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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leitmotifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leitmotifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leitmotifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leitmotifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Performances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>First productions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern productions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings_of_the_Ring_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings_of_the_Ring_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recordings of the <i>Ring</i> cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings_of_the_Ring_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_treatments_of_the_Ring_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_treatments_of_the_Ring_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other treatments of the <i>Ring</i> cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_treatments_of_the_Ring_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دير رينغ ديس نيبلنغين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير رينغ ديس نيبلنغين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Пръстенът на нибелунга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пръстенът на нибелунга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27anell_dels_Nibelungs" title="L'anell dels Nibelungs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="L'anell dels Nibelungs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нибелунг унки – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нибелунг унки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prsten_Nibelung%C5%AFv" title="Prsten Nibelungův – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prsten Nibelungův" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungens_Ring" title="Nibelungens Ring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nibelungens Ring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Το Δαχτυλίδι των Νιμπελούνγκεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το Δαχτυλίδι των Νιμπελούνγκεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_anillo_del_nibelungo" title="El anillo del nibelungo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El anillo del nibelungo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_ringo_de_la_Nibelungo" title="La ringo de la Nibelungo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La ringo de la Nibelungo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungoaren_eraztuna" title="Nibelungoaren eraztuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nibelungoaren eraztuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="حلقه نیبلونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلقه نیبلونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anneau_du_Nibelung" title="L'Anneau du Nibelung – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Anneau du Nibelung" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%A8%EB%A3%BD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80" title="니벨룽의 반지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니벨룽의 반지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Նիբելունգի մատանին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիբելունգի մատանին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prsten_Nibelunga" title="Prsten Nibelunga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prsten Nibelunga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27anello_del_Nibelungo" title="L'anello del Nibelungo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="L'anello del Nibelungo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="טבעת הניבלונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעת הניבלונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნიბელუნგის ბეჭედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიბელუნგის ბეჭედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABbelunga_gredzens" title="Nībelunga gredzens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nībelunga gredzens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nibelung_gy%C5%B1r%C5%B1je" title="A Nibelung gyűrűje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Nibelung gyűrűje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دير رينج ديس نيبلنجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير رينج ديس نيبلنجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%87%E7%92%B0" title="ニーベルングの指環 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニーベルングの指環" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungenringen" title="Nibelungenringen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nibelungenringen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%C5%9Bcie%C5%84_Nibelunga" title="Pierścień Nibelunga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierścień Nibelunga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelul_Nibelungilor" title="Inelul Nibelungilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inelul Nibelungilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кольцо нибелунга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кольцо нибелунга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prste%C5%88_Nibelungov" title="Prsteň Nibelungov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prsteň Nibelungov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Прстен Нибелунга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прстен Нибелунга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prsten_Nibelunga" title="Prsten Nibelunga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prsten Nibelunga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungin_sormus" title="Nibelungin sormus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nibelungin sormus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungens_ring" title="Nibelungens ring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nibelungens ring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แดร์ริงเด็สนีเบอลุงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แดร์ริงเด็สนีเบอลุงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelung_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Nibelung Yüzüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nibelung Yüzüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Перстень Нібелунга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перстень Нібелунга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Der Ring des Nibelungen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E9%BE%99%E6%A0%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%8E%AF" title="尼伯龙根的指环 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼伯龙根的指环" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wotan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wotan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wotan (disambiguation)">Wotan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Music dramas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG/330px-B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG/500px-B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG/960px-B%C3%BChnenbildentwurf_Rheingold.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scene 1 of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i></span> from the first <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> production of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bühnenfestspiel</i></span> in 1876</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data">The Ring of the Nibelung</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Wagner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display: inline-block;"> <ul><li>Individually:</li> <li>22 September 1869<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1869-09-22</span>)</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i></span></span></li> <li>26 June 1870<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1870-06-26</span>)</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i></span></li> <li>As a cycle:</li> <li>13 August 1876<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1876-08-13</span>)</span> <span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 August 1876</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 August 1876</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 August 1876</span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i></span></li></ul> </div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></span></b> (<i><b>The Ring of the Nibelung</b></i>), <a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">WWV</a> 86, is a <a href="/wiki/Literary_cycle" title="Literary cycle">cycle</a> of four <a href="/wiki/German-language" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language">German-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">music dramas</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. The works are based loosely on characters from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Germanic heroic legend</a>, namely Norse <a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">legendary sagas</a> and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>. The composer termed the cycle a "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bühnenfestspiel</i></span>" (stage festival play), structured in three days preceded by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vorabend" class="extiw" title="wikt:Vorabend">Vorabend</a></i></span> ("preliminary evening"). It is often referred to as the <b><i>Ring</i> cycle</b>, <b>Wagner's <i>Ring</i></b>, or simply <i><b>The Ring</b></i>. </p><p>Wagner wrote the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> and music over the course of about twenty-six years, from 1848 to 1874. The four parts that constitute the <i>Ring</i> cycle are, in sequence: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> (<i>The Rhinegold</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> (<i>The Valkyrie</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> (<i>Twilight of the Gods</i>)</li></ul> <p>Individual works of the sequence are often performed separately,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and indeed the operas contain dialogues that mention events in the previous operas, so that a viewer could watch any of them without having watched the previous parts and still understand the plot. However, Wagner intended them to be performed in series. The first performance as a cycle opened the first <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> in 1876, beginning with <i>Das Rheingold</i> on 13 August and ending with <i>Götterdämmerung</i> on 17 August. Opera stage director Anthony Freud stated that <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></span> "marks the high-water mark of our art form, the most massive challenge any opera company can undertake."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wagner's title is most literally rendered in English as <i>The Ring of the Nibelung</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a> of the title is the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarf</a> Alberich, and the ring in question is the one he fashions from the Rhinegold. The title therefore denotes "Alberich's Ring".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2001109_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2001109-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cycle is a work of extraordinary scale.