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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview of elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electoral roll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electorates_and_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorates_and_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Electorates and lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorates_and_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing_of_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing_of_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Timing of elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing_of_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>General elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_deposit_of_political_parties_and_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_deposit_of_political_parties_and_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nomination and deposit of political parties and candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_deposit_of_political_parties_and_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voting_in_the_MMP_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_in_the_MMP_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Voting in the MMP system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_in_the_MMP_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vote-counting_and_announcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vote-counting_and_announcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Vote-counting and announcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vote-counting_and_announcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voter_turnout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_turnout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voter turnout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_turnout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange_Guy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange_Guy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orange Guy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange_Guy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders'_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders'_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leaders' debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders'_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> <dl><dd>King <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Executive Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">List of governments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">current</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">State services departments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th New Zealand Parliament</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee" title="Gerry Brownlee">Gerry Brownlee</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2013 New Zealand local elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2016 New Zealand local elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding and election expenses</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Winkelmann" title="Helen Winkelmann">Helen Winkelmann</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)" title="Mark Cooper (judge)">Mark Cooper</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court</a></li> <li>Other courts: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Employment Court of New Zealand">Employment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment Court of New Zealand">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Courts Martial Appeal</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_in_New_Zealand" title="Community boards in New Zealand">Community boards</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_passport" title="New Zealand passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_New_Zealand_citizens" title="Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_New_Zealand" title="Visa policy of New Zealand">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">New Zealand and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Christian politics in New Zealand">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in New Zealand">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> in which members of the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> gain their <a href="/wiki/Legislative_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative seat">seats</a> through elections.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General elections</a> are usually held every three years; they may be held at an earlier date (a "<a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap</a>" election) at the discretion of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a> (advising the governor-general), but that usually only happens in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> or other exceptional circumstances. A <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> is held to fill an <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> vacancy arising during a parliamentary term. <a href="/wiki/Election_day" title="Election day">Election day</a> is always a Saturday, but <a href="/wiki/Advance_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance voting">advance voting</a> is allowed in the lead-up to it. The <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">most recent general election</a> took place on 14 October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) voting system in 1993 was the most significant change to <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">the electoral system</a> in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a> is responsible for the administration of parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of MMP has led to mostly minority or coalition governments, but the first party to win an outright majority since the introduction of MMP was the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government</a> politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">mayors</a> and councillors, are voted in during <a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Local elections in New Zealand">local elections</a>, held every three years. Most of these elections use the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> (FPP) voting system, however, at the last local elections in <a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a>, 15 councils used the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) system,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has increasingly been adopted by councils since the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_elections">Overview of elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">first general</a> and <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_provincial_elections" title="1853 New Zealand provincial elections">provincial</a> elections in New Zealand took place in 1853, the year after the British Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a>. <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a> was introduced in 1893, with New Zealand being the first modern country to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all general elections between <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system. The first election under the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) system was held in <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1993_electoral_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 electoral referendum">1993 electoral referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_roll">Electoral roll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_roll" title="Electoral roll">electoral roll</a> consists of a register of all enrolled voters, organised (primarily alphabetically by surname) within electorates. All persons who meet the requirements for voting must by law register on the electoral roll, even if they do not intend to vote. Although eligible voters must be enrolled, voting in New Zealand elections is not <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be eligible to enrol, a person must be 18 years or older, a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident and have lived in New Zealand for one or more years without leaving the country (with some exceptions).