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Rameez Abid | Independent Researcher - Academia.edu
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data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-9c3ed57c-f665-4943-ba5f-f4257c7ca122"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-9c3ed57c-f665-4943-ba5f-f4257c7ca122"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Rameez Abid</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="47798546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/47798546/Hanbali_Law_on_Disciplining_a_Wife"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Law on Disciplining a Wife" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66735175/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/47798546/Hanbali_Law_on_Disciplining_a_Wife">Hanbali Law on Disciplining a Wife</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What I hope to show in this paper is that what the Hanbali scholars are talking about in their bo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What I hope to show in this paper is that what the Hanbali scholars are talking about in their books on this topic has no connection whatsoever to what we witness today in cases of domestic violence and abuse. In fact, they would consider what happens in cases of domestic violence/abuse categorically forbidden and the husband liable for damages. They are very explicit on these points in their books. Therefore, it is irresponsible to conclude from Qur’an 4:34 or the numerous hadiths on the topic that Islam somehow allows domestic violence or physical abuse.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82640d2eb98eab4a2dfd3068b77d13c4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66735175,"asset_id":47798546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66735175/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47798546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47798546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47798546; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44553010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44553010/Hanbali_Fiqh_Fiqh_of_Worship"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Fiqh: Fiqh of Worship" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003234/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44553010/Hanbali_Fiqh_Fiqh_of_Worship">Hanbali Fiqh: Fiqh of Worship</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamenta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamental books studied by Hanbalis in the beginning of their studies. The notes are from the chapters related to worship. The notes are based on the explanation of Sh. Yusuf ibn Sadiq al-Hanbali from Egypt.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5622fec3f727c40b0c8d620999d3b183" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003234,"asset_id":44553010,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003234/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44553010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44553010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44553010; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44552960"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552960/Hanbali_Fiqh_Law_of_Transactions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Fiqh: Law of Transactions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003116/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552960/Hanbali_Fiqh_Law_of_Transactions">Hanbali Fiqh: Law of Transactions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamenta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamental books studied by Hanbalis in the beginning of their studies. The notes are from the chapter on the law of transactions. I have relied heavily on the commentary of Sh. Muhammad Bajabir and incorporated many of his easy to understand examples into the notes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9ee3365a5bb894f599cc4ef2cc7f3e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003116,"asset_id":44552960,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003116/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44552960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44552960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44552960; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44552930"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552930/Introduction_to_Hanbali_Usool_Explanatory_Notes_on_Ibn_Uthyameens_al_Usool_min_Ilm_al_Usool"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Hanbali Usool: Explanatory Notes on Ibn 'Uthyameen's al-Usool min 'Ilm al-Usool" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003074/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552930/Introduction_to_Hanbali_Usool_Explanatory_Notes_on_Ibn_Uthyameens_al_Usool_min_Ilm_al_Usool">Introduction to Hanbali Usool: Explanatory Notes on Ibn 'Uthyameen's al-Usool min 'Ilm al-Usool</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Usool al-Fiqh is important to study because it gives the person the psychology of the school. How...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Usool al-Fiqh is important to study because it gives the person the psychology of the school. How does the school derive its rulings? How is evidence weighed? What should be done in instances of conflict between different verses and hadiths? What sources are used to derive law? How do we know something is forbidden or obligatory as opposed to just disliked or recommended? All such types of questions and more are answered in Usool al-Fiqh.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8f9d1a3987938f92e40869820c5cd414" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003074,"asset_id":44552930,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003074/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44552930"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44552930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44552930; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30407590"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30407590/Evidences_for_the_Obligation_of_a_Muslim_Woman_s_Headscarf_Khimar_and_Outer_Garment_Jilbaab_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evidences for the Obligation of a Muslim Woman’s Headscarf (Khimar) & Outer Garment (Jilbaab)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50852528/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30407590/Evidences_for_the_Obligation_of_a_Muslim_Woman_s_Headscarf_Khimar_and_Outer_Garment_Jilbaab_">Evidences for the Obligation of a Muslim Woman’s Headscarf (Khimar) & Outer Garment (Jilbaab)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There is numerous amount of controversy today, especially in the West, regarding the Muslim woman...