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full performance of the cycle takes place over four nights at the opera, with a total playing time of about 15 hours, depending on the conductor's pacing. The first and shortest work, <i>Das Rheingold</i>, has no interval and is one continuous piece of music typically lasting around two and a half hours, while the final and longest, <i>Götterdämmerung</i>, takes up to five hours, excluding intervals. The cycle is modelled after ancient <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek dramas</a> that were presented as three tragedies and one <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a>. The <i>Ring</i> proper begins with <i>Die Walküre</i> and ends with <i>Götterdämmerung</i>, with <i>Rheingold</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a>. Wagner called <i>Das Rheingold</i> a <i>Vorabend</i> or "Preliminary Evening", and <i>Die Walküre</i>, <i>Siegfried</i> and <i>Götterdämmerung</i> were subtitled First Day, Second Day and Third Day, respectively, of the trilogy proper. </p><p>The scale and scope of the story is epic. It follows the struggles of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>, and several mythical creatures over the eponymous magic ring that grants domination over the entire world. The drama and intrigue continue through three generations of protagonists, until the final cataclysm at the end of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>. </p><p>The music of the cycle is thick and richly textured, and grows in complexity as the cycle proceeds. Wagner wrote for an orchestra of gargantuan proportions, including a greatly enlarged brass section with new instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">bass trumpet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass trombone</a>. Remarkably, he uses a chorus only relatively briefly, in acts 2 and 3 of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>, and then mostly of men with just a few women. He eventually had a purpose-built theatre constructed, the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>, in which to perform this work. The theatre has a special stage that blends the huge orchestra with the singers' voices, allowing them to sing at a natural volume. The result was that the singers did not have to strain themselves vocally during the long performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_characters">List of characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Gods</a> </th> <th>Mortals </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelungs</a> </th> <th>Other characters </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wotan</a>, <i>King of the Gods (god of light, air and wind)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Fricka</a>, <i>Wotan's wife, goddess of marriage</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loge</a>, <i>demigod of fire</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freia</a>, <i>Fricka's sister, goddess of love, youth and beauty</i> (<a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Donner</a>, <i>Fricka's brother, god of thunder</i> (<a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Froh</a>, <i>Fricka's brother, god of spring/happiness</i> (tenor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Erda</a>, <i>goddess of wisdom/fate/Earth</i> (<a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, <i>the weavers of fate, daughters of Erda</i> (contralto, mezzo-soprano, soprano)</li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung" title="Völsung">Wälsungs</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Siegmund</a>, <i>mortal son of Wotan</i> (tenor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signy" title="Signy">Sieglinde</a>, <i>his twin sister</i> (soprano)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a>, <i>their son</i> (tenor)</li></ul> <p><b>Neidings</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siggeir" title="Siggeir">Hunding</a>, <i>Sieglinde's husband, chief of the Neidings</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gibichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibichung">Gibichungs</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a>, <i>King of the Gibichungs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gutrune</a>, <i>his sister</i> (soprano)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen</a>, <i>their half-brother and Alberich's son</i> (bass)</li> <li>A male <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> of Gibichung <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> and a small female <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> of Gibichung women</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brünnhilde</a> (soprano)</li> <li>Gerhilde (soprano)</li> <li>Ortlinde (soprano)</li> <li>Waltraute (mezzo-soprano)</li> <li>Schwertleite (contralto)</li> <li>Helmwige (soprano)</li> <li>Siegrune (mezzo-soprano)</li> <li>Grimgerde (contralto)</li> <li>Rossweisse (mezzo-soprano)</li></ul> </td> <td> <p><b>Rhinemaidens</b> </p> <ul><li>Woglinde (soprano)</li> <li>Wellgunde (soprano)</li> <li>Flosshilde (mezzo-soprano)</li></ul> <p><b>Giants</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasolt" title="Fasolt">Fasolt</a> (bass-baritone/high bass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fafner</a>, <i>his brother, later turned into a dragon</i> (bass)</li></ul> <p><b>Nibelungs</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a> (bass-baritone)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Mime</a>, <i>his brother and Siegfried's foster father</i> (tenor)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>The Voice of a Woodbird (soprano)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_characters_by_appearance">List of characters by appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of characters by appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Character </th> <th><i>Das Rheingold</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><i>Die Walküre</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><i>Siegfried</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><i>Götterdämmerung</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wotan </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fricka </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loge </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freia </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Donner </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Froh </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erda </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woglinde </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wellgunde </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flosshilde </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fasolt </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fafner </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alberich </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mime </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siegmund </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sieglinde </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hunding </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brünnhilde </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gerhilde </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ortlinde </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waltraute </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schwertleite </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helmwige </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siegrune </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grimgerde </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rossweisse </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siegfried </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Woodbird </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Norns </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gunther </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gutrune </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hagen </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vassals </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Women </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Story">Story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of Der Ring des Nibelungen">Composition of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold"><i>Das Rheingold</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre"><i>Die Walküre</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)"><i>Siegfried</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung"><i>Götterdämmerung</i></a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Der Ring des Nibelungen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde,_TS_40.40_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Br%C3%BCnnhilde%2C_TS_40.40_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Brünnhilde by <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>The plot revolves around a magic ring that grants the power to rule the world, forged by the <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarf</a> Alberich from gold he stole from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_maidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine maidens">Rhine maidens</a> in the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. With the assistance of the god Loge, Wotan – the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Norse_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse gods">gods</a> – steals the ring from Alberich, but is forced to hand it over to the <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a> Fafner and Fasolt in payment for building the home of the gods, <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>, or they will take Freia, who provides the gods with the golden apples that keep them young. Wotan's schemes to regain the ring, spanning generations, drive much of the action in the story. His grandson, the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">mortal</a> Siegfried, wins the ring by slaying Fafner (who slew Fasolt for the ring) – as Wotan intended – but is eventually betrayed and slain as a result of the intrigues of Alberich's son Hagen, who wants the ring for himself. Finally, the Valkyrie Brünnhilde – Siegfried's lover and Wotan's daughter who lost her immortality for defying her father in an attempt to save Siegfried's father Sigmund – returns the ring to the Rhine maidens as she commits suicide on Siegfried's funeral pyre. Hagen is drowned as he attempts to recover the ring. In the process, the gods and Valhalla are destroyed. </p><p>Wagner created the story of the <i>Ring</i> by fusing elements from many German and Scandinavian myths and folk-tales. The <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Old Norse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> supplied much of the material for <i>Das Rheingold</i>, while <i>Die Walküre</i> was largely based on the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i>. <i>Siegfried</i> contains elements from the Eddur, the <i>Völsunga saga</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thidrekssaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thidrekssaga">Thidrekssaga</a></i>. The final <i>Götterdämmerung</i> draws from the 12th-century German poem, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i>, which appears to have been the original inspiration for the <i>Ring</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Ring</i> has been the subject of myriad interpretations. For example, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></i>, argues for a view of <i>The Ring</i> as an essentially socialist critique of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a> and its abuses. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Robert Donington</a> in <i>Wagner's Ring And Its Symbols</i> interprets it in terms of <a href="/wiki/Jungian_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian psychology">Jungian psychology</a>, as an account of the development of <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> in the mind, leading towards <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his earlier operas (up to and including <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>) Wagner's style had been based, rather than on the Italian style of opera, on the German style as developed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, with elements of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>. However he came to be dissatisfied with such a format as a means of artistic expression. He expressed this clearly in his essay "<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>" (1851), in which he condemned the majority of modern artists, in painting and in music, as "feminine ... the world of art close fenced from Life, in which Art plays with herself.' Where however the impressions of Life produce an overwhelming 'poetic force', we find the 'masculine, the generative path of Art'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994287_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994287-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wagner unfortunately found that his audiences were not willing to follow where he led them: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The public, by their enthusiastic reception of <i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i> and their cooler welcome of the <i><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Flying Dutchman</a></i>, had plainly shown me what I must set before them if I sought to please. I completely undeceived their expectations; they left the theatre, after the first performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i>, [1845] in a confused and discontented mood. – The feeling of utter loneliness in which I now found myself, quite unmanned me... My <i>Tannhäuser</i> had appealed to a handful of intimate friends alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994336–337_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994336–337-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Finally Wagner announces: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall never write an <i>Opera</i> more. As I have no wish to invent an arbitrary title for my works, I will call them Dramas ... </p><p>I propose to produce my myth in three complete dramas, preceded by a lengthy Prelude (Vorspiel). ... </p><p> At a specially-appointed Festival, I propose, some future time, to produce those three Dramas with their Prelude, <i>in the course of three days and a fore-evening</i>. The object of this production I shall consider thoroughly attained, if I and my artistic comrades, the actual performers, shall within these four evenings succeed in <i>artistically conveying my purpose to the true Emotional</i> (not the Critical) <i>Understanding</i> of spectators who shall have gathered together expressly to learn it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994p._391_and_n._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994p._391_and_n.