CINXE.COM
Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising | Al Jazeera Centre for Studies
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="/sites/default/files/google_analytics/gtag.js?snf61s"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-E4VEPPH1FE", {"groups":"default","link_attribution":true,"page_location":location.pathname + location.search + location.hash});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising" /> <link rel="image_src" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2023-05/web%20%281%29_2.jpg" /> <meta name="description" content="Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising: A study of Al-Jazeera's coverage of the Syrian uprising, its impact on Syrian audience perception, and the factors motivating content selection" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Al Jazeera Centre for Studies" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising | Al Jazeera Centre for Studies" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising: A study of Al-Jazeera's coverage of the Syrian uprising, its impact on Syrian audience perception, and the factors motivating content selection" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2023-05/web%20%281%29_2.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AJStudies" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising: A study of Al-Jazeera's coverage of the Syrian uprising, its impact on Syrian audience perception, and the factors motivating content selection" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising | Al Jazeera Centre for Studies" /> <meta name="twitter:site:id" content="307913305" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/2023-05/web%20%281%29_2.jpg" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/partner/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising" /> <title>Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising | Al Jazeera Centre for Studies</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_Hw9mSlnu9wlHnGZypmUoYgKFJS3Cxw7rabSKd6nA5eY.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha256-bZLfwXAP04zRMK2BjiO8iu9pf4FbLqX6zitd+tIvLhE=" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@unicorn-fail/drupal-bootstrap-styles@0.0.2/dist/3.4.0/8.x-3.x/drupal-bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha512-tGFFYdzcicBwsd5EPO92iUIytu9UkQR3tLMbORL9sfi/WswiHkA1O3ri9yHW+5dXk18Rd+pluMeDBrPKSwNCvw==" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_a7P9siPKtY1bNUGFTOLsNbSa2SlJOalEQeZ4CoaHTiU.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QB0Hi_vW4BnXwLLR13Y1LnnE3GdmmPgszDxUmd74E3Y.css" /> <!-- Cookies Consent Notice start --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/67f59ff0-a0e6-4e00-a26e-04072299b984/OtAutoBlock.js" ></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="67f59ff0-a0e6-4e00-a26e-04072299b984" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <!-- Cookies Consent Notice end --> </head> <body class="not-logged-in not-front path-node page-node-type-article navbar-is-fixed-top has-glyphicons"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top" id="navbar" role="banner"> <div class="top-navbar"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="region region-navigation-top"> <section id="block-searchiconen-2" class="visible-xs visible-sm block block-block-content block-block-content8a01a139-8b92-47e8-b2f2-2886ff1a21ab clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="block-search" role="search"> <button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only" name=""><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> </div> <div class="search-popup-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <form action="/en/search" method="get" class="col-md-12" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-drupal-form-fields=""> <input class="form-control" required="true" maxlength="128" name="keys" placeholder="Search..." size="60" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="search" /></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" id="block-languageswitcher" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5643" class="en is-active"><a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5643">English</a></li><li hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5643" class="ar"><a href="/ar/node/5643" class="language-link" hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5643">العربية</a></li></ul> </section> <section id="block-socialnavbar" class="block block-block-content block-block-content1b7b5d62-1b05-4cae-b015-48a06d3b0442 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><ul class="menu nav navbar-nav"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-instagram"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://soundcloud.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-soundcloud"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/aljazeerasc?sub_confirmation=1"><i class="fa fa-youtube"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://wa.me/97455809461"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://t.me/AlJCS"><i class="fa fa-telegram" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/en/rss.xml"><i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> </ul></div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="region region-navigation"> <a class="logo navbar-btn pull-left" href="/en" title="Home" rel="home"> <img src="/themes/custom/partner/logo.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> <a class="name navbar-brand hidden" href="/en" title="Home" rel="home">Al Jazeera Centre for Studies</a> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div id="navbar-collapse" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="region region-navigation-collapsible"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-partner-main-menu-menu" id="block-partner-main-menu"> <h2 class="sr-only" id="block-partner-main-menu-menu">Main navigation</h2> <ul class="menu menu--main nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/about-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1">About us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/reports" data-drupal-link-system-path="reports">Analyses</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/policy-briefs" data-drupal-link-system-path="policy-briefs">Policy Briefs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/mediastudies" data-drupal-link-system-path="mediastudies">Media Studies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/files" data-drupal-link-system-path="files">Files</a> </li> <li class="expanded dropdown"> <a href="/en/publications" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="publications">Publications <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/en/publications#more" data-drupal-link-system-path="publications">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://lubab.aljazeera.net">Magazines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/journal/aljazeera/communication-media" data-drupal-link-system-path="journal/aljazeera/communication-media">Al Jazeera Journal</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/annual-reports" data-drupal-link-system-path="annual-reports">Annual Reports</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/en/theses" data-drupal-link-system-path="theses">University Theses</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/en/ebooks" data-drupal-link-system-path="ebooks">eBooks</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="events">Events</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/en/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <section id="block-searchiconen" class="visible-lg visible-md block block-block-content block-block-content8a01a139-8b92-47e8-b2f2-2886ff1a21ab clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="block-search" role="search"> <button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only" name=""><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> </div> <div