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People can provisionally enrol to vote once they turn 17, with them being automatically enrolled on their 18th birthday. </p><p>The Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages automatically notifies a person's death to the Electoral Commission so they may be removed from the roll. Enrolment update drives are conducted prior to every local and general election in order to keep the roll up to date, identifying any voters who have failed to update their address or cannot be found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The roll records the name, address and stated occupation of all voters, although individual electors can apply for "unpublished" status on the roll in special circumstances, such as when having their details printed in the electoral roll could threaten their <a href="/wiki/Personal_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal safety">personal safety</a>. The roll is "public information" meaning it can be used for legitimate purposes such as selecting people for <a href="/wiki/Jury_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury service">jury service</a> but it can be abused especially by <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> companies who use the electoral roll to send registered voters <a href="/wiki/Unsolicited_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsolicited advertising">unsolicited advertising</a> mail. According to Elections New Zealand, "having the printed electoral rolls available for the public to view is a part of the open democratic process of New Zealand".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Electoral Commission, in their report on the 2017 general election, recommended that roll sales be discontinued for anything other than electoral purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electorates_and_lists">Electorates and lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electorates and lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">New Zealand electorates</a></div> <p>New Zealanders refer to electoral districts as "electorates", or more colloquially as "seats". Since the 2020 general election there are 72 electorates,<sup id="cite_ref-electorates_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electorates-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including seven <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> reserved for people of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> ethnicity or ancestry who choose to place themselves on a separate electoral roll.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of New Zealand is covered by a general electorate and an overlapping Māori electorate. According to the New Zealand Electoral Commission, "The Representation Commission reviews and adjusts electorate boundaries after each 5-yearly population census and the Māori Electoral Option."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-electorates_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electorates-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All electorates have roughly the same number of people in them; the Representation Commission periodically reviews and alters electorate boundaries to preserve this approximate balance. The number of people per electorate depends on the population of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, which as the less populous of the country's two main islands has sixteen guaranteed electorates. Hence, the ideal number of people per electorate equals the population of the South Island divided by sixteen. From this, the Commission determines the number of <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, Māori and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list</a> seats, which may fluctuate accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of electorates increased by one compared to the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017 election</a> to account for the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>'s higher population growth, creating <a href="/wiki/Takanini_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Takanini (New Zealand electorate)">Takanini</a>; and the boundaries of 30 general electorates and five Māori electorates were adjusted.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supplementing the geographically based electorate seats, the system currently<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> allows for 48 at-large "list seats".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nationwide <a href="/wiki/Party_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Party vote">party vote</a> fills these seats from <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed lists</a> submitted by political parties;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they serve to make a party's total share of seats in parliament reflect its share of the party vote. For example, if a party wins 20% of the party vote, but only ten electorate seats, it will win fourteen list-seats, so that it has a total of 24 seats: 20% of the 120 seats in parliament. (See <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand#MMP_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system of New Zealand § MMP in New Zealand</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing_of_elections">Timing of elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timing of elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_elections">General elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg/220px-GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg/330px-GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg/440px-GGNZ_issuing_writ_for_2020_general_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Governor-General Dame <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Reddy" title="Patsy Reddy">Patsy Reddy</a> signs the writ for the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 general election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike some other countries, New Zealand has no <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed election-date</a> for general elections, but rather the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a> determines the timing of general elections by <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advising</a> the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a> when to issue the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writ</a> for a general election. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> requires new parliamentary elections every three years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1910s, 1930s and 1940s saw three elections delayed due to World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and World War II, respectively: the <a href="/wiki/1919_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1919 New Zealand general election">1919</a>, <a href="/wiki/1935_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1935 New Zealand general election">1935</a> and <a href="/wiki/1943_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1943 New Zealand general election">1943</a> elections would otherwise have taken place in 1917, 1934 and 1941 (Parliaments passed Acts extending their terms). Also, governments have occasionally called early, or "<a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap</a>" elections (for example, in <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951</a> in the midst of <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">an industrial dispute involving striking waterfront workers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">term of Parliament</a> and the timing of general elections is set out in the Constitution Act 1986 and the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Act_1993" title="Electoral Act 1993">Electoral Act 1993</a>. Under section 19 of the Constitution Act, Parliament must meet within six weeks of the return of the writ for a general election, while under section 17, the term of Parliament ends three years after the return of the writ, unless Parliament is <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved</a> earlier by the governor-general.<sup id="cite_ref-Clerk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clerk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 125 of the Electoral Act requires that whenever Parliament expires or is dissolved, the governor-general must issue a writ of election within seven days. Section 139 of the Electoral Act provides further constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-Clerk_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clerk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writ must be returned within 50 days of being issued, though the governor-general may appoint an earlier return date in the writ itself. Furthermore, polling day must be between 20 and 27 days after the close of nominations. Thus, New Zealand law specifically mandates elections at least once every three years and two months, though elections are often held after three years, traditionally in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Clerk_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clerk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extra two months allow for some flexibility when returning to a fourth-quarter election after an early election, as happened in 2005 and 2008 after the 2002 snap election. </p><p>Snap elections have occurred three times in New Zealand's history: in 1951, <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a>. Early elections often provoke controversy, as they potentially give governing parties an advantage over opposition candidates. Of the three elections in which the government won an increased majority, two were snap elections (1951 and 2002 – the other incumbent-boosting election took place in <a href="/wiki/1938_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1938 New Zealand general election">1938</a>). The 1984 snap election backfired on the governing party: many believe that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> called it while drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TVNZ_34506_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVNZ_34506-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a> election took place slightly early (on 12 October) to avoid holding a by-election after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Laws" title="Michael Laws">Michael Laws</a>. </p><p>As in other <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster-style democracies</a>, the prime minister's power to determine the election date can give the government some subtle advantages. For example, if the prime minister determines a section of the population will either vote against their government or not at all, they might hold the election at the most advantageous time<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – as long as it is within three years. Party strategists take the timing of important <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> matches into account, partly because a major match in the same weekend of the election will likely lower voting-levels, and partly because of a widespread belief that incumbent governments benefit from a surge of national pride when the <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a> (the New Zealand national rugby team) win, and suffer when they lose.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the late 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, tradition associated elections with November – give or take a few weeks. After disruptions to the 36-month cycle, prime ministers tend to strive to restore it to a November base. In 1950, the legal requirement to hold elections on a Saturday was introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this first applied to the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951 election</a>. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">1957 election</a>, a convention was formed to hold general elections on the last Saturday of November. This convention was upset by Muldoon calling a snap election in 1984. It took until the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 election</a> to get back towards the convention, only for <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> to call an early election in <a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 election</a>, the conventional "last Saturday of November" was achieved again.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, the trend has been to hold the election in September or October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Local elections in New Zealand">Local elections in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Unlike general elections, elections for the city, district and regional councils of New Zealand have a fixed election date. Under section 10 of the Local Electoral Act 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-Local_Electoral_Act_2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_Electoral_Act_2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elections must be held on the "second Saturday in October in every third year" from the date the Act came into effect in 2001. The latest local body elections were held <a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">on 12 October 2019</a>. The last local body elections were held <a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">on 8 October 2022</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_deposit_of_political_parties_and_candidates">Nomination and deposit of political parties and candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nomination and deposit of political parties and candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A party that has more than 500 fee-paying members may register with the Electoral Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand#Registration_of_parties" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Registered parties</a> may submit a party list on payment of a $1000 deposit. This deposit is refunded if the party reaches 0.5% of the party votes. Electorate candidates may be nominated by a registered party or by two voters in that electorate. The deposit for an electorate candidate is $300 which is refunded if they reach 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting">Voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG/220px-Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG/330px-Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG/440px-Polling_booth_Linwood_Library_671.