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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegetation and ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vegetation_and_ecosystem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vegetation and ecosystem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vegetation_and_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jonglei_diversion_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jonglei_diversion_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Jonglei diversion canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jonglei_diversion_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="بحر الجبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر الجبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Суд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%93%9C" title="수드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93" title="ביצת סוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצת סוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadd" title="Sadd – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sadd" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudas" title="Sudas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="スッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4" title="Судд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud" title="Sud – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sud" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Суд (мочвара) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суд (мочвара)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd_(tr%C3%A4skmark)" title="Sudd (träskmark) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sudd (träskmark)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonyd%C3%AFt" title="Tonydït – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Tonydït" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4" title="Судд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Судд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sudd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%BC%E6%BE%A4" title="蘇德沼澤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇德沼澤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q654544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sudd&params=8_N_31_E_type:landmark_dim:249km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°N</span> <span class="longitude">31°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8°N 31°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8; 31</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swamp in South Sudan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Sudd</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudd_swamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sudd_swamp.jpg/272px-Sudd_swamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sudd_swamp.jpg/408px-Sudd_swamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sudd_swamp.jpg/544px-Sudd_swamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="639" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sudd Swamp from space, May 1993. This photograph was taken during the driest time of the year</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudd_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sudd_location_map.svg/272px-Sudd_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sudd_location_map.svg/408px-Sudd_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sudd_location_map.svg/544px-Sudd_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of the Sudd in South Sudan</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">flooded grasslands and savannas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">57,000 km<sup>2</sup> (22,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">South Sudan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sudd&params=8_N_31_E_type:landmark_dim:249km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°N</span> <span class="longitude">31°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8°N 31°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8; 31</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_5e39c131a5dae4b380d9e9e59cd59b9529316a3f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sudd&revid=1253028608&groups=_5e39c131a5dae4b380d9e9e59cd59b9529316a3f" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Sudd&revid=1253028608&groups=_5e39c131a5dae4b380d9e9e59cd59b9529316a3f 2x" alt="Map" /></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 2006</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1622<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantanal_Sudd,_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg/300px-Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg/450px-Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg/600px-Pantanal_Sudd%2C_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the swamp around the time of the wet season</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sudd</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sudd</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a>: Toc) is a vast <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, formed by the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Nile">Baḥr al-Jabal</a></i> section. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sudd</i></span></i> is derived from <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sadd</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:سد">سد</a></span></span>), meaning "barrier"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "obstruction".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "the sudd" has come to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island or mat. The area which the swamp covers is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> and the largest freshwater wetland in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin" title="Nile Basin">Nile Basin</a>. </p><p>For many years the swamp, and especially its thicket of vegetation, proved an impenetrable barrier to navigation along the Nile. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> failed to penetrate the Sudd and reach the areas south of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumont2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumont2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 61, <a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile">a party of Roman soldiers</a> sent by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> proceeded up the White Nile but were not able to get beyond the Sudd, which marked the limit of Roman penetration into <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">equatorial Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same reasons in later times, the <a href="/wiki/Nile#European_search_for_the_source" title="Nile">search for the source of the Nile</a> was particularly difficult; it eventually involved overland expeditions from the central African coast, so as to avoid having to travel through the Sudd. </p><p>In 2019, a study suggested that increased water flows into the Sudd may be partly causing up to a third of the whole <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> rise in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a> levels over the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sudd stretches from <a href="/wiki/Mongalla,_South_Sudan" title="Mongalla, South Sudan">Mongalla</a> to just outside the <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a> <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the White Nile just upstream of <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a> as well as westwards along the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr el Ghazal</a>. The shallow and flat <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">inland delta</a> lies between 5.5 and 9.5 degrees latitude north and covers an area of 500 kilometres (310 mi) south to north and 200 kilometres (120 mi) east to west between Mongalla in the south and Malakal in the north. </p><p>Its size is highly variable, averaging over 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi). During the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> it may extend to over 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi) comprising 21% of the country, depending on the inflowing waters, with the discharge from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> being the main control factor of flood levels and area inundation. Since the Sudd area consists of various <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meandering</a> channels, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, reed and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> fields and loses half of its inflowing water through <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> in the permanent and seasonal floodplains, the complex hydrology has many primary and secondary effects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major feature of the area, is the incomplete <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_Canal" title="Jonglei Canal">Jonglei Canal</a>, which was planned to bypass waters from the Sudd to avoid evaporation losses and increase the amount of water discharged at the outlet of the Sudd. </p><p>From 1961 to 1963, a great increase in the flooded area occurred when the level of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> rose, and the outflow increased. The total area of the Sudd is related to the amount of water reaching <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a> from the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile#Albert_Nile" title="White Nile">Albert Nile</a> and from torrents or seasonal watercourses that can add substantial amounts to the flow in the upstream end of the Sudd. During the 1960s increase in Lake Victoria discharge, where flows at Mongalla roughly doubled, the flows at Malakal at the northern end of the swamps increased by 1.5 times the previous average flow. As a consequence of these high flows, the areas of permanent swamp and seasonal floodplains have, taken together, increased to 2.5 times their former size. The swamps have increased the most, and the seasonal floodplain is 1.5 times its previous size.<sup id="cite_ref-mefit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mefit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Settlement on Sudd flooded grassland</figcaption></figure> <p>From the southern inflow of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile#In_South_Sudan" title="White Nile">Bahr al Jabal</a> ("Sea of the Mountain") at Mongalla, the defined riverbed successively widens into a floodplain, where the waters flow in meandering river stretches and various channels and lagoons throughout the dry season. With rising water levels it expands over the semi-flooded grasslands during the flood season. </p><p>Slightly downstream of Bor, the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Zeraf" title="Bahr el Zeraf">Bahr el Zeraf</a> ("Sea of the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffes</a>") river branches off the Bahr al Jabal to the east, diverting part of the flow, and again joins the Bahr al Jabal just before reaching Malakal. During the course of its flow, the Bahr al Jabal passes <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr el Ghazal</a> ("Sea of the <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazelles</a>") connects to the Bahr al Jabal, contributing an inflow with seasonal variation. At Malakal, the Sobat River joins into the system. The combined flows then stream to the north as the White Nile in a defined bed, joining with the Blue Nile waters at Khartoum to form the main Nile. </p><p>Sudd was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland of International Importance</a> in 2006. An area of 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) was designated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydrologically the Sudd plays an important role in storing floodwaters and trapping <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> from the Bahr al Jabal. Roughly 55% of water entering the area is lost to evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-baecher_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baecher-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water levels fluctuate by up to 1.5 metres, depending on the intensity of seasonal flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-mefit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mefit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region receives less rainfall (typically between 55 and 65 centimetres per year) than neighbouring areas at the same latitude. <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">Orographic lifting</a> on the eastern and western sides of the Sudd contribute to that condition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geomorphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphology of the area is defined by the channel and lagoon system of the permanent Sudd swamps, the adjacent flood plains, and the surrounding flat terrain. The Bahr al Jabal runs to the north-northwest and therefore in an angle to the gradient of the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>, which slopes down to the north, while north of <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> the river flows in an incised trough. The banks of this trough decrease in height from south to north with the Bahr al Jabal approaching Bor and ending in the Sudd flood plain just north of Bor on the eastern bank and towards Shambe on the western bank. In the southern part, the river meanders from side to side in the restraining trough in one or more channels, but further north the swamp is not limited by higher ground and the system of river channels becomes increasingly complex. The characteristics of the river with its network of channels and lagoons are distinguishable in satellite imagery and digital elevation models. </p><p>The geology of the area is defined by heavy clay soils, highly <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">impermeable</a> with a top layer of "black cotton" <a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">vertisol</a> of approximately 500 mm on average. Sandy soils are found only at depths of approximately 30 metres (98 ft) and below, as determined by well drilling profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates a very limited groundwater influence on the area's hydrology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> pastoralists use the Sudd and the surrounding areas extensively. Livestock and rain-fed agriculture are the dominant means of support for the largely rural population for which the seasonal flooded grasslands along the Sudd provides valuable grazing lands.