class="search-popup-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <form action="/en/search" method="get" class="col-md-12" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-drupal-form-fields=""> <input class="form-control" required="true" maxlength="128" name="keys" placeholder="Search..." size="60" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="search" /></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div role="main" class="main-container container js-quickedit-main-content"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-md-9 col-sm-12"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <h1 class="page-header"> <span>Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising</span> </h1> <article role="article" class="article is-sticky full clearfix"> <div class="content"> <footer class="row article-author summary"> <div class="author col-md-12 col-sm-12 pb-3 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="author-tiny"><a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Zaineh Rafi Mubarak Al-Zoubi</div> </a></div> <div class="about-author hidden"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="picture"> <a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-12"> <h4><a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Zaineh Rafi Mubarak Al-Zoubi</div> </a></h4> <div class="summary field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Jordanian researcher.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="small text-muted text-left">21 May 2023</div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="zoom-icons"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li><a href="javascript:;" title="Increase font size"><i class="fa fa-search-plus"></i></a></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" title="Decrease font size"><i class="fa fa-search-minus"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-12"> <div class="pt-3 visible-xs"></div> <a href="/sites/default/files/articles/documents/2023-05/Al-Jazeera%27s%20role%20in%20the%20Syrian%20uprising%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary">Download as PDF</a> <a href="javascript:window.print();" class="btn btn-primary" >Print</a> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12 text-right"> <div class="pt-3 visible-xs"></div> <div class="socialShare"> <div class="social"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li><div class="share">SHARE</div></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?app_id=1488972164731309&u=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f"></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text= Al-Jazeera&#039;s role in the Syrian uprising &url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeeras-role-syrian-uprising&via=AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="lightGallery-images"> <div class="galleryImage" data-src="/sites/default/files/articles/2023-05/web%20%281%29_2.jpg" data-sub-html=".media-caption"> <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2023-05/web%20%281%29_2.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="summary small media-caption field field--name-field-media-caption field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">[Aljazeera]</div> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p class="text-align-center" dir="LTR" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>Al-Jazeera's role in the Syrian uprising<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">:</span> A study of Al-Jazeera's coverage of the Syrian uprising, its impact on Syrian audience perception<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">, </span>and the factors motivating content selection</strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR"><strong>Abstract<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">:</span></strong></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">This study explores the role of Al-Jazeera Arabic news channel's coverage at the outset of the Syrian uprising, covering March and April 2011. It reviews the channel's practices and their impact on Arabic public opinion and examines the allegations that Al-Jazeera played a role in shaping the Arab Spring<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">.</span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">The study fills a gap in the literature concerning Al-Jazeera's coverage and practices during the different Arab Spring revolutions, by exclusively investigating the early weeks of the Syrian case in depth.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">First, it studies the content and delivery of the news, with a content study highlighting the features and characteristics of Al-Jazeera's news content during the target period.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">Second, it examines Al-Jazeera's reported impact on the perceptions of the Syrian audience members who participated in this research in regard to the events in Syria, and the course of events during the uprising by conducting a focus group study with Syrian nationals.</p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">Third, it analyzes the considerations that informed the channel's choice of content and delivery, by conducting semi-structured interviews with different groups of current and former Al-Jazeera staff, to identify the various journalistic factors and political commitments of the channel<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">.</span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">The findings suggest that Al-Jazeera only encouraged Syrians to act by covering the events and atrocities taking place in Syria. The Syrian viewers who participated did not perceive any attempts at incitement by the channel, although it chiefly sided with the Syrian revolutionaries, according to the content study. In conclusion, the findings determine that the channel had, at most, only a limited impact on the revolution's course of events, as many other factors informed the course of the Syrian revolution<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">. </span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">Interestingly, diverse editorial and political factors were revealed to contribute to the decisions made about coverage, such as being exclusively dependent on Syrian activists‟ reports, due to the prohibition preventing Al-Jazeera crew from entering Syria, as well as Al-Jazeera's apparent commitment to the Qatari political line<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">.</span></p> <p class="text-align-justify" dir="LTR">The study is unique in that its findings were based on having thoroughly probed Al-Jazeera's coverage from three different angles to generate rigorous triangulated data, affording a comprehensive and integrated picture of the role of Al-Jazeera in the Syrian uprising. In addition to elaborating on the role and practices present in Arab journalism at the time of the Arab Spring, the thesis raises questions for future researchers concerning the media's impact on public opinion throughout the Arab region<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-QA" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="AR-QA" xml:lang="AR-QA">.</span></p> </div> <div class="author-profile teaser row-no-gutters"> <h4 class="pb-3">ABOUT THE AUTHOR</h4> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"> <div class="author-tiny"><a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Zaineh Rafi Mubarak Al-Zoubi</div> </a></div> <div class="about-author hidden"> <div class="col-md-2 col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="picture"> <a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-10 col-sm-9 col-xs-12"> <h4><a href="/en/profile/zaineh-rafi-mubarak-al-zoubi"> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Zaineh Rafi Mubarak Al-Zoubi</div> </a></h4> <div class="summary field field--name-description field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p>Jordanian researcher.