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Ballot boxes at the <a href="/wiki/Linwood,_New_Zealand" title="Linwood, New Zealand">Linwood</a> Library, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, for the 2014 election. The white leftmost box is for <a href="/wiki/Special_vote" title="Special vote">special votes</a>, with the orange boxes being for ordinary votes for the (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Te_Tai_Tonga_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Tai Tonga (New Zealand electorate)">Te Tai Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Hills_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Port Hills (New Zealand electorate)">Port Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Central_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch Central (New Zealand electorate)">Christchurch Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_East_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch East (New Zealand electorate)">Christchurch East</a> electorates. A voting screen can be seen to the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Election day always take place on a Saturday, so as to minimise the effect of work or religious commitments that could inhibit people from voting. Voting (the casting of ballots) happens at various <a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">polling stations</a>, generally established in schools, church halls, sports clubs, or other such public places.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some elections, polling booths are also set up in hospitals and rest homes for use by patients, but this did not happen in the 2020 election because of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters have the flexibility of voting any voting place in the country, regardless of the electorate they live in.<sup id="cite_ref-what_to_do_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_to_do-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some voting places may have electoral rolls of multiple electorates to assist voters, but if the voting place does not have the correct electoral roll then a voter will have to cast a <a href="/wiki/Special_vote" title="Special vote">special vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advance voting is available in the two weeks before election day. A dominating feature of the 2017 general election was the increased use of advance voting; 47% of the votes were taken in advance and grew from 24% in the 2014 election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier elections, voters were required to provide reasons to vote in advance. From 2011 and beyond, voters could use this service for any reason. The Northcote by-election in 2018 was the first parliamentary election where more people voted in advance than on election day.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020 election, 57% of voters cast an advanced vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If voters cannot physically get to a polling place, they may authorise another person to collect their ballot for them. Overseas voters may vote by post, fax, internet or in person at <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand">New Zealand embassies or high commissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disabled voters can choose to vote via a telephone dictation service. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EasyVote_sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/EasyVote_sample.jpg/220px-EasyVote_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/EasyVote_sample.jpg/330px-EasyVote_sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/EasyVote_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Sample of an EasyVote card</figcaption></figure> <p>Enrolled voters are sent an EasyVote pack by post after nominations close. The pack contains an EasyVote card, which has the voter's name, address and location on the electoral roll (electorate, page number and line number), which the voter gives to the issuing officer to assist in finding the voter on the printed electoral roll. The EasyVote Card is optional, and voters can simply state their name and address to the issuing officer.<sup id="cite_ref-what_to_do_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_to_do-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EasyVote pack also contains a list of candidates in the voter's electorate, a copy of the party lists, a list of polling places for the voter's electorate and their opening hours, and a brochure on how to vote and the MMP voting system. </p><p>After their name is marked off, the voter is issued a voting paper. The voter then goes behind a cardboard screen, where they mark their paper using a supplied orange ink pen. The voter then folds their paper and places in their electorate's sealed <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a>. Voters who enrol after the rolls have been printed, voting outside their electorate, or on the unpublished roll casts a "special vote" which is separated for later counting.<sup id="cite_ref-what_to_do_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-what_to_do-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2008 survey commissioned by the Electoral Commission, 71% of voters voted in less than 5 minutes and 92% in less than 10 minutes. 98% of voters are satisfied with the waiting time.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand has a strictly enforced <a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">election silence</a>. Campaigning is prohibited on election day<sup id="cite_ref-election_day_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-election_day-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all election advertisements must be removed or covered by midnight on the night before the election. Opinion polling is also illegal on election day.<sup id="cite_ref-election_day_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-election_day-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p><p>Local elections are held by post.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referendums held in conjunction with elections are held at polling stations; those between elections may be done by post or at polling stations at the government's discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting_in_the_MMP_system">Voting in the MMP system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voting in the MMP system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each voter gets a party vote, where they choose a political party, and an electorate vote, where they vote for a candidate in their electorate. The party vote determines the proportion of seats assigned to each party in Parliament, as long the party meets the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>. Each elected candidate gets a seat, and the remaining seats are filled by the party from its party list.<sup id="cite_ref-Electoral_Commission_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electoral_Commission-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example: A party wins 30% of the party vote. Therefore, it will get 30% of the 120 seats in Parliament (roughly 36 seats). The party won 20 electorates through the electorate vote. Therefore, 20 of the 36 seats will be taken by the MPs that won their electorate, and 16 seats will be left over for the party to fill from their list of politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Electoral_Commission_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electoral_Commission-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vote-counting_and_announcement">Vote-counting and announcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vote-counting and announcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Elections in New Zealand">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Polling places close at 7:00 pm on election day and each polling place counts the votes cast there. The process of counting the votes by hand begins with advance and early votes from 9:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 