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inhomogeneity</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: inhomogeneity"> <meta name="keywords" content="inhomogeneity"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="inhomogeneity"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 31</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: inhomogeneity</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Rayleigh Wave Propagation in an Orthotropic Medium under the Influence of Exponentially Varying Inhomogeneities </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumit%20Kumar%20Vishwakarma">Sumit Kumar Vishwakarma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the paper is to investigate the influence of inhomogeneity associated with the elastic constants and density of the orthotropic medium. The inhomogeneity is considered as exponential function of depth. The impact of gravity had been discussed. Using the concept of separation of variables, the system of a partial differential equation (equation of motion) has been converted into ordinary differential equation, which is coupled in nature. It further reduces to a biquadratic equation whose roots were found by using MATLAB. A suitable boundary condition is employed to derive the dispersion equation in a closed-form. Numerical simulations had been performed to show the influence of the inhomogeneity parameter. It was observed that as the numerical values of increases, the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves decreases at a particular wavenumber. Graphical illustrations were drawn to visualize the effect of the increasing and decreasing values of the inhomogeneity parameter. It can be concluded that it has a remarkable bearing on the phase velocity as well as damping velocity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayleigh%20waves" title="Rayleigh waves">Rayleigh waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthotropic%20medium" title=" orthotropic medium"> orthotropic medium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravity%20field" title=" gravity field"> gravity field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity" title=" inhomogeneity"> inhomogeneity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123019/rayleigh-wave-propagation-in-an-orthotropic-medium-under-the-influence-of-exponentially-varying-inhomogeneities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123019.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Effect of the Tidal Charge Parameter on CMBR Temperature Anisotropies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evariste%20Boj">Evariste Boj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Schee"> Jan Schee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation due to the inhomogeneity region constructed on a 3-brane in the framework of a Randall-Sundrum one brane immersed into a 5D bulk $AdS_5$ spacetime. We employ the Brane-World Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmological model to describe the cosmic expansion on the brane. The inhomogeneity is modeled by the static, spherically symmetric spacetime that replaces the spherically symmetric part of a dust-filled universe and is connected to the FLRW spacetime through the junction conditions. As the vacuum region expands it induces an additional frequency shift to a CMBR photon passing through this inhomogeneity in comparison to the case of a photon propagating through a pure FLRW spacetime. This frequency shift is associated with the effective temperature change of the CMBR in the corresponding direction. We give an estimate of the CMBR effective temperature changes with the change of the value of the tidal charge parameter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMBR" title="CMBR">CMBR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Randall-Sundrum%20model" title=" Randall-Sundrum model"> Randall-Sundrum model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rees-Sciama%20effect" title=" Rees-Sciama effect"> Rees-Sciama effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Braneworld" title=" Braneworld"> Braneworld</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140418/effect-of-the-tidal-charge-parameter-on-cmbr-temperature-anisotropies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Microstructures and Mechanical Property of ti6al4v - a Comparison between Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Karimi">Javad Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashanth%20Konda%20Gokuldoss"> Prashanth Konda Gokuldoss</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microstructural inhomogeneity in additively manufactured materials affects the material properties. The present study aims in minimizing such microstructural inhomogeneity in Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) from the gas atomized powder. A detailed and systematic study of the effect of remelting on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V manufactured by SLM was compared with electron beam melting and spark plasma sintering. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20manufacturing" title="additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20laser%20melting" title=" selective laser melting"> selective laser melting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ti6Al4V" title=" Ti6Al4V"> Ti6Al4V</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129821/microstructures-and-mechanical-property-of-ti6al4v-a-comparison-between-selective-laser-melting-electron-beam-melting-and-spark-plasma-sintering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Analysis of Overall Thermo-Elastic Properties of Random Particulate Nanocomposites with Various Interphase Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lidiia%20Nazarenko">Lidiia Nazarenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henryk%20Stolarski"> Henryk Stolarski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holm%20Altenbach"> Holm Altenbach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the paper, a (hierarchical) approach to analysis of thermo-elastic properties of random composites with interphases is outlined and illustrated. It is based on the statistical homogenization method – the method of conditional moments – combined with recently introduced notion of the energy-equivalent inhomogeneity which, in this paper, is extended to include thermal effects. After exposition of the general principles, the approach is applied in the investigation of the effective thermo-elastic properties of a material with randomly distributed nanoparticles. The basic idea of equivalent inhomogeneity is to replace the inhomogeneity and the surrounding it interphase by a single equivalent inhomogeneity of constant stiffness tensor and coefficient of thermal expansion, combining thermal and elastic properties of both. The equivalent inhomogeneity is then perfectly bonded to the matrix which allows to analyze composites with interphases using techniques devised for problems without interphases. From the mechanical viewpoint, definition of the equivalent inhomogeneity is based on Hill’s energy equivalence principle, applied to the problem consisting only of the original inhomogeneity and its interphase. It is more general than the definitions proposed in the past in that, conceptually and practically, it allows to consider inhomogeneities of various shapes and various models of interphases. This is illustrated considering spherical particles with two models of interphases, Gurtin-Murdoch material surface model and spring layer model. The resulting equivalent inhomogeneities are subsequently used to determine effective thermo-elastic properties of randomly distributed particulate composites. The effective stiffness tensor and coefficient of thermal extension of the material with so defined equivalent inhomogeneities are determined by the method of conditional moments. Closed-form expressions for the effective thermo-elastic parameters of a composite consisting of a matrix and randomly distributed spherical inhomogeneities are derived for the bulk and the shear moduli as well as for the coefficient of thermal expansion. Dependence of the effective parameters on the interphase properties is included in the resulting expressions, exhibiting analytically the nature of the size-effects in nanomaterials. As a numerical example, the epoxy matrix with randomly distributed spherical glass particles is investigated. The dependence of the effective bulk and shear moduli, as well as of the effective thermal expansion coefficient on the particle volume fraction (for different radii of nanoparticles) and on the radius of nanoparticle (for fixed volume fraction of nanoparticles) for different interphase models are compared to and discussed in the context of other theoretical predictions. Possible applications of the proposed approach to short-fiber composites with various types of interphases are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20properties" title="effective properties">effective properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20equivalence" title=" energy equivalence"> energy equivalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurtin-Murdoch%20surface%20model" title=" Gurtin-Murdoch surface model"> Gurtin-Murdoch surface model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interphase" title=" interphase"> interphase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20composites" title=" random composites"> random composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spherical%20equivalent%20inhomogeneity" title=" spherical equivalent inhomogeneity"> spherical equivalent inhomogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spring%20layer%20model" title=" spring layer model"> spring layer