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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Persian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_Esther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions_of_Esther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Artistic depictions of Esther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_Esther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esther</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toevoegings_tot_die_boek_van_Ester" title="Toevoegings tot die boek van Ester – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toevoegings tot die boek van Ester" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigin_Ester" title="Königin Ester – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königin Ester" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أستير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أستير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%87)" title="ایستر (کیمسه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستر (کیمسه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Эсфір (дачка Амінавада) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эсфір (дачка Амінавада)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эстэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Естир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estera" title="Estera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Estera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Ester (biblická postava) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ester (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther" title="Esther – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esther" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(bibelsk_person)" title="Ester (bibelsk person) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ester (bibelsk person)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(Bibel)" title="Ester (Bibel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ester (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AE%CF%81" title="Εσθήρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσθήρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(Biblia)" title="Ester (Biblia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ester (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(Biblia)" title="Ester (Biblia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ester (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="استر (شخصیت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استر (شخصیت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Bible)" title="Esther (Bible) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esther (Bible)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(bibelsk_persoan)" title="Ester (bibelsk persoan) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ester (bibelsk persoan)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%EB%8D%B8" title="에스델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB)" title="Եսթեր (թագուհի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եսթեր (թագուհի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(tokoh_Alkitab)" title="Ester (tokoh Alkitab) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ester (tokoh Alkitab)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(personaggio_biblico)" title="Ester (personaggio biblico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ester (personaggio biblico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="אסתר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ესთერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესთერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estera" title="Estera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszter_(Biblia)" title="Eszter (Biblia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eszter (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estera_(ao_amin%27_ny_Baiboly)" title="Estera (ao amin' ny Baiboly) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Estera (ao amin' ny Baiboly)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="استير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(Bijbel)" title="Ester (Bijbel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ester (Bijbel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB_(%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8)" title="エステル (聖書) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エステル (聖書)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9r" title="Estér – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estér" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="آستر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آستر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="استر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estera_(posta%C4%87_biblijna)" title="Estera (postać biblijna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estera (postać biblijna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estera" title="Estera – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estera" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Есфирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Есфирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Esther" title="Queen Esther – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen Esther" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Ester (biblická postava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ester (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Јестира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јестира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(biblisk_person)" title="Ester (biblisk person) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ester (biblisk person)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(Bibliya)" title="Ester (Bibliya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ester (Bibliya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="אסתר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסתר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical Jewish queen of Persia and Medes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the heroine of the Book of Esther. For the book of Esther, see <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Esther_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Esther (disambiguation)">Esther (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Esther</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶסְתֵּר</span>‎</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_haram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/220px-Esther_haram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/330px-Esther_haram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Esther_haram.jpg/440px-Esther_haram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Esther_(painting)" title="Queen Esther (painting)">Queen Esther</a></i> (1879) by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Long" title="Edwin Long">Edwin Long</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hadassah (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הדסה</span>‎)</div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire </a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Queen of Persia and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus#Book_of_Esther" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus of Persia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>Abihail (biological father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> (adoptive father)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Esther</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally <b>Hadassah</b>, is the eponymous heroine of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. According to the biblical narrative, which is set in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> falls in love with Esther and marries her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolle2006107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grand vizier <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> is offended by Esther's cousin and guardian <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> because of his refusal to <a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">bow before him</a>; bowing in front of another person was a prominent gesture of respect in Persian society, but deemed unacceptable by Mordecai, who believes that a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a> should only express submissiveness to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>. Consequently, Haman plots to have all of Persia's Jews killed, and eventually convinces Ahasuerus to permit him to do so. However, Esther foils the plan by revealing and decrying Haman's plans to Ahasuerus, who then has Haman executed and grants permission to the Jews to take up arms against their enemies;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esther is hailed for her courage and for working to save the Jewish nation from eradication. </p><p>The Book of Esther's story provides the traditional explanation for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, a celebratory <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holiday</a> that is observed on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew date</a> on which Haman's order was to go into effect, which is the day that the Jews killed their enemies after Esther exposed Haman's intentions to her husband. Since the 1890s, most scholars have “agreed in seeing [The Book of] Esther as a historicized myth or ritual” and generally concluded that Purim is rooted in a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> or Persian myth or festival—though which one is a subject of discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is general agreement among scholars that the Book of Esther is a work of fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two related forms of the Book of Esther exist: a shorter <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Biblical Hebrew</a>–sourced version found in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Bibles, and a longer <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Koine Greek</a>–sourced version found in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When she is introduced, in Esther 2:7, she is first referred to by the Hebrew name <i>Hadassah</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzie1995330_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzie1995330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means "myrtle tree."