7:00 pm, results (at this stage, provisional ones) go to a central office in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, for announcement as they arrive. Starting from 2002, a dedicated official website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionresults.govt.nz">ElectionResults.govt.nz</a>, has provided live election result updates. The provisional results from polling places and advance votes generally becomes available from 7:30 pm, with advance vote results usually released by 8:30 pm and all preliminary results by midnight. </p><p>All voting papers, counterfoils and electoral rolls are returned to the respective electorate's returning officer for a mandatory recount. A master roll is compiled from the booth rolls to ensure no voter has voted more than once. Special and overseas votes are also included at this stage. The final count is usually completed in two weeks. It becomes official when confirmed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Electoral_Officer_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief Electoral Officer of New Zealand (page does not exist)">Chief Electoral Officer</a>. </p><p>The final results sometimes differ from the preliminary results meaningfully. Special votes favour parties on the left, leaving parties on the right with one or two seats fewer than in the preliminary results.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a> the provisional result indicated that neither the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Greens</a> nor <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> would qualify for Parliament, but both parties qualified on the strength of special votes, and the major parties ended up with fewer list seats than expected. </p><p>Candidates and parties have three working days after the release of the official results to apply for a <a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">judicial recount</a>, either of individual electorates or of all electorates (a nationwide recount). A judicial recount takes place under the auspices of a <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court</a> judge; a nationwide recount must take place under the auspices of the Chief District Court Judge.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2011 election, recounts were requested in the <a href="/wiki/Waitakere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Waitakere (New Zealand electorate)">Waitakere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Central_(New_Zealand_electorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch Central (New Zealand electorate)">Christchurch Central</a> electorates, after the top two candidates in each were separated by less than 50 votes. </p><p>Referendums by mail are <a href="/wiki/Optical_scan_voting_system" title="Optical scan voting system">scanned into a computer system</a>, but not counted until the close of polling. When the poll closes at 7:00 pm, the scanned ballots are counted and the results announced soon after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voter_turnout">Voter turnout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voter turnout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg/600px-New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg/900px-New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg/1200px-New_Zealand_voter_turnout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Voter turnout in New Zealand, 1879 to 2017<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As shown in the table above, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> has generally declined in New Zealand general elections since the mid-20th century. Concerns about declining democratic engagement and participation have been raised by the Electoral Commission, and by commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Sir Geoffrey Palmer</a> and Andrew Butler, leading some to support the introduction of compulsory voting, as exists in Australia. A system of compulsory voting looks unlikely to manifest in the near future with former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> arguing that it is an ineffective way to foster citizen engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In its report after the 2014 election, the Electoral Commission issued the following statement: </p><blockquote><p>Turnout has been in decline in most developed democracies over the last 30 years, but New Zealand's decline has been particularly steep and persistent. At the 2011 election, turnout as a percentage of those eligible to enrol dropped to 69.57 per cent, the lowest recorded at a New Zealand Parliamentary election since the adoption of universal suffrage in 1893. The 2014 result, 72.14 per cent, is the second lowest. This small increase, while welcome, is no cause for comfort. New Zealand has a serious problem with declining voter participation. </p></blockquote><p>Of particular concern has been the youth vote (referring to the group of voters aged 18–29), which has had significantly lower turnout than other age brackets. A graph published on the Electoral Commission's website demonstrates the lower turnout in younger age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those from poorer and less educated demographics also fail to vote at disproportionately high rates.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orange_Guy">Orange Guy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orange Guy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orange_Guy" title="Orange Guy">Orange Guy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrangeGuy_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/OrangeGuy_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Orange Guy</figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Orange_Guy" title="Orange Guy">Orange Guy</a>" is the mascot used in electoral related advertising by the Electoral Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an amorphous orange blob who usually takes on a human form, but can transform into any object as the situation warrants. His face is a <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">smiley</a>, and his chest sports the logo of the Electoral Commission. Since 2017 he has been voiced by stand-up comedian <a href="/wiki/David_Correos" title="David Correos">David Correos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020 general election campaign, he was joined by a dog, Pup, who is also orange and resembles a cross between a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Russell_Terrier" title="Jack Russell Terrier">Jack Russell Terrier</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dachshund" title="Dachshund">Dachshund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orange Guy icon is trademarked to the Electoral Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders'_debates"><span id="Leaders.27_debates"></span>Leaders' debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leaders' debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leaders%27_debate" title="Leaders' debate">Leaders' debates</a> are televised during general elections in New Zealand. Traditionally these were held between the leaders of the two major parties, but since 1996, all party leaders with parliamentary representation are invited to a televised debate, still the two main party leaders may debate one-on-one in a separate debate. These events can prove decisive. For instance, at the 2002 election the <a href="/wiki/United_Future" title="United Future">United Future</a> party boosted its rating in opinion polls following the successful performance of its party leader during a televised debate.