model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57254/analysis-of-overall-thermo-elastic-properties-of-random-particulate-nanocomposites-with-various-interphase-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Case-Wise Investigation of Body-Wave Propagation in a Cross-Anisotropic Soil Exhibiting Inhomogeneity along Depth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumit%20Kumar%20Vishawakarma">Sumit Kumar Vishawakarma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tapas%20Ranjan%20%20Panihari"> Tapas Ranjan Panihari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article investigates the propagation behavior of SV-wave, SH-wave, and P-wave in a continuously inhomogeneous cross-anisotropic material, where the material properties such as Young's moduli, shear modulus, and density vary as an arbitrary continuous function of depth. In the considered model, Hook's law, strain-displacement relations along with equilibrium equations have been used to derive the governing equation. The mathematical formulation of this physical problem gives rise to an eigenvalue problem with displacement components as fundamental variables. This leads to achieving the closed-form expressions for quasi-wave velocities of SV-wave, SH-wave, and P-wave in the considered framework. These characteristics of wave propagation along with the above-stated variation have been scrutinized based on their numerical results. This parametric study reveals that wave velocity remarkably fluctuates as the magnitude of inhomogeneity parameters increases and decreases. The prominent effect has been shown depicting the dependence of wave velocity on the degree of material anisotropy. The influence of phase angle and depth of the medium has been remarkably established. The present study may facilitate the theoretical foundation and practical application in the field of earthquake source mechanisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-anisotropic" title="cross-anisotropic">cross-anisotropic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity" title=" inhomogeneity"> inhomogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P-wave" title=" P-wave"> P-wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SH-wave" title=" SH-wave"> SH-wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SV-wave" title=" SV-wave"> SV-wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20modulus" title=" shear modulus"> shear modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%E2%80%99s%20modulus" title=" Young’s modulus"> Young’s modulus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121335/case-wise-investigation-of-body-wave-propagation-in-a-cross-anisotropic-soil-exhibiting-inhomogeneity-along-depth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Biophysical Modeling of Anisotropic Brain Tumor Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mutaz%20Dwairy">Mutaz Dwairy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid tumors have high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), high mechanical stress, and low oxygen levels. Solid stresses may induce apoptosis, stimulate the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells, and lower their proliferation rate, while oxygen concentration may affect the response of cancer cells to treatment. Although tumors grow in a nonhomogeneous environment, many existing theoretical models assume homogeneous growth and tissue has uniform mechanical properties. For example, the brain consists of three primary materials: white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, tissue inhomogeneity should be considered in the analysis. This study established a physical model based on convection-diffusion equations and continuum mechanics principles. The model considers the geometrical inhomogeneity of the brain by including the three different matters in the analysis: white matter, gray matter, and CSF. The model also considers fluid-solid interaction and explicitly describes the effect of mechanical factors, e.g., solid stresses and IFP, chemical factors, e.g., oxygen concentration, and biological factors, e.g., cancer cell concentration, on growing tumors. In this article, we applied the model on a brain tumor positioned within the white matter, considering the brain inhomogeneity to estimate solid stresses, IFP, the cancer cell concentration, oxygen concentration, and the deformation of the tissues within the neoplasm and the surrounding. Tumor size was estimated at different time points. This model might be clinically crucial for cancer detection and treatment planning by measuring mechanical stresses, IFP, and oxygen levels in the tissue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanical%20model" title="biomechanical model">biomechanical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interstitial%20fluid%20pressure" title=" interstitial fluid pressure"> interstitial fluid pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20stress" title=" solid stress"> solid stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumor%20microenvironment" title=" tumor microenvironment"> tumor microenvironment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186318/biophysical-modeling-of-anisotropic-brain-tumor-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Finite Eigenstrains in Nonlinear Elastic Solid Wedges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashkan%20Golgoon">Ashkan Golgoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Souhayl%20Sadik"> Souhayl Sadik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20Yavari"> Arash Yavari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Eigenstrains in nonlinear solids are created due to anelastic effects such as non-uniform temperature distributions, growth, remodeling, and defects. Eigenstrains understanding is indispensable, as they can generate residual stresses and strongly affect the overall response of solids. Here, we study the residual stress and deformation fields of an incompressible isotropic infinite wedge with a circumferentially-symmetric distribution of finite eigenstrains. We construct a material manifold, whose Riemannian metric explicitly depends on the eigenstrain distribution, thereby we turn the problem into a classical nonlinear elasticity problem, where we find an embedding of the Riemannian material manifold into the ambient Euclidean space. In particular, we find exact solutions for the residual stress and deformation fields of a neo-Hookean wedge having a symmetric inclusion with finite radial and circumferential eigenstrains. Moreover, we numerically solve a similar problem when a symmetric Mooney-Rivlin inhomogeneity with finite eigenstrains is placed in a neo-Hookean wedge. Generalization of the eigenstrain problem to other geometries are also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20eigenstrains" title="finite eigenstrains">finite eigenstrains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometric%20mechanics" title=" geometric mechanics"> geometric mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusion" title=" inclusion"> inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity" title=" inhomogeneity"> inhomogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20elasticity" title=" nonlinear elasticity"> nonlinear elasticity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58993/finite-eigenstrains-in-nonlinear-elastic-solid-wedges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Shear Surface and Localized Waves in Functionally Graded Piezoactive Electro-Magneto-Elastic Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20B.%20Ghazaryan">Karen B. Ghazaryan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the propagation of coupled electromagnetic and elastic waves in magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) structures attracted much attention due to the wide range of application of these materials in smart structures. MEE materials are a class of new artificial composites that consist of simultaneous piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases. Magneto-electro-elastic composites are built up by combining piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases to obtain a smart composite that presents not only the electromechanical and magneto-mechanical coupling but also a strong magnetoelectric coupling, which makes such materials highly valuable in technological usage. In the framework of quasi-static approach shear surface and localized waves are considered in magneto-electro-elastic piezo-active structure consisting of functionally graded 6mm hexagonal symmetry group crystals. Assuming that in a functionally graded material the elastic and electromagnetic properties vary in the same proportion in direction perpendicular to the MEE polling direction, special classes of inhomogeneity functions were found, admitting exact solutions for coupled electromagnetic and elastic wave fields. Based on these exact solutions, defining the coupled shear wave field in magneto-electro-elastic composites several modal problems are considered: shear surface waves propagation along surface of a MEE half-space, interfacial wave propagation in a MEE oppositely polarized bi-layer, Love type waves in a functionally graded MEE layer overlying a homogeneous elastic half-space. For the problems under consideration corresponding dispersion equations are deduced analytically in an explicit form and for the BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ crystal numerical results estimating effects of inhomogeneity and piezo effect are carried out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20shear%20waves" title="surface shear waves">surface shear waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magneto-electro-elastic%20composites" title=" magneto-electro-elastic composites"> magneto-electro-elastic composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoactive%20crystals" title=" piezoactive crystals"> piezoactive crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionally%20graded%20elastic%20materials" title=" functionally graded elastic materials"> functionally graded elastic materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77434/shear-surface-and-localized-waves-in-functionally-graded-piezoactive-electro-magneto-elastic-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Analysis of a Generalized Sharma-Tasso-Olver Equation with Variable Coefficients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fadi%20Awawdeh">Fadi Awawdeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Alsayyed"> O. Alsayyed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Al-Shar%C3%A1"> S. Al-Shará</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the inhomogeneities of media, the variable-coefficient Sharma-Tasso-Olver (STO) equation is hereby investigated with the aid of symbolic computation. A newly developed simplified bilinear method is described for the solution of considered equation. Without any constraints on the coefficient functions, multiple kink solutions are obtained. Parametric analysis is carried out in order to analyze the effects of the coefficient functions on the stabilities and propagation characteristics of the solitonic waves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hirota%20bilinear%20method" title="Hirota bilinear method">Hirota bilinear method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20kink%20solution" title=" multiple kink solution"> multiple kink solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharma-Tasso-Olver%20equation" title=" Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation"> Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity%20of%20media" title=" inhomogeneity of media"> inhomogeneity of media</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18827/analysis-of-a-generalized-sharma-tasso-olver-equation-with-variable-coefficients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> An Ultra-Low Output Impedance Power Amplifier for Tx Array in 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashraf%20Abuelhaija">Ashraf Abuelhaija</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klaus%20Solbach"> Klaus Solbach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Ultra high-field MRI scanners (3T and higher), parallel RF transmission techniques using multiple RF chains with multiple transmit elements are a promising approach to overcome the high-field MRI challenges in terms of inhomogeneity in the RF magnetic field and SAR. However, mutual coupling between the transmit array elements disturbs the desirable independent control of the RF waveforms for each element. This contribution demonstrates a 18 dB improvement of decoupling (isolation) performance due to the very low output impedance of our 1 kW power amplifier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EM%20coupling" title="EM coupling">EM coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-element%20isolation" title=" inter-element isolation"> inter-element isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20%28mri%29" title=" magnetic resonance imaging (mri)"> magnetic resonance imaging (mri)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20transmit" title=" parallel transmit"> parallel transmit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31126/an-ultra-low-output-impedance-power-amplifier-for-tx-array-in-7-tesla-magnetic-resonance-imaging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Calibration of Contact Model Parameters and Analysis of Microscopic Behaviors of Cuxhaven Sand Using The Discrete Element Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjali%20Uday">Anjali Uday</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuting%20Wang"> Yuting Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Alfonso%20Pena%20Olare"> Andres Alfonso Pena Olare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Discrete Element Method is a promising approach to modeling microscopic behaviors of granular materials. The quality of the simulations however depends on the model parameters utilized. The present study focuses on calibration and validation of the discrete element parameters for Cuxhaven sand based on the experimental data from triaxial and oedometer tests. A sensitivity analysis was conducted during the sample preparation stage and the shear stage of the triaxial tests. The influence of parameters like rolling resistance, inter-particle friction coefficient, confining pressure and effective modulus were investigated on the void ratio of the sample generated. During the shear stage, the effect of parameters like inter-particle friction coefficient, effective modulus, rolling resistance friction coefficient and normal-to-shear stiffness ratio are examined. The calibration of the parameters is carried out such that the simulations reproduce the macro mechanical characteristics like dilation angle, peak stress, and stiffness. The above-mentioned calibrated parameters are then validated by simulating an oedometer test on the sand. The oedometer test results are in good agreement with experiments, which proves the suitability of the calibrated parameters. In the next step, the calibrated and validated model parameters are applied to forecast the micromechanical behavior including the evolution of contact force chains, buckling of columns of particles, observation of non-coaxiality, and sample inhomogeneity during a simple shear test. The evolution of contact force chains vividly shows the distribution, and alignment of strong contact forces. The changes in coordination number are in good agreement with the volumetric strain exhibited during the simple shear test. The vertical inhomogeneity of void ratios is documented throughout the shearing phase, which shows looser structures in the top and bottom layers. Buckling of columns is not observed due to the small rolling resistance coefficient adopted for simulations. The non-coaxiality of principal stress and strain rate is also well captured. Thus the micromechanical behaviors are well described using the calibrated and validated material parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20element%20model" title="discrete element model">discrete element model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameter%20calibration" title=" parameter calibration"> parameter calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triaxial%20test" title=" triaxial test"> triaxial test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oedometer%20test" title=" oedometer test"> oedometer test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simple%20shear%20test" title=" simple shear test"> simple shear test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150752/calibration-of-contact-model-parameters-and-analysis-of-microscopic-behaviors-of-cuxhaven-sand-using-the-discrete-element-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Technology Computer Aided Design Simulation of Space Charge Limited Conduction in Polycrystalline Thin Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunj%20Parikh">Kunj Parikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bhattacharya"> S. Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Natarajan"> V. Natarajan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> TCAD numerical simulation is one of the most tried and tested powerful tools for designing devices in semiconductor foundries worldwide. It has also been used to explain conduction in organic thin films where the processing temperature is often enough to make homogeneous samples (often imperfect, but homogeneously imperfect). In this report, we have presented the results of TCAD simulation in multi-grain thin films. The work has addressed the inhomogeneity in one dimension, but can easily be extended to two and three dimensions. The effect of grain boundaries has mainly been approximated as barriers located at the junction between two adjacent grains. The effect of the value of grain boundary barrier, the bulk traps, and the measurement temperature have been investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycrystalline%20thin%20films" title="polycrystalline thin films">polycrystalline thin films</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20charge%20limited%20conduction" title=" space charge limited conduction"> space charge limited conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Technology%20Computer-Aided%20Design%20%28TCAD%29%20simulation" title=" Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation"> Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traps" title=" traps"> traps</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87550/technology-computer-aided-design-simulation-of-space-charge-limited-conduction-in-polycrystalline-thin-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Segmental Motion of Polymer Chain at Glass Transition Probed by Single Molecule Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Aoki">Hiroyuki Aoki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The glass transition phenomenon has been extensively studied for a long time. The glass transition of polymer materials is assigned to the transition of the dynamics of the chain backbone segment. However, the detailed mechanism of the transition behavior of the segmental motion is still unclear. In the current work, the single molecule detection technique was employed to reveal the trajectory of the molecular motion of the single polymer chain. The center segment of poly(butyl methacrylate) chain was labeled by a perylenediimide dye molecule and observed by a highly sensitive fluorescence microscope in a defocus condition. The translational and rotational diffusion of the center segment in a single polymer chain was analyzed near the glass transition temperature. The direct observation of the individual polymer chains revealed the intermittent behavior of the segmental motion, indicating the spatial inhomogeneity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20transition" title="glass transition">glass transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20motion" title=" molecular motion"> molecular motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20materials" title=" polymer materials"> polymer materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20molecule" title=" single molecule"> single molecule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90107/segmental-motion-of-polymer-chain-at-glass-transition-probed-by-single-molecule-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Influence of Moringa Leaves Extract on the Response of Hb Molecule to Dose Rates’ Changes: II. Relaxation Time and Its Thermodynamic Driven State Functions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20M.