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Optical scan voting system - Wikipedia

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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Election_technology" title="Category:Election technology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;">Election technology</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRE_voting_machine" title="DRE voting machine">DRE voting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_machine" title="Electronic voting machine">Electronic voting machine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Optical scan voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter-verified_paper_audit_trail" title="Voter-verified paper audit trail">Voter-verified paper audit trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote counting system">Vote counting system</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Terminology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Central_count_voting_system" title="Voting machine">Central count</a> or <i>CCOS</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overvote" title="Overvote">Overvote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Precinct_count_voting_system" title="Voting machine">Precinct count</a> or <i>PCOS</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undervote" title="Undervote">Undervote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual vote">Residual vote</a> or <i>drop-off</i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Testing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualification_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualification testing">Qualification testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification" title="Software verification">Software verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Manufacturers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Systems_%26_Software" title="Election Systems &amp; Software">Election Systems &amp; Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_InterCivic" title="Hart InterCivic">Hart InterCivic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Voting">Dominion Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartmatic" title="Smartmatic">Smartmatic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Related aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certification_of_voting_machines" title="Certification of voting machines">Certification of voting machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Testing_Authority" title="Independent Testing Authority">Independent Testing Authority</a> (ITA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NVLAP">NVLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVSG" class="mw-redirect" title="VVSG">VVSG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end auditable voting systems">End-to-end auditable voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" title="Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_verification_systems" title="Independent verification systems">Independent verification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Electronic_Registration_and_Voting_Experiment" title="Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment">Secure Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_independence" title="Software independence">Software independence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electiontech" title="Template:Electiontech"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electiontech" title="Template talk:Electiontech"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electiontech" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electiontech"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>optical scan voting system</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">electronic voting system</a> and uses an <a href="/wiki/Optical_reader" title="Optical reader">optical scanner</a> to read marked paper <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote counting system">tally</a> the results. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marksense_systems">Marksense systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Marksense systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Mark_sense" title="Mark sense">mark sense</a> technology dates back to the 1930s and <a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">optical mark recognition</a> dates to the 1950s, these technologies were first explored in the context of <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> such as college entrance exams. The first suggestion to use mark sense technology to count ballots came in 1953, but practical optical scanners did not emerge until the 1960s. The Norden Electronic Vote Tallying System was the first to be deployed, but it required the use of special ink to mark the ballot. The Votronic, from 1965, was the first optical mark vote tabulator able to sense marks made with a graphite pencil.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest optical-scan voting systems scan ballots using <a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">optical mark recognition</a> scanners. Voters mark their choice in a voting response location, usually filling a rectangle, circle or oval, or by completing an arrow. Various mark-sense voting systems have used a variety of different approaches to determining what marks are counted as votes. Early systems, such as the Votronic, introduced in 1965, had a single photosensor per column of marks on the ballot. Most such tabulators, such as <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systems#Company_history" title="Sequoia Voting Systems">Optech</a>, used analog <a href="/wiki/Comparator" title="Comparator">comparators</a> that counted all marks darker than a fixed threshold as being votes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a> technology to view the ballot does not necessarily imply more sophisticated mark recognition. For example, the Avante Vote-Trakker simply counts the number of dark and light <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> in each marking area to determine if the mark counts as a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More sophisticated mark recognition algorithms are sensitive to the shape of the mark as well as the total overall darkness, as illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Systems_and_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Systems and Software">ES&amp;S</a> Model 100, introduced in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg/250px-OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg/375px-OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/OpticalScanBallot_MilfordCT2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>An example of a ballot for a Diebold/Premier AV/OS scanner.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_ballot_marker">Electronic ballot marker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Electronic ballot marker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg/220px-ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg/330px-ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg/440px-ES%26S_Express_Vote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>An electronic ballot marker, the ExpressVote, made by <a href="/wiki/Election_Systems_%26_Software" title="Election Systems &amp; Software">Election Systems &amp; Software</a>. This prints a narrow ballot containing a summary of votes cast in both human-readable and <a href="/wiki/Bar_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar code">bar code</a> form.