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aria-controls="toc-Courses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Courses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Courses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sediment_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sediment_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sediment transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sediment_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tributaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Red Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Blue Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Yellow Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khufu_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khufu_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Khufu branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khufu_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Niles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Niles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ancient Niles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Niles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Integrated Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_search_for_the_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_search_for_the_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>European search for the source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_search_for_the_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Since 1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sharing_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sharing_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Water sharing dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sharing_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_achievements_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_achievements_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern achievements and exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_achievements_and_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern achievements and exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_achievements_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>White Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_Nile_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_Nile_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Blue Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_Nile_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crossings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crossings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crossings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Crossings from Jinja, Uganda to Khartoum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 214 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-214" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">214 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%BE)" title="Нил (псыхъо) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Нил (псыхъо)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylrivier" title="Nylrivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nylrivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D_(%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8D)" title="አባይ ወንዝ (ናይል) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አባይ ወንዝ (ናይል)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABl" title="Nīl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nīl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="نهر النيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر النيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Nilo" title="Río Nilo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Nilo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܢܝܠܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܠܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Նեղոս գետ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նեղոս գետ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="নীল নদী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নীল নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Nilu" title="Ríu Nilu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu Nilu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlo" title="Nílo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nílo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نیل چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیل چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad_Nil" title="Tukad Nil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad Nil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6" title="নীলনদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীলনদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE-l%C3%B4_H%C3%B4" title="Nî-lô Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî-lô Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нил мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нил мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River_(suba_sa_Ehipto)" title="Nile River (suba sa Ehipto) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nile River (suba sa Ehipto)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_N%C3%AEl" title="Afon Nîl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Nîl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لواد د النيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لواد د النيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilaeatnu" title="Niilaeatnu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Niilaeatnu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%8D%DE%A6_%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ނީލަ ކޯރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނީލަ ކޯރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_(r%C4%9Bka)" title="Nil (rěka) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nil (rěka)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilus" title="Niilus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niilus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νείλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νείλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%A1" title="Nilá – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nilá" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyl" title="Nyl – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nyl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maayo_Niil" title="Maayo Niil – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maayo Niil" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_N%C3%ADl" title="An Níl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Níl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нилхий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нилхий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="尼羅河 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="尼羅河" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80" title="નાઈલ નદી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઈલ નદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EA%B0%95" title="나일강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나일강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Նեղոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեղոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नील नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutula_Nil" title="Dutula Nil – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Dutula Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Nil" title="Sungai Nil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Nile" title="I-Nile – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Nile" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl" title="Níl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נילוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נילוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Nil" title="Kali Nil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Nil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niili_P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Niili Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Niili Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೈಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნილოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili" title="Nili – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil_(kuksa)" title="Nil (kuksa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nil (kuksa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEl" title="Nîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%8C" title="ແມ່ນ້ຳໄນລ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມ່ນ້ຳໄນລ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus" title="Nilus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nilus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABla" title="Nīla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilas" title="Nilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel_(reveer)" title="Niel (reveer) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niel (reveer)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Nilo" title="Rio Nilo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Nilo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilu" title="Niilu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Niilu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/anil._zei_rirxe" title="anil. zei rirxe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="anil. zei rirxe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlus" title="Nílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nily" title="Nily – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="നൈൽ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നൈൽ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naera" title="Naera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Naera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाईल नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाईल नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნილოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნილოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="النيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Nil" title="Sungai Nil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Nil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_Nil" title="Batang Nil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batang Nil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Nà̤-lò̤ Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nà̤-lò̤ Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Nilo" title="Riu Nilo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu Nilo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Нил мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нил мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုင်းမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်းမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijl" title="Nijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel" title="Niel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Niel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नाइल नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाइल नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="नाइल खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नाइल खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9D" title="ナイル川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイル川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niil" title="Niil – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niil" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayil" title="Naayil – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Naayil" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੀਲ ਨਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲ ਨਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دریائے نیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائے نیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نیل سیند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیل سیند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail" title="Nail – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nail" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D1%8E)" title="Нил (ю) – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нил (ю)" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ទន្លេនីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទន្លេនីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νείλος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Νείλος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Nilo" title="Rio Nilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Nilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu_mayu" title="Nilu mayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nilu mayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नील्-नदी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नील्-नदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili" title="Nili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilu" title="Nilu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nilu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%9F" title="නයිල් ගඟ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නයිල් ගඟ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%81" title="نيل درياھہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيل درياھہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl" title="Níl – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Níl" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83il" title="Ńil – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńil" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabiga_Niil" title="Wabiga Niil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wabiga Niil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niili" title="Niili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nilen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Nilo" title="Ilog Nilo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Nilo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நைல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நைல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnil" title="Nnil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nnil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" title="Nile – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Nile" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="నైలు నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నైలు నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="แม่น้ำไนล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำไนล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail" title="Nail – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Nail" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91)" title="Нил (дарё) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нил (дарё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B4_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%82_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏂᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏂᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нил – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нил" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ніл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دریائے نیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے نیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Nin" title="Sông Nin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Nin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilus" title="Niilus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Niilus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyl" title="Nyl – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nyl" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo" title="Nilo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nilo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼罗河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="נילוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נילוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl%C3%B2" title="Nílò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nílò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" title="尼羅河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼羅河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%AA_Nili" title="Roê Nili – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roê Nili" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils" title="Nils – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nils" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼罗河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Nali" title="Okwaan̄ Nali – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Nali" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunge_Nil" title="Sunge Nil – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sunge Nil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangari_Nil" title="Batangari Nil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batangari Nil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil" title="Nil – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nil" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3392#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=30_10_21_N_31_8_24_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°10′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°8′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.17250°N 