%20Elnasharty">Mohamed M. M. Elnasharty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azhar%20M.%20Elwan"> Azhar M. Elwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Irradiation deposits energy through ionisation changing the bio-system’s net dipole, allowing the use of dielectric parameters and thermodynamic state functions related to these parameters as biophysical detectors to electrical inhomogeneity within the biosystem. This part is concerned with the effect of Moringa leaves extract, natural supplement, on the response of the biosystem to two different dose rates of irradiation. Having Hb molecule as a representative to the biosystem to be least invasive to the biosystem, dielectric measurements were used to extract the relaxation time of certain process found in the Hb spectrum within the indicated frequency window and the interrelated thermodynamic state functions were calculated from the deduced relaxation time. The results showed that relaxation time was decreased for both dose rates indicating a strong influence of Moringa on the response of biosystem and consequently Hb molecule. This influence was presented in the relaxation time and other parameters as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activation%20energy" title="activation energy">activation energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20conductivity" title=" DC conductivity"> DC conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20relaxation" title=" dielectric relaxation"> dielectric relaxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enthalpy%20change" title=" enthalpy change"> enthalpy change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20leaves%20extract" title=" Moringa leaves extract"> Moringa leaves extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relaxation%20time" title=" relaxation time"> relaxation time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105917/influence-of-moringa-leaves-extract-on-the-response-of-hb-molecule-to-dose-rates-changes-ii-relaxation-time-and-its-thermodynamic-driven-state-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Effect of Machining Induced Microstructure Changes on the Edge Formability of Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20S.%20Kwame">James S. Kwame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Yakushina"> E. Yakushina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Blackwell"> P. Blackwell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The challenges in forming titanium alloys at room temperature are well researched and are linked both to the limitations imposed by the basic crystal structure and their ability to form texture during plastic deformation. One major issue of concern for the sheet forming of titanium alloys is their high sensitivity to surface inhomogeneity. Various machining processes are utilised in preparing sheet hole edges for edge flanging applications. However, the response of edge forming tendencies of titanium to different edge surface finishes is not well investigated. The hole expansion test is used in this project to elucidate the impact of abrasive water jet (AWJ) and electro-discharge machining (EDM) cutting techniques on the edge formability of CP-Ti (Grade 2) and Ti-3Al-2.5V alloys at room temperature. The results show that the quality of the edge surface finish has a major effect on the edge formability of the materials. The work also found that the variations in the edge forming performance are mainly the result of the influence of machining induced edge surface defects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium%20alloys" title="titanium alloys">titanium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hole%20expansion%20test" title=" hole expansion test"> hole expansion test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20formability" title=" edge formability"> edge formability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-conventional%20machining" title=" non-conventional machining"> non-conventional machining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110917/effect-of-machining-induced-microstructure-changes-on-the-edge-formability-of-titanium-alloys-at-room-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Analysis Of Non-uniform Characteristics Of Small Underwater Targets Based On Clustering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianyang%20Xu">Tianyang Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Small underwater targets generally have a non-centrosymmetric geometry, and the acoustic scattering field of the target has spatial inhomogeneity under active sonar detection conditions. In view of the above problems, this paper takes the hemispherical cylindrical shell as the research object, and considers the angle continuity implied in the echo characteristics, and proposes a cluster-driven research method for the non-uniform characteristics of target echo angle. First, the target echo features are extracted, and feature vectors are constructed. Secondly, the t-SNE algorithm is used to improve the internal connection of the feature vector in the low-dimensional feature space and to construct the visual feature space. Finally, the implicit angular relationship between echo features is extracted under unsupervised condition by cluster analysis. The reconstruction results of the local geometric structure of the target corresponding to different categories show that the method can effectively divide the angle interval of the local structure of the target according to the natural acoustic scattering characteristics of the target. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20target%3B" title="underwater target;">underwater target;</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-uniform%20characteristics%3B" title=" non-uniform characteristics;"> non-uniform characteristics;</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster-driven%20method%3B" title=" cluster-driven method;"> cluster-driven method;</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20scattering%20characteristics" title=" acoustic scattering characteristics"> acoustic scattering characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169602/analysis-of-non-uniform-characteristics-of-small-underwater-targets-based-on-clustering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Humeral Head and Scapula Detection in Proton Density Weighted Magnetic Resonance Images Using YOLOv8</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysun%20Sezer">Aysun Sezer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the advanced diagnostic tools for evaluating shoulder pathologies. Proton Density (PD)-weighted MRI sequences prove highly effective in detecting edema. However, they are deficient in the anatomical identification of bones due to a trauma-induced decrease in signal-to-noise ratio and blur in the traumatized cortices. Computer-based diagnostic systems require precise segmentation, identification, and localization of anatomical regions in medical imagery. Deep learning-based object detection algorithms exhibit remarkable proficiency in real-time object identification and localization. In this study, the YOLOv8 model was employed to detect humeral head and scapular regions in 665 axial PD-weighted MR images. The YOLOv8 configuration achieved an overall success rate of 99.60% and 89.90% for detecting the humeral head and scapula, respectively, with an intersection over union (IoU) of 0.5. Our findings indicate a significant promise of employing YOLOv8-based detection for the humerus and scapula regions, particularly in the context of PD-weighted images affected by both noise and intensity inhomogeneity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=YOLOv8" title="YOLOv8">YOLOv8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20detection" title=" object detection"> object detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humerus" title=" humerus"> humerus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scapula" title=" scapula"> scapula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IRM" title=" IRM"> IRM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175663/humeral-head-and-scapula-detection-in-proton-density-weighted-magnetic-resonance-images-using-yolov8" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175663.