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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use in musical genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_musical_genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in musical genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_musical_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blues_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blues_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Blues music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blues_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Country music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resonator_guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resonator_guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Resonator guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resonator_guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_swing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_swing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Western swing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_swing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honky-tonk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honky-tonk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Honky-tonk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honky-tonk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_country_music_and_pedal_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_country_music_and_pedal_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Modern country music and pedal steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_country_music_and_pedal_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gospel music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_world_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_world_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other world music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_world_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Indian music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Māori music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lap_steel_guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lap_steel_guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lap steel guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lap_steel_guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console_steel_guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_steel_guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Console steel guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console_steel_guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedal_steel_guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedal_steel_guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pedal steel guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedal_steel_guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steels_and_slides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steels_and_slides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Steels and slides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steels_and_slides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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guitar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ষ্টীল গিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ষ্টীল গিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steel guitar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_kytara" title="Steel kytara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Steel kytara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steel guitar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Steel guitar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctalgitaro" title="Ŝtalgitaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtalgitaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steel guitar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B8_%EA%B8%B0%ED%83%80" title="스틸 기타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스틸 기타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitar_baja" title="Gitar baja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gitar baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steel guitar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גיטרת פלדה הוואית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיטרת פלדה הוואית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitar_keluli" title="Gitar keluli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gitar keluli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelgitaar" title="Steelgitaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steelgitaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="スティール・ギター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティール・ギター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Стил-гитара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стил-гитара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-kitara" title="Steel-kitara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steel-kitara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сталева гітара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталева гітара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2%E6%A3%92%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96" title="钢棒吉他 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钢棒吉他" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Steel guitar</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_guitar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Steel_guitar.jpg/240px-Steel_guitar.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Steel_guitar.jpg/360px-Steel_guitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Steel_guitar.jpg/480px-Steel_guitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="774" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Three types of steel guitars: resonator, lap steel, pedal steel</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Hawaiian guitar, lap steel, <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">pedal steel</a>, console steel, kīkākila, Dobro</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatpicking" title="Flatpicking">flat picked</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fingerpick" title="Fingerpick">finger picked</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Popularized by Joseph Kekuku</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1890</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Variable</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>steel guitar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i lang="haw">kīkākila</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is any <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> played while moving a <a href="/wiki/Steel_bar" title="Steel bar">steel bar</a> or similar hard object against plucked strings. The bar itself is called a "steel" and is the source of the name "steel guitar". The instrument differs from a conventional guitar in that it is played without using frets; conceptually, it is somewhat akin to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). Known for its <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a> capabilities, gliding smoothly over every pitch between notes, the instrument can produce a sinuous crying sound and deep <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> emulating the human singing voice. Typically, the strings are plucked (not strummed) by the fingers of the dominant hand, while the steel tone bar is pressed lightly against the strings and moved by the opposite hand. </p><p>The idea of creating music with a slide of some type has been traced back to early African instruments, but the modern steel guitar was conceived and popularized in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. The Hawaiians began playing a conventional guitar in a horizontal position across the knees instead of flat against the body, using the bar instead of fingers. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kekuku" title="Joseph Kekuku">Joseph Kekuku</a> developed this manner of playing a guitar, known as "Hawaiian style", about 1890 and the technique spread internationally. </p><p>The sound of Hawaiian music featuring steel guitar became an enduring musical <a href="/wiki/Fad" title="Fad">fad</a> in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and in 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres. This popularity spawned the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally. The archetypal instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Hawaiian guitar</a>, also called a <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lap steel">lap steel</a>. These early acoustic instruments were not loud enough relative to other instruments, but that changed in 1934 when a steel guitarist named <a href="/wiki/George_Beauchamp" title="George Beauchamp">George Beauchamp</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a>. Electrification allowed these instruments to be heard, and it also meant their resonant chambers were no longer essential. This meant steel guitars could be manufactured in any design, even a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape. This led to table-like instruments in a metal frame on legs called "<a href="/wiki/Console_steel_guitar" title="Console steel guitar">console steels</a>", which were technologically improved about 1950 to become the more versatile <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">pedal steel guitar</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the steel guitar influenced popular music in the early twentieth century, combining with jazz, swing and country music to be prominently heard in <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honky_tonk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky tonk music">honky-tonk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Steel_(musical_tradition)" title="Sacred Steel (musical tradition)">gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>. The instrument influenced <a href="/wiki/Blues_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues (music)">Blues</a> artists in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> who embraced the steel guitar sound but continued holding their guitar in the traditional way; they used a tubular object (the neck of a bottle) called a "slide" around a finger. This technique, historically called "bottleneck" guitar, is now known as "<a href="/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar">slide guitar</a>" and is commonly associated with blues and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a> artists adapted the Hawaiian style of playing in a <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator guitar</a> known as a "<a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a>", a type of steel guitar with either a round or square neck, sometimes played with the musician standing and the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, European sailors and Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Vaqueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaqueros">vaqueros</a>, hired by Hawaii's king to work cattle ranches, introduced <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Spanish guitars</a> in the Hawaiian Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaqueros_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaqueros-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For whatever reason, Hawaiians did not embrace standard guitar tuning that had been in use for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-standard-tuning_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standard-tuning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They re-tuned their guitars to make them sound a major chord when all six strings were strummed, now known as an "<a href="/wiki/Open_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open tuning">open tuning</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-dummies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dummies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term for this is "<a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key</a>" because certain strings were "slackened" to achieve it.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel guitar strings, then a novelty, offered new possibilities to the islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To change chords, they used some smooth object, usually a piece of pipe or metal, sliding it over the strings to the fourth or fifth position, easily playing a three-chord song.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is physically difficult to hold a steel bar against the strings while holding the guitar against the body (hand <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">supinated</a>) so the Hawaiians placed the guitar across the lap and played it with the hand <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">pronated</a>. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawai'i and spread internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kekuku" title="Joseph Kekuku">Joseph Kekuku</a> became proficient in this style of playing around the end of the 19th century and popularized it—some sources say he invented the steel guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Hawaiian_Steel_Guitar_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Hawaiian_Steel_Guitar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to the U.S. and became a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> performer and also toured Europe performing Hawaiian music. The Hawaiian style of playing spread to America and became popular during the first half of the 20th century; noted players of the era were <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ferera" title="Frank Ferera">Frank Ferera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ku_West" title="Sam Ku West">Sam Ku West</a>, <a href="/wiki/%22King%22_Bennie_Nawahi" title=""King" Bennie Nawahi">"King" Bennie Nawahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a>. Hoʻopiʻi (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">hoh-oh-<span style="font-size:90%">PEE</span>-ee</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-volkbook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was perhaps the most famous of the Hawaiians who spread the sound of instrumental lap steel worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This music became popular to the degree that it was called the "Hawaiian craze"<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-electric_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-electric-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was ignited by a number of events. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/220px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/330px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/440px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the Broadway show "The Bird of Paradise"</figcaption></figure><p>The annexation of Hawai'i as a U.S. territory in 1900 stimulated Americans' interest in Hawaiian music and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-wrightstyle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrightstyle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, a <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical show called <i>Bird of Paradise</i> premiered; it featured Hawaiian music and elaborate costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-conquest_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-conquest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show became quite successful and, to ride this wave of success, it toured the U.S. and Europe, eventually spawning the 1932 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bird_of_Paradise_(1932_film)" title="Bird of Paradise (1932 film)">Bird of Paradise</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-electric_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-electric-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Kekuku was a member of the show's original cast<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii-picture_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii-picture-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and toured with the show for eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-unveil-statue_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unveil-statue-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Herald" title="The Washington Herald">The Washington Herald</a></i> stated, "So great is the popularity of Hawaiian music in this country that 'The Bird of Paradise' will go on record as having created the greatest musical fad this country has ever known".