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is absent from the early Greek manuscripts, although present in the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">targumic</a> texts, and was probably added to the Hebrew text in the 2nd century CE at the earliest to stress the heroine's Jewishness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019123_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019123-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Esther" probably derives from the name of the Babylonian goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ishtar</a> or from the Persian word cognate with the English word "star" (implying an association with Ishtar) though some scholars contend it is related to the Persian words for "woman" or "myrtle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019141_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019141-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative">Narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg/220px-Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg/330px-Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg/440px-Esther_Denouncing_Haman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption><i>Esther Denouncing Haman</i> (1888) by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Normand" title="Ernest Normand">Ernest Normand</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 3rd century CE Roman painting of Esther and Mordechai, Dura-Europos synagogue, Syria."><img alt="3rd century CE Roman fresco of Esther and Mordechai from Dura-Europos Synagogue, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/300px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/450px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/600px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" title="File:Mordecai and Esther.jpg"> </a></div>Early 3rd century CE Roman painting of Esther and Mordechai, <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue" title="Dura-Europos synagogue">Dura-Europos synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Shrine venerated as the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the third year of the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> of Persia the king banishes his queen, <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a>, and seeks a new queen. Beautiful maidens gather together at the <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> in the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> under the authority of the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Hegai" title="Hegai">Hegai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolle2006107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esther, a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jewish</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Exilic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Exilic Period">Exilic Period</a> who claimed as an ancestor <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Bible)#Other_biblical_figures_named_Kish" title="Kish (Bible)">Kish</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Benjamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamite">Benjamite</a> who had been taken from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> into captivity. She was the orphaned daughter of Mordecai's uncle, another Benjamite named Abihail. Upon the king's orders, Esther is taken to the palace where Hegai prepares her to meet the king. Even as she advances to the highest position of the harem, perfumed with gold and myrrh and allocated certain foods and servants, she is under strict instructions from Mordecai, who meets with her each day, to conceal her Jewish origins. The king falls in love with her and makes her his Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolle2006107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Esther's coronation, Mordecai learns of an assassination plot by <a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a> to kill King Ahasuerus. Mordecai tells Esther, who tells the king in the name of Mordecai, and he is saved. This act of great service to the king is recorded in the Annals of the Kingdom. </p><p>After Mordecai saves the king's life, <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> the <a href="/wiki/Agagite" title="Agagite">Agagite</a> is made Ahasuerus' highest adviser, and orders that everyone <a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">bow down</a> to him. When Mordecai (who had stationed himself in the street to advise Esther) refuses to bow to him, Haman pays King Ahasuerus 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">silver talents</a> for the right to exterminate all of the Jews in Ahasuerus' kingdom. Haman casts lots, <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, using supernatural means, and sees that the thirteenth day of the Month of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> is a fortunate day for the genocide. Using the seal of the king, in the name of the king, Haman sends an order to the provinces of the kingdom to allow the extermination of the Jews on the thirteenth of Adar. When Mordecai learns of this, he tells Esther to reveal to the king that she is Jewish and ask that he repeal the order. Esther hesitates, saying that she could be put to death if she goes to the king without being summoned; nevertheless, Mordecai urges her to try. Esther asks that the entire Jewish community <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">fast</a> and pray for three days before she goes to see the king; Mordecai agrees. </p><p>On the third day, Esther goes to the courtyard in front of the king's palace, and she is welcomed by the king, who stretches out his scepter for her to touch, and offers her anything she wants "up to half of the kingdom". Esther invites the king and Haman to a banquet she has prepared for the next day. She tells the king she will reveal her request at the banquet. During the banquet, the king repeats his offer again, whereupon Esther invites both the king and Haman to a banquet she is making on the following day as well. </p><p>Seeing that he is in favor with the king and queen, Haman takes counsel from his wife and friends to build a gallows upon which to hang Mordecai; as he is in their good favors, he believes he will be granted his wish to hang Mordecai the very next day. After building the gallows, Haman goes to the palace in the middle of the night to wait for the earliest moment he can see the king. </p><p>That evening, the king, unable to sleep, asks that the Annals of the Kingdom be read to him so that he will become drowsy. The book miraculously opens to the page telling of Mordecai's great service, and the king asks if he had already received a reward. When his attendants answer in the negative, Ahasuerus is suddenly distracted and demands to know who is standing in the palace courtyard in the middle of the night. The attendants answer that it is Haman. Ahasuerus invites Haman into his room. Haman, instead of requesting that Mordecai be hanged, is ordered to take Mordecai through the streets of the capital on the Royal Horse wearing the royal robes. Haman is also instructed to yell, "This is what shall be done to the man whom the king wishes to honor!" </p><p>After spending the entire day honoring Mordecai, Haman rushes to Esther's second banquet, where Ahasuerus is already waiting. Ahasuerus repeats his offer to Esther of anything "up to half of the kingdom". Esther tells Ahasuerus that while she appreciates the offer, she must put before him a more basic issue: she explains that there is a person plotting to kill her and her entire people, and that this person's intentions are to harm the king and the kingdom. When Ahasuerus asks who this person is, Esther points to Haman and names him. Upon hearing this, an enraged Ahasuerus goes out to the garden to calm down and consider the situation. </p><p>While Ahasuerus is in the garden, Haman throws himself at Esther's feet asking for mercy. Upon returning from the garden, the king is further enraged. As it was the custom to eat on reclining couches, it appears to the king as if Haman is attacking Esther. He orders Haman to be removed from his sight. While Haman is being led out, Harvona, a civil servant, tells the king that Haman had built a gallows for Mordecai, "who had saved the king's life". In response, the king says "Hang him (Haman) on it". </p><p>After Haman is put to death, Ahasuerus gives Haman's estate to Esther. Esther tells the king about Mordecai being her relative, and the king makes Mordecai his adviser. When Esther asks the king to revoke the order exterminating the Jews, the king is initially hesitant, saying that an order issued by the king cannot be repealed. Ahasuerus allows Esther and Mordecai to write another order, with the seal of the king and in the name of the king, to allow the Jewish people to defend themselves and fight with their oppressors on the thirteenth day of Adar. </p><p>On the thirteenth day of Adar, the same day that Haman had set for them to be killed, the Jews defend themselves in all parts of the kingdom and rest on the fourteenth day of Adar. The fourteenth day of Adar is celebrated with the giving of charity, exchanging foodstuffs, and feasting. In <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, the Jews of the capital were given another day to kill their oppressors; they rested and celebrated on the fifteenth day of Adar, again giving charity, exchanging foodstuffs, and feasting as well. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschPrinceSchechter1936_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschPrinceSchechter1936-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jews established an annual feast, the feast of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, in memory of their deliverance. Haman having set the date of the thirteenth of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> to commence his campaign against the Jews, this determined the date of the festival of Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the details of the setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, there is general agreement among scholars that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">book of Esther</a> is a work of fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian kings did not marry outside of seven Persian noble families, making it unlikely that there was a Jewish queen Esther.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the name <i>Ahasuerus</i> can be translated to <i>Xerxes</i>, as both derive from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a> <i>Khshayārsha.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Baumgarten_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-larkin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larkin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahasuerus as described in the Book of Esther is usually identified in modern sources to refer to <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Between_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who ruled between 486 and 465 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgarten_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgarten-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is to this monarch that the events described in Esther are thought to fit the most closely.<sup id="cite_ref-larkin_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larkin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1971xxxv_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1971xxxv-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Xerxes I's queen was <a href="/wiki/Amestris" title="Amestris">Amestris</a>, further highlighting the fictitious nature of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars speculate that the story was created to justify the Jewish appropriation of an originally non-Jewish feast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi201940_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi201940-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival which the book explains is <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, which is explained as meaning "lot", from the Babylonian word <i>puru</i>. One popular theory says the festival has its origins in a historicized Babylonian myth or ritual in which Mordecai and Esther represent the Babylonian gods <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, while others trace the ritual to the Persian New Year, and scholars have surveyed other theories in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have defended the story as real history,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi2023130_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi2023130-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the attempt to find a historical kernel to the narrative is considered "likely to be futile" in a study by Sara Raup Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">Esther in rabbinic literature</a></div> <p>The Book of Esther begins by portraying Esther as beautiful and obedient, though a relatively passive figure. Throughout the story, she evolves into a character who takes a decisive role in her own future and that of her people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a>, "Esther's position in a male court mirrors that of the Jews in a Gentile world, with the threat of danger ever present below the seemingly calm surface."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esther is compared to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> in that both represent a "type" for Jews living in Diaspora, and hoping to live a successful life in an alien environment. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Zaeske" title="Susan Zaeske">Susan Zaeske</a>, by virtue of the fact that Esther used only <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> to convince the king to save her people, the story of Esther is a "rhetoric of exile and empowerment that, for millennia, has notably shaped the discourse of marginalized peoples such as Jews, women, and African Americans", persuading those who have power over them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaeske2000194_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaeske2000194-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian_culture">Persian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the structure venerated as the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern day <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> are called "Esther's Children". A building venerated as being the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahidmanesh2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahidmanesh2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the village of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bir%27im" title="Kafr Bir'im">Kafr Bir'im</a> in northern Israel also claims to be the burial place of Queen Esther.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaalje2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaalje2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions_of_Esther">Artistic depictions of Esther</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions of Esther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Modern_retelling" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther § Modern retelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg/220px-The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg/330px-The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg/440px-The_Feast_of_Esther_by_Johannes_Spilberg_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><i>The Feast of Esther</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Spilberg" title="Johannes Spilberg">Johannes Spilberg the Younger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1644</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_(Ester,_9-20-21)_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/220px-Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/330px-Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/440px-Ester_y_Mardoqueo_escribiendo_la_primera_carta_del_Purim_%28Ester%2C_9-20-21%29_-_Aert_de_GELDER_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6045" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><i>Esther and Mordecai Writing the First Purim Letter</i> by Aert de Gelder, c. 1685</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout history, many artists have created <a href="/wiki/Category:Paintings_of_Esther" title="Category:Paintings of Esther">paintings depicting Esther</a>. Notable early portrayals include the Heilspiegel Altarpiece by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Witz" title="Konrad Witz">Konrad Witz</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolle2006107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_Before_Ahasuerus_(Tintoretto)" title="Esther Before Ahasuerus (Tintoretto)">Esther Before Ahasuerus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> (1546–47, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>) which show Esther appearing before the king to beg mercy for the Jews, despite the punishment for appearing without being summoned being death. This scene became one of the most commonly depicted parts of the story. </p><p>Esther's faint had not often been depicted in art before Tintoretto. It is shown in the series of <i><a href="/wiki/Cassone" title="Cassone">cassone</a></i> scenes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Esther" title="Life of Esther">Life of Esther</a></i> attributed variously to <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> from the 1470s. In other cassone depictions, for example by Filippino Lippi, Esther's readiness to show herself before the court is contrasted to Vashti's refusal to expose herself to the public assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199538_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199538-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWind1940–1941114_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWind1940–1941114-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esther was regarded in Catholic theology as a <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typological</a> forerunner<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199537_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199537-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> in her role as intercessor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsmaPitre2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsmaPitre2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her regal election parallels Mary's Assumption and as she becomes queen of Persia, Mary becomes queen of heaven; Mary's epithet as 'stella maris' parallels Esther as a 'star' and both figure as sponsors of the humble before the powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199540_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199540-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary viewers would likely have recognized a similarity between the faint and the common motif of the <a href="/wiki/Swoon_of_the_Virgin" title="Swoon of the Virgin">Swoon of