31.14000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.17250; 31.14000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major river in northeastern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nile (disambiguation)">Nile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Nile River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_skyline,_Panoramic_view,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/260px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/390px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg/520px-Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nile in Cairo, Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Nile_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="inside river Nile map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/260px-River_Nile_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="476" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/390px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/520px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="802" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nile&groups=_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nile&groups=_f6e6c51ec09d1bf7e65653554c5c4bf0906eb92d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">"The river"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=02_16_56_S_29_19_53_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">02°16′56″S</span> <span class="longitude">29°19′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.28222°S 29.33139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-2.28222; 29.33139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,400 m (7,900 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, Ethiopia</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=12_02_09_N_037_15_53_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°02′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">037°15′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.03583°N 37.26472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.03583; 37.26472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mediterranean Sea</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=30_10_21_N_31_8_24_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°10′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°8′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.17250°N 31.14000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.17250; 31.14000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sea level</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">6,650 km (4,130 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-length_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">3,349,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,293,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 km (1.7 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">8–11 m (26–36 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,633 m<sup>3</sup>/s (93,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">530 m<sup>3</sup>/s (19,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,620 m<sup>3</sup>/s (269,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Cairo, Egypt</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (71,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">500 m<sup>3</sup>/s (18,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (250,000 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nile Delta, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,584 m<sup>3</sup>/s (55,900 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nile River">White Nile</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile River">Blue Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atbara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbara River">Atbara</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nile</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as the <b>River Nile</b> or <b>Nile River</b>) is a major north-flowing <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It flows into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_systems_by_length" title="List of river systems by length">longest river in the world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-nile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this has been contested by research suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> is slightly longer.<sup id="cite_ref-AmazonRiver_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmazonRiver-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica-amazon-length_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-amazon-length-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the world's major rivers, the Nile is one of the smallest, as measured by annual flow in cubic metres of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 6,650 km (4,130 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-length_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long, its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers eleven countries: the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt, Sudan and South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdl.handle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nile is an important economic driver supporting agriculture and fishing. </p><p>The Nile has two major <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>: the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. The White Nile is traditionally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwaters</a> stream. However, the Blue Nile is the source of most of the water of the Nile downstream, containing 80% of the water and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>. The White Nile is longer and rises in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region. It begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and flows through Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in Ethiopia<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">rivers meet</a> at the Sudanese capital of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian Desert</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">large delta</a>, and the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egyptian civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudanese kingdoms</a> have depended on the river and its annual flooding since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>. Nearly all the cultural and historical sites of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> developed and are found along river banks. The Nile is, with the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">water discharge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Margat_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar and cohesion</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nile" title="Special:EditPage/Nile">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The standard English names "White Nile" and "Blue Nile" refer to the river's source, derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> names formerly applied to only the Sudanese stretches that meet at <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, the Nile is called <i>Ḥꜥpy</i> (Hapy) or <i>Jtrw</i> (Iteru), meaning "river". In <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:ⲓⲁⲣⲟ">ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ</a>, pronounced <i>piaro</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a>) or <i>phiaro</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bohairic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohairic">Bohairic</a>), means "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great"), and comes from the same ancient name.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>, the river is called <i>Áman Dawū</i>, meaning "the great water".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a>, the river is called <i>Kiira</i> or <i>Kiyira</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Runyoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Runyoro">Runyoro</a>, it is called <i>Kihiira</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, the Nile is called <i>en-Nīl</i>, while in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> it is called <i>an-Nīl</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, it is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הַיְאוֹר</span>‎, <i>Ha-Ye'or</i> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הַשִׁיחוֹר</span>‎, <i>Ha-Shiḥor</i>. </p><p>The English name <i>Nile</i> and the Arabic names <i>en-Nîl</i> and <i>an-Nîl</i> both derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nilus</i></span></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Νεῖλος</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond that, however, the etymology is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> called the river <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἴγυπτος</span></span>, <i>Aiguptos</i>, but in subsequent periods, Greek authors referred to its lower course as <i>Neilos</i>; this term became generalized for the entire river system.<sup id="cite_ref-goedicke_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goedicke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the name may derive from Ancient Egyptian expression <i>n</i>ꜣ <i>r</i>ꜣ<i>w-ḥ</i>ꜣ<i>w(t)</i> (lit. 'the mouths of the front parts'), which referred specifically to the branches of the Nile transversing the Delta, and would have been pronounced <i>ni-lo-he</i> in the area around <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> in the 8th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-goedicke_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goedicke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> at his <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a> (Νεῖλος) as one of the <a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">Potamoi</a> (river gods), son of <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another derivation of <i>Nile</i> might be related to the term <i>Nil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">नील</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nila" class="extiw" title="wikt:nila">nila</a></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Arabic language">Egyptian Arabic</a>: <span lang="arz" dir="rtl">نيلة</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Hillel_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a></i>, one of the original sources of <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Another may be <i><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaea caerulea">Nymphaea caerulea</a></i>, known as "The Sacred Blue Lily of the Nile", which was found scattered over <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s corpse when it was excavated in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The etymology is not mentioned in the given source, connection between the name Nile and the Nymphaea caerulea is not clear. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another possible etymology derives from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> term <i>Nahal</i>, meaning "river".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Old Libyan</a> has the term <i>lilu</i>, meaning water (in modern Berber <i>ilel</i> ⵉⵍⴻⵍ means <i>sea</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Courses">Courses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_basin_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/220px-Nile_basin_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/330px-Nile_basin_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nile_basin_map.png/440px-Nile_basin_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The Nile's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With a total length of about 6,650 km (4,130 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-length_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the region of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the Nile is among the longest rivers on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers (1,256,591 sq mi), about 10% of the area of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to other major rivers, though, the Nile carries little water (5% of that of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nile basin is complex, and because of this, the <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a> at any given point along the <a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">main stem</a> depends on many factors including weather, diversions, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> flow. </p><p>Upstream from <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> (to the south), the river is known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a> and Khartoum. At Khartoum, the river is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Source of the Nile" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_(board_game)" title="Source of the Nile (board game)">Source of the Nile (board game)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_Bridge" title="Source of the Nile Bridge">Source of the Nile Bridge</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_of_Nile,_Spring_at_Jinja,_Lake_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/220px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/330px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg/440px-Source_of_Nile%2C_Spring_at_Jinja%2C_Lake_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>Spring at Lake Victoria</figcaption></figure> <p>The source of the Blue Nile is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Gish_Abay" title="Gish Abay">Gish Abay</a> region<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morbach_et_al._33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morbach_et_al.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source of the White Nile, even after centuries of exploration, remains in dispute. The most remote source that is indisputably a source for the White Nile is the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_River" title="Kagera River">Kagera River</a>; however, the Kagera has tributaries that are in contention for the farthest source of the White Nile. Two start in Burundi: the <a href="/wiki/Ruvyironza_River" title="Ruvyironza River">Ruvyironza River</a> (also known as the Luvironza) and the <a href="/wiki/Rurubu_River" title="Rurubu River">Rurubu River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-core.ac.uk/Aziz_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-core.ac.uk/Aziz-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morbach_et_al._33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morbach_et_al.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in 2010, an exploration party in Rwanda<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went to a place described as the source of the <a href="/wiki/Rukarara_River" title="Rukarara River">Rukarara</a> tributary,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by hacking a path up steep jungle-choked mountain slopes in the <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_Forest" title="Nyungwe Forest">Nyungwe Forest</a> found (in the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream, and found a new source, giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km (4,199 mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Uganda">In Uganda</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Nile_Fishermen_(18156464842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/220px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/330px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg/440px-White_Nile_Fishermen_%2818156464842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> in Uganda</figcaption></figure> <p>The White Nile leaves <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Falls" title="Ripon Falls">Ripon Falls</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja, Uganda</a>, as the "Victoria Nile." It flows north for some 130 kilometers (81 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kyoga" title="Lake Kyoga">Lake Kyoga</a>. The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers (120 mi) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of <a href="/wiki/Masindi_Port" title="Masindi Port">Masindi Port</a>, where the river turns north, then makes a great half circle to the east and north to <a href="/wiki/Karuma_Falls" title="Karuma Falls">Karuma Falls</a>. For the remaining part, it flows westerly through the <a href="/wiki/Murchison_Falls" title="Murchison Falls">Murchison Falls</a> until it reaches the northern shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a> where it forms a significant river delta. Lake Albert is on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but the Nile is not a border river at this point. After leaving Lake Albert, the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile#Albert_Nile" title="White Nile">Albert Nile</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Sudan">In South Sudan</h3></div> <p>The White Nile flows into South Sudan just south of <a href="/wiki/Nimule" title="Nimule">Nimule</a>, where it is known as the <i>Bahr al Jabal</i> ("Mountain River"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Just south of the town is the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Achwa_River" title="Achwa River">Achwa River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr al Ghazal</a>, 716 kilometers (445 mi) long, joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a>, after which the Nile becomes known as the <i>Bahr al Abyad</i>, or the White Nile, from the whitish <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> suspended in its waters. When the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Nile floods</a> it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil. The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> in 1970. An <a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">anabranch</a> river, the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Zeraf" title="Bahr el Zeraf">Bahr el Zeraf</a>, flows out of the Nile's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile. </p><p>The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at <a href="/wiki/Mongalla,_South_Sudan" title="Mongalla, South Sudan">Mongalla</a> is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m<sup>3</sup>/s (37,000 cu ft/s). After Mongalla, the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> region. More than half of the Nile's water is lost in this swamp to <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>. The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m<sup>3</sup>/s (18,000 cu ft/s). From here it meets with the <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>. On an annual basis, the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about 15% of the total outflow of the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal, just below the Sobat River, is 924 m<sup>3</sup>/s (32,600 cu ft/s); the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m<sup>3</sup>/s (43,000 cu ft/s) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m<sup>3</sup>/s (21,500 cu ft/s) in April. This fluctuation is caused by the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat, which has a minimum flow of about 99 m<sup>3</sup>/s (3,500 cu ft/s) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m<sup>3</sup>/s (24,000 cu ft/s) in October.