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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生物學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生物學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藥物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藥物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>藥物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藥物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>食物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>內部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">延胡索酸</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。45种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaarsuur" title="Fumaarsuur – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fumaarsuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الفوماريك – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الفوماريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="فوماریک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوماریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarna_kiselina" title="Fumarna kiselina – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fumarna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_fum%C3%A0ric" title="Àcid fumàric – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid fumàric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fumarov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fumarová – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina fumarová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarsyre" title="Fumarsyre – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fumarsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumars%C3%A4ure" title="Fumarsäure – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fumarsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Φουμαρικό οξύ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φουμαρικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fumaric acid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarata_acido" title="Fumarata acido – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fumarata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fum%C3%A1rico" title="Ácido fumárico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido fumárico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_fumariko" title="Azido fumariko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido fumariko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="فوماریک اسید – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوماریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaarihappo" title="Fumaarihappo – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fumaarihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_fumarique" title="Acide fumarique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide fumarique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_f%C3%BAmarach" title="Aigéad fúmarach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad fúmarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fum%C3%A1rico" title="Ácido fumárico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido fumárico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה פומרית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה פומרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="फ्यूमारिक अम्ल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्यूमारिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fum%C3%A1rsav" title="Fumársav – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fumársav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_fumarat" title="Asam fumarat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam fumarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_fumarico" title="Acido fumarico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido fumarico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E9%85%B8" title="フマル酸 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フマル酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="푸마르산 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸마르산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_fumaricum" title="Acidum fumaricum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum fumaricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaro_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Fumaro rūgštis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fumaro rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fum%C4%81rsk%C4%81be" title="Fumārskābe – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fumārskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фумарна киселина – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фумарна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_fumarik" title="Asid fumarik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid fumarik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaarzuur" title="Fumaarzuur – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fumaarzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_fumarowy" title="Kwas fumarowy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas fumarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_fum%C3%A1rico" title="Ácido fumárico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido fumárico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fumaric" title="Acid fumaric – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid fumaric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фумаровая кислота – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фумаровая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarna_kiselina" title="Fumarna kiselina – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fumarna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fumaric acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_fumarov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina fumarová – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina fumarová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarna_kiselina" title="Fumarna kiselina – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fumarna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarsyra" title="Fumarsyra – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fumarsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஃபியூமரிக் அமிலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஃபியூமரிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarik_asit" title="Fumarik asit – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fumarik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фумарова кислота – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фумарова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumar_kislota" title="Fumar kislota – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fumar kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_fumaric" title="Acid fumaric – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid fumaric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q139857#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:马来酸;zh-hant:馬來酸;zh-tw:順丁烯二酸;zh-hk:順丁烯二酸"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84001320">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox nounderlines" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background-color:#f0f0f0; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-color: #aaaaaa; border-style:solid; border:1px; border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:show; width:305px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:#d6e0dc;">延胡索酸 