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Numerical Analysis of Engine Performance and Emission of a 2-Stroke Opposed Piston Hydrogen Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahamin%20Bazooyar">Bahamin Bazooyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinyan%20Wang"> Xinyan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua%20Zhao"> Hua Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a zero-carbon fuel, hydrogen can be used in combustion engines to avoid carbon emissions. This paper numerically investigates the engine performance of a two-stroke opposed piston hydrogen engine by using three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The engine displacement is 12.2 cm, and the compression ratio of 39. RANS simulations with the k-ε turbulence model and coupled chemistry combustion models are performed at an engine speed of 4500 rpm and hydrogen flow rate of up to 100 gr/s. In order to model the hydrogen injection process, the hydrogen nozzle was meshed with refined mesh, and injection pressure varied between 100 and 200 bars. In order to optimize the hydrogen combustion process, the injection timing was optimized between 15 before the top dead center and 10. The results showed that the combustion efficiency was mostly influenced by the injection pressures due to its impact on the fuel/air mixing and charge inhomogeneity. Nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions are well correlated with engine peak temperatures, demonstrating that the thermal NO mechanism is dominant under engine conditions. Through the optimization of hydrogen injection timing and pressure, the peak thermal efficiency of 45 and NOx emission of 15 ppm/kWh can be achieved at an injection timing of 350 CA and pressure of 160 bars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engine" title="engine">engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-stroke" title=" two-stroke"> two-stroke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opposed-piston" title=" opposed-piston"> opposed-piston</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decarbonisation" title=" decarbonisation"> decarbonisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194593/numerical-analysis-of-engine-performance-and-emission-of-a-2-stroke-opposed-piston-hydrogen-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">7</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> A Mathematical Based Prediction of the Forming Limit of Thin-Walled Sheet Metals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Ghermezi">Masoud Ghermezi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studying the sheet metals is one of the most important research areas in the field of metal forming due to their extensive applications in the aerospace industries. A useful method for determining the forming limit of these materials and consequently preventing the rupture of sheet metals during the forming process is the use of the forming limit curve (FLC). In addition to specifying the forming limit, this curve also delineates a boundary for the allowed values of strain in sheet metal forming; these characteristics of the FLC along with its accuracy of computation and wide range of applications have made this curve the basis of research in the present paper. This study presents a new model that not only agrees with the results obtained from the above mentioned theory, but also eliminates its shortcomings. In this theory, like in the M-K theory, a thin sheet with an inhomogeneity as a gradient thickness reduction with a sinusoidal function has been chosen and subjected to two-dimensional stress. Through analytical evaluation, ultimately, a governing differential equation has been obtained. The numerical solution of this equation for the range of positive strains (stretched region) yields the results that agree with the results obtained from M-K theory. Also the solution of this equation for the range of negative strains (tension region) completes the FLC curve. The findings obtained by applying this equation on two alloys with the hardening exponents of 0.4 and 0.24 indicate the validity of the presented equation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sheet%20metal" title="sheet metal">sheet metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20forming" title=" metal forming"> metal forming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forming%20limit%20curve%20%28FLC%29" title=" forming limit curve (FLC)"> forming limit curve (FLC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M-K%20theory" title=" M-K theory"> M-K theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33928/a-mathematical-based-prediction-of-the-forming-limit-of-thin-walled-sheet-metals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33928.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Development of β-Ti Alloy Powders for Additive Manufacturing for Application in Patient-Specific Orthopedic Implants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugene%20Ivanov">Eugene Ivanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20del-Rio"> Eduardo del-Rio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Igor%20Kapchenko"> Igor Kapchenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maija%20Nystr%D3%A7m"> Maija Nystrӧm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juha%20Kotila"> Juha Kotila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Series of low modulus beta Ti alloy billets and powders can be produced in commercial quantities using a combination of electron beam melting (EBM) and EIGA atomization processes. In the present study, TNZT alloy powder was produced and processed in the EOSINT M290 laser sintering system to produce parts for mechanical testing. Post heat treatments such as diffusion annealing to reduce internal stresses or hot isostatic pressing to remove closed pores were not applied. The density can visually be estimated to be > 99,9 %. According to EDS study Nb, Zr, and Ta are distributed homogeneously throughout the printed sample. There are no indications for any segregation or chemical inhomogeneity, i.e. variation of the element distribution. These points to the fact that under the applied experimental conditions the melt generated by the laser rapidly cools down in the SLM (Selective Laser Melting) process. The selective laser sintering yielded dense structures with relatively good surface quality. The mechanical properties, especially the elongation (24%) along with tensile strength ( > 500MPa) and modulus of elasticity (~60GPa), were found to be promising compared to titanium alloys in general. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20titanium%20alloys" title="beta titanium alloys">beta titanium alloys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20manufacturing" title=" additive manufacturing"> additive manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powder" title=" powder"> powder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implants" title=" implants"> implants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77814/development-of-v-ti-alloy-powders-for-additive-manufacturing-for-application-in-patient-specific-orthopedic-implants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> The Elastic Field of a Nano-Pore, and the Effective Modulus of Composites with Nano-Pores</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xin%20Chen">Xin Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moxiao%20Li"> Moxiao Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuechao%20Sun"> Xuechao Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fei%20Ti"> Fei Ti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaobao%20Liu"> Shaobao Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feng%20Xu"> Feng Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian%20Jian%20Lu"> Tian Jian Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The composite materials with pores have the characteristics of light weight, sound insulation, and heat insulation, and have broad prospects in many fields, including aerospace. In general, the stiffness of such composite is less than the stiffness of the matrix material, limiting their applications. In this paper, we establish a theoretical model to analyze the deformation mechanism of a nano-pore. The interface between the pores and matrix material is described by the Gurtin-Murdoch model. By considering scale effect related with current deformation, we estimate the effective mechanical properties (e.g., effective shear modulus and bulk modulus) of a composite with nano-pores. Due to the scale effect, the elastic field in the composite was changed and local hardening was observed around the nano-pore, and the effective shear modulus and effective bulk modulus were found to be a function of the surface energy. The effective shear modulus increase with the surface energy and decrease with the size of the nano-pores, and the effective bulk modulus decrease with the surface energy and increase with the size of the nano-pores. These results have potential applications in the nanocomposite mechanics and aerospace field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20mechanics" title="composite mechanics">composite mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-inhomogeneity" title=" nano-inhomogeneity"> nano-inhomogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nano-pores" title=" nano-pores"> nano-pores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scale%20effect" title=" scale effect"> scale effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109464/the-elastic-field-of-a-nano-pore-and-the-effective-modulus-of-composites-with-nano-pores" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Finite Element Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Proceed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Al-Mufadi">F. Al-Mufadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Djavanroodi"> F. Djavanroodi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the last decade ultrafine grained (UFG) and nano-structured (NS) materials have experienced a rapid development. In this research work finite element analysis has been carried out to investigate the plastic strain distribution in equal