the Virgin</a>, seen in many depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitakerClayton2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitakerClayton2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esther's fainting became a popular subject in the Baroque painting of the following century. A notable Baroque example is <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_Before_Ahasuerus_(Artemisia_Gentileschi)" title="Esther Before Ahasuerus (Artemisia Gentileschi)">Esther Before Ahasuerus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esther is commemorated as a matriarch in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a> on May 24. </p><p>Esther is recognized as a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Church, commemorated on the Sunday before <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. "The Septuagint edition of Esther contains six parts (totaling 107 verses) not found in the Hebrew Bible. Although these interpretations originally may have been composed in Hebrew, they survive only in Greek texts. Because the Hebrew Bible's version of Esther's story contains neither prayers nor even a single reference to God, Greek redactors apparently felt compelled to give the tale a more explicit religious orientation, alluding to "God" or the "Lord" fifty times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisPlatzner2007375_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisPlatzner2007375-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These additions to Esther in the Apocrypha were added approximately in the second or first century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderkamFlint182_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderkamFlint182-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of Esther is also referenced in chapter 28 of <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan#First_Book_of_Ethiopian_Maccabees_(1_Meqabyan)" title="Meqabyan">1 Meqabyan</a>, a book considered <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">canonical</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <i>Historia Esther</i>, H.396, for soloist, chorus, strings and continuo, 1677</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre</a>, "Esther", for soprano and continuo, in <i>Cantates françaises sur des sujets tirés de l’Écriture</i>, book I, 1708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a></i>, with a libretto based on a <a href="/wiki/Esther_(play)" title="Esther (play)">play</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, 1718 and 1732</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ester_(Stradella)" title="Ester (Stradella)">Ester</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, 1673</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esterka" title="Esterka">Esterka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushandukht" title="Shushandukht">Shushandukht</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶסְתֵּר</span>‎</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾEstēr</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Today there is general agreement that it is essentially a work of fiction, the purpose of which was to justify the Jewish appropriation of an originally non-Jewish holiday. What is not generally agreed upon is the identity or nature of that non-Jewish festival which came to be appropriated by the Jews as Purim, and whose motifs are recapitulated in disguised form in Esther." (<a href="#CITEREFPolish1999">Polish 1999</a>) "The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes." (<a href="#CITEREFBrowning2009">Browning 2009</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Today there is general agreement that it is essentially a work of fiction, the purpose of which was to justify the Jewish appropriation of an originally non-Jewish holiday. What is not generally agreed upon is the identity or nature of that non-Jewish festival which came to be appropriated by the Jews as Purim, and whose motifs are recapitulated in disguised form in Esther." (<a href="#CITEREFPolish1999">Polish 1999</a>) "The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes." (<a href="#CITEREFBrowning2009">Browning 2009</a>) "Although the details of its setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, in terms of literary genre the book is not history." (<a href="#CITEREFTucker2004">Tucker 2004</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther, or a queen called Vashti or a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, or a high placed courtier <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>. Mordecai was said to have been among the exiles deported from Jerusalem by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, but that deportation occurred 112 years before Xerxes became king." (<a href="#CITEREFLittman1975">Littman 1975</a>:146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther, or a queen called Vashti or a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, or a high placed courtier <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>. Mordecai was said to have been among the exiles deported from Jerusalem by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, but that deportation occurred 112 years before Xerxes became king." (<a href="#CITEREFLittman1975">Littman 1975</a>:146)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolle2006107-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolle2006107_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolle2006">Solle 2006</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Esther.7.2">"Esther 7:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Esther+7%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FEsther.7.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1971" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Carey A. (1971). "The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim". <i>Esther</i>. Doubleday. pp. 46–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385004725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385004725"><bdi>978-0385004725</bdi></a>. <q>Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr [that is, the lot]", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the 'secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b... pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 1890s, when <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmern" title="Heinrich Zimmern">Heinrich Zimmern</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jensen_(orientalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jensen (orientalist) (page does not exist)">Peter Jensen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jensen_(Altorientalist)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Jensen (Altorientalist)">de</a>]</span> equated <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> and Esther with the Babylonian gods <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, and Haman and <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmern, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Winckler" title="Hugo Winckler">Hugo Winckler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Meissner" title="Bruno Meissner">Bruno Meissner</a> and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_Epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh Epic">Gilgamesh Epic</a>, the Babylonian Creation Story, the <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> Myth, and the <a href="/wiki/Zagmuk" title="Zagmuk">Zagmuk</a> Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Non-Jewish+Origins+of+Purim&rft.btitle=Esther&rft.pages=46-49&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0385004725&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1992" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Carey A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anchorbibledicti0002unse/page/632/mode/2up">"Esther, Book of"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a> (ed.). <i>The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary</i>. New York: Doubleday. pp. 637–638. <q>Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the 'secular' way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf. above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story... But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival... Its Lack of Historicity: [R]are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=637-638&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanchorbibledicti0002unse%2Fpage%2F632%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2004_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2004_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2004">Tucker 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahnMitch201971_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHahnMitch2019">Hahn & Mitch 2019</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzie1995330-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzie1995330_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKenzie1995">McKenzie 1995</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/gen/1/1/s_1001">"H1919 – hăḏasâ"</a>. <i>Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (kjv)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span> – via Blue Letter Bible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon+%28kjv%29&rft.atitle=H1919+%E2%80%93+h%C4%83%E1%B8%8Fas%C3%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fkjv%2Fgen%2F1%2F1%2Fs_1001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019123-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019123_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacchi2019">Macchi 2019</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019141-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi2019141_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacchi2019">Macchi 2019</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschPrinceSchechter1936-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschPrinceSchechter1936_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirschPrinceSchechter1936">Hirsch, Prince & Schechter 1936</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Crawford, Sidnie White</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/esther-bible">Esther: Bible</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">Jewish Women's Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2010131–140_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2010">Fox 2010</a>, pp. 131–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgarten-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgarten_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartenSperlingSabar2007" class="citation book cs1">Baumgarten, Albert I.; Sperling, S. David; Sabar, Shalom (2007). Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.pages=216&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=Albert+I.&rft.au=Sperling%2C+S.+David&rft.au=Sabar%2C+Shalom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larkin-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larkin_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larkin_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Katrina J.A. (1996). <i>Ruth and Esther (Old Testament Guides)</i>. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruth+and+Esther+%28Old+Testament+Guides%29&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+UK&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Katrina+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Crawford, Sidnie White</a> (1998). "Esther". In Newsom, Carol A.; Ringe, Sharon H. (eds.). <i>Women's Bible Commentary</i>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Bible+Commentary&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Between-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Between_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas2010" class="citation book cs1">Middlemas, Jill (2010). Becking, Bob E.J.H.; Grabbe, Lester (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF7RzZJXM-UC&pg=PA145"><i>Between Evidence and Ideology</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004187375" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004187375"><bdi>978-9004187375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Evidence+and+Ideology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004187375&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDF7RzZJXM-UC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1971xxxv-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1971xxxv_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1971">Moore 1971</a>, p. xxxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacchi201940-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacchi201940_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacchi2019">Macchi 2019</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200520_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2005">Johnson 2005</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimi2023130-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimi2023130_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalimi2023">Kalimi 2023</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007">Coogan et al. 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaeske2000194-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaeske2000194_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZaeske2000">Zaeske 2000</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahidmanesh2010-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahidmanesh2010_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahidmanesh2010">Vahidmanesh 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaalje2001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaalje2001_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaalje2001">Schaalje 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199538-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199538_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaskins1995">Baskins 1995</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWind1940–1941114-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWind1940–1941114_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWind1940–1941">Wind 1940–1941</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199537-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199537_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaskins1995">Baskins 1995</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergsmaPitre2018-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergsmaPitre2018_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergsmaPitre2018">Bergsma & Pitre 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaskins199540-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaskins199540_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaskins1995">Baskins 1995</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitakerClayton2007-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitakerClayton2007_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitakerClayton2007">Whitaker & Clayton 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisPlatzner2007375-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisPlatzner2007375_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2007">Harris & Platzner 2007</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderkamFlint182-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderkamFlint182_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderkamFlint">Vanderkam & Flint</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://israelbylocals.com/queen-esther/">"Queen Esther: A Heroine of Courage"</a>. <i>Israel by Locals</i>. 31 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+by+Locals&rft.atitle=Queen+Esther%3A+A+Heroine+of+Courage&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisraelbylocals.com%2Fqueen-esther%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskins1995" class="citation book cs1">Baskins, Cristelle L. (1995) [First published 1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAatfUl1ii4C&pg=PA31">"Typology, sexuality and the Renaissance Esther"</a>. In Turner, James (ed.). <i>Sexuality and Gender in Early Modern Europe: Institutions, Texts, Images</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 31–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44605-1"><bdi>978-0-521-44605-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typology%2C+sexuality+and+the+Renaissance+Esther&rft.btitle=Sexuality+and+Gender+in+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+Institutions%2C+Texts%2C+Images&rft.pages=31-54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44605-1&rft.aulast=Baskins&rft.aufirst=Cristelle+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAatfUl1ii4C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergsmaPitre2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bergsma" title="John Bergsma">Bergsma, John</a>; Pitre, Brant (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px5tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT650"><i>A Catholic Introduction to the Bible: The Old Testament</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-642-29048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-642-29048-6"><bdi>978-1-642-29048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catholic+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+The+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-642-29048-6&rft.aulast=Bergsma&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pitre%2C+Brant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx5tDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-56">"Ahasuerus"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of the Bible</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahasuerus&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954398-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001%2Facref-9780199543984-e-56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooganBrettlerNewsomPerkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&pg=PA708"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19528880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19528880-3"><bdi>978-0-19528880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19528880-3&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft.au=Brettler%2C+Marc+Zvi&rft.au=Newsom%2C+Carol+Ann&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc-i_pQsiW8C%26pg%3DPA708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Crawford, Sidnie White</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA329">"Esther"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80283711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80283711-0"><bdi>978-0-80283711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-80283711-0&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436453.">"<i>Esther Before Ahasuerus</i> (Tintoretto)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Esther+Before+Ahasuerus+%28Tintoretto%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F436453.