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="延胡索酸的键线式"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png/200px-Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png/300px-Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png/400px-Fumaric-acid-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="延胡索酸的球棒模型"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png/200px-Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png/300px-Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png/400px-Fumaric-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="623" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="max-width:305px; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="IUPAC命名法">IUPAC名</a><br />(E)-丁烯二酸<br />(E)-butenedioic acid </td></tr> <tr> <td>别名 </td> <td>富马酸<br />紫堇酸<br />地衣酸<br />反-丁烯二酸 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">识别 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=110-17-8">110-17-8</a></span> <sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/10197150">10197150</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SMILES" class="mw-redirect" title="SMILES">SMILES</a> </td> <td><div style="word-break:break-all;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span lang="en">OC(=O)C=CC(=O)O</span></li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86" title="国际化合物标识">InChI</a> </td> <td><div style="word-break:break-all;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86" title="国际化合物标识">InChIKey</a> </td> <td><small>VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDBF</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E7%BC%96%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟编号">EINECS</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esis/index.php?GENRE=ECNO&ENTREE=203-743-0">203-743-0</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:18012">18012</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E8%80%85%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国食用香料制造者协会（页面不存在）">FEMA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%AE%A4%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="公认安全">GRAS</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-flav/results.html?lang=zh&flavName=&groupName=-1&searchBy=fema&jecfa=&fema=2488&cas1=&cas2=&cas3=">2488</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugbank.ca/cgi-bin/show_drug.cgi?CARD=DB04299">DB04299</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd:C00122">C00122</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">性质 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式">化学式</a> </td> <td><span lang="en">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="摩尔质量">摩尔质量</a> </td> <td>116.07 g·mol⁻¹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>外观 </td> <td>白色固体 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a> </td> <td>1.635 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a> </td> <td>287 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="溶解性">溶解性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>） </td> <td>0.63 g/100 mL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%BA%A6%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="酸度系数">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> </td> <td><span lang="en">p<i>k</i><sub>a1</sub> = 3.03, p<i>k</i><sub>a2</sub> = 4.44</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">危险性 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7#欧盟的危险性符号" title="危险性符号">欧盟危险性符号</a><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><div style="width:72px; margin:0 auto;"><div style="width:72px;float:left;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazard_Xi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="刺激性"><img alt="刺激性" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hazard_Xi.svg/70px-Hazard_Xi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hazard_Xi.svg/105px-Hazard_Xi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hazard_Xi.svg/140px-Hazard_Xi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="106" /></a></span>刺激性 <b>Xi</b></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E7%A4%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="警示性質標準詞列表">警示术语</a> </td> <td>R：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E7%A4%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#R36" title="警示性質標準詞列表"><abbr class="abbr" title="R36: 刺激眼部">R36</abbr></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="安全建議標準詞列表">安全术语</a> </td> <td>S：<span class="abbr" style="color: blue; border-bottom: 1px dotted blue" title="防止儿童触及">S2</span>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#S26" title="安全建議標準詞列表"><abbr class="abbr" title="S26: 接触眼睛后立即用大量清水冲洗并求医">S26</abbr></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">相关物质 </th></tr> <tr> <td>相关<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸">羧酸</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="马来酸">马来酸</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="丁二酸">丁二酸</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>相关化学品 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E9%A9%AC%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%AF" title="富马酸二甲酯">富马酸二甲酯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E9%A6%AC%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%9E%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="富馬酸亞鐵">富马酸亚铁</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">若非注明，所有数据均出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="标准状态">标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）</a>下。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>延胡索酸</b>（fumaric acid）又名<b>富馬酸</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>紫堇酸</b>、<b>地衣酸</b>，即<b>反丁烯二酸</b>（<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>名為<b>(E)-丁烯二酸</b>），是一種無色、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%87%83" class="mw-redirect" title="易燃">易燃</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="晶體">晶體</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%83%AF" title="丁烯">丁烯</a>衍生出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8" title="羧酸">羧酸</a>。它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學式">化學式</a>是C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>。燃燒延胡索酸會釋出帶有刺激性的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%81%E7%83%AF%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E9%85%90" title="顺丁烯二酸酐">順丁烯二酐</a>煙燻。它是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="柠檬酸循环">檸檬酸循環</a>的參與物質之一，具有水果氣味，並在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="延胡索屬">延胡索屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%82%9D%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%AC" title="牛肝菌屬">牛肝菌屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A3" title="地衣">地衣</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%8B%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰島海苔（页面不存在）">冰島海苔</a>中可以發現。 </p><p>延胡索酸用于製造<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%85%AF" title="聚酯">聚酯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E8%84%82" class="mw-redirect" title="樹脂">樹脂</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="多元醇">多元醇</a>，以及作為染料的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E6%9F%93%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒染劑（页面不存在）">媒染劑</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%91%B3%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="調味料">調味料</a>。它是一種普遍的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食物添加劑">食物添加劑</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="膳食補充劑">膳食補充劑</a>，且有時在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飲料">飲料</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%85%B5%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="發酵粉">發酵粉</a>中作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%85%B8" title="酒石酸">酒石酸</a>的代用物。