<sup id="cite_ref-herald-fad_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald-fad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, a world's fair called the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> was held in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> and over a nine-month period introduced the Hawaiian style of guitar playing to millions of visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-volkbook_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian instruments outsold every other genre of music in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsoniainins_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsoniainins-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio broadcasts played a role in fueling the popularity of Hawaiian music.<sup id="cite_ref-radiohawcalls_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiohawcalls-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Calls" title="Hawaii Calls">Hawaii Calls</a></i> was a program originating in Hawai'i and broadcast to the U.S. mainland west coast. It featured the steel guitar, <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a>, and Hawaiian songs sung in English. Subsequently, the program was heard worldwide on over 750 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii-calls_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii-calls-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sol Hoʻopiʻi began broadcasting live from KHJ radio in Los Angeles in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-wrightstyle_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrightstyle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1920s, Hawaiian music instruction for children was becoming common in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-wrightstyle_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrightstyle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the steel guitar's foremost virtuosos, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Emmons" title="Buddy Emmons">Buddy Emmons</a>, studied at the Hawaiian Conservatory of Music in <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend, Indiana</a>, at age 11 in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-rollingstonemag_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollingstonemag-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acceptance of the sound of the steel guitar, then referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Hawaiian guitars</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Lap_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lap steel">lap steels</a>", spurred instrument makers to produce them in quantity and create innovations in the design to accommodate this style of playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawaiian_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawaiian-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weissenborn_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weissenborn-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fender_Champion_lap_steel_@_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electric lap steel guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/220px-Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/330px-Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/440px-Fender_Champion_lap_steel_%40_2010_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> An electric lap steel guitar. Note that the instrument bears only token resemblance to the traditional guitar shape.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early twentieth century, steel guitar playing branched off into two streams: lap-style, performed on an instrument specifically designed or modified to be played on the performer's lap; and bottleneck-style, performed on a traditional Spanish guitar held flat against the body.<sup id="cite_ref-volklap_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volklap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bottleneck-style became associated with blues and rock music, and the horizontal style became associated with several musical genres, including Hawaiian music, country music, Western swing, honky-tonk, bluegrass and gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-volklap_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volklap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_musical_genres">Use in musical genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in musical genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blues_music">Blues music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blues music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar">Slide guitar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide_guitar_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A musician playing a slide guitar with a slide on their little finger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Slide_guitar_1.jpg/220px-Slide_guitar_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Slide_guitar_1.jpg/330px-Slide_guitar_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Slide_guitar_1.jpg/440px-Slide_guitar_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Slide guitar played with slide on musician's little finger</figcaption></figure> <p>Solo African-American blues artists popularized the bottleneck-style (<a href="/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar">slide guitar</a>) near the beginning of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-volklap_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volklap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern</a> blues musicians to adapt the Hawaiian sound to the blues was <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a>, whose playing, says historian Gérard Herzhaft, "created a style that has unquestionably influenced all modern blues".<sup id="cite_ref-blues-tampa_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blues-tampa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> was the home of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_House" title="Son House">Son House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Patton">Charlie Patton</a> and other blues pioneers, who used a prominent tubular slide on a finger.<sup id="cite_ref-sokolomel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokolomel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erlewineblues_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erlewineblues-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known recording of the bottleneck style was in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Weaver_(musician)" title="Sylvester Weaver (musician)">Sylvester Weaver</a>, who recorded two instrumentals, "Guitar Blues" and "Guitar Rag".