<sup id="cite_ref-baecher_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baecher-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetation_and_ecosystem">Vegetation and ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vegetation and ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vegetation cover of the area can generally be classified in five categories which depend on the elevation of the area above river flood level: the lakes and rivers, the floating plant life of the swamp, river-flooded grasslands (Toic), rain-flooded grasslands, and wooded grasslands on the fringes. Grassland and woodland areas have been cultivated by local populations. </p><p>The density of the grasslands along the Sudd changes with the season, with tall grass in the rainy season and short dry grass in the dry season, when frequent fires also occur. The fluvial area is mostly overgrown with vegetation, with some main and side channels as well as lagoons of open water. The vegetation distribution is described in further detail in Sutcliffe (1974) and Petersen (2007). The main species are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phragmites communis">Phragmites communis</a></i> (shallow flooded, buried roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_pyramidalis" title="Echinochloa pyramidalis">Echinochloa pyramidalis</a></i> (shallow flooded, buried roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_barthii" title="Oryza barthii">Oryza barthii</a></i> (shallow flooded, buried roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_stagnina" title="Echinochloa stagnina">Echinochloa stagnina</a></i> (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vossia_cuspidata" title="Vossia cuspidata">Vossia cuspidata</a></i> (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a></i> (deep flooded, superficial/floating roots)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Typha_domingensis" title="Typha domingensis">Typha domingensis</a></i></li></ul> <p>The first three species are anchored so their distribution is limited to the depth of flooding. For the last species their root system needs to be permanently in water or saturated soil, which is a good indicator of flood patterns. <i>P. communis</i>, <i>E. pyramidalis</i> and <i>O. barthii</i> for example dominate only in areas where the depth of flooding does not exceed 130 cm over a period of ten years or 118 cm for one month in the year. </p><p>Floating vegetation of <i>C. papyrus</i> had caused blockages in the Sudd swamps on a number of occasions between 1879 and 1900, when the plants were torn out by increased flooding. <i>C. papyrus</i> needs saturated conditions and can tolerate flooding that is not more than 150 cm deep.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the matted vegetation breaks free of its moorings, it forms floating islands of vegetation up to 30 km in length. Such islands, in varying stages of decomposition, eventually break up. </p><p>Historically, the fully floating <a href="/wiki/Pistia" title="Pistia">Nile cabbage</a> (<i>Pistia stratiotes</i>) was an important plant in the Sudd, but it has largely been replaced by the invasive <a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes" title="Pontederia crassipes">water hyacinth</a> (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Green2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sluggish waters are host to a large population of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Including several diverse aquatic habitats like swamps, lakes, channels and floodplains, the Sudd is rich in fish. Some 70 species have been recorded, and this mostly involves fish that are found in much of the Nile system such as <a href="/wiki/Marbled_lungfish" title="Marbled lungfish">marbled lungfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypterus_senegalus" title="Polypterus senegalus">Senegal bichir</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_arowana" title="African arowana">African arowana</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mormyrus_caschive" title="Mormyrus caschive">Mormyrus caschive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nile_carp" title="Nile carp">Nile carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango_tilapia" title="Mango tilapia">mango tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbelly_tilapia" title="Redbelly tilapia">redbelly tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile_perch" title="Nile perch">Nile perch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Distichodus" title="Distichodus">Distichodus</a> rostratus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocynus_forskahlii" title="Hydrocynus forskahlii">elongate tigerfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alestidae" title="Alestidae">African tetras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus" title="Clarias gariepinus">African sharptooth catfish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Synodontis_frontosus" title="Synodontis frontosus">Synodontis frontosus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Synodontis_schall" title="Synodontis schall">S. schall</a></i> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2009_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the few <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemics</a> of the Sudd system are <i><a href="/wiki/Clarias" title="Clarias">Clarias</a> engelseni</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enteromius_yeiensis" title="Enteromius yeiensis">Enteromius yeiensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nothobranchius" title="Nothobranchius">Nothobranchius</a> nubaensis</i>, <i>N. virgatus</i> and two apparently <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_taxon" title="Undescribed taxon">undescribed species</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Enteromius" title="Enteromius">Enteromius</a></i>, and the fish fauna in significant sections still has not been properly studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 400 species of bird are found in the Sudd, including <a href="/wiki/Shoebill" title="Shoebill">shoebills</a> (a stronghold for the species with several thousand individuals), <a href="/wiki/Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">great white pelicans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_crowned_crane" title="Black crowned crane">black crowned cranes</a>. The Sudd provides food and water to large populations of <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrating birds</a>. As the surrounding landscape is a large swath of dry <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> across Africa, the swamp is also a haven for <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrating</a> mammals, especially <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">bohor reedbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">sitatunga</a> (the most aquatic antelope of the Sudd, mostly inhabiting permanent swampland), the endangered <a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe</a> (not in permanent swampland, but generally near the water's edge and often walking in shallow water), and the <a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">white-eared kob</a> (further away from the permanent swampland).