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is his first public announcement of the form of what would become the <i>Ring</i> cycle. </p><p>In accordance with the ideas expressed in his essays of the period 1849–51 (including the "Communication" but also "<a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>"), the four parts of the <i>Ring</i> were originally conceived by Wagner to be free of the traditional operatic concepts of <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> and operatic <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a>. The Wagner scholar Curt von Westernhagen identified three important problems discussed in "Opera and Drama" which were particularly relevant to the <i>Ring</i> cycle: the problem of unifying verse stress with melody; the disjunctions caused by formal arias in dramatic structure and the way in which opera music could be organised on a different basis of organic growth and <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a>; and the function of musical motifs in linking elements of the plot whose connections might otherwise be inexplicit. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotif</a> technique (see below), although Wagner himself did not use this word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeSutton1979345–346_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeSutton1979345–346-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Wagner relaxed some aspects of his self-imposed restrictions somewhat as the work progressed. As <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> sardonically (and slightly unfairly)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington200880_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noted of the last opera <i>Götterdämmerung</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And now, O Nibelungen Spectator, pluck up; for all allegories come to an end somewhere... The rest of what you are going to see is opera and nothing but opera. Before many bars have been played, Siegfried and the wakened Brynhild, newly become tenor and soprano, will sing a concerted <a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">cadenza</a>; plunge on from that to a magnificent love duet...The work which follows, entitled <i>Night Falls on the Gods</i> [Shaw's translation of <i>Götterdämmerung</i>], is a thorough grand opera.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1898section:_"Back_to_Opera_Again"_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1898section:_"Back_to_Opera_Again"-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Der Ring des Nibelungen">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leitmotifs">Leitmotifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leitmotifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a significant element in the <i>Ring</i> and his subsequent works, Wagner adopted the use of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>, which are recurring themes or <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> progressions. They musically denote an action, object, emotion, character, or other subject mentioned in the text or presented onstage. Wagner referred to them in "Opera and Drama" as "guides-to-feeling", describing how they could be used to inform the listener of a musical or dramatic subtext to the action onstage in the same way as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_chorus" title="Greek chorus">Greek chorus</a> did for the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre of ancient Greece</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wagner made significant innovations in <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> in this work. He wrote for a very large orchestra, using the whole range of instruments used singly or in combination to express the great range of emotion and events of the drama. Wagner even commissioned the production of new instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a>, invented to fill a gap he found between the tone qualities of the <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, as well as variations of existing instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">bass trumpet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass trombone</a> with a double slide. He also developed the "Wagner bell", enabling the <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> to reach the low A-natural, whereas normally B-flat is the instrument's lowest note. If such a bell is not to be used, then a <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a> should be employed. </p><p>All four parts have a very similar instrumentation. The core ensemble of instruments are one <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (third doubling second <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a> (doubling fourth oboe), three <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">soprano clarinets</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a>; eight <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a> (fifth through eighth doubling <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tubas</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, one bass trumpet, three <a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">tenor trombones</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">contrabass trombone</a> (doubling <a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">bass trombone</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_tuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrabass tuba">contrabass tuba</a>; a percussion section with 4 <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> (requiring two players), <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a>; six <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a> and a string section consisting of 16 first and 16 second <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a>. </p><p><i>Das Rheingold</i>, one offstage harp and 18 offstage <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvils</a>. <i>Die Walküre</i> requires one <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a>, one <a href="/wiki/D_clarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="D clarinet">D clarinet</a> (played by the third clarinettist) and an on-stage <a href="/wiki/Steerhorn" title="Steerhorn">steerhorn</a>. <i>Siegfried</i> requires one onstage cor anglais and one onstage horn. <i>Götterdämmerung</i> requires a <a href="/wiki/Tenor_drum" title="Tenor drum">tenor drum</a>, as well as five onstage horns and four onstage steerhorns, one of them to be blown by Hagen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonality">Tonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the <i>Ring</i>, especially from <i>Siegfried</i> act 3 onwards, cannot be said to be in traditional, clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a> for long stretches, but rather in 'key regions', each of which flows smoothly into the following. This fluidity avoided the musical equivalent of clearly defined musical paragraphs and assisted Wagner in building the work's huge structures. Tonal indeterminacy was heightened by the increased freedom with which he used <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a>. Chromatically altered <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> are used very liberally in the <i>Ring</i> and this feature, which is also prominent in <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>, is often cited as a milestone on the way to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s revolutionary break with the traditional concept of key and his dissolution of consonance as the basis of an organising principle in music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Der Ring des Nibelungen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_text">The text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_text" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the text"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>: composition of the text</a></div> <p>In summer 1848 Wagner wrote <i>The Nibelung Myth as Sketch for a Drama</i>, combining the medieval sources previously mentioned into a single narrative, very similar to the plot of the eventual <i>Ring</i> cycle, but nevertheless with substantial differences. Later that year he began writing a libretto entitled <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i> ("Siegfried's Death"). He was possibly stimulated by a series of articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i>, inviting composers to write a 'national opera' based on the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>, a 12th-century High German poem which, since its rediscovery in 1755, had been hailed by the <a href="/wiki/German_Romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="German Romantics">German Romantics</a> as the "German <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>". <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i> dealt with the death of Siegfried, the central heroic figure of the Nibelungenlied. The idea had occurred to others – the correspondence of <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> in 1840/41 reveals that they were both outlining scenarios on the subject: Fanny wrote 'The hunt with Siegfried's death provides a splendid finale to the second act'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1850, Wagner had completed a musical sketch (which he abandoned) for <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He now felt that he needed a preliminary opera, <i>Der junge Siegfried</i> ("The Young Siegfried", later renamed to "Siegfried"), to explain the events in <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i> and his verse draft of this was completed in May 1851.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By October, he had made the momentous decision to embark on a cycle of four operas, to be played over four nights: <i>Das Rheingold</i>, <i>Die Walküre</i>, <i>Der Junge Siegfried</i> and <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i>; the text for all four parts was completed in December 1852 and privately published in February 1853.