<sup id="cite_ref-russell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fetherhoffguitar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fetherhoffguitar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> pioneers <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_McAuliffe" title="Leon McAuliffe">Leon McAuliffe</a> adapted his song, "Guitar Rag", in 1935 for the influential instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Steel_Guitar_Rag" title="Steel Guitar Rag">Steel Guitar Rag</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-mannbottlen_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mannbottlen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues musicians played a conventional <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Spanish guitar</a> as a hybrid between the two types of guitars, using one finger inserted into a tubular slide or a bottleneck with one finger while using frets with the remaining fingers (usually for rhythm accompaniment).<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique allows the player to finger the frets on some strings and use the slide on others. Slide players may use open tunings or traditional tunings as a matter of personal preference.<sup id="cite_ref-sokolomel_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sokolomel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lap_slide_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lap slide guitar">Lap slide guitar</a> is not a specific instrument but a style of playing a lap steel guitar usually referring to blues or rock music.<sup id="cite_ref-blues-tampa_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blues-tampa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dsjborrow_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsjborrow-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_music">Country music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Country music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">Pedal steel guitar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapstyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A resonator (acoustic) guitar played in lap steel fashion. The bar is held on a slant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg/220px-Lapstyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg/330px-Lapstyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">Resonator guitar</a> played in lap steel fashion. It demonstrates slanting the bar and a grooved tone bar</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest record of a Hawaiian guitar used in country music is believed to be in the early 1920s when cowboy movie star <a href="/wiki/Hoot_Gibson" title="Hoot Gibson">Hoot Gibson</a> brought Sol Hoʻopiʻi to Los Angeles to perform in his band.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, the acoustic duo of <a href="/wiki/Darby_and_Tarlton" title="Darby and Tarlton">Darby and Tarleton</a> expanded the audience for acoustic steel guitar with their <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> recording of "Birmingham Jail" and "Columbus Stockade Blues".<sup id="cite_ref-volkbook_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a> featured an acoustic steel guitar on his song "Tuck Away My Lonesome Blues" released on January 3, 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-tuckaway_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuckaway-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1930s, acoustic lap steel guitars were not loud enough to compete with other instruments, a problem that many inventors were trying to remedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resonator_guitars">Resonator guitars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resonator guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, the Dopyera brothers patented the <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator guitar</a>, a non-electric device resembling a large inverted loudspeaker cone attached under the bridge of a guitar to make it louder.<sup id="cite_ref-carlindobro_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlindobro-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Dobro", a portmanteau of DOpyera and BROthers, became a generic term for this type of guitar, popularized by Pete Kirby ("<a href="/wiki/Bashful_Brother_Oswald" title="Bashful Brother Oswald">Bashful Brother Oswald</a>") on <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville's</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> for 30 years with <a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff's</a> band. He played the instrument while standing with the guitar facing upward held horizontally by a shoulder strap. Oswald's Dobro attracted interest and fascination; he said, "People couldn't understand how I played it and what it was, and they'd always want to come around and look at it."<sup id="cite_ref-bradspos_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradspos-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Graves" title="Josh Graves">Josh Graves</a> (Uncle Josh) further popularized the resonator steel guitar into <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a> music with <a href="/wiki/Flatt_and_Scruggs" title="Flatt and Scruggs">Flatt and Scruggs</a> to the extent that this type of lap steel became an established and familiar fixture in this genre.<sup id="cite_ref-carlindobro_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlindobro-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Douglas" title="Jerry Douglas">Jerry Douglas</a> whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated.<sup id="cite_ref-carlindobro_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlindobro-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrification">Electrification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, a steel guitarist named <a href="/wiki/George_Beauchamp" title="George Beauchamp">George Beauchamp</a> invented the electric guitar <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickup</a>. He found that a vibrating metal string in a magnetic field generates a small current that can be amplified and sent to a loudspeaker; his steel guitar was the world's first electric guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-history-channel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-channel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to music writer Michael Ross, the first electrified stringed instrument on a commercial recording was a steel guitar played by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dunn_(musician)" title="Bob Dunn (musician)">Bob Dunn</a> on a Western swing tune in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-oklahoma_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-oklahoma-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunn recorded with <a href="/wiki/Milton_Brown" title="Milton Brown">Milton Brown</a> and his Musical Brownies.<sup id="cite_ref-milton-brown_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milton-brown-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_swing">Western swing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western swing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1930s, the newly-electrified lap steel guitar was adopted by musicians type of dance music known as "<a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a>", a sub-genre of country music combined with <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">jazz swing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cundellthesis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cundellthesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of this instrument and the way it was played underwent continual change as the music of the genre evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-cundellthesis_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cundellthesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Leon_McAuliffe" title="Leon McAuliffe">Leon McAuliffe</a> advanced steel guitar technique while playing in the western swing band <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills_and_His_Texas_Playboys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys">Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-playboypkrs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-playboypkrs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, 1936, McAuliffe recorded "Steel Guitar Rag" with Wills' band on a Rickenbacker B–6 lap steel with phenomenal record sales.