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> (January to June) the White Nile contributes between 70% and 90% of the total discharge from the Nile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sudan">In Sudan</h3></div> <p>Below <a href="/wiki/Renk,_South_Sudan" title="Renk, South Sudan">Renk</a>, the White Nile enters Sudan, it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile. </p><p>The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive. It flows over <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">six groups of cataracts</a>, from the sixth at <a href="/wiki/Sabaloka_Game_Reserve" title="Sabaloka Game Reserve">Sabaloka</a> just north of Khartoum northward to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamad" title="Abu Hamad">Abu Hamad</a>. The tectonic uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Swell" title="Nubian Swell">Nubian Swell</a> diverts the river south-west for over 300 km, following the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Shear_Zone" title="Central African Shear Zone">Central African Shear Zone</a> embracing the <a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda Desert</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Al_Dabbah,_Sudan" title="Al Dabbah, Sudan">Al Dabbah</a> it resumes its northward course towards the first cataract at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> forming the S-shaped Great Bend of the Nile<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the north of Sudan, the river enters <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a> (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3></div> <p>Below the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, at the northern limit of Lake Nasser, the Nile resumes its historic course. North of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a> Branch to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> to the east, forming the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment_transport">Sediment transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/220px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/330px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg/440px-Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> from space</figcaption></figure> <p>The annual sediment transport by the Nile in Egypt has been quantified.<sup id="cite_ref-hani_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>At <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>: 0.14 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">suspended sediment</a> and an additional 28% of <a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">bedload</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Beni_Sweif" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Sweif">Beni Sweif</a>: 0.5 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 20% of bedload</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>: 0.27 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 27% of bedload</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Sohag" title="Sohag">Sohag</a>: 1.5 million tonnes of suspended sediment and an additional 13% of bedload</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Nile">Red Nile</h3></div> <p>Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the <a href="/wiki/Atbarah_River" title="Atbarah River">Atbarah River</a>, also known as the Red Nile. Roughly halfway to the sea, it originates in Ethiopia north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>, and is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) long. The Atbarah flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. During the dry period of January to June, it typically dries up north of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Nile">Blue Nile</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/220px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/330px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg/440px-ET_Bahir_Dar_asv2018-02_img17_Tis_Issat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7869" data-file-height="5246" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Blue Nile Falls</a> fed by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS036-E-011050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/220px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/330px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ISS036-E-011050.jpg/440px-ISS036-E-011050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Blue Nile (<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">ዓባይ</span>, <i>ʿĀbay</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> come from the Atbarah and Blue Nile,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">1,922 out of 2,633 m3/s = 73%, so somewhere our numbers are off</span></a></i>]</sup> both of which originate in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water coming from the Blue Nile. The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> when rainfall is especially high in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile have a weaker flow. In harsh and arid seasons and droughts, the Blue Nile dries out completely.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow. During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m<sup>3</sup>/s (4,000 cu ft/s), although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river. During the wet season, the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m<sup>3</sup>/s (200,000 cu ft/s) in late August (a difference of a factor of 50). </p><p>Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan. Peak flows of over 8,212 m<sup>3</sup>/s (290,000 cu ft/s) occurred during late August and early September, and minimum flows of about 552 m<sup>3</sup>/s (19,500 cu ft/s) occurred during late April and early May. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahr_el_Ghazal_and_Sobat_River">Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr al Ghazal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge. </p><p>The Bahr al Ghazal's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 square kilometers (200,000 sq mi) in size, but it contributes a relatively small amount of water, about 2 m<sup>3</sup>/s (71 cu ft/s) annually, because tremendous volumes of water are lost in the Sudd wetlands. </p><p>The Sobat River, which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No, drains about half as much land, 225,000 km<sup>2</sup> (86,900 sq mi), but contributes 412 cubic meters per second (14,500 cu ft/s) annually to the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment, adding greatly to the White Nile's color.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_Nile">Yellow Nile</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Map_Sudan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/280px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/420px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nile_Map_Sudan.png/560px-Nile_Map_Sudan.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nile tributaries in modern Sudan, showing the Yellow Nile</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/280px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/420px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg/560px-Scena_nilotica_from_casa_del_fauno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>The Nile represented in an ancient Roman mosaic found from the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a> of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8000</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its remains are known as the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Howar" title="Wadi Howar">Wadi Howar</a>. The wadi passes through <a href="/wiki/Gharb_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Darfur">Gharb Darfur</a> near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sahara#Climate_history" title="Sahara">Sahara § Climate history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/440px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">Oikoumene</a> (inhabited world), an ancient map based on <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' description of the world, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nile has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt developing along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan. However, the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the sea level rose at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">most recent ice age</a>, the stream which is now the northern Nile <a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">captured</a> the ancestral Nile near <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in climate also led to the current extents of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, around 3400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khufu_branch">Khufu branch</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza pyramid complex</a> originally overlooked a branch of the Nile that no longer exists. This branch was highest during the <a href="/wiki/African_Humid_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="African Humid Period">African Humid Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solis-Moreira_2022_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solis-Moreira_2022-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Niles">Ancient Niles</h3></div> <p>The existing Nile has five earlier phases: </p> <ul><li>i) the Upper Miocenian Eonile, of about 6 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ii) the Upper Pliocenian Paleonile, commencing about 3.32 million years BP, and during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>;</li> <li>iii) The Nile phases, including the Proto-Nile, commencing about 600,000 years BP;</li> <li>iv) Pre-Nile;<sup id="cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>v) transitioning at about 400,000 years BP to the Neo-Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Flowing north from the Ethiopian Highlands, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile. A canyon, now filled by surface drift, represents the <b>Eonile</b> that flowed during 23–5.3 million years before present. The Eonile transported <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clastic sediments</a> to the Mediterranean; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments. </p><p>During the late-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>, when the Mediterranean Sea was a <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">closed basin</a> and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so, the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m (7,900 ft) below Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren2006_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahmoudi2008_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahmoudi2008-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment after the Mediterranean was recreated.<sup id="cite_ref-Embabi2018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embabi2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> drained northwards into the Nile until the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Volcanoes</a> blocked its course in Rwanda. The Nile was much longer at that time, with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia. The currently existing Nile first flowed during the former parts of the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Affad_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Affad 23">Affad 23</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> located in alluvial deposits formed by an ancient channel of the Nile in the <a href="/wiki/Affad" class="mw-redirect" title="Affad">Affad</a> region of southern <a href="/wiki/Dongola_Reach" title="Dongola Reach">Dongola Reach</a>, Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-Osypiński_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osypiński-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_Nile">Integrated Nile</h3></div> <p>There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile. One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said postulates that Egypt supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-Said1981_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said1981-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile, the Atbara and the Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-WW1980_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WW1980-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salama suggests that during the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> Periods (66 million to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System: <a href="/wiki/Melut_Basin" title="Melut Basin">Mellut rift</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Nile_rift" title="White Nile rift">White Nile rift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_rift" title="Blue Nile rift">Blue Nile rift</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atbara_rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atbara rift (page does not exist)">Atbara rift</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sag_El_Naam_rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sag El Naam rift (page does not exist)">Sag El Naam rift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salama1987_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salama1987-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mellut Basin is nearly 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) deep at its central part. This rift is possibly still active, with reported <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> activity in its northern and southern boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a> swamp which forms the central part of the basin may still be subsiding. The White Nile Rift system, although shallower than the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Arab_rift" title="Bahr el Arab rift">Bahr el Arab rift</a>, is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) deep. Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5–9 kilometers (3.1–5.6 mi). These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased, and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them. </p><p>The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile, which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern, Central and Sudanese Rift systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Salama1997_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salama1997-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods. The Atbarah overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago. The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000–80,000 years B.P. wet period. The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">African humid period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_founding_of_Egyptian_civilization">Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egyptian agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/220px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/330px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg/440px-Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> from the Nile River supporting agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor, Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/170px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/255px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg/340px-Dhows_on_the_Nile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="2595" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">felucca</a> traversing the Nile near Aswan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Because the river overflowed its banks annually and deposited new layers of silt, the surrounding land was very fertile. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> cultivated and traded wheat, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> and other crops around the Nile. Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading system secured Egypt's diplomatic relationships with other countries and contributed to economic stability. Far-reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A tune, <a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_the_Nile" title="Hymn to the Nile">Hymn to the Nile</a>, was created and sung by the ancient Egyptian peoples about the flooding of the Nile River and all of the miracles it brought to Ancient Egyptian civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> were introduced from Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> introduced camels in the 7th century BCE. These animals were raised for meat and were domesticated and used for ploughing—or in the camels' case, carriage. Water was vital to both people and livestock. The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods. </p><p>The Nile was also an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life. <a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a> was the god of the annual floods, and both he and the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> were thought to control the flooding. The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife. The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth, and the west was considered the place of death, as the god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, the Sun, underwent birth, death, and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky. Thus, all tombs were west of the Nile, because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife, they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life, the ancient calendar was even based on the three cycles of the Nile. These seasons, each consisting of four months of thirty days each, were called <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Emergence" title="Season of the Emergence">Peret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Harvest" title="Season of the Harvest">Shemu</a>. Akhet, which means inundation, was the time of the year when the Nile flooded, leaving several layers of fertile soil behind, aiding in agricultural growth.<sup id="cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peret was the growing season, and Shemu, the last season, was the harvest season when there were no rains.<sup id="cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_search_for_the_source">European search for the source</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JH_Speke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/170px-JH_Speke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/255px-JH_Speke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JH_Speke.jpg/340px-JH_Speke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1863</span>. Speke was the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Age">Victorian</a> explorer who first reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> in 1858, returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Owing to their failure to penetrate the Sudd wetlands of South Sudan, the upper reaches of the White Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans. <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> thought that source of the Nile was in Mauritania, on the "other" (south) side of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various expeditions failed to determine the river's source. <a href="/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> records that in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands, but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i> depicted the source as three lakes in 1154. </p><p>Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 14th century when the Pope sent monks as emissaries to Mongolia who passed India, the Middle East and Africa, and described being told of the source of the Nile in Abyssinia (Ethiopia).<sup id="cite_ref-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 15th and 16th centuries, travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake. Supposedly, Paolo Trevisani (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1452</span>–1483), a Venetian traveller in Ethiopia, wrote a journal of his travels to the <i>origin of the Nile</i> that has since been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern writers give the credit to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ez" title="Pedro Páez">Pedro Páez</a>. Páez's account of the source of the Nile<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia. It was published in full only in the early 20th century, although it was featured in works of Páez's contemporaries, including Baltazar Téllez,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vansleb" title="Johann Michael Vansleb">Johann Michael Vansleb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century, and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace. The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls" title="Blue Nile Falls">Tis Issat</a> Falls in his 1565 memoirs, compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i>De Republica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a> describes the source of the Blue Nile, visiting shortly after Pedro Páez. Telles also uses his account. </p><p>The White Nile was even less understood. The ancients mistakenly believed that the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> represented the upper reaches of the White Nile. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> writes that the Nile had its origins "in a mountain of lower <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>", flowed above ground for "many days" distance, then went underground, reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a>, then sank again below the desert to flow underground "for a distance of 20 days' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Nile_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/170px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/255px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/EB1911_Nile_v2.png/340px-EB1911_Nile_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Nile <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911</span>, a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations, condominiums, colonies, and protectorates<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern exploration of the Nile basin began with the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)" title="Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)">conquest of the northern and central Sudan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> viceroy of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, and his sons from 1821 onward. As a result of this, the Blue Nile was known as far as its exit from the Ethiopian foothills and the White Nile as far as the mouth of the Sobat River. Three expeditions under a Turkish officer, Selim Bimbashi, were made between 1839 and 1842, and two got to the point about 30 kilometres (20 miles) beyond the present port of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, where the country rises and rapids make navigation very difficult. </p><p>Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when British explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> reached its southern shore while traveling with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes. Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this "vast expanse of open water" for the first time, Speke named the lake after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Burton, recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proven his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled. A quarrel ensued which sparked intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke's discovery. British explorer and missionary <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> pushed too far west and entered the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> system instead. It was ultimately Welsh-American explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> who confirmed Speke's discovery, circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Falls" title="Ripon Falls">Ripon Falls</a> on the lake's northern shore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1950">Since 1950</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KageraRuvubu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/220px-KageraRuvubu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/330px-KageraRuvubu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/KageraRuvubu.jpg/440px-KageraRuvubu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Kagera_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagera river">Kagera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruvubu_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruvubu river">Ruvubu</a> rivers near <a href="/wiki/Rusumo_Falls" title="Rusumo Falls">Rusumo Falls</a>, part of the Nile's upper reaches</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile03(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/220px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/330px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nile03%28js%29.jpg/440px-Nile03%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhows" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhows">Dhows</a> on the Nile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/220px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/330px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg/440px-View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The Nile passes through Cairo, Egypt's capital city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length. Winter winds blow south, up river, so ships could sail up river using sails and down river using the flow of the river. While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley, the 1970 completion of the Aswan Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil, fundamentally changing farming practices. The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks, enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara. The river's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile which form an obstacle to navigation by boats. The Sudd also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impedes water flow, to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to build the <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_Canal" title="Jonglei Canal">Jonglei Canal</a> to bypass the swamp.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nile cities include Khartoum, Aswan, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> (Thebes), and the <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> – Cairo <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>. The first cataract, the closest to the mouth of the river, is at Aswan, north of the Aswan Dam. This part of the river is a regular tourist route, with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">feluccas</a>. Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan, stopping at <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a> along the way. Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years. </p><p>A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan, for the Ministry of Hydro-power of Sudan, during 1955–57<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrice was their hydrological adviser, and Allan his predecessor. The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years. The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage, to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years. Irrigation, navigation and other needs were considered. Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream. The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled. Over 600 models were run. Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities. The calculations were run on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">IBM 650</a> computer. Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_transport_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology transport model">hydrology transport models</a>, which have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality. </p><p>Despite the development of many reservoirs, drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan, but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser. Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile river basin. According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Group" title="Strategic Foresight Group">Strategic Foresight Group</a>, droughts in the last century have affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_sharing_dispute">Water sharing dispute</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_hydro_power.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/220px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/330px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nile_hydro_power.jpg/440px-Nile_hydro_power.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Hydropower dams in the Nile (plus huge dam under construction in Ethiopia)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nile's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> for many decades. The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the $4.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam" title="Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam">Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam</a> has become a national preoccupation in both countries, stoking patriotism, deep-seated fears and even murmurs of war.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries including Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources. The <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin_Initiative" title="Nile Basin Initiative">Nile Basin Initiative</a> promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters. On 14 May 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan. Ideally, such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin's water resources. Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile, it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply, economic and social developments.<sup id="cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdl.handle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_achievements_and_exploration">Modern achievements and exploration</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Nile">White Nile</h3></div> <p>In 1951, American <a href="/wiki/John_Goddard_(adventurer)" title="John Goddard (adventurer)">John Goddard</a> together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, a journey of approximately 6,800 km (4,200 mi). Their 9-month journey is described in the book <i>Kayaks down the Nile</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The White Nile Expedition, led by South African national <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Coetzee" title="Hendrik Coetzee">Hendrik Coetzee</a>, navigated the White Nile's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi). The expedition began at the White Nile's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda, on 17 January 2004 and arrived at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, four and a half months later.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Nile_2">Blue Nile</h3></div> <p>The Blue Nile Expedition, led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner, kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first known people to descend the entire Blue Nile, from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean. Their approximately 5,230-kilometre (3,250 mi) journey took 114 days, from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004. Though their expedition included others, Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they descended <a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">whitewater</a> manually, the team used <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motors</a> for much of their journey. </p><p>On 29 January 2005, Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human-powered transit of Ethiopia's Blue Nile. Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) took five months. They recount that they paddled through two war zones, regions notorious for bandits, and were arrested at gunpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crossings">Crossings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossings_from_Khartoum_to_the_Mediterranean_Sea">Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>. In particular, appears to be random ordered list. is it going down river? if so, should so state.