade barriers">trade barriers</a>, thus encouraging <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Balance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Balance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such agreements usually "center on a chapter providing for preferential tariff treatment", but they also often "include clauses on <a href="/wiki/Trade_facilitation" title="Trade facilitation">trade facilitation</a> and rule-making in areas such as investment, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">government procurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical standards">technical standards</a> and sanitary and <a href="/wiki/Phytosanitary_certification" title="Phytosanitary certification">phytosanitary</a> issues".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important distinctions exist between <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs unions</a> and free-trade areas. Both types of <a href="/wiki/Trading_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading bloc">trading bloc</a> have internal arrangements which parties conclude in order to liberalize and facilitate trade among themselves. The crucial difference between customs unions and free-trade areas is their approach to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/third_party" class="extiw" title="wikt:third party">third parties</a>. While a customs union requires all parties to establish and maintain identical external tariffs with regard to trade with non-parties, parties to a free-trade area are not subject to such a requirement. Instead, they may establish and maintain whatever tariff regime applying to imports from non-parties as they deem necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a free-trade area without harmonized external tariffs, to eliminate the risk of <a href="/wiki/Trade_deflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deflection">trade deflection</a>, parties will adopt a system of preferential <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT 1994) originally defined free-trade agreements to include only trade in <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement with a similar purpose, i.e., to enhance liberalization of trade in <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, is named under Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) as an "economic integration agreement".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in practice, the term is now widely used in politic science, diplomacy and economics to refer to agreements covering not only goods but also services and even <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a>. Environmental provisions have also become increasingly common in international investment agreements, like FTAs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup></b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> records the use of the phrase "free trade agreement" with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian colonies">Australian colonies</a> as early as 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the WTO's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> - which has been considered by some as a failure for not promoting trade talks, but a success by others for preventing trade wars - states increasingly started exploring options to conclude FTAs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements">Legal aspects of free trade agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal aspects of free trade agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of free trade areas is considered an exception to the <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favored nation</a> (MFN) principle in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) because the preferences that parties to a free-trade area exclusively grant each other go beyond their accession commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Article XXIV of the GATT allows WTO members to establish free-trade areas or to adopt interim agreements necessary for the establishment thereof, there are several conditions with respect to free-trade areas, or interim agreements leading to the formation of free-trade areas. </p><p>Firstly, duties and other regulations maintained in each of the signatory parties to a free-trade area, which are applicable at the time such free-trade area is formed, to the trade with non-parties to such free-trade area shall not be higher or more restrictive than the corresponding duties and other regulations existing in the same signatory parties prior to the formation of the free-trade area. In other words, the establishment of a free-trade area to grant preferential treatment among its member is legitimate under WTO law, but the parties to a free-trade area are not permitted to treat non-parties less favorably than before the area is established. A second requirement stipulated by Article XXIV is that tariffs and other barriers to trade must be eliminated to substantially all the trade within the free-trade area.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free trade agreements forming free-trade areas generally lie outside the realm of the multilateral trading system. However, WTO members must notify to the Secretariat when they conclude new free trade agreements and in principle the texts of free trade agreements are subject to review under the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a dispute arising within free-trade areas are not subject to litigation at the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body, "there is no guarantee that WTO panels will abide by them and decline to exercise jurisdiction in a given case".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A free trade agreement is a reciprocal agreement, which is allowed by Article XXIV of the GATT. Whereas, autonomous trade arrangements in favor of developing and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> are permitted by the <i>Decision on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries</i> adopted by signatories to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1979 (the “Enabling Clause”). It is the WTO's legal basis for the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both free trade agreements and preferential trade arrangements (as named by the WTO) are considered as derogation to the MFN principle.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_aspects_of_free_trade_agreements">Economic aspects of free trade agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic aspects of free trade agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_diversion_and_trade_creation">Trade diversion and trade creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trade diversion and trade creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, <i><a href="/wiki/Trade_diversion" title="Trade diversion">trade diversion</a></i> means that an FTA would divert trade away from more efficient suppliers outside the area towards less efficient ones within the areas. Whereas, <i>trade creation</i> implies that an FTA area creates trade which may not have otherwise existed. In all cases trade creation will raise a country's national welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both trade creation and trade diversion are crucial effects found upon the establishment of an FTA. Trade creation will cause consumption to shift from a high-cost producer to a low-cost one, and trade will thus expand. In contrast, trade diversion will lead to trade shifting from a lower-cost producer outside the area to a higher-cost one inside the FTA.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a shift will not benefit consumers within the FTA as they are deprived the opportunity to purchase cheaper imported goods. However, economists find that trade diversion does not always harm aggregate national welfare: it can even improve aggregate national welfare if the volume of diverted trade is small.