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2010" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Michael V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spVMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-608-99495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-608-99495-3"><bdi>978-1-608-99495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character+and+Ideology+in+the+Book+of+Esther&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-608-99495-3&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspVMAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnMitch2019" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Scott; Mitch, Curtis (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQqqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Tobit, Judith, and Esther</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-621-64185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-621-64185-8"><bdi>978-1-621-64185-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobit%2C+Judith%2C+and+Esther&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-621-64185-8&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Mitch%2C+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQqqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisPlatzner2007" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen; Platzner, Robert (2007). <i>The Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0072990515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0072990515"><bdi>978-0072990515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0072990515&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Platzner%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschPrinceSchechter1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hirsch, Emil G.; Prince, John Dyneley; Schechter, Solomon (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5872-esther">"Esther (Hebrew, אֶסְתֵּר; Greek, Εσθήρ)"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther+%28Hebrew%2C+%D7%90%D6%B6%D7%A1%D6%B0%D7%AA%D6%B5%D6%BC%D7%A8%3B+Greek%2C+%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AE%CF%81%29&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Co.&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Prince%2C+John+Dyneley&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5872-esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Sara Raup (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfiJ6foYhMAC&pg=PA20"><i>Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928435" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928435"><bdi>9780520928435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Fictions+and+Hellenistic+Jewish+Identity&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520928435&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sara+Raup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfiJ6foYhMAC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2023" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26612-3&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvnAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Littman, Robert J. (January 1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the <i>Book of Esther</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>65</b> (3): 145–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454354">10.2307/1454354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454354">1454354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Policy+of+Xerxes+and+the+Book+of+Esther&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-155&rft.date=1975-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1454354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1454354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Littman&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacchi2019" class="citation book cs1">Macchi, Jean-Daniel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AliJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123"><i>Esther</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-170-31028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-170-31028-5"><bdi>978-3-170-31028-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-170-31028-5&rft.aulast=Macchi&rft.aufirst=Jean-Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAliJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, John L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA247"><i>The Dictionary Of The Bible</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684819136" title="Special:BookSources/9780684819136"><bdi>9780684819136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+Of+The+Bible&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780684819136&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE7EyQ_HQAMC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish1999" class="citation journal cs1">Polish, Daniel F. (1 September 1999). "Aspects of Esther: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Megillah of Esther and the Origins of Purim". <i>Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</i>. <b>24</b> (85): 85–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929902408505">10.1177/030908929902408505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0892">0309-0892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143019872">143019872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Esther%3A+A+Phenomenological+Exploration+of+the+Megillah+of+Esther+and+the+Origins+of+Purim&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=85-106&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143019872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-0892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929902408505&rft.aulast=Polish&rft.aufirst=Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaalje2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Schaalje, Jacqueline (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/44mag/synagogues/synagogues.htm">"Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum"</a>. <i>Jewish Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+synagogues+in+Bar%27am+and+Capernaum&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Schaalje&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmag.com%2F44mag%2Fsynagogues%2Fsynagogues.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolle2006" class="citation book cs1">Solle, Dorothee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn6WXpISp2MC&pg=PA107"><i>Great Women of the Bible: In Art and Literature</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800635574" title="Special:BookSources/0800635574"><bdi>0800635574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+of+the+Bible%3A+In+Art+and+Literature&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0800635574&rft.aulast=Solle&rft.aufirst=Dorothee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNn6WXpISp2MC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tucker, Gene M. (2004) [First published 1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001/acref-9780195046458-e-0232">"Esther, The Book of"</a>. In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther%2C+The+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504645-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046458-e-0232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahidmanesh2010" class="citation news cs1">Vahidmanesh, Parvaneh (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092156/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1135.html">"Sad Fate of Iran's Jews"</a>. <i>Payvand</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/10/may/1135.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Payvand&rft.atitle=Sad+Fate+of+Iran%27s+Jews&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.aulast=Vahidmanesh&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F10%2Fmay%2F1135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderkamFlint" class="citation book cs1">Vanderkam, James; Flint, Peter. <i>The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=182&rft.aulast=Vanderkam&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitakerClayton2007" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Lucy; Clayton, Martin (2007). <i>The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection; Renaissance and Baroque</i>. Royal Collection Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902163-291" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902163-291"><bdi>978-1-902163-291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Italy+in+the+Royal+Collection%3B+Renaissance+and+Baroque&rft.pub=Royal+Collection+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-902163-291&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Clayton%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWind1940–1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wind" title="Edgar Wind">Wind, Edgar</a> (October 1940 – January 1941). "The Subject of Botticelli's 'Derelitta'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Warburg_and_Courtauld_Institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes">Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1/2): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F750127">10.2307/750127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/750127">750127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192310493">192310493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=The+Subject+of+Botticelli%27s+%27Derelitta%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=114-117&rft.date=1940-10%2F1941-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192310493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F750127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F750127&rft.aulast=Wind&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaeske2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zaeske, Susan (2000). "Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric". <i>Philosophy and Rhetoric</i>. <b>33</b> (3 On Feminizing the Philosophy of Rhetoric): 193–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpar.2000.0024">10.1353/par.2000.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40231721">40231721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171068760">171068760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Unveiling+Esther+as+a+Pragmatic+Radical+Rhetoric&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3+On+Feminizing+the+Philosophy+of+Rhetoric&rft.pages=193-220&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171068760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40231721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpar.2000.0024&rft.aulast=Zaeske&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Crawford, Sidnie White</a> (November 1996). "Has 'Esther' been found at Qumran? 