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nile" title="Talk:Nile">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/220px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/330px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG/440px-Kasr_Al_Nile_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>View of the Qasr El Nil Bridge in Cairo, with <a href="/wiki/Gezira_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezira Island">Gezira Island</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum,_Sudan_(32485465841)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/330px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg/440px-Khartoum%2C_Sudan_%2832485465841%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a> in Khartoum</figcaption></figure> <p>The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Nimir_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Nimir Bridge">Mac Nimir Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACT_2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Road_%26_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge">Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burri_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burri Bridge (page does not exist)">Burri Bridge</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmansheya_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmansheya Bridge">Elmansheya Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Salih_2023_a342_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salih_2023_a342-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a> Bridge</li></ul> <p>The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Nile_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Nile Bridge (page does not exist)">White Nile Bridge</a></li> <li>Victory Bridge, also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Fitihab_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Fitihab Bridge (page does not exist)">El Fitihab Bridge</a></li></ul> <p>The following bridges cross from Omdurman: to Khartoum North: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafaya_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafaya Bridge (page does not exist)">Hafaya Bridge</a></li></ul> <p>The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum state's three cities </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_2010_e185_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2010_e185-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (previously known as the Khartoum North-Tuti bridge)<sup id="cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACT_2010-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other bridges </p> <ul><li>Shandi Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a></li> <li>Atbarah Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Atbarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbarah">Atbarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merowe,_Sudan" title="Merowe, Sudan">Merowe</a></li> <li>Merowe Bridge, Merowe</li> <li>Aswan Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a></li> <li>Luxor Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li> <li>Suhag Bridge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhag,_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhag, Egypt (page does not exist)">Suhag</a></li> <li>Assiut Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Assiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiut">Assiut</a></li> <li>Al Minya Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a></li> <li>Al Marazeek Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a></li> <li>First Ring Road Bridge (Moneeb Crossing), <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li>Abbas Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>University Bridge, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Nil_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr al-Nil Bridge">Qasr al-Nil Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_October_Bridge" title="6th October Bridge">6th October Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulak_Bridge" title="Boulak Bridge">Abu El Ela Bridge</a>, Cairo (removed in 1998)</li> <li>New Abu El Ela Bridge, Cairo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbaba_Bridge" title="Imbaba Bridge">Imbaba Bridge</a>, Cairo</li> <li>Rod Elfarag Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>Second Ring Road Bridge, Cairo</li> <li>Banha Bridge, Banha</li> <li>Samanoud Bridge, Samanoud</li> <li>Mansoura 2 Bridges, <a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a></li> <li>Talkha Bridge, Talkha</li> <li>Shirbine high Bridge</li> <li>Shirbine Bridge</li> <li>Kafr Sad – Farscor Bridge</li> <li>International Coastal Road Bridge</li> <li>Damietta high Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li>Damietta Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a></li> <li>Kafr El Zayat Bridges, Kafr El Zayat</li> <li>Zefta Bridge, Zefta</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossings_from_Jinja,_Uganda_to_Khartoum"><span id="Crossings_from_Jinja.2C_Uganda_to_Khartoum"></span>Crossings from Jinja, Uganda to Khartoum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_Bridge" title="Source of the Nile Bridge">Source of the Nile Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinja_District" title="Jinja District">Jinja</a>, Uganda</li> <li>River Nile Railway Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Jinja_District" title="Jinja District">Jinja</a>, Uganda</li> <li>Nalubaale Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja, Uganda</a> (Formerly <a href="/wiki/Owen_Falls" title="Owen Falls">Owen Falls Bridge</a>)</li> <li>Karuma Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Karuma" title="Karuma">Karuma</a>, Uganda</li> <li>Pakwach Bridge, Uganda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station">Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Public_Works" title="Egyptian Public Works">Egyptian Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station">Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin" title="Water politics in the Nile Basin">Water politics in the Nile Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station">Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)" title="Orders of magnitude (length)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vid_Flumina" title="Vid Flumina">Vid Flumina</a>, a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn's moon Titan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War</a></i> (1899), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s second book, an account of steaming up the Nile to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a>, Sudan, in 1898</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-length-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-length_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The length of the Nile is usually said to be about 6,650 km (4,130 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-nile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but reported values lie anywhere between 5,499 km (3,417 mi) and 7,088 km (4,404 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measurements of many rivers' lengths are only approximations and may differ from each other because there are many factors that determine the calculated length of a river, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the technique used to measure length (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_systems_by_length" title="List of river systems by length">List of river systems by length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-river-source_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-river-source-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">النيل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-Nīl</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[an'niːl]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bohairic_Coptic" title="Bohairic Coptic">Bohairic Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲟ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cop-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pʰjaˈro]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luganda language">Luganda</a>: <i lang="lg">Kiira</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ki:ra]</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a>: <span title="Nobiin-language text"><i lang="fia">Áman Dawū</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F">"ⲓⲁⲣⲟ"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714075445/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E2%25B2%2593%25E2%25B2%2581%25E2%25B2%25A3%25E2%25B2%259F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinisch1879" class="citation book cs1">Reinisch, Leo (1879). <i>Die Nuba-Sprache. Grammatik und Texte. Nubisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Nubisches Wörterbuch Erster Theil. Zweiter Theil</i>. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Nuba-Sprache.+Grammatik+und+Texte.+Nubisch-Deutsches+und+Deutsch-Nubisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+Erster+Theil.+Zweiter+Theil&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Reinisch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-nile-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-nile_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415347/Nile-River">"Nile River"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429130526/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415347/Nile-River">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F415347%2FNile-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu-etal-river-length-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu-etal-river-length_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLuLiuJin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (1 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220473241">"Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world"</a>. <i>Int. J. Digital Earth</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 80–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJDE....2...80L">2009IJDE....2...80L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17538940902746082">10.1080/17538940902746082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27548511">27548511</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223211543/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220473241_Pinpointing_the_sources_and_measuring_the_lengths_of_the_principal_rivers_of_the_world">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Digital+Earth&rft.atitle=Pinpointing+the+sources+and+measuring+the+lengths+of+the+principal+rivers+of+the+world&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-87&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27548511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17538940902746082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IJDE....2...80L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shaochuang&rft.au=Lu%2C+P&rft.au=Liu%2C+D&rft.au=Jin%2C+P&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F220473241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmazonRiver-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmazonRiver_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815112238/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-amazon-river.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-amazon-length-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-amazon-length_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-long-is-the-amazon-river">"How Long Is the Amazon River?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224171204/https://www.britannica.com/story/how-long-is-the-amazon-river">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=How+Long+Is+the+Amazon+River%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-long-is-the-amazon-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said_3_x_3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_3_x_3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2012" class="citation book cs1">Said, R (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OKPBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Geological Evolution of the River Nile</i></a>. New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461258414" title="Special:BookSources/9781461258414"><bdi>9781461258414</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span> – via Google.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geological+Evolution+of+the+River+Nile&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9781461258414&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OKPBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-river-source-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-river-source_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091707/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/">"Where Does the Amazon River Begin?"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. 15 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Where+Does+the+Amazon+River+Begin%3F&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F140213-amazon-river-length-source-maps-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOloo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oloo, Adams (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/07_Oloo.pdf">"The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts: A Case for Eritrea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Sociological Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fasr.v11i1.51447">10.4314/asr.v11i1.51447</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927144920/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/07_Oloo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Cooperation+in+the+Nile+Water+Conflicts%3A+A+Case+for+Eritrea&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fasr.v11i1.51447&rft.aulast=Oloo&rft.aufirst=Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesria.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F07_Oloo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdl.handle-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdl.handle_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsanabary2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Elsanabary, Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa (2012). <i>Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin</i> (PhD thesis). Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7939%2FR3377641M">10.7939/R3377641M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10402%2Fera.28151">10402/era.28151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Teleconnection%2C+Modeling%2C+Climate+Anomalies+Impact+and+Forecasting+of+Rainfall+and+Streamflow+of+the+Upper+Blue+Nile+River+Basin&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10402%2Fera.28151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7939%2FR3377641M&rft.aulast=Elsanabary&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Helmy+Mahmoud+Moustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The river's outflow from that lake occurs at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nile&params=12_02_09_N_37_15_53_E_type:waterbody_region:ET"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°02′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°15′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.03583°N 37.26472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.03583; 37.26472</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Whats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile/articleshow/4027990.cms">"What's the Blue Nile and the White Nile?"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308001739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Whats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile/articleshow/4027990.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Blue+Nile+and+the+White+Nile%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fsunday-times%2FWhats-the-Blue-Nile-and-the-White-Nile%2Farticleshow%2F4027990.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margat-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margat_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargat,_Jean_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Margat, Jean F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ"><i>Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782951718159" title="Special:BookSources/9782951718159"><bdi>9782951718159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km<sup>2</sup>; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km<sup>2</sup> [...] There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m<sup>3</sup>/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Basin+Water+Atlas&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782951718159&rft.au=Margat%2C+Jean+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5CGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911695_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 695.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillel_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillel_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Hillel2007" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Hillel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ7apJDyYsgC&q=Coptic:+Iaro&pg=PA88"><i>The Natural History of the Bible: An Environmental Exploration of the Hebrew Scriptures</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13363-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13363-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13363-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+the+Bible%3A+An+Environmental+Exploration+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13363-0&rft.au=Daniel+Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJ7apJDyYsgC%26q%3DCoptic%3A%2BIaro%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Nile". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An overview is given by: Carles Múrcia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2025-2007/AuOr%2025-2007-2/2/U-2-5-Murcia-Nil-amazic.pdf">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Νεῖλος</span> : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304065941/http://www.aulaorientalis.org/AuOr%20escaneado/AuOr%2025-2007/AuOr%2025-2007-2/2/U-2-5-Murcia-Nil-amazic.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Aula Orientalis</i> <b>24</b>: 269–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goedicke-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goedicke_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goedicke_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Goedicke1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hans Goedicke (Spring 1979). "Νεῖλος - An Etymology". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 69–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F294226">10.2307/294226</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/294226">294226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=%CE%9D%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+-+An+Etymology&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-72&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F294226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F294226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hans+Goedicke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Τηθὺς δ᾽ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας,<br /> Νεῖλόν τ᾽ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην" (Hesiod, "Theogony", 337–338).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_Eken2012" class="citation web cs1">Marijke Eken (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mekenart.com/CMS/docs/7208_1368446952.pdf">"The origin of the word INDIGO and ANILA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mekenart.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153255/http://www.mekenart.com/CMS/docs/7208_1368446952.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mekenart.com&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+word+INDIGO+and+ANILA&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Marijke+Eken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekenart.com%2FCMS%2Fdocs%2F7208_1368446952.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lochnesswatergardens.com/blogs/pondblog/sacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile">"Sacred blue lily of the Nile"</a>. <i>Loch Ness Water Gardens</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153340/https://lochnesswatergardens.com/blogs/pondblog/sacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loch+Ness+Water+Gardens&rft.atitle=Sacred+blue+lily+of+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flochnesswatergardens.com%2Fblogs%2Fpondblog%2Fsacred-blue-lily-of-the-nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nile&allowed_in_frame=0">"Nile"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308080503/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nile&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNile%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Vycichl1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Werner Vycichl (January–December 1972). "L'origine du nom du Nil, Aegyptus". <i>Vita e Pensiero</i> (in French). <b>52</b> (1/4). Pubblicazioni dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore: 8–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vita+e+Pensiero&rft.atitle=L%27origine+du+nom+du+Nil%2C+Aegyptus&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=8-18&rft.date=1972-01%2F1972-12&rft.au=Werner+Vycichl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=120">"The Nile River"</a>. Nile Basin Initiative. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902204833/http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=120">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+River&rft.pub=Nile+Basin+Initiative&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilebasin.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D106%26Itemid%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527111237/http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=299&theme=2">"EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=299&theme=2">the original</a> on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EarthTrends%3A+The+Environmental+Information+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthtrends.wri.org%2Fmaps_spatial%2Fmaps_detail_static.php%3Fmap_select%3D299%26theme%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute">"Bridging the Gap in the Nile Waters Dispute"</a>. <i>Crisis Group</i>. 20 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418073900/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+Gap+in+the+Nile+Waters+Dispute&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fafrica%2Fhorn-africa%2Fethiopia%2F271-bridging-gap-nile-waters-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vijverberg,_Sibbing,_Dejen_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="292" class="citation book cs1">Vijverberg, Jacobus; Sibbing, Ferdinand A.; Dejen, Eshete (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523211656/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9%23citeas">"Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile"</a>. <i>Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile, in, The Nile</i>. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 89. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 163–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9">10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9726-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-9726-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lake+Tana%3A+Source+of+the+Blue+Nile&rft.btitle=Lake+Tana%3A+Source+of+the+Blue+Nile%2C+in%2C+The+Nile&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Monographiae+Biologicae&rft.pages=163-192&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9726-3&rft.aulast=Vijverberg&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft.au=Sibbing%2C+Ferdinand+A.&rft.au=Dejen%2C+Eshete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9726-3_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaileRientjesHabibJetten2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haile, A T; Rientjes, T H M; Habib, E; Jetten, V; Gebremichael, M (24 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1023/2011/">"Rain event properties at the source of the Blue Nile River"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 1023–1034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011HESS...15.1023H">2011HESS...15.1023H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-15-1023-2011">10.5194/hess-15-1023-2011</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523214122/https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1023/2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rain+event+properties+at+the+source+of+the+Blue+Nile+River&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1023-1034&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-15-1023-2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011HESS...15.1023H&rft.aulast=Haile&rft.aufirst=A+T&rft.au=Rientjes%2C+T+H+M&rft.au=Habib%2C+E&rft.au=Jetten%2C+V&rft.au=Gebremichael%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhess.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F15%2F1023%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2013" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Barry (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209221555/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html">"Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile"</a>. <i>Aljazeera</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Next+on+Egypt%27s+to-do%3A+Ethiopia+and+the+Nile&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2013%2F12%2Fnext-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morbach_et_al.-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morbach_et_al._33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morbach_et_al._33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorbachRibbePedroso2014" class="citation book cs1">Morbach, M; Ribbe, Lars; Pedroso, Lui (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523203455/https://paste.pics/41768bbd88a96572dcba6c609e71d6ce">"Supporting the Development of Efficient and Effective River Basin Organisations in Africa: What Steps Can Be Taken to Improve Transboundary Water Cooperation Between Riparian States of the Nile?"</a>. In Melesse, Assefa M.; Setegn, Shimelis G.; Abtew, Wossenu (eds.). <i>Nile River Basin Ecohydrological Challenges, Climate Change and Hydropolitics</i>. Springer International Publishing (published 13 February 2014). p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319027203" title="Special:BookSources/9783319027203"><bdi>9783319027203</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEa9BAAAQBAJ&dq=Luvironza+River+source+of+Nile&pg=PA600">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supporting+the+Development+of+Efficient+and+Effective+River+Basin+Organisations+in+Africa%3A+What+Steps+Can+Be+Taken+to+Improve+Transboundary+Water+Cooperation+Between+Riparian+States+of+the+Nile%3F&rft.btitle=Nile+River+Basin+Ecohydrological+Challenges%2C+Climate+Change+and+Hydropolitics&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783319027203&rft.aulast=Morbach&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ribbe%2C+Lars&rft.au=Pedroso%2C+Lui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrEa9BAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLuvironza%2BRiver%2Bsource%2Bof%2BNile%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-core.ac.uk/Aziz-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-core.ac.uk/Aziz_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz,_Yehia_Abdel" class="citation web cs1">Aziz, Yehia Abdel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523195629/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6764832.pdf">"Irrigation Management Transfer: Development and Turnover to Private Water User Associations in Egypt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>core.ac.uk, USAID·assisted Irrigation Improvement Project. Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (MPWWR), Cairo, Egypt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6764832.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=core.ac.uk%2C+USAID%C2%B7assisted+Irrigation+Improvement+Project.+Ministry+of+Public+Works+and+Water+Resources+%28MPWWR%29%2C+Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.atitle=Irrigation+Management+Transfer%3A+Development+and+Turnover+to+Private+Water+User+Associations+in+Egypt&rft.au=Aziz%2C+Yehia+Abdel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F6764832.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Described in <i><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Lumley" title="Joanna Lumley">Joanna Lumley</a>'s Nile</i>, 7 pm to 8 pm, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, 12 August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/734885/Journey-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html">"Journey to the source of the Nile"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503050656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/734885/Journey-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Journey+to+the+source+of+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Factivityandadventure%2F734885%2FJourney-to-the-source-of-the-Nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabic <i>bahr</i> can refer to either seas or large rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911693-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst_H.E.2011" class="citation web cs1">Hurst H.E.; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ielrc.org/content/a0509.pdf">"The Nile Basins |volume 1 The Hydrology of the Blue Nile and Akbara and the Main Nile to Aswan, with some Reference to the Projects Nile control Dept. paper 12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cairo: Government Printing office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726172514/http://www.ielrc.org/content/a0509.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Basins+%26%23124%3Bvolume+1+The+Hydrology+of+the+Blue+Nile+and+Akbara+and+the+Main+Nile+to+Aswan%2C+with+some+Reference+to+the+Projects+Nile+control+Dept.+paper+12&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Government+Printing+office&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Hurst+H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ielrc.org%2Fcontent%2Fa0509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._V._Sutcliffe_&_Y.P._Parks1999" class="citation book cs1">J. V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124102107/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0161.pdf">"12"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Hydrology of the Nile</i>. IAHS Special Publication no. 5. p. 161. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0161.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=The+Hydrology+of+the+Nile&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=IAHS+Special+Publication+no.+5&rft.date=1999&rft.au=J.+V.+Sutcliffe+%26+Y.P.+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiahs.info%2Fbluebooks%2FSP005%2FBB_005_0161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternAbdelsalam1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Robert J.; Abdelsalam, Mohamed Gamal (1996). "The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR-C/X-SAR Imaginary". <i>Science</i>. <b>274</b> (5293): 1696–1698. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...274.1696S">1996Sci...274.1696S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.274.5293.1696">10.1126/science.274.5293.1696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8939856">8939856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30460159">30460159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Great+Bend+of+the+Nile+from+SIR-C%2FX-SAR+Imaginary&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=5293&rft.pages=1696-1698&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.274.5293.1696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30460159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8939856&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...274.1696S&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Abdelsalam%2C+Mohamed+Gamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVII Chapter 1 (§§ 1‑10)"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013061712/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+XVII+Chapter+1+%28%C2%A7%C2%A7+1%E2%80%9110%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F17A1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hani-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hani_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanibal_Lemma2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hanibal Lemma, and colleagues (2019). "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. <b>577</b>: 123968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2019.123968">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199099061">199099061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Bedload+transport+measurements+in+the+Gilgel+Abay+River%2C+Lake+Tana+Basin%2C+Ethiopia+%28Table+7%29&rft.volume=577&rft.pages=123968&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2019.123968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199099061%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanibal+Lemma&rft.aufirst=and+colleagues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100350/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81566">"Egyptian Dust Plume, Red Sea"</a>. <i>earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i>. 8 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/81566/egyptian-dust-plume-red-sea">the original</a> on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Dust+Plume%2C+Red+Sea&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F81566%2Fegyptian-dust-plume-red-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">BGN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">PCGN</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Romanization System for Amharic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 1967. Hosted at the <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>, 2013. Accessed 28 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BGN/PCGN</span></span> romanization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River">"Blue Nile River | river, Africa"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801185437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blue+Nile+River+%7C+river%2C+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBlue-Nile-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall et al.,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf">"Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Pleistocene+and+Holocene+environmental+and+climatic+change+from+Lake+Tana%2C+source+of+the+Blue+Nile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holivar2006.org%2Fabstracts%2Fpdf%2FT1-026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81186">"Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day"</a>. <i>earthobservatory.nasa.gov</i>. 