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FTAs_as_public_goods">FTAs as public goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FTAs as public goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists have made attempts to evaluate the extent to which FTAs can be considered <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a>. They first address one key element of FTAs, which is the system of embedded tribunals which act as arbitrators in international trade disputes. These serve as a force of clarification for existing statutes and international economic policies as affirmed in the trade treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second way in which FTAs are considered public goods is tied to the evolving trend of them becoming “deeper”. The depth of an FTA refers to the added types of structural policies that it covers. While older trade deals are deemed “shallower” as they cover fewer areas (such as tariffs and quotas), more recently concluded agreements address a number of other fields, from services to e-commerce and <a href="/wiki/Data_localization" title="Data localization">data localization</a>. Since transactions among parties to an FTA are relatively cheaper as compared to those with non-parties, FTAs are conventionally found to be <a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">excludable</a>. Now that deep trade deals will enhance regulatory harmonization and increase trade flows with non-parties, thus reducing the excludability of FTA benefits, new generation FTAs are obtaining the essential characteristics of public goods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifying_for_preferences_under_an_FTA">Qualifying for preferences under an FTA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qualifying for preferences under an FTA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">Rules of origin</a></div> <p>Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, parties to an FTA do not maintain common external tariffs, which means they apply different customs duties, as well as other policies with respect to non-members. This feature creates the possibility of non-parties may free-riding preferences under an FTA by penetrating the market with the lowest external tariffs. Such risk necessitates the introduction of rules to determine originating goods eligible for preferences under an FTA, a need that does not arise upon the formation of a customs union.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basically, there is a requirement for a minimum extent of processing that results in "substantial transformation" to the goods so that they can be considered originating. By defining which goods are originating in the PTA, preferential <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a> distinguish between originating and non-originating goods: only the former will be entitled to preferential tariffs scheduled by the FTA, the latter must pay MFN import duties.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is noted that in qualifying for origin criteria, there is a differential treatment between inputs originating within and outside an FTA. Normally inputs originating in one FTA party will be considered as originating in the other party if they are incorporated in the manufacturing process in that other party. Sometimes, production costs arising in one party is also considered as that arising in another party. In preferential <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_origin" title="Rules of origin">rules of origin</a>, such differential treatment is normally provided for in the cumulation or accumulation provision. Such clause further explains the trade creation and trade diversion effects of an FTA mentioned above, because a party to an FTA has the incentive to use inputs originating in another party so that their products may qualify for originating status.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Databases_on_FTAs">Databases on FTAs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Databases on FTAs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The database on <a href="/wiki/Trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade agreements">trade agreements</a> provided by ITC's Market Access Map. Since there are hundreds of FTAs currently in force and being negotiated (about 800 according to ITC's Rules of Origin Facilitator, counting also non-reciprocal trade arrangements), it is important for businesses and policy-makers to keep track of their status. There are a number of depositories of free trade agreements available either at national, regional or international levels. Some significant ones include the database on Latin American free trade agreements constructed by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the database maintained by the Asian Regional Integration Center (ARIC) providing information agreements of Asian countries,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the portal on the European Union's free trade negotiations and agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the international level, there are two important free-access databases developed by international organizations for policy-makers and businesses: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WTO's_Regional_Trade_Agreements_Information_System"><span id="WTO.27s_Regional_Trade_Agreements_Information_System"></span>WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As WTO members are obliged to notify to the Secretariat their free trade agreements, this database is constructed based on the most official source of information on free trade agreements (referred to as regional trade agreements in the WTO language). The database allows users to seek information on trade agreements notified to the WTO by country or by topic (goods, services or goods and services). This database provides users with an updated list of all agreements in force, however, those not notified to the WTO may be missing. It also displays reports, tables and graphs containing statistics on these agreements, and particularly preferential tariff analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITC's_Market_Access_Map"><span id="ITC.27s_Market_Access_Map"></span>ITC's Market Access Map</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ITC's Market Access Map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Market Access Map was developed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a> (ITC) with the objectives to facilitate businesses, governments and researchers in market access issues. The database, visible via the online tool Market Access Map, includes information on tariff and non-tariff barriers in all active trade agreements, not limited to those officially notified to the WTO. It also documents data on non-preferential trade agreements (for instance, Generalized System of Preferences schemes). Up until 2019, Market Access Map has provided downloadable links to texts agreements and their rules of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new version of Market Access Map forthcoming this year will provide direct web links to relevant agreement pages and connect itself to other ITC's tools, particularly the Rules of Origin Facilitator. It is expected to become a versatile tool which assists enterprises in understanding free trade agreements and qualifying for origin requirements under these agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">List of bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multilateral free-trade agreements">List of multilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edumaritime.net/icc-academy/free-trade-agreement-certificate-ftac-online">Free Trade Agreement, ICC Academy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Balance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Balance_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Integration+Association&rft.atitle=Aladi+Acuerdos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aladi.org%2FsitioAladi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aric.adb.org/fta-country">"Free Trade Agreements"</a>. <i>Asian Regional Integration Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Regional+Integration+Centre&rft.atitle=Free+Trade+Agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faric.adb.org%2Ffta-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130834/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/negotiations-and-agreements/">"Negotiations and agreements"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=Negotiations+and+agreements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fpolicy%2Fcountries-and-regions%2Fnegotiations-and-agreements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtais.wto.org/ui/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx">"Regional Trade Agreements Information System"</a>. <i>WTO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WTO&rft.atitle=Regional+Trade+Agreements+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frtais.wto.org%2Fui%2FPublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/">"Market Access Map"</a>. <i>ITC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITC&rft.atitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findrulesoforigin.org/">"Rules of Origin Facilitator"</a>. <i>ITC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITC&rft.atitle=Rules+of+Origin+Facilitator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindrulesoforigin.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+trade+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_agreement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicSearchByMemberResult.aspx?MemberCode=918&lang=1&redirect=1">WTO's RTA Information System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/Default.aspx">ITC's Market Access Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605163211/https://www.macmap.org/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 2019-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findrulesoforigin.org/">ITC's Rules of Origin Facilitator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/gptad.html">World Bank's Global Preferential Trade Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aladi.org/sitioAladi/index.html">Latin American Integration Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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