<sup id="cite_ref-playboypkrs_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-playboypkrs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel guitarists felt a need to change tunings for different <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicings</a>, so leading players added <a href="/wiki/Multi-neck_guitar" title="Multi-neck guitar">additional necks</a> with different tunings on the same instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-boggsquad_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggsquad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The added bulk meant that the instrument could no longer be managed on the player's lap and required placement in a frame with legs and marketed as a "console" steel guitar. Prominent layers of that era, including <a href="/wiki/Herb_Remington" title="Herb Remington">Herb Remington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Boggs" title="Noel Boggs">Noel Boggs</a>, added more necks and eventually played instruments with up to four different necks.<sup id="cite_ref-boggsquad_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggsquad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honky-tonk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> By the late 1940s, the steel guitar featured prominently in "<a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a>" style of country music. Honky-tonk singers who used a lap steel guitar in their musical arrangements included <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefty_Frizzell" title="Lefty Frizzell">Lefty Frizzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webb_Pierce" title="Webb Pierce">Webb Pierce</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Rickenbacker triple neck steel guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/220px-Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/330px-Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg/440px-Rickenbacker_Console_758_tripleneck_steel_-_2011_TSGA_Jamboree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption> Rickenbacker Console 758 triple neck steel</figcaption></figure><p> Most recordings of that era were made on a C6 neck (guitar tuned in a <a href="/wiki/C6_tuning" title="C6 tuning">C6 chord</a>), sometimes called a "Texas tuning".<sup id="cite_ref-borisoffhowworks_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borisoffhowworks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using tunings with <a href="/wiki/Sixth_chord" title="Sixth chord">sixths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninth_chord" title="Ninth chord">ninths</a> became common and identifiable with the steel guitar sound.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_country_music_and_pedal_steel">Modern country music and pedal steel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern country music and pedal steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original idea for adding pedals to a console guitar was simply to push a pedal and change the tuning of all the strings into a different tuning<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus obviate the need for an additional neck, but these early efforts were unsuccessful. Around 1948, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bigsby" title="Paul Bigsby">Paul Bigsby</a>, a motorcycle shop foreman, designed a pedal system.<sup id="cite_ref-winnie-winston_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winnie-winston-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He put pedals on a rack between the two front legs of a console steel guitar to create the <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">pedal steel guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bigsby-ross_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigsby-ross-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pedals operated a mechanical linkage to apply tension to raise the pitch of certain strings.<sup id="cite_ref-bigsby-ross_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigsby-ross-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, musician <a href="/wiki/Bud_Isaacs" title="Bud Isaacs">Bud Isaacs</a> used Bigsby's invention to change the pitch of only two of the strings, and was the first to push the pedal while notes were still sounding.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-electric_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-electric-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Isaacs first used the setup on the 1954 recording of Webb Pierce's song called "<a href="/wiki/Slowly_(Webb_Pierce_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slowly (Webb Pierce song)">Slowly</a>", he pushed the pedal while playing a chord, so certain notes could be heard bending up from below into the existing chord to harmonize with the other strings, creating a stunning effect which had not been possible with on a lap steel.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-electric_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-electric-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the birth of a new sound that was particularly embraced by fans of <a href="/wiki/Country-and-Western_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Country-and-Western Music">country and western music</a>, and it caused a virtual revolution among steel players who wanted to duplicate it.<sup id="cite_ref-brenner_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brenner-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winnie-winston_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winnie-winston-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost simultaneously, an entire musical subculture took a radical stylistic tack.<sup id="cite_ref-cundellthesis_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cundellthesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though pedal steel guitars had been available for over a decade before this recording, the instrument emerged as a crucial element in country music after the success of this song.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-electric_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-electric-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the lap steel was thus superseded by the pedal steel, the inherent Hawaiian influence was brought into the new sound of country music emerging in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-cundellthesis_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cundellthesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sound became associated with American country music for the ensuing several decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_music">Gospel music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gospel music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States in the 1930s, the steel guitar was introduced into religious music, a tradition called "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_Steel_(musical_tradition)" title="Sacred Steel (musical tradition)">Sacred Steel</a>". The congregation of the House of God, a branch of an African-American <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> denomination, based primarily in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, embraced the lap steel guitar. The steel guitar often took the place of an organ and its sound bore no resemblance to typical American country music.<sup id="cite_ref-stone_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Brothers" title="The Campbell Brothers">Darick Campbell</a> (1966–2020) was a lap steel player for the gospel band, the <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Brothers" title="The Campbell Brothers">Campbell Brothers</a>, who took the musical tradition from the church to international fame.<sup id="cite_ref-mcardlepost_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcardlepost-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell played an electric Hawaiian lap steel:<sup id="cite_ref-mcardlepost_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcardlepost-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> Stringmaster 8-string (Fender Deluxe-8).