26 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415093951/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81186">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Two+Niles+Meet+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D81186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2002" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC"><i>Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa</i></a>. Springer. pp. 276, 287–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X"><bdi>1-4020-0866-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222900/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+and+Water+Resources+of+Africa&rft.pages=276%2C+287-288&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0866-X&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmdYFTlcSgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426">"Sobat River"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sobat+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Library+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9068426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeding2000" class="citation book cs1">Keding, B. (2000). "New data on the Holocene occupation of the Wadi Howar region (Eastern Sahara/Sudan)". In Krzyzaniak, L.; Kroeper, K.; Kobusiewicz, M. (eds.). <i>Recent research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa</i>. Studies in African Archaeology. Vol. 7. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Museum. pp. 89–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-907529-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-907529-6-4"><bdi>83-907529-6-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+data+on+the+Holocene+occupation+of+the+Wadi+Howar+region+%28Eastern+Sahara%2FSudan%29&rft.btitle=Recent+research+into+the+Stone+Age+of+Northeastern+Africa&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.series=Studies+in+African+Archaeology&rft.pages=89-104&rft.pub=Pozna%C5%84+Archaeological+Museum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=83-907529-6-4&rft.aulast=Keding&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmignani,_LuigiSalvini,_RiccardoBonciani,_Filippo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carmignani, Luigi; Salvini, Riccardo; Bonciani, Filippo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256483636">"Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene?"</a>. <i>Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana (Italian Journal of Geoscience)</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 403–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3301%2FIJG.2009.128.2.403">10.3301/IJG.2009.128.2.403</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bollettino+della+Societa+Geologica+Italiana+%28Italian+Journal+of+Geoscience%29&rft.atitle=Did+the+Nile+River+flow+to+the+Gulf+of+Sirt+during+the+late+Miocene%3F&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-408&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3301%2FIJG.2009.128.2.403&rft.au=Carmignani%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Salvini%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Bonciani%2C+Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256483636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvini,_RiccardoCarmignani,_LuigiFrancionib,_MirkoCasazzaa,_Paolo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Salvini, Riccardo; Carmignani, Luigi; Francionib, Mirko; Casazzaa, Paolo (2015). "Elevation modelling and palaeo-environmental interpretation in the Siwa area (Egypt): Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO-SkyMed imagery". <i>Catena</i>. <b>129</b>: 46–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Caten.129...46S">2015Caten.129...46S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2015.02.017">10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F20327">10871/20327</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Elevation+modelling+and+palaeo-environmental+interpretation+in+the+Siwa+area+%28Egypt%29%3A+Application+of+SAR+interferometry+and+radargrammetry+to+COSMO-SkyMed+imagery&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=46-62&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F20327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2015.02.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Caten.129...46S&rft.au=Salvini%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Carmignani%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Francionib%2C+Mirko&rft.au=Casazzaa%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago, it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones. The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">years ago</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster,_Mathieu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schuster, Mathieu; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51372753">"The age of the Sahara desert"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5762): 821. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1120161">10.1126/science.1120161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469920">16469920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206508108">206508108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Sahara+desert&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5762&rft.pages=821&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206508108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16469920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1120161&rft.au=Schuster%2C+Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51372753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheisha,_Hader2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sheisha, Hader (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">"Nile waterscapes facilitated the construction of the Giza pyramids during the 3rd millennium BCE"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>119</b> (37): e2202530119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11902530S">2022PNAS..11902530S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119">10.1073/pnas.2202530119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9477388">9477388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037388">36037388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Nile+waterscapes+facilitated+the+construction+of+the+Giza+pyramids+during+the+3rd+millennium+BCE&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=e2202530119&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36037388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2202530119&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11902530S&rft.au=Sheisha%2C+Hader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9477388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solis-Moreira_2022-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solis-Moreira_2022_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolis-Moreira2022" class="citation web cs1">Solis-Moreira, Jocelyn (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/ancient-egypt-pyramids-construction-khufu-branch/">"A dried-up arm of the Nile provides another clue to how Egyptians built the pyramids"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=A+dried-up+arm+of+the+Nile+provides+another+clue+to+how+Egyptians+built+the+pyramids&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Solis-Moreira&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fenvironment%2Fancient-egypt-pyramids-construction-khufu-branch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushdi_Said-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushdi_Said_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_Said" title="Rushdi Said">Said, Rushdi</a> (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekjgBAAAQBAJ&q=Nile"><i>The River Nile Geology, Hydrology and Utilization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Ebook)</span> (22 October 2013 ed.). Elsevier Science (published 1993). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483287683" title="Special:BookSources/9781483287683"><bdi>9781483287683</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530130718/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekjgBAAAQBAJ&q=Nile">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Nile+Geology%2C+Hydrology+and+Utilization&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=22+October+2013&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=9781483287683&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Rushdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekjgBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DNile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said/chapter/10.1007-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said/chapter/10.1007_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1976" class="citation book cs1">Said, R (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210523173149/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_1%23citeas">"The Geological Evolution of the River Nile in Egypt"</a>. In Rzóska, J. (ed.). <i>The Nile, Biology of an Ancient River</i>. Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 29. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1">10.1007/978-94-010-1563-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-1563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-1563-9"><bdi>978-94-010-1563-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geological+Evolution+of+the+River+Nile+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Nile%2C+Biology+of+an+Ancient+River&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Monographiae+Biologicae&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-010-1563-9_1&rft.isbn=978-94-010-1563-9&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-94-010-1563-9_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren2006-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warren2006_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2006" class="citation book cs1">Warren, John (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr"><i>Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons</i></a></span>. Berlin: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr/page/352">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-26011-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-26011-0"><bdi>3-540-26011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evaporites%3A+Sediments%2C+Resources+and+Hydrocarbons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-540-26011-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevaporitessedime0000warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmoudi2008-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahmoudi2008_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_MahmoudiGabr2008" class="citation journal cs1">El Mahmoudi, A.; Gabr, A. (2008). "Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt". <i>Arabian Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 53–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12517-008-0018-9">10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-7511">1866-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128432827">128432827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Geophysical+surveys+to+investigate+the+relation+between+the+Quaternary+Nile+channels+and+the+Messinian+Nile+canyon+at+East+Nile+Delta%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-67&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128432827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1866-7511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12517-008-0018-9&rft.aulast=El+Mahmoudi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Gabr%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Embabi2018-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Embabi2018_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbabi2018" class="citation book cs1">Embabi, N.S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8">"Remarkable Events in the Life of the River Nile"</a>. <i>Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt</i>. World Geomorphological Landscapes. pp. 39–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8_4">10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65659-5"><bdi>978-3-319-65659-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-7538">1866-7538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remarkable+Events+in+the+Life+of+the+River+Nile&rft.btitle=Landscapes+and+Landforms+of+Egypt&rft.series=World+Geomorphological+Landscapes&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1866-7538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-65659-5&rft.aulast=Embabi&rft.aufirst=N.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-65661-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osypiński-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osypiński_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsypińskiOsypińskaGautier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">"Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan"</a></span>. <i>Journal of African Archaeology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 177–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186">10.3213/2191-5784-10186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-1651">1612-1651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">43135549</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7787802958">7787802958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161078189">161078189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801080857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Affad+23%2C+a+Late+Middle+Palaeolithic+Site+With+Refitted+Lithics+and+Animal+Remains+in+the+Southern+Dongola+Reach%2C+Sudan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7787802958&rft.issn=1612-1651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161078189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Osypi%C5%84ska%2C+Marta&rft.au=Gautier%2C+Achilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said1981-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Said1981_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, R. (1981). <i>The geological evolution of the River Nile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW1980-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WW1980_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, M.A.J.; Williams, F. (1980). <i>Evolution of Nile Basin</i>. In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure (eds). <i>The Sahara and the Nile</i>. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 207–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salama1987-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salama1987_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalama,_R.B.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Salama, R.B. (1987). "The evolution of the River Nile, The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan". <i>Journal of African Earth Sciences</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 899–913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0899-5362%2887%2990049-2">10.1016/0899-5362(87)90049-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+River+Nile%2C+The+buried+saline+rift+lakes+in+Sudan&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=899-913&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0899-5362%2887%2990049-2&rft.au=Salama%2C+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salama1997-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salama1997_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salama, R.B. (1997). <i>Rift Basins of Sudan. African Basins, Sedimentary Basins of the World. 3.</i> Edited by R.C. Selley (Series Editor K.J. Hsu) pp. 105–149. ElSevier, Amsterdam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1998" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/hymn-nile.asp">"Hymn To The Nile"</a>. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hymn+To+The+Nile&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1998-05&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fancient%2Fhymn-nile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpringerMorris2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpringerMorris2010_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringerNeil_Morris2010" class="citation book cs1">Springer, Lisa; Neil Morris (2010). <i>Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3589-4"><bdi>978-1-4358-3589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Culture+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-3589-4&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Neil+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarstinCana1911698_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarstinCana1911">Garstin & Cana 1911</a>, p. 698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius, <i>de Architectura</i>, VII.2.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THE_TRAVELS_OF_JOHN_DE_MARIGNOLLI_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/marignolli.html"><i>Sir Henry Yule, Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China Vol. II (1913–16)</i></a>. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 209–269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122140845/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/marignolli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Yule%2C+Cathay+and+the+way+thither%3A+being+a+collection+of+medieval+notices+of+China+Vol.