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electronic ballot marker</b> (<b>EBM</b>) or <b><a href="/wiki/Ballot_marking_device" title="Ballot marking device">ballot marking device</a></b> (<b>BMD</b>) is a device that can aid voters in marking paper ballots. Typical ballot markers include a <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch screen</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Assistive_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistive device">assistive devices</a> to serve the needs of voters with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>. </p><p>In 1991, Julien Anno and others filed a patent application for a device resembling a modern electronic ballot marker, with an emphasis on multilingual ballot presentation, not accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Jites and Digivote systems used in Belgium are similar to this, although they use magnetic stripe cards instead of bar codes to record the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eugene Cummings filed a patent for an electronic ballot marker specifically designed as an <a href="/wiki/Accessible" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessible">accessible</a> voting interface for optical-scan voting systems in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This machine, the Automark, saw widespread use in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States#Cost_of_scanning_systems" title="Electronic voting in the United States">Capital costs</a> and 10 years of maintenance are $11 to $12 per voter for central count systems, if most voters mark their own ballots and one electronic ballot marker is available at each polling place for voters with disabilities, or $23 to $29 per voter if all voters use electronic ballot markers.<sup id="cite_ref-pitt_cost_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitt_cost-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oset-reality_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oset-reality-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmd-ga_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmd-ga-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the first option, there are also costs for commercial printers to print ballots in all languages needed, with enough extra for the highest possible turnout. In the second option, there is cost for paper and for the electronic ballot marker to print just the ballots used, which means fewer ballots. A New York study assumed equal printing cost per ballot,<sup id="cite_ref-bmdny_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmdny-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while a Georgia study assumed $0.10 per ballot to print on demand and $0.40 to $0.55 for commercial printing.<sup id="cite_ref-oset-reality_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oset-reality-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If most voters get ballots by mail, these need to be printed commercially, and polling place costs will be at the low end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_pen_voting_systems">Digital pen voting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Digital pen voting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital pen voting systems use ballots on <a href="/wiki/Digital_paper" title="Digital paper">digital paper</a> which is recognized by a small camera in the pen while it is marked by the voter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ballots are collected in a <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot box</a> and the digital pen is returned to an election official for tabulation. </p><p>This technology was expected to be used in the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> state elections, but eventually was decided against due to controversy surrounding the accuracy of voting tallies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology was first used by the town of Menstrie, Clackmannanshire Scotland in their 2006 local community council elections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_scan_process">Optical scan process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Optical scan process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png/220px-Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png/330px-Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png/440px-Black_line_on_scanned_ballot.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Scanner created image with black line implying votes for multiple candidates</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_audits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/State_audits.png/400px-State_audits.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/State_audits.png/600px-State_audits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/State_audits.png/800px-State_audits.png 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption>Some States Check Election Machines' Counts by Hand</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States#Optical_scan_counting" title="Electronic voting in the United States">Electronic voting in the United States §&#160;Optical scan counting</a></div> <p>The scanner's sensors detect black and white pixels on the paper ballot, at least in the areas designated for marking votes. The scanner's processor interprets the results from the sensors, creates a tally for each candidate, and usually stores the image for later review. The ballot is sometimes immediately interpreted at <a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">polling stations</a> allowing for voters to be notified by the voting system of voting errors such as an <a href="/wiki/Overvote" title="Overvote">overvote</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">spoilt votes</a>. This is known as a <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Precinct-count_voting_system" title="Voting machine">precinct-count voting system</a>. Alternately the ballots can be collected in the polling station and tabulated later at a central facility, known as a <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Central-count_voting_system" title="Voting machine">central-count voting system</a>. </p><p>Ballots which are torn or otherwise fail to scan are <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States#Recreated_ballots" title="Electronic voting in the United States">copied</a> by election staff, and the copies are scanned.