<sup id="cite_ref-volklap_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volklap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell was skilled at mimicking the human singing voice with his guitar. The idea of Campbell's recordings with the <a href="/wiki/Allman_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Allman Brothers">Allman Brothers</a> and other Blues and Rock artists was not well-received by church leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-spevacdarick_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spevacdarick-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, a minister's son named <a href="/wiki/Robert_Randolph_and_the_Family_Band" title="Robert Randolph and the Family Band">Robert Randolph</a> took up the pedal steel as a teenager, popularized it in this genre and received critical acclaim as a musician.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred-steel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-steel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neil Strauss, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, called Randolph "one of the most original and talented pedal steel guitarists of his generation".<sup id="cite_ref-strauss_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strauss-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_world_music">Other world music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other world music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_music">Indian music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The steel guitar's popularity in India began with a Hawaiian immigrant who settled in Calcutta in the 1940s named <a href="/wiki/Tau_Moe" title="Tau Moe">Tau Moe</a> (pronounced mo-ay).<sup id="cite_ref-hawaiian-conquest_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaiian-conquest-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moe taught Hawaiian guitar style and made steel guitars, and helped popularize the instrument in India.<sup id="cite_ref-hindustani_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindustani-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, the steel had become a common instrument in Indian popular music—later included in film soundtracks. Indian musicians typically play the lap steel while sitting on the floor and have modified the instrument by using, for example, three melody strings (played with steel bar and finger picks), four plucked drone strings, and 12 sympathetic strings to buzz like a <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt-video_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-video-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing in this manner, the Indian musician <a href="/wiki/Brij_Bhushan_Kabra" title="Brij Bhushan Kabra">Brij Bhushan Kabra</a> adapted the steel guitar to play <i><a href="/wiki/Ragas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragas">ragas</a></i>, traditional Indian compositions and is called the father of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a> Slide Guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-hindustani_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindustani-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Māori_music"><span id="M.C4.81ori_music"></span>Māori music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Māori music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in the 1920s readily adopted the instrument following their fascination with musicians like <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ka%CA%BBai" title="Ernest Kaʻai">Ernest Kaʻai</a> and David Luela Kaili travelling across New Zealand, fascinated of their informed similar ancestry while also receiving very positively of their performances.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eruera Hita (or stagename "Mati Hita") was the pioneer of the instrument among New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lap_steel_guitars">Lap steel guitars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lap steel guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Lap steel guitar</a></div> <p>Early lap steel guitars were traditional guitars tuned to a chord and modified by raising the strings away from the frets. After the electric pickup was invented, lap steels no longer needed any resonant chamber, thus newer designs began to resemble the traditional guitar shape less and less. These instruments were played resting across musicians' knees. George Beauchamp's invention, which he nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Frying_Pan_(guitar)" title="Frying Pan (guitar)">Frying Pan</a>", was officially called the "<a href="/wiki/Rickenbacker" title="Rickenbacker">Rickenbacker</a> Electro A–22", an electric lap steel guitar produced from 1931 to 1939. It was the first electric stringed instrument of any kind and was the first electric stringed instrument to be heard on a commercial recording.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel players, including <a href="/wiki/Noel_Boggs" title="Noel Boggs">Noel Boggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvino_Rey" title="Alvino Rey">Alvino Rey</a>, immediately embraced the new instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-wrightstyle_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrightstyle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> is a type of acoustic lap steel with a resonator; the word is commonly used as a generic term to describe <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> resonator lap steels of any brand. Bluegrass dobro players often use a "Stevens bar" which has a deep groove in it to allow the steel to be grasped more firmly so it can be lifted and angled vertically downward slightly for playing single notes.<sup id="cite_ref-dobrobook_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobrobook-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique also allows for <a href="/wiki/Hammer-on" title="Hammer-on">hammer-on</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pull-off" title="Pull-off">pull-off</a> notes when there is an adjacent open string.<sup id="cite_ref-dobrotechniq_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobrotechniq-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dobro players often slant the bar horizontally when playing to change an interval between two or more notes played simultaneously on different strings.<sup id="cite_ref-dobrobook_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobrobook-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Console_steel_guitars">Console steel guitars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Console steel guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Console_steel_guitar" title="Console steel guitar">Console steel guitar</a></div> <p>The console steel is any type electric steel guitar that rests on legs in a frame and is designed to be played in a seated position. The console steel usually has multiple necks—up to a maximum of four—each tuned differently. In the evolution of the steel guitar, the console steel is intermediate between the lap steel and the pedal steel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedal_steel_guitars">Pedal steel guitars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pedal steel guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">Pedal steel guitar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zumsteel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A console pedal steel guitar with two necks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zumsteel.jpg/220px-Zumsteel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zumsteel.jpg/330px-Zumsteel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zumsteel.jpg/440px-Zumsteel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar" title="Pedal steel guitar">Pedal steel guitar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pedal steel guitar is an electric console instrument with one or two necks, each typically with ten strings. The neck tuned to C6 (Texas tuning) is closer to the player and the <a href="/wiki/Chord_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord letters">E9</a> (Nashville tuning) neck is further from the player.