channel angular process (ECAP). The magnitudes of standard deviation (S. D.) and inhomogeneity index (Ci) were compared for different ECAP passes. Verification of a three-dimensional finite element model was performed with experimental tests. Finally the mechanical property including impact energy of ultrafine grained pure commercially pure Aluminum produced by severe plastic deformation method has been examined. For this aim, equal channel angular pressing die with the channel angle, outer corner angle and channel diameter of 90°, 20° and 20 mm had been designed and manufactured. Commercial pure Aluminum billets were ECAPed up to four passes by route BC at the ambient temperature. The results indicated that there is a great improvement at the hardness measurement, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength after ECAP process. It is found that the magnitudes of HV reach 67 HV from 21 HV after the final stage of process. Also, about 330% and 285% enhancement at the YS and UTS values have been obtained after the fourth pass as compared to the as-received conditions, respectively. On the other hand, the elongation to failure and impact energy have been reduced by 23% and 50% after imposing four passes of ECAP process, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPD" title="SPD">SPD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECAP" title=" ECAP"> ECAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEM" title=" FEM"> FEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pure%20Al" title=" pure Al"> pure Al</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10280/finite-element-modeling-and-mechanical-properties-of-aluminum-proceed-by-equal-channel-angular-pressing-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> A Three-Dimensional TLM Simulation Method for Thermal Effect in PV-Solar Cells </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Hocine">R. Hocine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Boudjemai"> A. Boudjemai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Amrani"> A. Amrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Belkacemi"> K. Belkacemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature rising is a negative factor in almost all systems. It could cause by self heating or ambient temperature. In solar photovoltaic cells this temperature rising affects on the behavior of cells. The ability of a PV module to withstand the effects of periodic hot-spot heating that occurs when cells are operated under reverse biased conditions is closely related to the properties of the cell semi-conductor material. In addition, the thermal effect also influences the estimation of the maximum power point (MPP) and electrical parameters for the PV modules, such as maximum output power, maximum conversion efficiency, internal efficiency, reliability, and lifetime. The cells junction temperature is a critical parameter that significantly affects the electrical characteristics of PV modules. For practical applications of PV modules, it is very important to accurately estimate the junction temperature of PV modules and analyze the thermal characteristics of the PV modules. Once the temperature variation is taken into account, we can then acquire a more accurate MPP for the PV modules, and the maximum utilization efficiency of the PV modules can also be further achieved. In this paper, the three-Dimensional Transmission Line Matrix (3D-TLM) method was used to map the surface temperature distribution of solar cells while in the reverse bias mode. It was observed that some cells exhibited an inhomogeneity of the surface temperature resulting in localized heating (hot-spot). This hot-spot heating causes irreversible destruction of the solar cell structure. Hot spots can have a deleterious impact on the total solar modules if individual solar cells are heated. So, the results show clearly that the solar cells are capable of self-generating considerable amounts of heat that should be dissipated very quickly to increase PV module's lifetime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20effect" title="thermal effect">thermal effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conduction" title=" conduction"> conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20dissipation" title=" heat dissipation"> heat dissipation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PV%20module" title=" PV module"> PV module</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nodes" title=" nodes"> nodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D-TLM" title=" 3D-TLM"> 3D-TLM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10333/a-three-dimensional-tlm-simulation-method-for-thermal-effect-in-pv-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Double Gaussian Distribution of Nonhomogeneous Barrier Height in Metal/n-type GaN Schottky Contacts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mamor">M. Mamor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> GaN-based compounds have attracted much interest in the fabrication of high-power, high speed and high-frequency electronic devices. Other examples of GaN-based applications are blue and ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). All these devices require high-quality ohmic and Schottky contacts. Gaining an understanding of the electrical characteristics of metal/GaN contacts is of fundamental and technological importance for developing GaN-based devices. In this work, the barrier characteristics of Pt and Pd Schottky contacts on n-type GaN were studied using temperature-dependent forward current-voltage (I-V) measurements over a wide temperature range 80–400 K. Our results show that the barrier height and ideality factor, extracted from the forward I-V characteristics based on thermionic emission (TE) model, exhibit an abnormal dependence with temperature; i.e., by increasing temperature, the barrier height increases whereas the ideality factor decreases. This abnormal behavior has been explained based on the TE model by considering the presence of double Gaussian distribution (GD) of nonhomogeneous barrier height at the metal/GaN interface. However, in the high-temperature range (160-400 K), the extracted value for the effective Richardson constant A* based on the barrier inhomogeneity (BHi) model is found in fair agreement with the theoretically predicted value of about 26.9 A.cm-2 K-2 for n-type GaN. This result indicates that in this temperature range, the conduction current transport is dominated by the thermionic emission mode. On the other hand, in the lower temperature range (80-160 K), the corresponding effective Richardson constant value according to the BHi model is lower than the theoretical value, suggesting the presence of other current transport, such as tunneling-assisted mode at lower temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20diodes" title="Schottky diodes">Schottky diodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneous%20barrier%20height" title=" inhomogeneous barrier height"> inhomogeneous barrier height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN%20semiconductors" title=" GaN semiconductors"> GaN semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20barrier%20heights" title=" Schottky barrier heights"> Schottky barrier heights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179086/double-gaussian-distribution-of-nonhomogeneous-barrier-height-in-metaln-type-gan-schottky-contacts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Probabilistic Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Isolated Footing using Monte Carlo Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameer%20Jung%20Karki">Sameer Jung Karki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gokhan%20Saygili"> Gokhan Saygili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The allowable bearing capacity of foundation systems is determined by applying a factor of safety to the ultimate bearing capacity. Conventional ultimate bearing capacity calculations routines are based on deterministic input parameters where the nonuniformity and inhomogeneity of soil and site properties are not accounted for. Hence, the laws of mathematics like probability calculus and statistical analysis cannot be directly applied to foundation engineering. It’s assumed that the Factor of Safety, typically as high as 3.0, incorporates the uncertainty of the input parameters. This factor of safety is estimated based on subjective judgement rather than objective facts. It is an ambiguous term. Hence, a probabilistic analysis of the bearing capacity of an isolated footing on a clayey soil is carried out by using the Monte Carlo Simulation method. This simulated model was compared with the traditional discrete model. It was found out that the bearing capacity of soil was found higher for the simulated model compared with the discrete model. This was verified by doing the sensitivity analysis. As the number of simulations was increased, there was a significant % increase of the bearing capacity compared with discrete bearing capacity. The bearing capacity values obtained by simulation was found to follow a normal distribution. While using the traditional value of Factor of safety 3, the allowable bearing capacity had lower probability (0.03717) of occurring in the field compared to a higher probability (0.15866), while using the simulation derived factor of safety of 1.5. This means the traditional factor of safety is giving us bearing capacity that is less likely occurring/available in the field. This shows the subjective nature of factor of safety, and hence probability method is suggested to address the variability of the input parameters in bearing capacity equations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title="bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20of%20safety" title=" factor