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物學"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.B8"></span>生物學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生物學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E9%85%B8" title="馬來酸">馬來酸</a>相關，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>會用延胡索酸來從<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="食物">食物</a>中產生能量。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%89" title="日光">日光</a>下亦會自然產生延胡索酸。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藥物"><span id=".E8.97.A5.E7.89.A9"></span>藥物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：藥物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">由於有指<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="牛皮癬">牛皮癬</a>的病因是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>在產生延胡索酸的缺陷，所以延胡索酸<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a>有時會受作治療這病症。在開始時劑量為每日60-105mg，而其後逐步增加至每日1,290mg。使用延胡索酸的副作用包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="腎臟">腎臟</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="消化系統">消化系統</a>疾病，及皮膚及紅等，這是因過度服用所致。在長期使用後，會出現<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83" title="白血球">白血球</a>減少的現象。</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="食物"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>食物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：食物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自1946年開始，因延胡索酸的無毒性，被用作一種食物酸化劑。它廣泛的使用在著重純度的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="飲料">飲料</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%85%B5%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="發酵粉">發酵粉</a>，如威路士提子汁。一般亦會用作<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%85%B8" title="酒石酸">酒石酸</a>的代用物，或有時會取代<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B8%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="檸檬酸">檸檬酸</a>。若要保持與檸檬酸一樣的味道，延胡索酸與檸檬酸的比例為0.91g比1.36g。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="內部連結"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>內部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：內部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="皮膚病學">皮膚病學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E9%85%B8" title="馬來酸">馬來酸</a>：延胡索酸的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%BC%8F%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="順式異構體">順式異構體</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">何联瑛.富马酸下游产品开发及市场概况[J].吉化科技, 1997.DOI:CNKI:SUN:JKGH.0.1997-02-010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015165003/http://www.shreeadditives.com/htmlsite/3d.htm">Shree Additives (Pharma and Foods) Ltd.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E8%83%A1%E7%B4%A2%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1173.htm">延胡索酸國際化學品安全卡</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080315172640/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1173.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%; font-size:77%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%85%B0%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8" title="草酰乙酸">草酰乙酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%B8" title="苹果酸">苹果酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">延胡索酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E9%85%B8" title="琥珀酸">琥珀酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E9%85%B0%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6A" title="琥珀酰辅酶A">琥珀酰辅酶A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png/24px-Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png/36px-Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png/48px-Oxaloacetate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-malate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/27px-S-malate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/41px-S-malate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/S-malate_wpmp.png/54px-S-malate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="752" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png/24px-Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png/36px-Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png/48px-Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Succinate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Succinate_wpmp.png/24px-Succinate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Succinate_wpmp.png/36px-Succinate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Succinate_wpmp.png/48px-Succinate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png/24px-Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png/36px-Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png/48px-Succinyl-CoA_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NNYY_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6A" title="乙酰辅酶A">乙酰辅酶A</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td valign="top">NADH <b>+</b> H<sup>+</sup> </td> <td valign="top">NAD<sup>+</sup> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top">H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td valign="top">FADH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td valign="top">FAD </td> <td valign="top">辅酶A <b>+</b> ATP(GTP) </td> <td valign="top">P<sub>i</sub> <b>+</b> ADP(GDP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/31px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/47px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg/62px-Acetyl_co-A_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>+</b> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td>NADH <b>+</b> H<sup>+</sup> <b>+</b> CO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6A" title="辅酶A">辅酶A</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>NAD<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Citrate_wpmp.png/31px-Citrate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Citrate_wpmp.png/47px-Citrate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Citrate_wpmp.png/62px-Citrate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="141" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom">H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png/27px-Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png/41px-Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png/54px-Cis-Aconitate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom">H<sub>2</sub>O </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isocitric_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/35px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/53px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg/70px-Isocitric_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom">NAD(P)<sup>+</sup> </td> <td valign="bottom">NAD(P)H <b>+</b> H<sup>+</sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png/31px-Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png/47px-Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png/62px-Oxalosuccinate_wpmp.