<sup id="cite_ref-milwaukee_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwaukee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scanning machines are faster than hand-counting for long ballots, so are typically used during the election and the night afterwards, to give quick results. There is less speed advantage in parliamentary systems where the member of parliament is the only contest on a ballot, so <a href="/wiki/Hand_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand counting">hand counting</a> is fast and reliable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (November 2024)">ambiguous</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The paper ballots and electronic memories are stored, so <a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">election audits</a> can check if the images and tallies are correct, and so investigations or court challenges can examine them. The advantage of scanning systems over <a href="/wiki/DRE_voting_machine" title="DRE voting machine">direct-recording electronic</a> voting machines is the availability of paper records for audits and investigations, and if electronic ballot markers are not required, voters do not need to wait for a machine during busy times. </p><p>Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States#Errors_in_optical_scans" title="Electronic voting in the United States">errors in optical scan systems</a> have been found, from feeding ballots upside down, multiple ballots pulled through at once in central counts, paper jams, broken, blocked or overheated sensors which misinterpret some or many ballots, printing which does not align with the programming, programming errors, and loss of files.<sup id="cite_ref-bren10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bren10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cause of each programming error is rarely found, so it is not known how many were accidental or intentional. </p><p>Besides scanner problems, paper ballots are subject to traditional risks, such as <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud#Ballot_stuffing" title="Electoral fraud">ballot box stuffing</a>, ballot destruction and vote buying. These have traditional prevention measures. To address these issues, some have also suggested <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_auditable_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end auditable voting systems">End-to-end auditable voting systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Scantegrity" title="Scantegrity">Scantegrity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_manufacturers">Machine manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Machine manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Election_Solutions" title="Premier Election Solutions">Premier Election Solutions</a> (formerly Diebold Election Systems)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Systems_%26_Software" title="Election Systems &amp; Software">Election Systems &amp; Software</a> (ES&amp;S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartmatic" title="Smartmatic">Smartmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Voting_Systems" title="Sequoia Voting Systems">Sequoia Voting Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_InterCivic" title="Hart InterCivic">Hart InterCivic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVANTE_International_Technology,_Inc.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="AVANTE International Technology, Inc. (page does not exist)">AVANTE International Technology, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unisyn_Voting_Solutions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unisyn Voting Solutions (page does not exist)">Unisyn Voting Solutions</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Voting_Systems" title="Dominion Voting Systems">Dominion Voting Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EKEMP_INT%27L_LIMITED&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="EKEMP INT&#39;L LIMITED (page does not exist)">EKEMP INT'L LIMITED</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optical_scan_voting_system" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Optical scan voting system">Optical scan voting system</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DRE_voting_machine" title="DRE voting machine">DRE voting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting#Paper-based_electronic_voting_system" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting#Paper-based electronic voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States#Optical_scan_counting" title="Electronic voting in the United States">Electronic voting in the United States#Optical scan counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt_%C3%A0_Voter" title="Prêt à Voter">Prêt à Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchscan" title="Punchscan">Punchscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scantegrity" title="Scantegrity">Scantegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_counting#Optical_scan_counting" title="Vote counting">Vote counting#Optical scan counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_machine#Optical_scan_(marksense)" title="Voting machine">Voting machine#Optical scan (marksense)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_scan_voting_system&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas W. Jones, On Optical Mark-Sense Scanning, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-12980-3_10">Towards Trustworthy Elections</a>, Lecture Notes on Computer Science Vol. 60, Springer, 2010. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/OpticalMarkSenseScanning.pdf">author's copy</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Holzer, Norman Walker and Harry Wilcox, <i>Vote Tallying Machine</i>, U.S. patent 3,218,439, Nov. 16, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Kwong-Tai Chung, Victor Jun Dong and Xaoming Shi, <i>Electronic Voting Method for Optically Scanned Ballot</i>, U.S. Patent 7,077,313, Jul. 18, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Bolton, Tim Cordes and Herb Deutsch, <i>Method of Analyzing Marks Made on a Response Sheet</i>, U.S. Patent 6,854,644, Feb. 15, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien Anno, Russel Lewis, and Dale Cone, Method and System for Autonated Voting, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5189288">U.S. patent 5,189,288</a></span>, issued Feb. 23, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/22450">Expert Visit on New Voting Technologies, 8 October 2006 Local Elections, Kingdom of Belgium</a>, OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Nov. 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene Cummings, Ballot Marking System and Apparatus, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7080779">U.S. patent 7,080,779</a></span>, issued Jul. 25, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.5, pages 111-115, and Section 9.3, pages 218-221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitt_cost-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pitt_cost_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pennsylvania: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeluzio2020" class="citation web cs1">Deluzio, Christopher, Kevin Skoglund (2020-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032838/https://www.cyber.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/PDFs/voting-system-selection-one-pager%20(2).pdf">"Pennsylvania Counties' New Voting Systems Selections: An Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Pittsburgh</i>. 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