4QProto-Esther and the 'Esther' corpus". <i>Revue de Qumrân</i>. <b>17</b> (1/4): 307–325. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24610146">24610146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Qumr%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=Has+%27Esther%27+been+found+at+Qumran%3F+4QProto-Esther+and+the+%27Esther%27+corpus&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=307-325&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24610146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5gSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221"><i>Esther's Revenge at Susa: From Sennacherib to Ahasuerus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-21663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-21663-5"><bdi>978-0-199-21663-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther%27s+Revenge+at+Susa%3A+From+Sennacherib+to+Ahasuerus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-199-21663-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5gSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Howard, David M. Jr. (2007). <i>An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/Moody_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody Publishers">Moody Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-575-67447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-575-67447-6"><bdi>978-1-575-67447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Historical+Books&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-575-67447-6&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=David+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Huehnergard" title="John Huehnergard">Huehnergard, John</a> (2008). "Appendix 1: Afro-Asiatic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ancient-languages-of-syriapalestine-and-arabia/afroasiatic/52090A4EA262B5236AC49C5E34B5A332"><i>The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 225–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13946934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13946934-0"><bdi>978-1-13946934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+1%3A+Afro-Asiatic&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.pages=225-246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-13946934-0&rft.aulast=Huehnergard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fancient-languages-of-syriapalestine-and-arabia%2Fafroasiatic%2F52090A4EA262B5236AC49C5E34B5A332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Koller, Aaron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6z0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Esther in Ancient Jewish Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-72980-3"><bdi>978-1-107-72980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther+in+Ancient+Jewish+Thought&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-72980-3&rft.aulast=Koller&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6z0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper, Abraham</a> (2010). <i>Women of the Old Testament</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31086487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31086487-5"><bdi>978-0-31086487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-31086487-5&rft.aulast=Kuyper&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Leith, Mary Joan Winn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNFMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">"Esther"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael D. Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 252–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-37737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-37737-8"><bdi>978-0-195-37737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Books+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=252-261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-195-37737-8&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan+Winn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNFMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Esther: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664228873" title="Special:BookSources/9780664228873"><bdi>9780664228873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780664228873&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJS7BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXiKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168"><i>The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-24164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-24164-1"><bdi>978-1-441-24164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Transmission%2C+and+Authority&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-441-24164-1&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Lee+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXiKAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Carol (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA324">"Esther"</a>. In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 324–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-27718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-27718-6"><bdi>978-0-199-27718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=324-330&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-199-27718-6&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Milik, Józef T.</a> (1992). "Les modèles Araméens du Livre d'Esther dans la Grotte 4 de Qumrān". <i>Revue de Qumrân</i>. <b>15</b> (3/59): 321–406. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24609021">24609021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Qumr%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=Les+mod%C3%A8les+Aram%C3%A9ens+du+Livre+d%27Esther+dans+la+Grotte+4+de+Qumr%C4%81n&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3%2F59&rft.pages=321-406&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24609021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Milik&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tricia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9DYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Jews and Anti-Judaism in Esther and the Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutterworth Press">Lutterworth Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90258-5"><bdi>978-0-227-90258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Anti-Judaism+in+Esther+and+the+Church&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90258-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9DYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Phillips, E. A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA188">"Esther 6: Person"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tremper_Longman" title="Tremper Longman">Longman, Tremper III</a>; Enns, Peter (eds.). <i>Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship</i>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 188–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-830-81783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-830-81783-2"><bdi>978-0-830-81783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther+6%3A+Person&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Wisdom%2C+Poetry+%26+Writings%3A+A+Compendium+of+Contemporary+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pages=188-193&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-830-81783-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE2k36XAkv4C%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Adam J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nSjBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA551">"The Samaritan Version of the Esther Story"</a>. In Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam (eds.). <i>Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 551–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-28171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-28171-4"><bdi>978-9-004-28171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Samaritan+Version+of+the+Esther+Story&rft.btitle=Islamic+Cultures%2C+Islamic+Contexts%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Professor+Patricia+Crone&rft.pages=551-564&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-004-28171-4&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nSjBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs90DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-51773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-192-51773-9"><bdi>978-0-192-51773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veiling+Esther%2C+Unveiling+Her+Story%3A+The+Reception+of+a+Biblical+Book+in+Islamic+Lands&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-192-51773-9&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs90DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Soomekh, Saba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6CYSrc8qHEC&pg=PA38"><i>From the Shahs to Los Angeles: Three Generations of Iranian Jewish Women between Religion and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-438-44385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-438-44385-0"><bdi>978-1-438-44385-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Shahs+to+Los+Angeles%3A+Three+Generations+of+Iranian+Jewish+Women+between+Religion+and+Culture&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-438-44385-0&rft.aulast=Soomekh&rft.aufirst=Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6CYSrc8qHEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Testen, David (October 1998). "Semitic Terms for 'Myrtle': A Study in Covert". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>57</b> (4): 281–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F468653">10.1086/468653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/545452">545452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161499240">161499240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Semitic+Terms+for+%27Myrtle%27%3A+A+Study+in+Covert&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-290&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161499240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F545452%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F468653&rft.aulast=Testen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tidball, Dianne (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/esther00dian_xj2"><i>Esther, a True First Lady: A Post-Feminist Icon in a Secular World</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Focus_Publications" title="Christian Focus Publications">Christian Focus Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85792671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85792671-2"><bdi>978-1-85792671-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther%2C+a+True+First+Lady%3A+A+Post-Feminist+Icon+in+a+Secular+World&rft.pub=Christian+Focus+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85792671-2&rft.aulast=Tidball&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Festher00dian_xj2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Yahuda" title="Abraham Yahuda">Yahuda, Abraham</a> (1946). "The Meaning of the Name Esther". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i>. <b>78</b> (2): 174–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00100413">10.1017/S0035869X00100413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222106">25222106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163266181">163266181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Name+Esther&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=174-178&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163266181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25222106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00100413&rft.aulast=Yahuda&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yamauchi, Edwin (1997). <i>Persia and the Bible</i>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-02108-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-02108-4"><bdi>978-0-801-02108-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-801-02108-4&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin</a>; Phillips, Elaine A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsESDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT465"><i>Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53182-1"><bdi>978-0-310-53182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezra%2C+Nehemiah%2C+Esther&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53182-1&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Elaine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsESDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Zadok, Ran (1984). "Historical Background of the Book of Esther". <i>Biblische Notizen</i>. <b>24</b>: 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblische+Notizen&rft.atitle=Historical+Background+of+the+Book+of+Esther&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Zadok&rft.aufirst=Ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Zadok, Ran (1986). "Notes on Esther". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_Alttestamentliche_Wissenschaft" title="Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft">ZAW</a></i>. <b>98</b>: 105–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZAW&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Esther&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=105-110&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Zadok&rft.aufirst=Ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEsther" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esther_(Biblical_figure)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Esther (Biblical figure)">Esther (Biblical figure)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Esther" title="Template:Book of Esther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Esther" title="Template talk:Book of Esther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Esther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Esther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Esther" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bible chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_1" title="Esther 1">Esther 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_2" title="Esther 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_3" title="Esther 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_4" title="Esther 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_5" title="Esther 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_6" title="Esther 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_7" title="Esther 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_8" title="Esther 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_9" title="Esther 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_10" title="Esther 10">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abagtha" title="Abagtha">Abagtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (biblical figure)">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegai" title="Hegai">Hegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memucan" title="Memucan">Memucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresh" title="Zeresh">Zeresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agagite" title="Agagite">Agagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">Esther in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Haman in rabbinic literature">Haman in rabbinic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_4443" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443">Oxyrhynchus 4443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Palau-Ribes_163" title="Papyrus Palau-Ribes 163">Palau-Ribes 163</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1%">Pre-Patriarchal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></i><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Israelite prophets<br />in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)" title="Shemaiah (prophet)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahaziel" title="Jahaziel">Jahaziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#Eliezer_the_prophet" title="Eliezer">Eliezer ben Dodavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Daniel in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beor_(biblical_figure)" title="Beor (biblical figure)">Beor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoz" title="Amoz">Amoz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beeri" title="Beeri">Beeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agur" title="Agur">Agur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buzi" title="Buzi">Buzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_(prophet)" title="Oded (prophet)">Oded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)" title="Azariah (prophet)">Azariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate persons whose status as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> is not universally accepted.</li> <li>‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purim_(פּוּרִים)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purim_footer" title="Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purim_footer" title="Template talk:Purim footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purim_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purim_(פּוּרִים)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim  <span class="nobold">(פּוּרִים)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haman_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Haman in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresh" title="Zeresh">Zeresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushan_Purim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushan Purim">Shushan Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Meshulash" title="Purim">Purim HaMeshulash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Purim" title="Second Purim">Second Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grager" title="Grager">Grager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Purim_foods" title="Category:Purim foods">Purim foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">Hamantash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impade" title="Impade">Impade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">Mishloach manot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purim_humor" title="Purim humor">Purim humor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_Torah" title="Purim Torah">Purim Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_rabbi" title="Purim rabbi">Purim rabbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/42px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732413#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732413#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000089763186">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37710366">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21151776733018010498">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30821086">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42996/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjHjMPHwf7gC8JCrjDCJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118682431">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109094">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12135170w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12135170w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01081474">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3591757">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601008705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310961505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118682431.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118682431">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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