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_prisoners_in_New_Zealand" title="Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand">Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists of elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">List of New Zealand by-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">List of parliaments of New Zealand</a>, including election result statistics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Local elections in New Zealand">Local elections in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Palmer" title="Matthew Palmer">Palmer, Matthew</a> (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/constitution/page-7">"Constitution – Representative democracy and Parliament"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitution+%E2%80%93+Representative+democracy+and+Parliament&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fconstitution%2Fpage-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vote.nz/2023-general-election/about/2023-general-election/">"2023 General Election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=About+the+Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fabout-electoral-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/nz-election-jacinda-ardern-set-to-win-over-rival-judith-collins/news-story/2c84883b2ef8462fe2428c0e85e688c5">"Kiwi PM Jacinda Ardfern vows unity as she wins historic majority"</a>. <i>The Australian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Kiwi+PM+Jacinda+Ardfern+vows+unity+as+she+wins+historic+majority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fworld%2Fnz-election-jacinda-ardern-set-to-win-over-rival-judith-collins%2Fnews-story%2F2c84883b2ef8462fe2428c0e85e688c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lgnz.co.nz/local-government-in-nz/local-elections-and-voting/">"Local elections and voting"</a>. <i>www.lgnz.co.nz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_New_Zealand" title="Local Government New Zealand">Local Government New Zealand</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lgnz.co.nz&rft.atitle=Local+elections+and+voting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgnz.co.nz%2Flocal-government-in-nz%2Flocal-elections-and-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120150302/http://www.elections.org.nz/rules/local-elections/local-elections-2007.html">"2007 Local Elections"</a>. Elections New Zealand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/rules/local-elections/local-elections-2007.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Local+Elections&rft.pub=Elections+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Frules%2Flocal-elections%2Flocal-elections-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125071304/https://www.elections.org.nz/book/export/html/646">"Votes for Women"</a>. <i>www.elections.org.nz</i>. Electoral Commission New Zealand. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radionz.co.nz&rft.atitle=Former+PMs+support+compulsory+voting+in+NZ&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F328358%2Fformer-pms-support-compulsory-voting-in-nz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/events/2017-general-election/2017-general-election-results/voter-turnout-statistics">"Voter Turnout Statistics"</a>. Electoral Commission. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voter+Turnout+Statistics&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fevents%2F2017-general-election%2F2017-general-election-results%2Fvoter-turnout-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/Well-being/civic-human-rights/non-voters-2008-2011-gen-elections.aspx">"Non-voters in 2008 and 2011 general elections"</a>. <i>archivestats.org.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archivestats.org.nz&rft.atitle=Non-voters+in+2008+and+2011+general+elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.stats.govt.nz%2Fbrowse_for_stats%2Fpeople_and_communities%2FWell-being%2Fcivic-human-rights%2Fnon-voters-2008-2011-gen-elections.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075405/http://www.saatchiasiapacific.com/2011/06/new-zealand%E2%80%99s-famous-%E2%80%98orange-guy%E2%80%99-gets-a-makeover/">"New Zealand's Famous 'Orange Guy' Gets a Makeover"</a>. <i>Saatchi & Saatchi Asia Pacific</i>. 23 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saatchiasiapacific.com/2011/06/new-zealand%E2%80%99s-famous-%E2%80%98orange-guy%E2%80%99-gets-a-makeover/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saatchi+%26+Saatchi+Asia+Pacific&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+Famous+%27Orange+Guy%27+Gets+a+Makeover&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saatchiasiapacific.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fnew-zealand%25E2%2580%2599s-famous-%25E2%2580%2598orange-guy%25E2%2580%2599-gets-a-makeover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://campaignbrief.co.nz/2011/06/22/saatchi-saatchi-nz-create-subt/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Orange Guy' the centre of Saatchi & Saatch's 2011 NZ general election & referendum campaign"</a>. <i>Campaign Brief NZ</i>. 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaign+Brief+NZ&rft.atitle=%27Orange+Guy%27+the+centre+of+Saatchi+%26+Saatch%27s+2011+NZ+general+election+%26+referendum+campaign&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampaignbrief.co.nz%2F2011%2F06%2F22%2Fsaatchi-saatchi-nz-create-subt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/much-doggy-electoral-commission-reveals-price-pup-and-their-2020-brand-makeover">"How much for that doggy? Electoral Commission reveals the price of Pup and their 2020 brand makeover"</a>. <i>TVNZ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TVNZ&rft.atitle=How+much+for+that+doggy%3F+Electoral+Commission+reveals+the+price+of+Pup+and+their+2020+brand+makeover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvnz.co.nz%2Fone-news%2Fnew-zealand%2Fmuch-doggy-electoral-commission-reveals-price-pup-and-their-2020-brand-makeover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/2002-leaders-debate-analysis">"2002 Leaders Debate – Analysis | Television | NZ On Screen"</a>. <i>www.nzonscreen.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/NZ_On_Screen" title="NZ On Screen">NZ On Screen</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nzonscreen.com&rft.atitle=2002+Leaders+Debate+%E2%80%93+Analysis+%7C+Television+%7C+NZ+On+Screen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzonscreen.com%2Ftitle%2F2002-leaders-debate-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRobie1989" class="citation book cs1">McRobie, Alan (1989). <i>New Zealand electoral atlas</i>. Wellington: GP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780477013840" title="Special:BookSources/9780477013840"><bdi>9780477013840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+electoral+atlas&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=GP+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780477013840&rft.aulast=McRobie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2003" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Matthew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/subjects/politics/resources/bib-nz-man.pdf"><i>An annotated bibliography of New Zealand election programmes since 1905</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hamilton, N.Z.: Dept. of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Waikato. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780473097714" title="Special:BookSources/9780473097714"><bdi>9780473097714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+annotated+bibliography+of+New+Zealand+election+programmes+since+1905&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+N.Z.&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Political+Science+and+Public+Policy+at+the+University+of+Waikato&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780473097714&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waikato.ac.nz%2Fwfass%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics%2Fresources%2Fbib-nz-man.