<sup id="cite_ref-Green2009_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White-eared kob, <a href="/wiki/Tiang_(antelope)" title="Tiang (antelope)">tiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle</a> take part in one of the largest mammal migrations on Earth, numbering about 1.2 million individuals in total.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shallow water is frequented by <a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>. In more upland areas the Sudd was known as an historic habitat for the endangered <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">painted hunting dog</a>, which however may have been exterminated in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_preservation">Threats and preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Threats and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long-running <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">civil war in Southern Sudan</a> seriously disrupted conservation efforts in the Sudd, especially as the widespread availability of weapons has encouraged wildlife poaching, including of elephants. There are three game reserves: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeraf_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeraf Island (page does not exist)">Zeraf Island</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Zeraf_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeraf River">Zeraf River</a> and the Nile, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shambe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shambe (page does not exist)">Shambe</a> Reserve, and <a href="/wiki/Mongalla_Game_Reserve" title="Mongalla Game Reserve">Mongalla Game Reserve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jonglei_diversion_canal">Jonglei diversion canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jonglei diversion canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jonglei_Canal" title="Jonglei Canal">Jonglei Canal</a></div> <p>The early explorers searching for the <a href="/wiki/Nile#European_search_for_the_source" title="Nile">source of the Nile</a> experienced considerable difficulties, sometimes taking months to get through the Sudd. In his 1972 book <i>The White Nile</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Alan Moorehead</a> says of the Sudd, "there is no more formidable swamp in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sudd swamp is sustained by the water from the southwestern tributaries (the Bahr el Ghazal system) and consumes a proportion of the main river through evaporation and transpiration. </p><p>Sir William Garstin, Undersecretary of State of Public Works of Egypt, created the first detailed proposal for digging a canal east of the Sudd in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By bypassing the swamps, evaporation of the Nile's water would vastly decrease, allowing an increase in the area of cultivatable land in Egypt by 8,100 km<sup>2</sup> (2,000,000 acres). The Egyptian government in the 1930s proposed digging a <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> east of the Sudd to divert water from the Bahr al Jabal above the Sudd to a point farther down the White Nile, bypassing the swamps and carrying the White Nile's water directly to the main channel of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jonglei Canal scheme was studied by the government of Egypt in 1946, and plans were developed in 1954–59. Construction work on the canal began in 1978, but the outbreak of political instability in Sudan has held up work for many years. By 1984 when the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">Sudan Peoples Liberation Army</a> brought the works to a halt, 240 km of the canal of a total of 360 km had been excavated. The rusting remains of the giant German-built excavation machine—variously nicknamed either "Sarah" or "Lucy"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—are visible on a <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> image at the south end of the canal, where it has been located since it was destroyed by a missile.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When peace was restored in 2000, speculation grew about a restart of the project. However, on 21 February 2008, the Sudanese government said the revival of the project was not a priority. Nevertheless, in 2008, Sudan and Egypt agreed to restart the project and finish the canal in 24 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ahmad_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Sudan gained independence in 2011. </p><p>It is estimated that the Jonglei canal project would produce 3.5–4.8 x 10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of water per year (equal to a mean annual discharge of 110–152 m<sup>3</sup>/s (3 883–5 368 ft<sup>3</sup>/s), an increase of around 5–7% of Egypt's current water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal's benefits would be shared by Egypt and Sudan, with the expected damage falling on South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-ahmad_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahmad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex environmental and social issues involved, including the collapse of fisheries, drying of grazing lands,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a drop of groundwater levels, and a reduction of rainfall in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> limits the practicality of the project. The draining of the Sudd is likely to have environmental effects comparable to the drying of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> or the draining of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1622">"Sudd"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Sudd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F1622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudetFalconer1983" class="citation book cs1">Gaudet, John. J.; Falconer, A. (1983). <i>Remote sensing for tropical freshwater bodies. The problem of floating islands on Lake Naivasha</i>. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Remote Sensing Facility.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+sensing+for+tropical+freshwater+bodies.+The+problem+of+floating+islands+on+Lake+Naivasha&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=Regional+Remote+Sensing+Facility&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Gaudet&rft.aufirst=John.