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="bottom"> </td> <td valign="bottom">CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/24px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/36px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg/48px-2-oxoglutarate_wpmp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="181" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/35px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/53px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg/70px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B8%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="檸檬酸">檸檬酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen">顺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%B4%E9%85%B8" title="乌头酸">乌头酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8" title="异柠檬酸">异柠檬酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%85%B0%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E9%85%B8" title="草酰琥珀酸">草酰琥珀酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E9%85%AE%E6%88%8A%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8" title="Α-酮戊二酸">α-酮戊二酸</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="尿素循环代谢途径" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="Template:尿素循环"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:尿素循环（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:尿素循环"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="尿素循环代谢途径" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="尿素循环">尿素循环</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" class="mw-redirect" title="代谢途径">代谢途径</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width:100%; font-size:77%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table border="0" style="font-size: 100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="瓜氨酸">瓜氨酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A8%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B0%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氨甲酰磷酸（页面不存在）">氨甲酰磷酸</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟氨酸">鸟氨酸</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrulline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Citrulline.png/100px-Citrulline.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Citrulline.png/150px-Citrulline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Citrulline.png/200px-Citrulline.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center">磷酸 </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg/65px-Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg/98px-Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg/130px-Carbamoylphosphat_deprotoniert.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Ornithin2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L-Ornithin2.svg/85px-L-Ornithin2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L-Ornithin2.svg/128px-L-Ornithin2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L-Ornithin2.svg/170px-L-Ornithin2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="121" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/65px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/98px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg/130px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_YYNN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天冬氨酸">天冬氨酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/75px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/113px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg/150px-L-Asparagins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Aspartic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="121" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><b>+</b> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="腺苷三磷酸">腺苷三磷酸</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/65px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/98px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg/130px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_YNNY_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/65px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/98px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg/130px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_reverse_NYYN_vert_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg/55px-Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg/83px-Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg/110px-Urea_Structural_Formula_V2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="114" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">焦磷酸 </td> <td align="center"><b>+</b> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E4%B8%80%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="腺苷一磷酸">腺苷一磷酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">水 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argininosuccinic_acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Argininosuccinic_acid.png/100px-Argininosuccinic_acid.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Argininosuccinic_acid.png/150px-Argininosuccinic_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Argininosuccinic_acid.png/200px-Argininosuccinic_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg/100px-L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg/150px-L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg/200px-L-Arginin_-_L-Arginine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="121" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/65px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/98px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg/130px-Biochem_reaction_arrow_forward_NNYN_horiz_med.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="75" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png/50px-Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Fumaric_acid_wpmp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E9%85%B8" title="精氨基琥珀酸">精氨基琥珀酸</a> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">延胡索酸</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" align="center"><small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="精氨酸">精氨酸</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="center" colspan="4"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="抗-&#123;zh-tw:乾癬;_zh-hant:乾癬;_zh-cn:银屑病;zh-hans:银屑病&#125;-药_(D05)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E9%93%B6%E5%B1%91%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗银屑病药"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%8A%97%E9%93%B6%E5%B1%91%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="Template talk:抗银屑病药"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8A%97%E9%93%B6%E5%B1%91%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:抗银屑病药"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="抗-&#123;zh-tw:乾癬;_zh-hant:乾癬;_zh-cn:银屑病;zh-hans:银屑病&#125;-药_(D05)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E9%93%B6%E5%B1%91%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗银屑病药（页面不存在）">抗银屑病药</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(D05)" title="ATC代码 (D05)">D05</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">局部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">焦油</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%B2%B9" title="焦油">焦油</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%84%A6%E6%B2%B9" title="煤焦油">煤焦油</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%BD" title="蒽">蒽</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%92%BD%E9%85%9A" title="地蒽酚">地蒽酚</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E9%AA%A8%E8%84%82%E7%B4%A0" title="补骨脂素">补骨脂素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三甲沙林（页面不存在）">三甲沙林</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲氧沙林（页面不存在）">甲氧沙林</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">富马酸</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D" title="维生素D">维生素D</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E6%B3%8A%E4%B8%89%E9%86%87" title="钙泊三醇">钙泊三醇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%99%E6%B3%8A%E4%B8%89%E9%86%87/%E5%80%8D%E4%BB%96%E7%B1%B3%E6%9D%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钙泊三醇/倍他米松（页面不存在）">钙泊三醇/倍他米松</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%89%E9%86%87" title="骨化三醇">骨化三醇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%96%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E9%86%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="他卡西醇（页面不存在）">他卡西醇</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%80" title="他扎罗汀">他扎罗汀</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">全身</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen">补骨脂素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三甲沙林（页面不存在）">三甲沙林</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E8%A1%A5%E9%AA%A8%E8%84%82%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲氧补骨脂素（页面不存在）">甲氧补骨脂素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%9F%91%E5%86%85%E9%85%AF" title="香柑内酯">香柑内酯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: Linen"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E6%9B%B2%E6%9B%BF%E9%85%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依曲替酯（页面不存在）">依曲替酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9EA%E9%85%B8" title="類A酸">類A酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%95" title="世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单">世卫基本药物（WHO-EM）</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup>从市场<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="撤回药品列表">撤回</a></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅲ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">第三階段</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>臨床試驗<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅱ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">未到第三階段</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integument_navs" title="Template:Integument navs"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integument_navs" title="Template talk:Integument navs"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Integument_navs" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Integument navs"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="皮膚索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template:皮肤系统">解剖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Integumentary physiology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Integumentary physiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Integumentary_physiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Integumentary physiology（页面不存在）">生理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Integumentary_physiology" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Integumentary physiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Integumentary physiology</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B5%90%E7%B7%A0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Template:結締組織">結締組織</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Development of integument" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Development of integument"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Development_of_integument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Development of integument（页面不存在）">發育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Development_of_integument" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Development of integument"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Development of integument</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections（页面不存在）">感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bacterial_cutaneous_infections" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Bacterial cutaneous infections</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology（页面不存在）">形態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Vesiculobullous disease" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Vesiculobullous disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Vesiculobullous_disease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Vesiculobullous disease（页面不存在）">水皰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vesiculobullous_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Vesiculobullous disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Vesiculobullous disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Dermatitis and eczema" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Dermatitis and eczema（页面不存在）">皮炎和濕疹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Dermatitis and eczema</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Factitial_dermatitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Factitial dermatitis（页面不存在）">人工皮炎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Papulosquamous_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Papulosquamous disorders（页面不存在）">丘疹鱗屑性疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%95%81%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E8%88%87%E7%B4%85%E6%96%91" title="Template:蕁麻疹與紅斑">蕁麻疹及紅斑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Radiation-related_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Radiation-related disorders（页面不存在）">輻射相關</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pigmentation_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pigmentation disorders（页面不存在）">色素沉著</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Mucinoses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Mucinoses（页面不存在）">粘蛋白沉積</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutaneous_keratosis,_ulcer,_atrophy,_and_necrobiosis" title="Template:Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis">角化病、潰瘍、萎縮、漸進性壞死</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cutaneous_vasculitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cutaneous vasculitis（页面不存在）">血管炎</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Disorders_of_subcutaneous_fat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Disorders of subcutaneous fat（页面不存在）">脂肪</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Neutrophilic_and_eosinophilic_dermatosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatosis（页面不存在）">嗜中性及嗜酸性皮病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_integument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of integument（页面不存在）">先天</a></li> <li>腫瘤 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Skin_tumors,_nevi_and_melanomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas（页面不存在）">痣和黑色素瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Skin_tumors,_epidermis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Skin tumors, epidermis（页面不存在）">上皮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Skin_tumors,_dermis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Skin tumors, dermis（页面不存在）">真皮</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs">症狀和特徵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Clinical_and_histological_nomenclature_for_skin_lesions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Clinical and histological nomenclature for skin lesions（页面不存在）">術語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">治療</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Skin_and_subcutaneous_tissue_procedures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures（页面不存在）">程序</a></li> <li>藥物 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E7%97%85%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0%E5%92%8C%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:皮肤病用抗生素和化疗药">抗生素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiseptics_and_disinfectants" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Antiseptics and disinfectants">消毒劑</a></li> <li><a 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