+II+%281913%E2%80%9316%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209-269&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fmarignolli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hg5BAQAAMAAJ">Dizionario biografico universale</a>, Volume 5, by Felice Scifoni, Publisher Davide Passagli, Florence (1849); page 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3cvAQAAMAAJ">Ten Centuries of European Progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3cvAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 30 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Lowis D'Aguilar Jalkson (1893) pages 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Travels_to_Discover_the_Source_of_the_Nile" title="Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile">Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Ethiopia</i>, circa 1622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta</i>, 1660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mundus Subterraneus</i>, 1664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Present State of Egypt</i>, 1678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Whiteway, editor and translator, <i>The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441–1543</i>, 1902. (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1967), p. 241. Referring to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>De Republica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/republic6.html#19">6.19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214358/http://attalus.org/translate/republic6.html#19">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn5a.html#51">5.(10).51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2002" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC"><i>Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa</i></a>. Springer. pp. 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-0866-X"><bdi>1-4020-0866-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222900/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+and+Water+Resources+of+Africa&rft.pages=286-287&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0866-X&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmdYFTlcSgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">"Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230928/https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. October 1933. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> (short article on top-right of page with map).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorriceAllan1959" class="citation journal cs1">Morrice, H.A.W.; Allan, W N. (1959). "Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley". <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 101–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fiicep.1959.11963">10.1680/iicep.1959.11963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Planning+for+the+ultimate+hydraulic+development+of+the+Nile+Valley&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-156&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fiicep.1959.11963&rft.aulast=Morrice&rft.aufirst=H.A.W.&rft.au=Allan%2C+W+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1957" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, M.P. (1957). "Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations". <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B</i>. <b>19</b>: 223. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2983815">2983815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society%2C+Series+B&rft.atitle=Comment+on+the+Nile+Valley+Calculations&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2983815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett, <i>Analysis by Simulation: Programming Techniques for a High-Speed Digital Computer</i>, in Arthur Maas <i>et al.</i>, <i>Design of Water Resource Systems</i>, pp. 324–390, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Peace_for_the_Nile,_2009_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf">Blue Peace for the Nile, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908163426/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf">Archived</a> 8 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Report by Strategic Foresight Group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Decian (9 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html">"For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Thousands+of+Years%2C+Egypt+Controlled+the+Nile.+A+New+Dam+Threatens+That&rft.date=2020-02-09&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Decian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile-river-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627132253/http://www.nilebasin.org/aboutUs.htm">"The Nile Basin Initiative"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/aboutUs.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Basin+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilebasin.org%2FaboutUs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambanis2010" class="citation news cs1">Cambanis, Thanassis (25 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26nile.html?_r=1&ref=world">"Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004209/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26nile.html?_r=1&ref=world">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Egypt+and+Thirsty+Neighbors+Are+at+Odds+Over+Nile&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F26nile.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled <i>The Longest River</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They chronicled their adventure with an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> camera and two handheld video cams, sharing their story in the IMAX film <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_the_Nile" title="Mystery of the Nile">Mystery of the Nile</a></i> released in 2005, and in a book of the same title.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Tanner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marktanner.com/niletrip/about.html">Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101203027/http://marktanner.com/niletrip/about.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PACT_2010-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACT_2010_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolicy_Assessment,_Consultancy_&_Training_(PACT)_2010" class="citation report cs1">Policy Assessment, Consultancy & Training (PACT) (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/Socioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf">Socio-Economic Study of Business Opportunities and Support Services for DDR Participants in Khartoum State</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP). p. 223. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226173441/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/arabstates/Socioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Socio-Economic+Study+of+Business+Opportunities+and+Support+Services+for+DDR+Participants+in+Khartoum+State&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme+%28UNDP%29&rft.date=2010-08&rft.au=Policy+Assessment%2C+Consultancy+%26+Training+%28PACT%29+&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fzskgke326%2Ffiles%2Fmigration%2Farabstates%2FSocioeconomic-DDR-Khartoum-State-V1---W2003--30September2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_Radio_TV_Online_2023_d272_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/the-battle-for-khartoums-bridges">"The battle over Khartoum's bridges"</a>. <i>Dabanga Radio TV Online</i>. 14 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810092505/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/the-battle-for-khartoums-bridges">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=The+battle+over+Khartoum%27s+bridges&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fthe-battle-for-khartoums-bridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salih_2023_a342-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salih_2023_a342_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalih2023" class="citation web cs1">Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (18 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/sudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage">"Sudan conflict: warring sides blame each other for strike on key bridge"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810092505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/18/sudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sudan+conflict%3A+warring+sides+blame+each+other+for+strike+on+key+bridge&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft.aulast=Salih&rft.aufirst=Zeinab+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fnov%2F18%2Fsudan-conflict-strike-damages-dam-bridge-in-latest-key-infrastructure-damage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_2010_e185-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2010_e185_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2010" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Lucy (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10121573">"Sudan's Nile Island joins the 21st Century"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930184149/https://www.bbc.com/news/10121573">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+Nile+Island+joins+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F10121573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarstinCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Garstin" title="William Garstin">Garstin, William E.</a>; Cana, Frank R. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nile"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nile">"Nile" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–699.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nile&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=692-699&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Garstin&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogan1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Grogan" title="Ewart Grogan">Grogan, Ewart S.</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Nile as I saw it"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Nile_as_I_saw_it">"The Nile as I saw it" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 809–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nile+as+I+saw+it&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=809-16&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=Ewart+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (2011). <i>Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14935-7">978-0-300-14935-7</a></li> <li>Moorehead, Alan, "The White Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1960; revised and illustrated edition, 1971). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the White Nile (Harper & Row, 1967)</li> <li>Moorehead, Alan, "The Blue Nile" (Hamish Hamilton, 1962; revised and illustrated edition, 1972). Abridged illustrated edition, as The Story of the Blue Nile (Harper & Row, 1966)</li> <li>Tvedt, Terje, ed. <i>The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age: Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries</i> (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 293 pages; studies of the river's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era; includes research by scholars from Burundi, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.</li> <li>Tvedt, Terje, (2004) "The Nile: An Annotated Bibliography", London/New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860648793" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860648793">978-1860648793</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Egypt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/100px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/150px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/200px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Egyptian_antiquities" title="List of museums of Egyptian antiquities">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/32px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Ancient Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egypt">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Outline of ancient Egypt">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Egypt">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/21px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/42px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia" title="Portal:Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/21px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/42px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uganda" title="Portal:Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:DRC">DRC</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3392#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3392#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429432">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242174/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8JPxpTPfkhqpkxQQXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042339-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091951">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil (Burundi / Égypte ; cours d'eau)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153014074">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil (cours d'eau)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639934">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil (Burundi / Égypte ; cours d'eau)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153014074">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil (cours d'eau)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119639934">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628842">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil (řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge171389&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452158">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nil"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000677397&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531410805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727172">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027641805">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span 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[\"CITEREFGrogan1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaileRientjesHabibJetten2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalsall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanibal_Lemma2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_Goedicke1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurst_H.E.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._V._Sutcliffe_\u0026amp;_Y.P._Parks1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeding2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuLuLiuJin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargat,_Jean_F.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijke_Eken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorbachRibbePedroso2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorriceAllan1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOloo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsypińskiOsypińskaGautier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolicy_Assessment,_Consultancy_\u0026amp;_Training_(PACT)_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinisch1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalama,_R.B.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalih2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvini,_RiccardoCarmignani,_LuigiFrancionib,_MirkoCasazzaa,_Paolo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster,_Mathieu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahin2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSheisha,_Hader2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolis-Moreira2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpringerNeil_Morris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternAbdelsalam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner_Vycichl1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYule\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Egypt topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Confusing section\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 4,\n [\"Copy edit\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 31,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Egypt topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Fix\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-cop\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-lg\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox river\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","24.6"],["?","300","23.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.6"],["(for generator)","60","4.6"],["type","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["getmetatable \u003Cmw.lua:66\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.1"],["date","40","3.1"],["[others]","280","21.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-75b4cd9cb5-tkdh2","timestamp":"20241126045402","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nile","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nile","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3392","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3392","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-26T19:43:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T04:53:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Cairo_skyline%2C_Panoramic_view%2C_Egypt.jpg","headline":"major river in northeastern Africa"}</script> </body> </html>