+J.&rft.au=Falconer%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="New Oxford American Dictionary">New Oxford American Dictionary</a></i> (<i>NOAD</i>), 3rd edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumont2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumont2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont2009" class="citation book cs1">Dumont, Henri J., ed. 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Obermaier; T. Moritz (2016). "Annotated checklist for fishes of the Main Nile Basin in the Sudan and Egypt based on recent specimen records (2006-2015)". <i>Cybium</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 287–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26028%2Fcybium%2F2016-404-004">10.26028/cybium/2016-404-004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cybium&rft.atitle=Annotated+checklist+for+fishes+of+the+Main+Nile+Basin+in+the+Sudan+and+Egypt+based+on+recent+specimen+records+%282006-2015%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=287-317&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26028%2Fcybium%2F2016-404-004&rft.au=Neumann%2C+D.&rft.au=H.+Obermaier&rft.au=T.+Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614213924/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070611-sudan-animals.html">"Massive Animal Herds Flourishing Despite Sudan War, Survey Reveals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070611-sudan-animals.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massive+Animal+Herds+Flourishing+Despite+Sudan+War%2C+Survey+Reveals&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F070611-sudan-animals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span> Jan 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2010_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss2010_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss, C. (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3120/is_4_82/ai_n54800827/?tag=content;col1">"Draining Africa's Eden"</a>. <i>Geographical</i>. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical&rft.atitle=Draining+Africa%27s+Eden.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb3120%2Fis_4_82%2Fai_n54800827%2F%3Ftag%3Dcontent%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span>Geographical, April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993"><i>Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus</i>, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993">Archived</a> 9 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1972" class="citation book cs1">Moorehead, Alan (1972). <i>The White Nile</i>. London: Book Club Associates. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Nile&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/egyptiansudanits02budg#page/484/mode/2up">"The Egyptian Sudan, its history and monuments"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Sudan%2C+its+history+and+monuments&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fegyptiansudanits02budg%23page%2F484%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&dq=motor+gun+boat&pg=PA34">"Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River"</a>, October 1933, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>, short article on top-right of page with map</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133215/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923276-1,00.html">"Environment: Sarah Digs a Great Canal"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 10 January 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923276-1,00.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Environment%3A+Sarah+Digs+a+Great+Canal&rft.date=1983-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C923276-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps?q=jonglei+canal&hl=en&ll=6.932647,31.52824&spn=0.009841,0.016512&sll=9.294596,30.168457&sspn=2.504328,4.22699&t=h&hnear=Jonglei+Canal&z=17">Google Earth image</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmad-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahmad_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahmad_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, A.M. (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/575?rss=1">Post-Jonglei planning in southern Sudan: combining environment with development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202055818/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/575?rss=1">Archived</a> 2 February 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Urbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment and Urbanization">Environment and Urbanization</a></i>, October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoang_Tut_Jing2006" class="citation news cs1">Koang Tut Jing (8 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718104443/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/2718/Jonglei-Canal-Project-is-a-Looming-Catastrophe.aspx">"Jonglei Canal Project Is A Looming Catastrophe"</a>. <i>Gurtong</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/2718/Jonglei-Canal-Project-is-a-Looming-Catastrophe.aspx">the original</a> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gurtong&rft.atitle=Jonglei+Canal+Project+Is+A+Looming+Catastrophe&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.au=Koang+Tut+Jing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurtong.net%2FECM%2FEditorial%2Ftabid%2F124%2Fctl%2FArticleView%2Fmid%2F519%2FarticleId%2F2718%2FJonglei-Canal-Project-is-a-Looming-Catastrophe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/De_Villiers,_Marq" class="mw-redirect" title="De Villiers, Marq">De Villiers, Marq</a>, 2001. <i>Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource</i>. Mariner Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12744-3">978-0-618-12744-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Petersen, G., Abya, J. A., Fohrer, N. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adv-geosci.net/11/113/2007/adgeo-11-113-2007.pdf">Spatio-temporal water body and vegetation changes in the Nile swamps of southern Sudan</a> <i>Advanced Geoscience 11</i>, 113-116</li> <li>Petersen, G., Sutcliffe, J. V., Fohrer, N. (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105072332/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119139558/abstract">Morphological analysis of the Sudd region using land survey and remote sensing data</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Surface_Processes_and_Landforms" title="Earth Surface Processes and Landforms">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</a></i>, 33</li> <li>Petersen, G. (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertation_diss_00003028"><i>The Hydrology of the Sudd – Hydrologic Investigation and Evaluation of Water Balances in the Sudd Swamps of Southern Sudan</i></a> University of Kiel, Germany</li> <li>Sutcliffe, J.V., Parks, Y.P. (1999) <i>The Hydrology of the Nile</i>, IAHS Special Publication No 5. Wallingford. UK</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1903" class="citation journal cs1">Stanton, E. A. (1903). "The Great Marshes of the White Nile". <i>Journal of the Royal African Society</i>. <b>2</b> (8): 375–379. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/715130">715130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+African+Society&rft.atitle=The+Great+Marshes+of+the+White+Nile&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=375-379&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F715130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamedvan_den_HurkSavenijeBastiaanssen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamed, Y. A.; van den Hurk, B. J. J. M.; Savenije, H. H. G.; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M. (2005). "Impact of the Sudd wetland on the Nile hydroclimatology". <i>Water Resources Research</i>. <b>41</b> (8): W08420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005WRR....41.8420M">2005WRR....41.8420M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004WR003792">10.1029/2004WR003792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128724157">128724157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.atitle=Impact+of+the+Sudd+wetland+on+the+Nile+hydroclimatology&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=W08420&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128724157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004WR003792&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005WRR....41.8420M&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Y.+A.&rft.au=van+den+Hurk%2C+B.+J.+J.+M.&rft.au=Savenije%2C+H.+H.+G.&rft.au=Bastiaanssen%2C+W.+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamedSavenijeBastiaanssenvan_den_Hurk2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamed, Y. A.; Savenije, H. H. G.; Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.; van den Hurk, B. J. J. M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-10-507-2006">"New lessons on the Sudd hydrology learned from remote sensing and climate modeling"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 507–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006HESS...10..507M">2006HESS...10..507M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-10-507-2006">10.5194/hess-10-507-2006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2958658">2958658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=New+lessons+on+the+Sudd+hydrology+learned+from+remote+sensing+and+climate+modeling&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=507-518&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2958658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-10-507-2006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006HESS...10..507M&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Y.+A.&rft.au=Savenije%2C+H.+H.+G.&rft.au=Bastiaanssen%2C+W.+G.+M.&rft.au=van+den+Hurk%2C+B.+J.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fhess-10-507-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/21px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/42px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sudd" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sudd">Sudd</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0905">"Saharan flooded grasslands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Saharan+flooded+grasslands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudd" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL2827708220070528">Elephant herds found on isolated south Sudan island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110419212058/http://www.hydroc.de/index-Dateien/p3ewhite.htm">Current hydrological and ecological research program on the Sudd swamps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/?ll=9.400291,30.500793&spn=1.287076,1.873169&t=k">Sudd – on Google Maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_South_Sudan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_Areas_of_South_Sudan" title="Template:Protected Areas of South Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_Areas_of_South_Sudan" title="Template talk:Protected Areas of South Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_Areas_of_South_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected Areas of South Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_South_Sudan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Africa#South_Sudan" title="List of national parks in Africa">Protected areas of South Sudan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#abdb75;">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandingilo_National_Park" title="Bandingilo National Park">Bandingilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boma_National_Park" title="Boma National Park">Boma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantoto_National_Park" title="Lantoto National Park">Lantoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimule_National_Park" title="Nimule National Park">Nimule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambe_National_Park" title="Shambe National Park">Shambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_National_Park" title="Southern National Park">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#abdb75;">Game reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashana_Game_Reserve" title="Ashana Game Reserve">Ashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengangai_Game_Reserve" title="Bengangai Game Reserve">Bengangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bire_Kpatuos_Game_Reserve" title="Bire Kpatuos Game Reserve">Bire Kpatuos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boro_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boro Game Reserve (page does not exist)">Boro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelkou_Game_Reserve" title="Chelkou Game Reserve">Chelkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ez_Zeraf_Game_Reserve" title="Ez Zeraf Game Reserve">Ez Zeraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanyikang_Game_Reserve" title="Fanyikang Game Reserve">Fanyikang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Game_Reserve" title="Juba Game Reserve">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidepo_Game_Reserve" title="Kidepo Game Reserve">Kidepo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushra_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushra Game Reserve (page does not exist)">Mushra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbarizunga_Game_Reserve" title="Mbarizunga Game Reserve">Mbarizunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numatina_Game_Reserve" title="Numatina Game Reserve">Numatina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#abdb75;">Conservation areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imatong_Mountains" title="Imatong Mountains">Imatong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ambadi" title="Lake Ambadi">Lake Ambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudd</a> (Ramsar site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C7D378;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a 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