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_music">The music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_music" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the music"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>: composition of the music</a></div> <p>In November 1853, Wagner began the composition draft of <i>Das Rheingold</i>. Unlike the verses, which were written as it were in reverse order, the music would be composed in the same order as the narrative. Composition proceeded until 1857, when the final score up to the end of act 2 of <i>Siegfried</i> was completed. Wagner then laid the work aside for twelve years, during which he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i>. </p><p>By 1869, Wagner was living at <a href="/wiki/Tribschen" title="Tribschen">Tribschen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne" title="Lake Lucerne">Lake Lucerne</a>, sponsored by King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>. He returned to <i>Siegfried</i> and, remarkably, was able to pick up where he left off. In October, he completed the final work in the cycle. He chose the title <i>Götterdämmerung</i> instead of <i>Siegfrieds Tod</i>. In the completed work the gods are destroyed in accordance with the new pessimistic thrust of the cycle, not redeemed as in the more optimistic originally planned ending. Wagner also decided to show onstage the events of <i>Das Rheingold</i> and <i>Die Walküre</i>, which had hitherto only been presented as back-narration in the other two parts. These changes resulted in some discrepancies in the cycle, but these do not diminish the value of the work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performances">Performances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bayreuth_Festival_productions_of_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="List of Bayreuth Festival productions of Der Ring des Nibelungen">List of Bayreuth Festival productions of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i></a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Der Ring des Nibelungen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_productions">First productions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maternagrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maternagrane.jpg/250px-Maternagrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maternagrane.jpg/330px-Maternagrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maternagrane.jpg/340px-Maternagrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amalie_Materna" title="Amalie Materna">Amalie Materna</a>, the first Bayreuth Brünnhilde, with Cocotte, the horse donated by King Ludwig to play her horse Grane</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1876Rhinemaidens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1876Rhinemaidens.jpg/220px-1876Rhinemaidens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1876Rhinemaidens.jpg/330px-1876Rhinemaidens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1876Rhinemaidens.jpg/440px-1876Rhinemaidens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a> in the first Bayreuth production in 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>On King Ludwig's insistence, and over Wagner's objections, "special previews" of <i>Das Rheingold</i> and <i>Die Walküre</i> were given at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theatre in Munich</a>, before the rest of the <i>Ring</i>. Thus, <i>Das Rheingold</i> premiered on 22 September 1869 and <i>Die Walküre</i> on 26 June 1870. Wagner subsequently delayed announcing his completion of <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> to prevent this work also being premiered against his wishes. </p><p>Wagner had long desired to have a special festival opera house, designed by himself, for the performance of the <i>Ring</i>. In 1871, he decided on a location in the Bavarian town of <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>. In 1872, he moved to Bayreuth and the foundation stone was laid. Wagner would spend the next two years attempting to raise capital for the construction, with scant success; King Ludwig finally rescued the project in 1874 by donating the needed funds. The <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a> opened in 1876 with the first complete performance of the <i>Ring</i>, which took place from 13 to 17 August. </p><p>In 1882, London <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schulz-Curtius" title="Alfred Schulz-Curtius">Alfred Schulz-Curtius</a> organized the first staging in the United Kingdom of the <i>Ring</i> cycle, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Seidl" title="Anton Seidl">Anton Seidl</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Neumann" title="Angelo Neumann">Angelo Neumann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFifield200525–26_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFifield200525–26-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first production of the <i>Ring</i> in Italy was in Venice (the place where Wagner died), just two months after his 1883 death, at <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Australian <i>Ring</i> (and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mastersingers_of_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mastersingers of Nuremberg">The Mastersingers of Nuremberg</a></i>) was presented in an English-language production by the British travelling <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quinlan_(impresario)" title="Thomas Quinlan (impresario)">Quinlan</a> Opera Company, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/J._C._Williamson%27s" title="J. C. Williamson's">J. C. Williamson's</a>, in Melbourne and Sydney in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_productions">Modern productions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_(gro%C3%9Fer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg/250px-Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg/255px-Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Gwyneth_Ch%C3%A9reau_%28gro%C3%9Fer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Jones_(soprano)" title="Gwyneth Jones (soprano)">Gwyneth Jones</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">1976 Bayreuth production</a> of <i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Ring</i> is a major undertaking for any opera company: staging four interlinked operas requires a huge commitment both artistically and financially; hence, in most opera houses, production of a new <i>Ring</i> cycle will happen over a number of years, with one or two operas in the cycle being added each year. The <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>, where the complete cycle is performed most years, is unusual in that a new cycle is almost always created within a single year. </p><p>Early productions of the <i>Ring</i> cycle stayed close to Wagner's original Bayreuth staging. Trends set at Bayreuth have continued to be influential. Following the closure of the Festspielhaus during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the 1950s saw productions by Wagner's grandsons <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a> (known as the "New Bayreuth" style), which emphasised the human aspects of the drama in a more abstract setting.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most famous modern production was the centennial production of 1976, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, it replaced the depths of the Rhine with a hydroelectric power dam and featured grimy sets populated by men and gods in 19th and 20th century business suits. This drew heavily on the reading of the <i>Ring</i> as a revolutionary drama and critique of the modern world, famously expounded by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> in <i>The Perfect Wagnerite</i>. Early performances were booed but the audience of 1980 gave it a 45-minute ovation in its final year.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Opera" title="Seattle Opera">Seattle Opera</a> has created three different productions of the tetralogy: <i>Ring 1</i>, 1975 to 1984: Originally directed by <a href="/wiki/George_London_(bass-baritone)" title="George London (bass-baritone)">George London</a>, with designs by John Naccarato following the famous illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>. It was performed twice each summer, once in German, once in Andrew Porter's English adaptation. Henry Holt conducted all performances. <i>Ring 2</i>, 1985–1995: Directed by Francois Rochaix, with sets and costumes designed by Robert Israel, lighting by Joan Sullivan and supertitles (the first ever created for the <i>Ring</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Sonya_Friedman_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonya Friedman (opera)">Sonya Friedman</a>. The production set the action in a world of nineteenth-century theatricality; it was initially controversial in 1985, it sold out its final performances in 1995. Conductors included <a href="/wiki/Armin_Jordan" title="Armin Jordan">Armin Jordan</a> (<i>Die Walküre</i> in 1985), <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosenthal" title="Manuel Rosenthal">Manuel Rosenthal</a> (1986) and Hermann Michael (1987, 1991 and 1995). <i>Ring 3</i>, 2000–2013: the production, which became known as the "Green" <i>Ring</i>, was in part inspired by the natural beauty of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. Directed by Stephen Wadsworth, set designer Thomas Lynch, costume designer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Pakledinaz" title="Martin Pakledinaz">Martin Pakledinaz</a>, lighting designer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kaczorowski" title="Peter Kaczorowski">Peter Kaczorowski</a>; Armin Jordan conducted in 2000, Franz Vote in 2001 and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spano" title="Robert Spano">Robert Spano</a> in 2005 and 2009. The 2013 performances, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Asher_Fisch" title="Asher Fisch">Asher Fisch</a>, were released as a commercial recording on compact disc and on iTunes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 the first production of the cycle in Russia in modern times was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariinsky Opera">Mariinsky Opera</a>, Saint Petersburg, designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Tsypin" title="George Tsypin">George Tsypin</a>. The production drew parallels with <a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a> mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Danish Opera">Royal Danish Opera</a> performed a complete <i>Ring</i> cycle in May 2006 in its new waterfront home, the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Opera_House" title="Copenhagen Opera House">Copenhagen Opera House</a>. This version of the <i>Ring</i> tells the story from the viewpoint of Brünnhilde and has a distinct feminist angle. For example, in a key scene in <i>Die Walküre</i>, it is Sieglinde and not Siegmund who manages to pull the sword Nothung out of a tree. At the end of the cycle, Brünnhilde does not die, but instead gives birth to Siegfried's child.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Opera" title="Washington National Opera">Washington National Opera</a> began a co-production of a new cycle in 2006 directed by <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Zambello" title="Francesca Zambello">Francesca Zambello</a>. The production uses imagery from various eras of American history and has a feminist and environmentalist viewpoint. Recent performances of this production took place at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in Washington D.C. in April/May 2016, featuring <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Foster_(soprano)" title="Catherine Foster (soprano)">Catherine Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nina_Stemme" title="Nina Stemme">Nina Stemme</a> as Brünnhilde, Daniel Brenna as Siegfried and Alan Held as Wotan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Opera" title="Los Angeles Opera">Los Angeles Opera</a> presented its first <i>Ring</i> cycle in 2010 directed by <a href="/wiki/Achim_Freyer" title="Achim Freyer">Achim Freyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freyer staged an abstract production that was praised by many critics but criticized by some of its own stars.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production featured a raked stage, flying props, screen projections and special effects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried.2013.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siegfried.2013.jpeg/290px-Siegfried.2013.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siegfried.2013.jpeg/435px-Siegfried.2013.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siegfried.2013.jpeg/580px-Siegfried.2013.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Modern costuming shown in closing bows following <i>Siegfried</i> in 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> in Munich</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg/330px-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg/500px-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg/960px-G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung.2013.