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There is numerous amount of controversy today, especially in the West, regarding the Muslim woman’s headscarf, popularly known as hijab. The opponents argue that it is a cultural thing and has no basis in the Qur’an or Islam. The above notions are completely rejected by mainstream Islam. We argue that the obligation of a woman to cover herself in accordance to Islamic law is rooted in the Qur’an, Sunnah and over 1400 years of Islamic scholarship. Rather, the rejection of it only came into existence in the modern era, specifically the 20th century. There is no reputable scholar in the history of Islam before the modern era that has ever questioned its obligation all the way up to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Even today it is the dominant and mainstream position in the Muslim world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6495edddad42d6fe8a1017df85946ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50852528,"asset_id":30407590,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50852528/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30407590"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30407590"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30407590; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="6286587" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="47798546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/47798546/Hanbali_Law_on_Disciplining_a_Wife"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Law on Disciplining a Wife" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66735175/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/47798546/Hanbali_Law_on_Disciplining_a_Wife">Hanbali Law on Disciplining a Wife</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">What I hope to show in this paper is that what the Hanbali scholars are talking about in their bo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What I hope to show in this paper is that what the Hanbali scholars are talking about in their books on this topic has no connection whatsoever to what we witness today in cases of domestic violence and abuse. In fact, they would consider what happens in cases of domestic violence/abuse categorically forbidden and the husband liable for damages. They are very explicit on these points in their books. Therefore, it is irresponsible to conclude from Qur’an 4:34 or the numerous hadiths on the topic that Islam somehow allows domestic violence or physical abuse.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="82640d2eb98eab4a2dfd3068b77d13c4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66735175,"asset_id":47798546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66735175/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47798546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47798546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47798546; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44553010"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44553010/Hanbali_Fiqh_Fiqh_of_Worship"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Fiqh: Fiqh of Worship" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003234/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44553010/Hanbali_Fiqh_Fiqh_of_Worship">Hanbali Fiqh: Fiqh of Worship</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamenta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamental books studied by Hanbalis in the beginning of their studies. The notes are from the chapters related to worship. The notes are based on the explanation of Sh. Yusuf ibn Sadiq al-Hanbali from Egypt.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5622fec3f727c40b0c8d620999d3b183" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003234,"asset_id":44553010,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003234/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44553010"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44553010"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44553010; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44552960"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552960/Hanbali_Fiqh_Law_of_Transactions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hanbali Fiqh: Law of Transactions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003116/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552960/Hanbali_Fiqh_Law_of_Transactions">Hanbali Fiqh: Law of Transactions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamenta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">These are my notes on the Hanbali fiqh text Akhsar al-Mukhtasarat, which is one of the fundamental books studied by Hanbalis in the beginning of their studies. The notes are from the chapter on the law of transactions. I have relied heavily on the commentary of Sh. Muhammad Bajabir and incorporated many of his easy to understand examples into the notes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9ee3365a5bb894f599cc4ef2cc7f3e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003116,"asset_id":44552960,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003116/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44552960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44552960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44552960; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44552930"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552930/Introduction_to_Hanbali_Usool_Explanatory_Notes_on_Ibn_Uthyameens_al_Usool_min_Ilm_al_Usool"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Hanbali Usool: Explanatory Notes on Ibn 'Uthyameen's al-Usool min 'Ilm al-Usool" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65003074/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44552930/Introduction_to_Hanbali_Usool_Explanatory_Notes_on_Ibn_Uthyameens_al_Usool_min_Ilm_al_Usool">Introduction to Hanbali Usool: Explanatory Notes on Ibn 'Uthyameen's al-Usool min 'Ilm al-Usool</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Usool al-Fiqh is important to study because it gives the person the psychology of the school. How...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Usool al-Fiqh is important to study because it gives the person the psychology of the school. How does the school derive its rulings? How is evidence weighed? What should be done in instances of conflict between different verses and hadiths? What sources are used to derive law? How do we know something is forbidden or obligatory as opposed to just disliked or recommended? All such types of questions and more are answered in Usool al-Fiqh.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8f9d1a3987938f92e40869820c5cd414" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65003074,"asset_id":44552930,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65003074/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44552930"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44552930"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44552930; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30407590"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30407590/Evidences_for_the_Obligation_of_a_Muslim_Woman_s_Headscarf_Khimar_and_Outer_Garment_Jilbaab_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evidences for the Obligation of a Muslim Woman’s Headscarf (Khimar) & Outer Garment (Jilbaab)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50852528/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30407590/Evidences_for_the_Obligation_of_a_Muslim_Woman_s_Headscarf_Khimar_and_Outer_Garment_Jilbaab_">Evidences for the Obligation of a Muslim Woman’s Headscarf (Khimar) & Outer Garment (Jilbaab)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There is numerous amount of controversy today, especially in the West, regarding the Muslim woman...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There is numerous amount of controversy today, especially in the West, regarding the Muslim woman’s headscarf, popularly known as hijab. The opponents argue that it is a cultural thing and has no basis in the Qur’an or Islam. The above notions are completely rejected by mainstream Islam. We argue that the obligation of a woman to cover herself in accordance to Islamic law is rooted in the Qur’an, Sunnah and over 1400 years of Islamic scholarship. Rather, the rejection of it only came into existence in the modern era, specifically the 20th century. There is no reputable scholar in the history of Islam before the modern era that has ever questioned its obligation all the way up to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Even today it is the dominant and mainstream position in the Muslim world.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f6495edddad42d6fe8a1017df85946ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50852528,"asset_id":30407590,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50852528/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30407590"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30407590"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30407590; 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