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionresults.govt.nz">Official election results website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzes.net/">New Zealand Election Study</a> – analysis of elections by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/newzealand/">Adam Carr's Election Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=New_Zealand&#124;link=New_Zealand_Elections_and_referendums_in_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_elections" title="Template:New Zealand elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_elections" title="Template talk:New Zealand elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">referendums in New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1855 New Zealand general election">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860%E2%80%931861_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1860–1861 New Zealand general election">1860–1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1866 New Zealand general election">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_M%C4%81ori_elections" title="First Māori elections">1868</a> <small>(First Māori elections)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1871 New Zealand general election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875%E2%80%931876_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1875–1876 New Zealand general election">1875–1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1879 New Zealand general election">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1881 New Zealand general election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1884 New Zealand general election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1887 New Zealand general election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1890 New Zealand general election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1893 New Zealand general election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1896 New Zealand general election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1899 New Zealand general election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1902 New Zealand general election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1905 New Zealand general election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1908 New Zealand general election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1911 New Zealand general election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1914 New Zealand general election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1919 New Zealand general election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1922 New Zealand general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1925 New Zealand general election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1928 New Zealand general election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1931 New Zealand general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1935 New Zealand general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1938 New Zealand general election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1943 New Zealand general election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1946 New Zealand general election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1949 New Zealand general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1954 New Zealand general election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1960 New Zealand general election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1963 New Zealand general election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1966 New Zealand general election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1990 New Zealand general election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Next New Zealand general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Local elections in New Zealand">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_provincial_elections" title="1853 New Zealand provincial elections">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2001 New Zealand local elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2004 New Zealand local elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2007 New Zealand local elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2010 New Zealand local elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2013 New Zealand local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2016 New Zealand local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2025 New Zealand local elections">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliament-initiated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1894%E2%80%931987_New_Zealand_alcohol_licensing_referendums" title="1894–1987 New Zealand alcohol licensing referendums">1894–1987 (alcohol licensing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_gambling_referendum" title="1949 New Zealand gambling referendum">1949 (gambling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_military_training_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 New Zealand military training referendum">1949 (military training)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_licensing_hours_referendum" title="1949 New Zealand licensing hours referendum">1949 (licensing hours)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_New_Zealand_parliamentary_term_referendum" title="1967 New Zealand parliamentary term referendum">1967 (parliamentary term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_New_Zealand_licensing_hours_referendum" title="1967 New Zealand licensing hours referendum">1967 (licensing hours)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_parliamentary_term_referendum" title="1990 New Zealand parliamentary term referendum">1990 (parliamentary term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_New_Zealand_voting_method_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 New Zealand voting method referendum">1992 (voting method)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_voting_method_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 New Zealand voting method referendum">1993 (voting method)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_New_Zealand_pensions_referendum" title="1997 New Zealand pensions referendum">1997 (pension)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_voting_system_referendum" title="2011 New Zealand voting system referendum">2011 (voting method)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_New_Zealand_flag_referendums" title="2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums">2015–2016 (flag)</a></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_cannabis_referendum" title="2020 New Zealand cannabis referendum">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_euthanasia_referendum" title="2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum">euthanasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens-initiated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_New_Zealand_firefighter_referendum" title="1995 New Zealand firefighter referendum">1995 (firefighters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_justice_referendum" title="1999 New Zealand justice referendum">1999 (justice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_MP_reduction_referendum" title="1999 New Zealand MP reduction referendum">1999 (MP reduction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_New_Zealand_citizens-initiated_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 New Zealand citizens-initiated referendum">2009 (corporal punishment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_asset_sales_referendum" title="2013 