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-md-3 col-sm-6" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockrelated-articles-block-1 clearfix" id="block-views-block-related-articles-block-1"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="page-archive view view-related-articles view-id-related_articles view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-a7bdddd7feec599723c51a00d800c1978400c725101cbf32b881f1d404746081"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-view-grid vertical cols-1 clearfix"> <div class="card"> <div class="views-row row-1"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/international-media-critical-reading-discursive-strategies-aljazeera-network" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2023-04/WEB%20%281%29_4.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/international-media-critical-reading-discursive-strategies-aljazeera-network" hreflang="en">International Media: A Critical Reading in the Discursive Strategies of Aljazeera Network</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">17 April 2023</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="views-row row-2"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeera-evolution-within-arab-revolutions" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2023-04/WEB_2.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/al-jazeera-evolution-within-arab-revolutions" hreflang="en">Al Jazeera Evolution within the Arab Revolutions</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">5 April 2023</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> <div class="views-row row-3"><div class="img-block"> <a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/convergence-between-platforms-newsroom-applied-study-al-jazeera-mubasher" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/articles/2023-04/WEB%20%281%29.jpg" width="2500" height="1405" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div><h4><a href="/en/theses-al-jazeera/convergence-between-platforms-newsroom-applied-study-al-jazeera-mubasher" hreflang="en">The Convergence between Platforms in the Newsroom: An Applied Study of Al Jazeera Mubasher</a></h4><p class="small summary text-muted">2 April 2023</p><div class="links btn-group dropdown"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section id="block-ourchannelsen-2" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentc20ee596-3e2a-4d56-9f16-1be512ad8ef4 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="footer-two"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>About</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="/en/about-us">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://terms.aljazeera.net/index.html" target="_blank">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="https://privacy.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://privacy.aljazeera.net/cookie" target="_blank">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings" href="#">Cookie Preferences</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>Connect</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="/en/contact">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/connect" target="_blank">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="https://careers.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Work for us</a></li> <li><a href="https://aljazeera.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=10bee1170a715855387d38e00&id=9aa03f826d" target="_blank">Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="http://sat.aljazeera.net/en" target="_blank">Channel Finder</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>Our Network</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="http://studies.aljazeera.net/en" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Center for Studies</a></li> <li><a href="https://institute.aljazeera.net/en" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Media Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.aljazeera.net/en" target="_blank">Learning Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="https://forum.aljazeera.net/en" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Forum</a></li> <li><a href="https://partners.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Hotel Partners</a></li> <li><a href="https://liberties.aljazeera.com" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Center for Public Liberties & Human Rights</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-3 col-xs-6"> <h4>Our Channels</h4> <ul class="nav flex-column"><li><a href="https://www.aljazeera.com" target="_blank">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="http://mubasher.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Mubasher</a></li> <li><a href="https://doc.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="http://balkans.aljazeera.net" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="http://aljazeera.com.tr" target="_blank">Al Jazeera Turk</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ajplus.net" target="_blank">AJ +</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-12 text-center"> <div class="footer-logo"> </div> <p>© 2024 Al Jazeera Media Network. All Rights Reserved.</p> <ul class="menu menu--footer nav"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/AJStudies"><i class="fa fa-twitter"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-instagram"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://soundcloud.com/ajstudies"><i class="fa fa-soundcloud"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/aljazeerasc?sub_confirmation=1"><i class="fa fa-youtube"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://wa.me/97455809461"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://t.me/AlJCS"><i class="fa fa-telegram" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/en/rss.xml"><i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"> </i></a></li> </ul><div> <p><strong>Scan QR Code to Download Mobile App</strong></p> <p><a href="http://onelink.to/asm26s" target="_blank"><img src="https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/inline-images/onlink_to_asm26s_big.png" width="100px" /></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <!-- Return to Top --> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i></a> </footer> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"en\/","currentPath":"node\/5643","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"bootstrap\/dropdown,bootstrap\/theme,ckeditor_bootstrap_tabs\/tabs,google_analytics\/google_analytics,statistics\/drupal.statistics,system\/base,views\/views.ajax,views\/views.module","theme":"partner","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"google_analytics":{"account":"G-E4VEPPH1FE","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackUrlFragments":true},"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/en\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:a7bdddd7feec599723c51a00d800c1978400c725101cbf32b881f1d404746081":{"view_name":"related_articles","view_display_id":"block_1","view_args":"1537\/5643","view_path":"\/node\/5643","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"a7bdddd7feec599723c51a00d800c1978400c725101cbf32b881f1d404746081","pager_element":0}}},"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"5643"},"url":"\/core\/modules\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e7302a40e1f52aa5ab0e4fa815caa992961fda8349f388d16eaa199d899e8d64"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_1Rz3H_lXhprtPX6On9F1dtAmPy38_BA2gTae4h7rJbA.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-nuL8/2cJ5NDSSwnKD8VqreErSWHtnEP9E7AySL+1ev4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_V8gsIefQ-P5Lbl1IGaOq004HzcqzGfp6DFQaOEtqmp4.js"></script> </body> </html>