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Modern costuming shown in closing bows following <i>Götterdämmerung</i> in 2013 at the Bavarian State Opera. Left to right: Gunther, the Rhinemaidens, Gutrune, Hagen, Brünnhilde, Siegfried</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> began a new <i>Ring</i> cycle directed by French-Canadian theater director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lepage" title="Robert Lepage">Robert Lepage</a> in 2010. Premiering with <i>Das Rheingold</i> on opening night of the 2010/2011 Season conducted by <a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a> as Wotan. This was followed by <i>Die Walküre</i> in April 2011 starring <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Voigt" title="Deborah Voigt">Deborah Voigt</a>. The 2011/12 season introduced <i>Siegfried</i> and <i>Götterdämmerung</i> with Voigt, Terfel and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Hunter_Morris" title="Jay Hunter Morris">Jay Hunter Morris</a> before the entire cycle was given in the Spring of 2012 conducted by <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Luisi" title="Fabio Luisi">Fabio Luisi</a> (who stepped in for Levine due to health issues). Lepage's staging was dominated by a 90,000 pound (40 tonne) structure which consisted of 24 identical aluminium planks able to rotate independently on a horizontal axis across the stage, providing level, sloping, angled or moving surfaces facing the audience. Bubbles, falling stones and fire were projected on to these surfaces, linked by computer with the music and movement of the characters. The subsequent HD recordings in 2013 won the Met's orchestra and chorus the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Opera_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording">Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording</a> for their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the Metropolitan Opera revived the Lepage staging for the first time since 2013 with <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Jordan" title="Philippe Jordan">Philippe Jordan</a> conducting, <a href="/wiki/Greer_Grimsley" title="Greer Grimsley">Greer Grimsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Volle" title="Michael Volle">Michael Volle</a> rotating as Wotan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Vinke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Vinke (page does not exist)">Stefan Vinke</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vinke" class="extiw" title="de:Stefan Vinke">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schager" title="Andreas Schager">Andreas Schager</a> rotating as Siegfried and Met homegrown <a href="/wiki/Christine_Goerke" title="Christine Goerke">Christine Goerke</a> as Brünnhilde. Lepage's "Machine", as it affectionately became known, underwent major reconfiguration for the revival in order to dampen the creaking that it had produced in the past (to the annoyance of audience members and critics) and to improve its reliability, as it had been known to break down during earlier runs including on the opening night of <i>Rheingold</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike its beloved predecessor directed by Viennese opera director <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schenk" title="Otto Schenk">Otto Schenk</a> which played at the house over 22 years,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Met has confirmed that this controversial and expensive production will not return again, having lasted just shy of ten years at the house with only three complete cycles having been given. They announced it would be replaced by a new production in 2025, however though originally in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> the future of that partnership is uncertain due to budgetary cuts and poor audience response. Other options are being explored.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lyric Opera of Chicago has staged three complete Ring Cycles in the past four decades, with a cycle in the 1990s, the 2000s, and in the late 2010s. </p><p>The mid-1990s production by August Everding with choreography by Cirque du Soleil's Debra Brown was conducted by Zubin Mehta, with James Morris a Wotan and Eva Marton as Brünnhilde, Siegfried Jerusalem as Siegmund, and Tina Kiberg as Sieglinde.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2000s Ring cast included "James Morris as Wotan, Jane Eaglen as Brünnhilde, Plácido Domingo as Siegmund, and Michelle DeYoung as Sieglinde." Lyric music director Andrew Davis conduct[ed]. The company ... revived the August Everding production that it presented nine years [earlier], restaged by Herbert Kellner with minor changes ... The bungee-jumping Rhinemaidens and the Valkyries on trampolines from the original production, choreographed by Cirque du Soleil's Debra Brown ... returned. Sets and costumes [were] by John Conklin; lighting [was] by Duane Schuler."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent production's Das Rheingold premiered in 2016, with subsequent Ring operas Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung staged between 2017 and 2019. The subsequent "full Ring" performances in the spring of 2020 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 global pandemic and has never been staged at the Lyric as the complete cycle. This production was an "Inviting and imaginative production" that returned the narrative to its theatrical roots that a Chicago Sun-Times reviewer of Das Rheingold called "eye-popping"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new production was "created by Sir David Pountney, with original set designs by ... Johan Engels overseen by Robert Innes Hopkins, costumes designed by Marie-Jeanne Lecca, lighting by Fabrice Kebour, and choreography by Denni Sayers." The production starred "Christine Goerke as Brünnhilde, Burkhard Fritz as Siegfried, Eric Owens as Wotan and the Wanderer, Samuel Youn as Alberich, Tanja Ariane Baumgartner as Fricka and Waltraute, Elisabet Strid ... and Laura Wilde ... as Sieglinde, Brandon Jovanovich as Froh/Siegmund, Stephen Milling as Hunding/Hagen, Ronnita Miller as Erda/First Norn, Stefan Margita ... and Robert Brubaker ... as Loge, Matthias Klink as Mime, Soloman Howard as Fafner, Henning von Schulman as Fasolt."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio for the complete opera Die Walküre is available on YouTube Music, Amazon Music, SoundCloud, Deezer, and Spotify.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a> presented the <i>Ring</i> cycle at the <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Melbourne)" title="State Theatre (Melbourne)">State Theatre</a> in Melbourne, Australia, in November 2013, directed by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armfield" title="Neil Armfield">Neil Armfield</a> and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pietari_Inkinen" title="Pietari Inkinen">Pietari Inkinen</a>. <i>Classical Voice America</i> heralded the production as "one of the best Rings anywhere in a long time."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production was presented again in Melbourne from 21 November to 16 December 2016 starring <a href="/wiki/Lise_Lindstrom" title="Lise Lindstrom">Lise Lindstrom</a>, Stefan Vinke, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Wagner" title="Amber Wagner">Amber Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Dark" title="Jacqueline Dark">Jacqueline Dark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to perform <i>The Ring</i> with fewer resources than usual. In 1990, the City of Birmingham Touring Opera (now <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Opera_Company" title="Birmingham Opera Company">Birmingham Opera Company</a>), presented a two-evening adaptation (by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dove" title="Jonathan Dove">Jonathan Dove</a>) for a limited number of solo singers, each doubling several roles and 18 orchestral players.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version was subsequently given productions in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A heavily cut-down version (7 hours plus intervals) was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro Colón">Teatro Colón</a> in Buenos Aires on 26 November 2012 to mark the 200th anniversary of Wagner's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a different approach, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></i> staged the cycle on the small stage of the <a href="/wiki/Stadttheater_Minden" title="Stadttheater Minden">Stadttheater Minden</a>, beginning in 2015 with <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i>, followed by the other parts in the succeeding years and culminating with the complete cycle performed twice in 2019. The stage director was <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Heinz" title="Gerd Heinz">Gerd Heinz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beermann" title="Frank Beermann">Frank Beermann</a> conducted the <a href="/wiki/Nordwestdeutsche_Philharmonie" title="Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie">Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie</a>, playing at the back of the stage. The singers acted in front of the orchestra, making an intimate approach to the dramatic situations possible. The project received international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Oehrlein_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oehrlein-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brockmann_2019_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockmann_2019-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings_of_the_Ring_cycle">Recordings of the <i>Ring</i> cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recordings of the Ring cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> discography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_treatments_of_the_Ring_cycle">Other treatments of the <i>Ring</i> cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other treatments of the Ring cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orchestral versions of the <i>Ring</i> cycle, summarizing the work in a single movement of an hour or so, have been made by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (<i>Der Ring ohne Worte</i>) (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Henk_de_Vlieger" title="Henk de Vlieger">Henk de Vlieger</a> (<i>The Ring: An Orchestral Adventure</i>), (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English-Canadian comedian and singer <a href="/wiki/Anna_Russell" title="Anna Russell">Anna Russell</a> recorded a twenty-two-minute version of the <i>Ring</i> for her album <i>Anna Russell Sings! Again?</i> in 1953, characterized by camp humour and sharp wit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Produced by the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Ridiculous" title="Theatre of the Ridiculous">Ridiculous Theatrical Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ludlam" title="Charles Ludlam">Charles Ludlam</a>'s 1977 play <i>Der Ring Gott Farblonjet</i> was a spoof of Wagner's operas. The show received a well-reviewed 1990 revival in New York at the <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Theatre" title="Lucille Lortel Theatre">Lucille Lortel Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Opera" title="Seattle Opera">Seattle Opera</a> premiered a musical comedy parody of the Ring Cycle called Das Barbecü, with book and lyrics by Jim Luigs and music by Scott Warrender. It follows the outline of the cycle's plot but shifts the setting to Texas ranch country. It was later produced off-broadway and elsewhere around the world. </p><p>The German two-part television movie <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Kingdom:_The_Dragon_King" title="Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King">Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King</a></i> (2004, also known as <i>Ring of the Nibelungs</i>, <i>Die Nibelungen</i>, <i>Curse of the Ring</i> and <i>Sword of Xanten</i>), is based in some of the same material Richard Wagner used for his <a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">music dramas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i>. </p><p>An adaptation of Wagner's storyline was published as a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/P._Craig_Russell" title="P. Craig Russell">P. Craig Russell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also known as The Wanderer</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/wagner/music/wagner-ring-cycle/#:~:text=These%20operatic%20greats%2C%20although%20now,impressive%2015%20hours%20in%20total.">"Wagner – Ring Cycle"</a>. Classic FM. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wagner+%E2%80%93+Ring+Cycle&rft.pub=Classic+FM&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fwagner%2Fmusic%2Fwagner-ring-cycle%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThese%2520operatic%2520greats%252C%2520although%2520now%2Cimpressive%252015%2520hours%2520in%2520total.