New Zealand asset sales referendum">2013 (asset sales)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">Parliamentary makeups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_supplementary_elections" title="New Zealand supplementary elections">Supplementary elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template talk:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council_(1841%E2%80%931853)" title="New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1841–1853)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1853–1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_crest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/100px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/150px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/200px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of speakers of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Speaker of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_Legislative_Council)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand Legislative Council)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Legislative_Council" title="Leader of the Legislative Council">Leader of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand House of Representatives)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Clerk_of_the_House_of_Representatives" title="Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Shadow Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Shadow Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Shadow Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(New_Zealand)" title="Party whip (New Zealand)">Whips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_squad_(New_Zealand)" title="Suicide squad (New Zealand)">Abolition of the Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of members of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Members of the Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">Current</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/53rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="53rd New Zealand Parliament">previous</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="List of longest-serving members of the New Zealand Parliament">30+ years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Father of the House (New Zealand)">Father or Mother of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House#New_Zealand" title="Baby of the House">Baby of the House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time#New_Zealand" title="Question time">Question Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill#New_Zealand" title="Private member's bill">Members' bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="New Zealand House of Representatives committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">Previous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Next New Zealand general election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(previously)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointments_to_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="List of appointments to the New Zealand House of Representatives">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_supplementary_elections" title="New Zealand supplementary elections">Supplementary elections</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">Caretaker government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_House" title="General Assembly House">General Assembly House</a>, Auckland <span style="font-size:90%;">(demolished)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House, Wellington</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current executive wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliamentary_Library" title="New Zealand Parliamentary Library">Parliamentary Library</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_House" title="Bowen House">Bowen House</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcasters_in_New_Zealand" title="Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand">Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Debates_(Hansard)" title="Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"><i>Parliamentary Debates</i> (Hansard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka-jumping" title="Waka-jumping">Waka-jumping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Zealand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template talk:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Zealand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">Māori history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">New Zealand and Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical geography of New Zealand">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_New_Zealand" title="List of caves in New Zealand">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of New Zealand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of rivers of New Zealand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanism of New Zealand">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_New_Zealand" title="Water in New Zealand">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting in New Zealand">Voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">Gun law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Disability rights in New Zealand">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" title="List of public sector organisations in New Zealand">Public sector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">Child poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Society of New Zealand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Zealand" title="Crime in New Zealand">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">Ethnic origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Gender inequality in New Zealand">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender equality in New Zealand">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_New_Zealand" title="Health in New Zealand">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Zealand" title="Homelessness in New Zealand">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in New Zealand">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_New_Zealand" title="Naturism in New Zealand">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">"Kiwi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Zealand" title="Prostitution in New Zealand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_New_Zealand" title="Mass media in New Zealand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts of New Zealand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elections_in_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elections_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elections in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Fiji" title="Elections in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kiribati" title="Elections in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Elections in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nauru" title="Elections in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Palau" title="Elections in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Elections in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vanuatu" title="Elections in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Elections in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elections in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_French_Polynesia" title="Elections in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Caledonia" title="Elections in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Elections in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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