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</div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="What Are Gymnosperms?" document="ListStructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=LISTSC, documentId=4164250, bestTitle='What Are Gymnosperms?'}}" data-description="Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants known for their "naked seeds": seeds not encased within an ovary. Examples include pines, sequoias, and ginkgoes." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span data-href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhat-are-gymnosperms-4164250%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook.com%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-share-article" data-network="facebook" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-facebook" tabindex="0" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-flipboard"> <span data-href="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhat-are-gymnosperms-4164250%3Futm_source%3Dflipit%26utm_medium%3Dweb%26utm_campaign%3Dwidgets%26utm_content%3Dwww.thoughtco.com&title=What+Are+Gymnosperms%3F&t=1732813688837" 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url('data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,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')" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QsqQ2DiGEW0lQqdkzYtyuLI-G40=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/cycad_cones-5ae333e9a9d4f9003736fc5e.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="loaded primary-img--noscript primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" 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href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. Her work has been featured in "Kaplan AP Biology" and "The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists."" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Regina Bailey</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Regina Bailey</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Biology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Biology, Emory University</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. Her work has been featured in "Kaplan AP Biology" and "The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists." </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on May 02, 2018</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="list-sc_1-0" class="comp list-sc mntl-block article-content list "><div id="article-intro_1-0" class="comp article-intro mntl-block article-content__description"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Gymnosperms</strong> are flowerless plants that produce cones and seeds. The term gymnosperm literally means "naked seed," as gymnosperm seeds are not encased within an ovary. Rather, they sit exposed on the surface of leaf-like structures called bracts. Gymnosperms are vascular plants of the subkingdom <strong><em>Embyophyta</em></strong> and include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Some of the most recognizable examples of these woody shrubs and trees include pines, spruces, firs, and ginkgoes. Gymnosperms are abundant in temperate forest and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/land-biomes-taigas-373497" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">boreal forest</a> biomes with species that can tolerate moist or dry conditions. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Unlike <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/angiosperms-373297" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">angiosperms</a>, gymnosperms do not produce flowers or fruit. They are believed to be the first vascular plants to inhabit land appearing in the Triassic Period around 245-208 million years ago. The development of a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/plant-tissue-systems-373615" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">vascular system</a> capable of transporting water throughout the plant enabled gymnosperm land colonization. Today, there over one thousand species of gymnosperms belonging to four main divisions: <strong>Coniferophyta</strong>, <strong>Cycadophyta</strong>, <strong>Ginkgophyta</strong>, and <strong>Gnetophyta</strong>. </p></div> <div id="list-sc__content_1-0" class="comp list-sc__content mntl-sc-page mntl-block " data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><div id="list-sc-item_1-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_1-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-coniferophyta"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Coniferophyta </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QsqQ2DiGEW0lQqdkzYtyuLI-G40=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/cycad_cones-5ae333e9a9d4f9003736fc5e.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5sPUdlcMYEUhDz8yVJBUINjxh8Q=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/cycad_cones-5ae333e9a9d4f9003736fc5e.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Cycad Cones" class=" universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Gymnosperms: Cycad Cones.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Maxfocus/iStock/Getty Images Plus</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The <strong>Coniferophyta</strong> division contains <strong>conifers</strong>, which have the greatest variety of species among gymnosperms. Most <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/conifer-species-4133381" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">conifers</a> are evergreen (retain their leaves throughout the year) and include some of the largest, tallest and oldest trees on the planet. Examples of conifers include pines, sequoias, firs, hemlock, and spruces. Conifers are an important economic source of lumber and products, such as paper, that are developed from wood. Gymnosperm wood is considered softwood, unlike the hardwood of some angiosperms. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The word conifer means "cone-bearer," a distinct characteristic common to conifers. Cones house the male and female reproductive structures of conifers. Most conifers are <strong>monoecious</strong>, meaning that both male and female cones can be found on the same tree. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Another readily identifiable trait of conifers is their needle-like <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/plant-leaves-and-leaf-anatomy-373618" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">leaves</a>. Different conifer families, such as <em>Pinaceae</em> (pines) and <em>Cupressaceae</em> (cypresses), are distinguished by the type of leaves present. Pines have single needle-like leaves or needle-leaf clutters along the stem. Cypresses have flat, scale-like leaves along the stems. Other conifers of the genus <em>Agathis</em> have thick, elliptical leaves, and conifers of the genus <em>Nageia</em> have broad, flat leaves. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Conifers are conspicuous members of the taiga forest biome and have adaptations for life in the cold environment of boreal forests. The tall, triangular shape of the trees allows snow to fall from the branches more readily and prevents them from breaking under the weight of the ice. The needle-leaf conifers also have a waxy coat on the leaf surface to help prevent water loss in the dry climate. </p></div> <div id="adslot_1-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_2-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_2-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-cycadophyta"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Cycadophyta </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1wJ7dwKt3WRhbm4NT_kWWLwnMdY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sago_palms_cycads-5ae3365eba617700360984f1.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xFfZ3FC2X3dV4JS5kj7d2GbAHsU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sago_palms_cycads-5ae3365eba617700360984f1.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Sago Palms (Cycads)" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_2-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1wJ7dwKt3WRhbm4NT_kWWLwnMdY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sago_palms_cycads-5ae3365eba617700360984f1.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xFfZ3FC2X3dV4JS5kj7d2GbAHsU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sago_palms_cycads-5ae3365eba617700360984f1.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Sago Palms (Cycads)" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_2-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Sago Palms (Cycads), Kyushu, Japan.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Schafer & Hill /Moment Mobile/Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The <strong><em>Cycadophyta</em></strong> division of gymnosperms include cycads. <strong>Cycads</strong> are found in tropical forests and subtropical regions. These evergreen plants have a feather-like leaf structure and long stems that spread the large leaves out over the thick, woody trunk. At first glance, cycads may resemble palm trees, but they are not related. These plants can live for many years and have a slow growth process. The King Sago palm, for example, may take up to 50 years to reach 10 feet. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Unlike many conifers, cycad trees either produce only male cones (produce pollen) or female cones (produce ovules). Female cone-producing cycads will only produce seeds if a male is within the vicinity. Cycads rely mainly on insects for pollination, and animals aid in dispersal of their large, colorful seeds. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The roots of cycads are colonized by the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/all-about-photosynthetic-organisms-4038227" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">photosynthetic bacteria</a> <strong>cyanobacteria. </strong>These microbes produce certain poisons and neurotoxins that accumulate in the plant seeds. The toxins are thought to provide protection against <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/bacteria-that-live-on-your-skin-373528" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">bacteria</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-fungi-373407" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">fungal</a> parasites. Cycad seeds can be dangerous to pets and humans if ingested. </p></div> <div id="adslot_2-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_3-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_3-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-ginkgophyta"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Ginkgophyta </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cFbidsMjpHG3NlxhHvZ0PQf_A3A=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ginkgo_tree-5ae3374d875db90037105fc6.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ouMSjQgMRKCS9UAeV_f9h8iRvw4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ginkgo_tree-5ae3374d875db90037105fc6.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Ginkgo Tree in Autumn" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_3-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cFbidsMjpHG3NlxhHvZ0PQf_A3A=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ginkgo_tree-5ae3374d875db90037105fc6.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ouMSjQgMRKCS9UAeV_f9h8iRvw4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ginkgo_tree-5ae3374d875db90037105fc6.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Ginkgo Tree in Autumn" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_3-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">This is an upward-looking view of the branches and leaves of a ginkgo tree in autumn.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Benjamin Torode/Moment/Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em><strong>Ginkgo biloba</strong></em> are the only surviving plants of the <strong><em>Ginkgophyta</em></strong> division of gymnosperms. Today, naturally-growing ginkgo plants are exclusive to China. Ginkgoes can live for thousands of years and are characterized by fan-shaped, deciduous leaves that turn yellow in autumn. <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> are quite large, with the tallest trees reaching 160 feet. Older trees have thick trunks and deep roots. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Ginkgoes thrive in well sunlit areas that receive lots of water and have plenty of soil drainage. Like cycads, ginkgo plants produce either male or female cones and have sperm cells that use <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/cilia-and-flagella-373359" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">flagella</a> to swim toward the egg in the female ovule. These durable trees are fire-resistant, pest-resistant, and disease-resistant, and they produce chemicals thought to have medicinal value, including several <strong>flavinoids</strong> and <strong>terpenes</strong> with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. </p></div> <div id="adslot_3-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_4-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_4-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-gnetophyta"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Gnetophyta </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1xBSONQSvV53LzO3DBXznUgZ8xc=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/welwitschia_mirabilis_gymnosperm-5ae33894c06471003632c809.