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Rhein2016" class="citation news cs1">von Rhein, John (21 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/vonrhein/ct-lyric-ring-preview-ae-0925-20160921-column.html">"An epic beginning for Lyric's new Wagner 'Ring' cycle"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=An+epic+beginning+for+Lyric%27s+new+Wagner+%27Ring%27+cycle&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=von+Rhein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fvonrhein%2Fct-lyric-ring-preview-ae-0925-20160921-column.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2001109-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2001109_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagee2001">Magee 2001</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2003/06/12/ringing-in-the-century">"Wagner in Russia: Ringing in the century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 12 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Wagner+in+Russia%3A+Ringing+in+the+century&rft.date=2003-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2003%2F06%2F12%2Fringing-in-the-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stageagent.com/shows/opera/1718/das-rheingold/characters">"<i>Das Rheingold</i> (Opera) Characters"</a>. <i>StageAgent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StageAgent&rft.atitle=Das+Rheingold+%28Opera%29+Characters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstageagent.com%2Fshows%2Fopera%2F1718%2Fdas-rheingold%2Fcharacters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stageagent.com/shows/opera/1719/die-walkure/characters">"<i>Die Walküre</i> (Opera) Characters"</a>. <i>StageAgent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StageAgent&rft.atitle=Die+Walk%C3%BCre+%28Opera%29+Characters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstageagent.com%2Fshows%2Fopera%2F1719%2Fdie-walkure%2Fcharacters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stageagent.com/shows/opera/16705/siegfried/characters">"<i>Siegfried</i> (Opera) Characters"</a>. <i>StageAgent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StageAgent&rft.atitle=Siegfried+%28Opera%29+Characters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstageagent.com%2Fshows%2Fopera%2F16705%2Fsiegfried%2Fcharacters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stageagent.com/shows/opera/2260/gotterdammerung/characters">"<i>Götterdämmerung</i> (Opera) Characters"</a>. <i>StageAgent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StageAgent&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung+%28Opera%29+Characters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstageagent.com%2Fshows%2Fopera%2F2260%2Fgotterdammerung%2Fcharacters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed examination of Wagner's sources for the <i>Ring</i> and his treatment of them, see, among other works, <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a>'s unfinished study of the <i>Ring</i>, <i>I Saw the World End</i> (<a href="#CITEREFCooke2000">Cooke 2000</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a>'s <i>Wagner Nights</i>. Also useful is a translation by Stewart Spencer (<i>Wagner's 'Ring of the Nibelung': Companion</i>, edited by Barry Millington) which, as well as containing essays, including one on the source material which provides an English translation of the entire text that strives to remain faithful to the early medieval <i><a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Stabreim</a></i> technique Wagner used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994287-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994287_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1994">Wagner (1994)</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994336–337-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994336–337_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1994">Wagner (1994)</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994p._391_and_n.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994p._391_and_n._13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1994">Wagner (1994)</a>, p. 391 and n..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeSutton1979345–346-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurbidgeSutton1979345–346_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurbidgeSutton1979">Burbidge & Sutton (1979)</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200880-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington200880_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillington2008">Millington (2008)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1898section:_"Back_to_Opera_Again"-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1898section:_"Back_to_Opera_Again"_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1898">Shaw (1898)</a>, section: "Back to Opera Again".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyricopera.org/lyric-lately/Instruments-of-the-RING/">"The Instruments of the RING"</a>. <i>www.lyricopera.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lyricopera.org&rft.atitle=The+Instruments+of+the+RING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyricopera.org%2Flyric-lately%2FInstruments-of-the-RING%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of 9 December 1840. See <a href="#CITEREFMendelssohn1987">Mendelssohn (1987)</a>, pp. 299–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFifield200525–26-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFifield200525–26_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFifield2005">Fifield (2005)</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoydell_and_Brewer2008" class="citation web cs1">Boydell and Brewer (2 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frombeyondthestave.blogspot.com/2008/12/lion-roars-for-wagner.html">"From Beyond the Stave: The Lion roars for Wagner"</a>. <i>Frombeyondthestave.blogspot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frombeyondthestave.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=From+Beyond+the+Stave%3A+The+Lion+roars+for+Wagner&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft.au=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrombeyondthestave.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F12%2Flion-roars-for-wagner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Murphy_(musicologist)" title="Kerry Murphy (musicologist)">Murphy, Kerry</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpb-ap-se2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.unimelb.edu.au/dist/6/184/files/2016/04/39_Murphy-1y1r4tw.pdf">"Thomas Quinlan and the 'All Red' Ring: Australia, 1913"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Context: Journal of Music Research</i> (39). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>: 79–88 (82–84). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1038-4006">1038-4006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Context%3A+Journal+of+Music+Research&rft.atitle=Thomas+Quinlan+and+the+%27All+Red%27+Ring%3A+Australia%2C+1913&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=79-88+%2882-84%29&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1038-4006&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpb-ap-se2.wpmucdn.com%2Fblogs.unimelb.edu.au%2Fdist%2F6%2F184%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F04%2F39_Murphy-1y1r4tw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contextjournal.music.unimelb.edu.au/no-39/">" 'Wagner and Us' Symposium"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagneroperas.com/indexwielandwagner.html">"Productions – Wieland Wagner, New Bayreuth"</a>. Wagner Operas. 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Productions+%E2%80%93+Wieland+Wagner%2C+New+Bayreuth&rft.pub=Wagner+Operas&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wagneroperas.com%2Findexwielandwagner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagneroperas.com/index1976ring.html">"The 1976 Bayreuth Centennial Ring"</a>, Wagneropera.com, retrieved 2 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozinn2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Kozinn, Allan</a> (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/arts/patrice-chereau-opera-stage-and-film-director-dies-at-68.html">"Patrice Chéreau, Opera, Stage and Film Director, Dies at 68"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Patrice+Ch%C3%A9reau%2C+Opera%2C+Stage+and+Film+Director%2C+Dies+at+68&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=Kozinn&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F08%2Farts%2Fpatrice-chereau-opera-stage-and-film-director-dies-at-68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillington2013" class="citation news cs1">Millington, Barry (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/08/patrice-chereau-by-barry-millington">"Patrice Chéreau and the bringing of dramatic conviction to the opera house"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Patrice+Ch%C3%A9reau+and+the+bringing+of+dramatic+conviction+to+the+opera+house&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2013%2Foct%2F08%2Fpatrice-chereau-by-barry-millington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattleopera50.com/tag/ring/"><i>Ring</i> performances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Opera" title="Seattle Opera">Seattle Opera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicalcriticism.com/news/roh-kirov-ring-0309.shtml">"Mariinsky Theatre brings Ring Cycle to Covent Garden in Summer 2009"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606100849/http://www.musicalcriticism.com/news/roh-kirov-ring-0309.shtml">Archived</a> 6 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Musicalcriticism.com 1 March 2009, retrieved 1 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426013724/http://www.thecopenhagenring.dk/uk/om_ringen.html">"The Royal Danish Theatre - der Ring des Nibelungen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecopenhagenring.dk/uk/om_ringen.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Danish+Theatre+-+der+Ring+des+Nibelungen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecopenhagenring.dk%2Fuk%2Fom_ringen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/festivals/ring">"Ring Cycle"</a>. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. 22 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ring+Cycle&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Center+for+the+Performing+Arts&rft.date=2016-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Ffestivals%2Fring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiane_Haithman2009" class="citation web cs1">Diane Haithman (15 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-freyer15-2009feb15,0,3027342.story#axzz2wKtvwDTq">"Achim Freyer is consumed by <i>The Ring of the Nibelung</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Achim+Freyer+is+consumed+by+The+Ring+of+the+Nibelung&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.au=Diane+Haithman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fla-ca-freyer15-2009feb15%2C0%2C3027342.story%23axzz2wKtvwDTq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2010" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Guy (15 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/wagner-star-and-director-clash-in-us-costume-drama-1974580.html">"Wagner star and director clash in US costume drama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Wagner+star+and+director+clash+in+US+costume+drama&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftheatre-dance%2Fnews%2Fwagner-star-and-director-clash-in-us-costume-drama-1974580.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=13&=Go">"55th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees: Classical"</a>. <i>Grammy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammy.com&rft.atitle=55th+Annual+Grammy+Awards+Nominees%3A+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%3Fgenre%3D13%26%3DGo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operawire.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-met-operas-2018-19-revival-of-wagners-ring-cycle/">"Everything You Need to Know About the Met Opera's 2018-19 Revival of Wagner's Ring Cycle"</a>. <i>Opera Wire</i>. 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opera+Wire&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Met+Opera%27s+2018-19+Revival+of+Wagner%27s+Ring+Cycle&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperawire.com%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-the-met-operas-2018-19-revival-of-wagners-ring-cycle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2019" class="citation web cs1">Goodwin, Jay (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/the-met-opera-revives-robert-lepages-hi-tech-staging-of-wagners-ring-cycle">"The Met Opera Revives Robert LePage's Hi-Tech Staging of Wagner's Ring Cycle"</a>. 