of safety"> factor of safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isolated%20footing" title=" isolated footing"> isolated footing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=montecarlo%20simulation" title=" montecarlo simulation"> montecarlo simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143681/probabilistic-analysis-of-bearing-capacity-of-isolated-footing-using-monte-carlo-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Study of Properties of Concretes Made of Local Building Materials and Containing Admixtures, and Their Further Introduction in Construction Operations and Road Building</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iuri%20Salukvadze">Iuri Salukvadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Development of Georgian Economy largely depends on its effective use of its transit country potential. The value of Georgia as the part of Europe-Asia corridor has increased; this increases the interest of western and eastern countries to Georgia as to the country that laid on the transit axes that implies transit infrastructure creation and development in Georgia. It is important to use compacted concrete with the additive in modern road construction industry. Even in the 21-century, concrete remains as the main vital constructive building material, therefore innovative, economic and environmentally protected technologies are needed. Georgian construction market requires the use of concrete of new generation, adaptation of nanotechnologies to the local realities that will give the ability to create multifunctional, nano-technological high effective materials. It is highly important to research their physical and mechanical states. The study of compacted concrete with the additives is necessary to use in the road construction in the future and to increase hardness of roads in Georgia. The aim of the research is to study the physical-mechanical properties of the compacted concrete with the additives based on the local materials. Any experimental study needs large number of experiments from one side in order to achieve high accuracy and optimal number of the experiments with minimal charges and in the shortest period of time from the other side. To solve this problem in practice, it is possible to use experiments planning static and mathematical methods. For the materials properties research we will use distribution hypothesis, measurements results by normal law according to which divergence of the obtained results is caused by the error of method and inhomogeneity of the object. As the result of the study, we will get resistible compacted concrete with additives for the motor roads that will improve roads infrastructure and give us saving rate while construction of the roads and their exploitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title="construction">construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20protection%20systems" title=" seismic protection systems"> seismic protection systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motor%20roads" title=" motor roads"> motor roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86721/study-of-properties-of-concretes-made-of-local-building-materials-and-containing-admixtures-and-their-further-introduction-in-construction-operations-and-road-building" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Studies on Radio Frequency Sputtered Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide Absorber Layers for Thin Film Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Balaji">G. Balaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Balasundaraprabhu"> R. Balasundaraprabhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Prasanna"> S. Prasanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Kannan"> M. D. Kannan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Sivakumaran"> K. Sivakumaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Mcilroy"> David Mcilroy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Copper Zin tin sulphide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS) is found to be better alternative to Copper Indium gallium diselenide as absorber layers in thin film based solar cells due to the utilisation of earth-abundant materials in the midst of lower toxicity. In the present study, Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films were prepared on soda lime glass using (CuS, ZnS, SnS) targets and were deposited by three different stacking orders, using RF Magnetron sputtering. The substrate temperature was fixed at 300 °C during the depositions. CZTS thin films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. All the samples exhibited X-ray peaks pertaining to (112) kesterite phase of CZTS, along with the presence of a predominant wurtzite CZTS phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of all the elements in all the samples. The change in stacking order clearly shows that it affects the structural and phase properties of the films. Relative atomic concentrations of Zn, Cu, Sn and S, which are determined by high-resolution XPS core level spectra integrated peak areas revealed that the CZTS films exhibit inhomogeneity in both stoichiometry and elemental composition. Raman spectroscopy studies on the film showed the presence of CZTS phase. The energy band gap of the CZTS thin films was found to be in the range of 1.5 eV to 1.6 eV. The films were then annealed at 450 °C for 5 hrs and it was found that the predominant nature of the X-ray peaks has transformed from Wurtzite to Kesterite phase which is highly desirable for absorber layers in thin film solar cells. The optimized CZTS layer was used as an absorber layer in thin film solar cells. ZnS and CdS were used as buffer layers which in turn prepared by Hot wall epitaxy technique. Gallium doped Zinc oxide was used as a transparent conducting oxide. The solar cell structure Glass/Mo/CZTS/CdS or ZnS/GZO has been fabricated, and solar cell parameters were measured. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earth-abundant" title="earth-abundant">earth-abundant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kesterite" title=" Kesterite"> Kesterite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RF%20sputtering" title=" RF sputtering"> RF sputtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thin%20film%20solar%20cells" title=" thin film solar cells"> thin film solar cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71511/studies-on-radio-frequency-sputtered-copper-zinc-tin-sulphide-absorber-layers-for-thin-film-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71511.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Dynamic Response around Inclusions in Infinitely Inhomogeneous Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinlai%20Bian">Jinlai Bian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zailin%20Yang"> Zailin Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guanxixi%20Jiang"> Guanxixi Jiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinzhu%20Li"> Xinzhu Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem of elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous medium has always been a classic problem. Due to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes, many economic losses and casualties have been caused, therefore, to prevent earthquake damage to people and reduce damage, this paper studies the dynamic response around the circular inclusion in the whole space with inhomogeneous modulus, the inhomogeneity of the medium is reflected in the shear modulus of the medium with the spatial position, and the density is constant, this method can be used to solve the problem of the underground buried pipeline. Stress concentration phenomena are common in aerospace and earthquake engineering, and the dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF) is one of the main factors leading to material damage, one of the important applications of the theory of elastic dynamics is to determine the stress concentration in the body with discontinuities such as cracks, holes, and inclusions. At present, the methods include wave function expansion method, integral transformation method, integral equation method and so on. Based on the complex function method, the Helmholtz equation with variable coefficients is standardized by using conformal transformation method and wave function expansion method, the displacement and stress fields in the whole space with circular inclusions are solved in the complex coordinate system, the unknown coefficients are solved by using boundary conditions, by comparing with the existing results, the correctness of this method is verified, based on the superiority of the complex variable function theory to the conformal transformation, this method can be extended to study the inclusion problem of arbitrary shapes. By solving the dynamic stress concentration factor around the inclusions, the influence of the inhomogeneous parameters of the medium and the wavenumber ratio of the inclusions to the matrix on the dynamic stress concentration factor is analyzed. The research results can provide some reference value for the evaluation of nondestructive testing (NDT), oil exploration, seismic monitoring, and soil-structure interaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20inclusions" title="circular inclusions">circular inclusions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20variable%20function" title=" complex variable function"> complex variable function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20stress%20concentration%20factor%20%28DSCF%29" title=" dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF)"> dynamic stress concentration factor (DSCF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneous%20medium" title=" inhomogeneous