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vH1GNo4rvyuZQ4HngOA055Q4mcQ=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/welwitschia_mirabilis_gymnosperm-5ae33894c06471003632c809.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Welwitschia mirabilis" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_4-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1xBSONQSvV53LzO3DBXznUgZ8xc=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/welwitschia_mirabilis_gymnosperm-5ae33894c06471003632c809.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vH1GNo4rvyuZQ4HngOA055Q4mcQ=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/welwitschia_mirabilis_gymnosperm-5ae33894c06471003632c809.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Welwitschia mirabilis" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_4-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">This image shows the gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilis found only in the African desert of Namibia.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Artush/iStock/Getty Images Plus</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The gymnosperm division <em><strong>Gnetophyta</strong></em> has a small number of species (65) found within three genera: <em><strong>Ephedra</strong></em>, <strong><em>Gnetum</em></strong>, and <strong><em>Welwitschia</em></strong>. Many of the species from the genus <em>Ephedra</em> are shrubs that can be found in desert regions of the Americas or in the high, cool regions of the Himalayan mountains in India. Certain <em>Ephedra</em> species have medicinal properties and are the source of the decongestant drug ephedrine. <em>Ephedra</em> species have slender stems and scale-like leaves. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Gnetum</em> species contain some shrubs and trees, but most are woody vines that climb around other plants. They inhabit <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/land-biomes-tropical-rain-forests-373496" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">tropical rain forests</a> and have broad, flat leaves that resemble the leaves of flowering plants. The male and female reproductive cones are contained on separate trees and often resemble flowers, though they are not. The vascular tissue structure of these plants is also similar to that of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/parts-of-a-flowering-plant-373607" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">flowering plants</a>. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Welwitschia</em> has a single species, <strong><em>W. mirabilis</em></strong>. These plants live only in the African desert of Namibia. They are very unusual in that they have a large stem that remains close to the ground, two large arching leaves that split into other leaves as they grow, and a large, deep taproot. This plant can withstand the extreme heat of the desert with highs of 50°C (122°F), as well as the lack of water (1-10 cm yearly). Male <em>W. mirabilis</em> cones are brightly colored, and both male and female cones contain nectar to attract insects. </p></div> <div id="adslot_4-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_5-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_5-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-gymnosperm-life-cycle"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Gymnosperm Life Cycle </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/O-Y_QvzGuP2UDR76yokcyz1YH3g=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_life_cycle-5ae339893418c600374a14e6.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/emg5LvdvNjBghVhEAivpZEi8a74=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_life_cycle-5ae339893418c600374a14e6.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Conifer Life Cycle" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_5-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/O-Y_QvzGuP2UDR76yokcyz1YH3g=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_life_cycle-5ae339893418c600374a14e6.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/emg5LvdvNjBghVhEAivpZEi8a74=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_life_cycle-5ae339893418c600374a14e6.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Conifer Life Cycle" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_5-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Conifer Life Cycle.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Jhodlof, Harrison, Beentree, MPF, and RoRo/<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Wikimedia Common</a>/CC BY <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">3.0</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the gymnosperm life cycle, plants alternate between a sexual phase and an asexual phase. This type of life cycle is known as <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/plant-life-cycle-alternation-of-generations-373612" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">alternation of generations</a>. Gamete production occurs in the sexual phase or <strong>gametophyte generation</strong> of the cycle. <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spores-reproductive-cells-3859771" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Spores</a> are produced in the asexual phase or <strong>sporophyte generation</strong>. Unlike in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/non-vascular-plants-4126545" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">non-vascular plants</a>, the dominant phase of the plant life cycle for vascular plants is the sporophtye generation. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In gymnosperms, the plant sporophyte is recognized as the bulk of the plant itself, including roots, leaves, stems, and cones. The <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-plant-cell-373384" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">cells</a> of the plant sporophyte are <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/diploid-cell-373464" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">diploid</a> and contain two complete sets of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromosome-373462" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">chromosomes</a>. The sporophyte is responsible for the production of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/haploid-cell-373467" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">haploid</a> spores through the process of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-meiosis-373512" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">meiosis</a>. Containing one complete set of chromosomes, spores develop into haploid <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/gametophyte-sexual-phase-4117501" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="6">gametophytes</a>. The plant gametophytes produce male and female <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/gametes-373465" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="7">gametes</a> which unite at pollination to form a new diploid zygote. The zygote matures into a new diploid sporophyte, thus completing the cycle. Gymnosperms spend most of their life cycle in the sporophyte phase, and the gametophyte generation is totally dependent upon the sporophyte generation for survival. </p></div> <div id="adslot_5-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_6-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_6-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-gymnosperm-reproduction"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Gymnosperm Reproduction </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ScFOHH5P6sSt5jdVVT_L-1EvaqY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_reproduction-5ae33a4e0e23d90039a3dba5.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FKCCwtYsd31ydump5HaQ5bYSQYQ=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_reproduction-5ae33a4e0e23d90039a3dba5.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Gymnosperm Reproduction" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_6-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ScFOHH5P6sSt5jdVVT_L-1EvaqY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_reproduction-5ae33a4e0e23d90039a3dba5.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FKCCwtYsd31ydump5HaQ5bYSQYQ=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gymnosperm_reproduction-5ae33a4e0e23d90039a3dba5.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Gymnosperm Reproduction" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_6-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Gymnosperm Reproduction.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">CNX OpenStax/<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_32_01_08.png" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Wikimedia Commons</a>/CC BY <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">4.0</a></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Female gametes (megaspores) are produced in gametophyte structures called <strong>archegonia</strong> located in ovulate cones. Male gametes (microspores) are produced in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-pollen-373610" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">pollen</a> cones and develop into pollen grains. Some gymnosperm species have male and female cones on the same tree, while others have separate male or female cone producing trees. In order for pollination to take place, gametes must come into contact with one another. This typically occurs via wind, animal, or insect transfer. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sexual-reproduction-types-of-fertilization-373440" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Fertilization</a> in gymnosperms occurs when pollen grains contact the female ovule and germinate. Sperm cells make their way to the egg inside the ovule and fertilize the egg. In conifer and gnetophytes, sperm cells have no flagella and must reach the egg via the formation of a <strong>pollen tube</strong>. In cycads and ginkgoes, the flagellated sperm swim toward the egg for fertilization. Upon fertilization, the resulting zygote develops within the gymnosperm seed and forms a new sporophyte. </p></div> <div id="adslot_6-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_7-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_7-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-key-points"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Key Points </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Gymnosperms are flowerless, seed-producing plants. They belong to the subkingdom <em>Embophyta</em>. </li><li>The term "gymnosperm" literally means "naked seed." This is because the seeds produced by gymnosperms are not encased in an ovary. Instead, gymnosperm seeds sit exposed on the surface of leaf-like structures called bracts.</li><li>The four main divisions of gymnosperms are Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta. </li><li>Gymnosperms are often found in temperate forest and boreal forest biomes. Common types of gymnosperms are conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.</li> </ul> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sources"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sources </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite>Asaravala, Manish, et al. “Triassic Period: Tectonics and Paleoclimate.” <em>Tectonics of the Triassic Period</em>, University of Califonia Museum of Paleontology, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic/triassic/triassictect.html.</cite> </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite>Frazer, Jennifer. “Are Cycads Social Plants?” <em>Scientific American Blog Network</em>, 16 Oct. 2013, blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/are-cycads-social-plants/.</cite> </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite>Pallardy, Stephen G. “The Woody Plant Body.” <em>Physiology of Woody Plants</em>, 20 May 2008, pp. 9–38., doi:10.1016/b978-012088765-1.50003-8.</cite> </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite>Wagner, Armin, et al. “Lignification and Lignin Manipulations in Conifers.” <em>Advances in Botanical Research</em>, vol. 61, 8 June 2012, pp. 37–76., doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416023-1.00002-1.</cite> </p></div> <div id="adslot_7-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div></div> <div id="article-outro_1-0" class="comp article-outro mntl-block"></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Bailey, Regina. 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data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_13-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_14-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></article> <div id="prefooter--outbrain_1-0" class="comp prefooter--outbrain prefooter mntl-block"><div id="reference-outbrain_1-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN 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