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Frankfurt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.faz.net/faz-edition/feuilleton/2019-09-27/5295e6699af74ee443c20d9864183a5a/?GEPC=s9">the original</a> on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Der+Kleine+muss+Ideen+haben+%2F+Zeitreise+durch+vier+Epochen%3A+Richard+Wagners+%22Ring%22+in+Minden&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft.aulast=Oehrlein&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.faz.net%2Ffaz-edition%2Ffeuilleton%2F2019-09-27%2F5295e6699af74ee443c20d9864183a5a%2F%3FGEPC%3Ds9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockmann_2019-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockmann_2019_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brockmann, Sigi (8 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinemerker.com/minden-stadttheater-der-ring-des-nibelungen-jetzt-das-gesamte-buehnenfestspiel/">"Minden / Stadttheater: Der Ring des Nibelungen – jetzt das gesamte Bühnenfestspiel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Neue_Merker" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Neue Merker">Der Neue Merker</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Neue+Merker&rft.atitle=Minden+%2F+Stadttheater%3A+Der+Ring+des+Nibelungen+%E2%80%93+jetzt+das+gesamte+B%C3%BChnenfestspiel&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Sigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinemerker.com%2Fminden-stadttheater-der-ring-des-nibelungen-jetzt-das-gesamte-buehnenfestspiel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160514161037/http://www.schott-music.com/news/archive/show,6714.html">"Arquivo.pt"</a>. <i>www.schott-music.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schott-music.com/news/archive/show,6714.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schott-music.com&rft.atitle=Arquivo.pt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schott-music.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fshow%2C6714.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922213259/https://www.voice-talk.net/2011/04/anna-russells-ring.html">"Anna Russell's Ring"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voice-talk.net/2011/04/anna-russells-ring.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna+Russell%27s+Ring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voice-talk.net%2F2011%2F04%2Fanna-russells-ring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=J1Ibx4mE4MPOfWaO&v=CM33rgC2Fek&feature=youtu.be">"The Ring of the Nibelungs (An analysis)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 9 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Ring+of+the+Nibelungs+%28An+analysis%29&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fsi%3DJ1Ibx4mE4MPOfWaO%26v%3DCM33rgC2Fek%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGussow1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gussow" title="Mel Gussow">Gussow, Mel</a> (13 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/13/theater/review-theater-just-a-song-at-twilight-of-the-gods.html">"Review/Theater; Just a Song at Twilight (of the Gods)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (<i>Der Ring Gott Farblonjet</i> review).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%2FTheater%3B+Just+a+Song+at+Twilight+%28of+the+Gods%29&rft.date=1990-04-13&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F13%2Ftheater%2Freview-theater-just-a-song-at-twilight-of-the-gods.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell2018" class="citation book cs1">Russell, P. Craig (2018). <i>The Ring of the Nibelung</i>. Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5067-0919-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5067-0919-2"><bdi>978-1-5067-0919-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+the+Nibelung&rft.place=Milwaukie%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Dark+Horse+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5067-0919-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=P.+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurbidgeSutton1979" class="citation book cs1">Burbidge, Peter; Sutton, Richard (1979). <i>The Wagner Companion</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11450-4"><bdi>978-0-571-11450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11450-4&rft.aulast=Burbidge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooke2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Cooke, Deryck</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rr5xTZQykgC"><i>I Saw the World End: A Study of Wagner's Ring</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315318-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315318-1"><bdi>0-19-315318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Saw+the+World+End%3A+A+Study+of+Wagner%27s+Ring&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-315318-1&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Deryck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rr5xTZQykgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFifield2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Fifield" title="Christopher Fifield">Fifield, Christopher</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Ibbs_and_Tillett" title="Ibbs and Tillett">Ibbs and Tillett</a>: The Rise and Fall of a Musical Empire</i>. London: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84014-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84014-290-7"><bdi>978-1-84014-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibbs+and+Tillett%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Musical+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84014-290-7&rft.aulast=Fifield&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagee2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a> (2001). <i>The <a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a>: Wagner and Philosophy</i>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6788-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6788-4"><bdi>0-8050-6788-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tristan+chord%3A+Wagner+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8050-6788-4&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendelssohn1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn, Fanny</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Citron" title="Marcia Citron">Marcia Citron</a> (ed.). <i>Letters of Fanny Hensel to Felix Mendelssohn</i>. Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-52-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918728-52-4"><bdi>978-0-918728-52-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Fanny+Hensel+to+Felix+Mendelssohn&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-918728-52-4&rft.aulast=Mendelssohn&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillington2008" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Barry (2008). "Der Ring des Nibelungen: conception and interpretation". In Grey, Thomas S. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Wagner</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64439-6"><bdi>978-0-521-64439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Ring+des+Nibelungen%3A+conception+and+interpretation&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Wagner&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64439-6&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1487/1487-h/1487-h.htm#2H_4_0011"><i>The Perfect Wagnerite</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Wagnerite&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1487%2F1487-h%2F1487-h.htm%232H_4_0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner1994" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1994). <i>The Art Work of the Future and Other Works</i> ("A Communication to My Friends" is on pp. 269–392.). Translated by William Ashton Ellis. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9752-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-9752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Work+of+the+Future+and+Other+Works&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9752-4&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Besack, Michael, <i>The Esoteric Wagner: An Introduction to Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>, Berkeley: Regent Press, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58790-074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58790-074-7">978-1-58790-074-7</a>.</li> <li>Di Gaetani, John Louis, <i>Penetrating Wagner's Ring: An Anthology</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80437-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80437-3">978-0-306-80437-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danielhfoster.com">Foster, Daniel</a>, (2010) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Wagners-Cycle-Greeks-Cambridge-Studies/dp/0521517397">Wagner's Ring Cycle and the Greeks</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-51739-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-51739-7">0-521-51739-7</a>.</li> <li>Gregor-Dellin, Martin, (1983) <i>Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century</i>. Harcourt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-177151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-177151-0">0-15-177151-0</a>.</li> <li>Holman, J. K. <i>Wagner's Ring: A Listener's Companion and Concordance</i>. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Owen_Lee" title="M. Owen Lee">Lee, M. Owen</a>, (1994) <i>Wagner's Ring: Turning the Sky Round</i>. Amadeus Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-186-2">978-0-87910-186-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a>, (1988) <i>Aspects of Wagner</i>. Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284012-6">0-19-284012-6</a>.</li> <li>May, Thomas, (2004) <i>Decoding Wagner</i>. Amadeus Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-097-4">978-1-57467-097-4</a>.</li> <li>Millington, Barry (editor) (2001) <i>The Wagner Compendium</i>. Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28274-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28274-9">0-500-28274-9</a>.</li> <li>Sabor, Rudolph, (1997) <i>Richard Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen: a companion volume</i>. Phaidon Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3650-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3650-8">0-7148-3650-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Sir Roger</a>, (2016) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7igCwAAQBAJ">The Ring of Truth: The Wisdom of Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung</a></i>. Penguin UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4683-1549-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4683-1549-8">1-4683-1549-8</a>.</li> <li>Spotts, Frederick, (1999) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWqXGqaCOEQC">Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival</a></i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5277-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5277-9">0-7126-5277-9</a>.</li> <li>Vernon, David, (2021) <i>Disturbing the Universe: Wagner's Musikdrama</i>. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5272-9924-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5272-9924-5">978-1-5272-9924-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a> (21 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/07/21/the-kirov-ring-lets-hear-it-for-the-home-team/">"The 'Kirov' <i>Ring</i>: Let's Hear It for the Home Team"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27Kirov%27+Ring%3A+Let%27s+Hear+It+for+the+Home+Team&rft.date=2007-07-21&rft.au=Anthony+Tommasini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F21%2Fthe-kirov-ring-lets-hear-it-for-the-home-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/music/articles/27256">"<i>The Ring</i> and I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radiolab" title="Radiolab">Radiolab</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/WNYC" title="WNYC">WNYC</a>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiolab&rft.atitle=The+Ring+and+I&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2F27256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADer+Ring+des+Nibelungen" class="Z3988"></span> A podcast about <i>The Ring</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner491" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_for_the_stage_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner">List of works for the stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prose_works_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of prose works by Richard Wagner">List of prose works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early_works11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_discography" title="Der fliegende Holländer discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_discography" title="Tannhäuser discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_discography" title="Lohengrin discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen(discography)89" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography">discography</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde_discography" title="Tristan und Isolde discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg_discography" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_discography" title="Parsifal discography">discography</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-operatic music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(Wagner)" title="Polonia (Wagner)"><i>Polonia</i> Overture</a> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesmahl_der_Apostel" title="Das Liebesmahl der Apostel">Das Liebesmahl der Apostel</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a></i> (1840, rev. 1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a></i> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisermarsch" title="Kaisermarsch">Kaisermarsch</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Art_and_Revolution" title="Art and Revolution">Art and Revolution</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Autobiographic_Sketch_(Wagner)" title="Autobiographic Sketch (Wagner)">Autobiographic Sketch</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leubald" title="Leubald">Leubald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">Mein Leben</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">Music of the Future</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Opera_excerpts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Liebestod" title="Liebestod">Liebestod</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Laune_des_Verliebten" title="Die Laune des Verliebten">Die Laune des Verliebten</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerlist_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer_als_Frauenlist" title="Männerlist größer als Frauenlist">Männerlist größer als Frauenlist</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wieland_der_Schmied_(libretto)" title="Wieland der Schmied (libretto)">Wieland der Schmied</a></i> (1850; text only)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a></i> (1858; text only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holztrompete" title="Holztrompete">Holztrompete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bayreuth Festival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Circle" title="Bayreuth Circle">Bayreuth Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival_Orchestra" title="Bayreuth Festival Orchestra">Bayreuth Festival Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">Wagner family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolde_Beidler" title="Isolde Beidler">Isolde Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Chamberlain" title="Eva Chamberlain">Eva Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer" title="Ludwig Geyer">Ludwig Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Minna Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Wagner" title="Nike Wagner">Nike Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)"><i>Wagner</i></a> (1983 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_Dream" title="Wagner's Dream">Wagner's Dream</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried_(film)" title="Wahnfried (film)"><i>Wahnfried</i> (1986 film)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Film_adaptations16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1904_film)" title="Parsifal (1904 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1904 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1982_film)" title="Parsifal (1982 film)"><i>Parsifal</i> (1982 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Wagner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Monument" title="Richard Wagner Monument">Richard Wagner Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Memorial" title="Richard Wagner Memorial">Richard Wagner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Richard_Wagner" title="Bust of Richard Wagner">Bust of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(crater)" title="Wagner (crater)">Wagner (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Ice_Piedmont" title="Wagner Ice Piedmont">Wagner Ice Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3992_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="3992 Wagner">3992 Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">International Association of Wagner Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_using_the_music_of_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films using the music of Richard Wagner">List of films using the music of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_bell" title="Parsifal bell">Parsifal bells</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Richard_Wagner" title="Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Vendramin_Calergi" title="Ca' Vendramin Calergi">Museo Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Museum,_Lucerne" title="Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne">Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Wagner" title="Category:Richard Wagner">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Wagner&#039;s_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Template:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Template talk:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner&#039;s_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_music" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_text" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the text">Text</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thidreks_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thidreks saga">Thidreks saga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> <small>(1869)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography">discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> <small>(1870)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography">discography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> <small>(1876)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography">discography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> <small>(1876)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography">discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_gerettete_Alberich" title="Der gerettete Alberich">Der gerettete Alberich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expecting_Someone_Taller" title="Expecting Someone Taller">Expecting Someone Taller</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_(Georg_Solti_recording)" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen (Georg Solti recording)"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> (Georg Solti recording)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F" title="What's Opera, Doc?">What's Opera, Doc?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ring_(video_game)" title="Ring (video game)">Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_ain%27t_over_till_the_fat_lady_sings" title="It ain't over till the fat lady sings">It ain't over till the fat lady sings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gods_of_War_(Manowar_album)" title="Gods of War (Manowar album)">Gods of War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography"><i>Der Ring des Nibelungen</i> discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_A_Film_from_Germany" title="Hitler: A Film from Germany">Hitler: A Film from Germany</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlock_Saga" title="Harlock Saga">Harlock Saga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nibelungenlied72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nibelungenlied" title="Template:Nibelungenlied"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nibelungenlied" title="Template talk:Nibelungenlied"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nibelungenlied" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nibelungenlied"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nibelungenlied72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Kriemhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brunhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildebrand" title="Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_of_Burgundy" title="Giselher of Burgundy">Giselher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_Bechelaren" title="Rüdiger von Bechelaren">Rüdiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Etzel (Attila)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenklage" title="Nibelungenklage">Nibelungenklage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lied_vom_H%C3%BCrnen_Seyfrid" title="Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid">Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosengarten_zu_Worms" title="Rosengarten zu Worms">Rosengarten zu Worms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biterolf_und_Dietleib" title="Biterolf und Dietleib">Biterolf und Dietleib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_(opera)" title="Sigurd (opera)">Sigurd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen" title="Die Nibelungen">Die Nibelungen</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragon%27s_Blood" title="The Dragon's Blood">The Dragon's Blood</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen_(1966%E2%80%9367_film)" title="Die Nibelungen (1966–67 film)">Die Nibelungen</a></i> (1966/1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Kingdom:_The_Dragon_King" title="Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King">Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Nibelungenlied:_Ein_Heldenepos_in_39_Abenteuern" title="Das Nibelungenlied: Ein Heldenepos in 39 Abenteuern">Das Nibelungenlied: Ein Heldenepos in 39 Abenteuern</a></i> (novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comic Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomas" title="Roy Thomas">The Ring of the Nibelung</a></i> (1989-1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P._Craig_Russell" title="P. Craig Russell">The Ring of the Nibelung</a></i> (2000-2001)</li> <li><i>Siegfried</i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Helpmann_Award_for_Best_Opera33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C4C3D0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HelpmannAward_Opera" title="Template:HelpmannAward 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title="Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)">Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(opera)" title="Dead Man Walking (opera)">Dead Man Walking</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Ring Cycle</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flight_(opera)" title="Flight (opera)">Flight</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rusalka_(opera)" title="Rusalka (opera)">Rusalka</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)" title="Billy Budd (opera)">Billy Budd</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partenope" title="Partenope">Partenope</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick_(opera)" title="Moby-Dick (opera)">Moby-Dick</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Ring Cycle</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faramondo" title="Faramondo">Faramondo</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_(opera)" title="Agrippina (opera)">Agrippina</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)" title="Saul (Handel)">Saul</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Dean)" title="Hamlet (Dean)">Hamlet</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/597e017a-2c97-40c0-9eeb-430a0461e4ad">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&oldid=1281502939">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen&oldid=1281502939</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Category:Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></li><li><a 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