medium "> inhomogeneous medium </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116538/dynamic-response-around-inclusions-in-infinitely-inhomogeneous-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Evaluation of Rheological Properties, Anisotropic Shrinkage, and Heterogeneous Densification of Ceramic Materials during Liquid Phase Sintering by Numerical-Experimental Procedure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Yaghoubi">Hamed Yaghoubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmaeil%20Salahi"> Esmaeil Salahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fateme%20Taati"> Fateme Taati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effective shear and bulk viscosity, as well as dynamic viscosity, describe the rheological properties of the ceramic body during the liquid phase sintering process. The rheological parameters depend on the physical and thermomechanical characteristics of the material such as relative density, temperature, grain size, and diffusion coefficient and activation energy. The main goal of this research is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the response of an incompressible viscose ceramic material during liquid phase sintering process such as stress-strain relations, sintering and hydrostatic stress, the prediction of anisotropic shrinkage and heterogeneous densification as a function of sintering time by including the simultaneous influence of gravity field, and frictional force. After raw materials analysis, the standard hard porcelain mixture as a ceramic body was designed and prepared. Three different experimental configurations were designed including midpoint deflection, sinter bending, and free sintering samples. The numerical method for the ceramic specimens during the liquid phase sintering process are implemented in the CREEP user subroutine code in ABAQUS. The numerical-experimental procedure shows the anisotropic behavior, the complete difference in spatial displacement through three directions, the incompressibility for ceramic samples during the sintering process. The anisotropic shrinkage factor has been proposed to investigate the shrinkage anisotropy. It has been shown that the shrinkage along the normal axis of casting sample is about 1.5 times larger than that of casting direction, the gravitational force in pyroplastic deformation intensifies the shrinkage anisotropy more than the free sintering sample. The lowest and greatest equivalent creep strain occurs at the intermediate zone and around the central line of the midpoint distorted sample, respectively. In the sinter bending test sample, the equivalent creep strain approaches to the maximum near the contact area with refractory support. The inhomogeneity in Von-Misses, pressure, and principal stress intensifies the relative density non-uniformity in all samples, except in free sintering one. The symmetrical distribution of stress around the center of free sintering sample, cause to hinder the pyroplastic deformations. Densification results confirmed that the effective bulk viscosity was well-defined with relative density values. The stress analysis confirmed that the sintering stress is more than the hydrostatic stress from start to end of sintering time so, from both theoretically and experimentally point of view, the sintering process occurs completely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropic%20shrinkage" title="anisotropic shrinkage">anisotropic shrinkage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20material" title=" ceramic material"> ceramic material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20phase%20sintering%20process" title=" liquid phase sintering process"> liquid phase sintering process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheological%20properties" title=" rheological properties"> rheological properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical-experimental%20procedure" title=" numerical-experimental procedure"> numerical-experimental procedure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62940/evaluation-of-rheological-properties-anisotropic-shrinkage-and-heterogeneous-densification-of-ceramic-materials-during-liquid-phase-sintering-by-numerical-experimental-procedure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Comparison of Titanium and Aluminum Functions as Spoilers for Dose Uniformity Achievement in Abutting Oblique Electron Fields: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faranak%20Felfeliyan">Faranak Felfeliyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parvaneh%20Shokrani"> Parvaneh Shokrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Atarod"> Maryam Atarod</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction Using electron beam is widespread in radiotherapy. The main criteria in radiation therapy is to irradiate the tumor volume with maximum prescribed dose and minimum dose to vital organs around it. Using abutting fields is common in radiotherapy. The main problem in using abutting fields is dose inhomogeneity in the junction region. Electron beam divergence and lateral scattering may lead to hot and cold spots in the junction region. One solution for this problem is using of a spoiler to broaden the penumbra and uniform dose in the junction region. The goal of this research was to compare titanium and aluminum effects as a spoiler for dose uniformity achievement in the junction region of oblique electron fields with Monte Carlo simulation. Dose uniformity in the junction region depends on density, scattering power, thickness of the spoiler and the angle between two fields. Materials and Methods In this study, Monte Carlo model of Siemens Primus linear accelerator was simulated for a 5 MeV nominal energy electron beam using manufacture provided specifications. BEAMnrc and EGSnrc user code were used to simulate the treatment head in electron mode (simulation of beam model). The resulting phase space file was used as a source for dose calculations for 10×10 cm2 field size at SSD=100 cm in a 30×30×45 cm3 water phantom using DOSXYZnrc user code (dose calculations). An automatic MP3-M water phantom tank, MEPHYSTO mc2 software platform and a Semi-Flex Chamber-31010 with sensitive volume of 0.125 cm3 (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) were used for dose distribution measurements. Moreover, the electron field size was 10×10 cm2 and SSD=100 cm. Validation of developed beam model was done by comparing the measured and calculated depth and lateral dose distributions (verification of electron beam model). Simulation of spoilers (using SLAB component module) placed at the end of the electron applicator, was done using previously validated phase space file for a 5 MeV nominal energy and 10×10 cm2 field size (simulation of spoiler). An in-house routine was developed in order to calculate the combined isodose curves resulting from the two simulated abutting fields (calculation of dose distribution in abutting electron fields). Results Verification of the developed 5.9 MeV electron beam model was done by comparing the calculated and measured dose distributions. The maximum percentage difference between calculated and measured PDD was 1%, except for the build-up region in which the difference was 2%. The difference between calculated and measured profile was 2% at the edges of the field and less than 1% in other regions. The effect of PMMA, aluminum, titanium and chromium in dose uniformity achievement in abutting normal electron fields with equivalent thicknesses to 5mm PMMA was evaluated. Comparing R90 and uniformity index of different materials, aluminum was chosen as the optimum spoiler. Titanium has the maximum surface dose. Thus, aluminum and titanium had been chosen to use for dose uniformity achievement in oblique electron fields. Using the optimum beam spoiler, junction dose decreased from 160% to 110% for 15 degrees, from 180% to 120% for 30 degrees, from 160% to 120% for 45 degrees and from 180% to 100% for 60 degrees oblique abutting fields. Using Titanium spoiler, junction dose decreased from 160% to 120% for 15 degrees, 180% to 120% for 30 degrees, 160% to 120% for 45 degrees and 180% to 110% for 60 degrees. In addition, penumbra width for 15 degrees, without spoiler in the surface was 10 mm and was increased to 15.5 mm with titanium spoiler. For 30 degrees, from 9 mm to 15 mm, for 45 degrees from 4 mm to 6 mm and for 60 degrees, from 5 mm to 8 mm. Conclusion Using spoilers, penumbra width at the surface increased, size and depth of hot spots was decreased and dose homogeneity improved at the junction of abutting electron fields. Dose at the junction region of abutting oblique fields was improved significantly by using spoiler. Maximum dose at the junction region for 15⁰, 30⁰, 45⁰ and 60⁰ was decreased about 40%, 60%, 40% and 70% respectively for Titanium and about 50%, 60%, 40% and 80% for Aluminum. Considering significantly decrease in maximum dose using titanium spoiler, unfortunately, dose distribution in the junction region was not decreased less than 110%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abutting%20fields" title="abutting fields">abutting fields</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20beam" title=" electron beam"> electron beam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20therapy" title=" radiation therapy"> radiation therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spoilers" title=" spoilers"> spoilers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126963/comparison-of-titanium-and-aluminum-functions-as-spoilers-for-dose-uniformity-achievement-in-abutting-oblique-electron-fields-a-monte-carlo-simulation-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneity&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a 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