<sup id="cite_ref-borisoffhowworks_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borisoffhowworks-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have up to ten pedals and a separate volume pedal, and up to eight knee levers are used to alter the tuning of various strings, allowing more varied and complex music than any other steel guitar. As an example, use of the pedals and knee levers in various combinations allows the player to play a major scale without moving the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-steel-pages_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-pages-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of the instrument was set in motion by the need to play more interesting and varied music that was not possible on previous steel guitars and to obviate the need for additional necks on console steels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steels_and_slides">Steels and slides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Steels and slides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steel_bar" title="Steel bar">Steel bar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_bar_(tonebar)_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A steel bar called the tonebar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg/170px-Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg/255px-Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg/340px-Steel_bar_%28tonebar%29_used_in_playing_steel_guitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="3477" /></a><figcaption> Steel bar (tonebar) used in playing steel guitar. What appear to be frets on this guitar are only markers, not real frets.</figcaption></figure><p>A "steel" is a hard, smooth object pressed against guitar strings and is the reason for the name "steel guitar". It may go by many names, including "<a href="/wiki/Steel_bar" title="Steel bar">steel</a>", "tone bar", "slide", "bottleneck" and others. A cylindrical-shaped steel with a bullet-shape on one end is typical in console steel and pedal steel playing. Lap steel and Dobro players often use a steel bar with squared-off ends and a deep groove for firmer grip. It has a cross section that resembles a railroad track. Another type of steel is a tubular object around a finger then referred to as a "slide"; that style of playing is called "slide guitar". </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_ukulele" title="Lap steel ukulele">Lap steel ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">Slack-key guitar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Hawaiians also learned to play this re-tuned guitar without a steel, fretting it and holding it against the body like a traditional guitar. This led to its own genre known as <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vaqueros_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaqueros-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slackey_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slackey-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoli`ahu2019" class="citation web cs1">Poli`ahu, Leilani (June 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/hawaiian-word-day-june-13th">"Hawaiian Word of the Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Public Radio">Hawaiian Public Radio</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ray+Kane%2C+Master+of+Slack-Key+Guitar%2C+Dies+at+82&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F05%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F05kane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standard-tuning-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standard-tuning_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation web cs1">Owen, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fender.com/articles/tech-talk/standard-tuning-how-eadgbe-came-to-be">"Standard Tuning: How EADGBE Came to Be"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instrument Corporation">fender.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469627939" title="Special:BookSources/9781469627939"><bdi>9781469627939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%ABk%C4%81+kila+%3A+How+the+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+Changed+the+Sound+of+Modern+Music&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781469627939&rft.aulast=Troutman&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slackey-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slackey_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3n30zlFCtg">"Jeff Peterson Demonstrates Slack Key Guitar"</a>. <i>jeffpetersonguitar.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/c3n30zlFCtg">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsga.org%2Fnew_design%2Fhistory.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volkbook-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volkbook_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volkbook_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volkbook_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolk2003" class="citation book cs1">Volk, Andy (2003). <i>Lap Steel Guitar</i>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYmWrWeuB_0C"><i>Gibson electric steel guitars : 1935–1967</i></a>. 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Centerstream. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57424-021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57424-021-4"><bdi>978-1-57424-021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+and+Its+Great+Hawaiian+Musicians%2FHawaii+Calls&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Centerstream&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57424-021-4&rft.aulast=Ruymar&rft.aufirst=Lorene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlDSDopg3HoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rollingstonemag-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rollingstonemag_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Betts, Stephen L. 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Dubai: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Books">Carlton Books</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X"><bdi>1-85868-255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blues%3A+From+Robert+Johnson+to+Robert+Cray&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85868-255-X&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fetherhoffguitar-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fetherhoffguitar_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherhoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Fetherhoff, Bob (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxtXDQAAQBAJ&q=sylvester+weaver"><i>The Guitar Story: From Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>. BookBaby. p. ebook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4835-1683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4835-1683-7"><bdi>978-1-4835-1683-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guitar+Story%3A+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=ebook&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4835-1683-7&rft.aulast=Fetherhoff&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxtXDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsylvester%2Bweaver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mannbottlen-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mannbottlen_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1979" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Woody (1979). <i>Bottleneck Blues Guitar</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oak_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Publications">Oak Publications</a>. p. ebook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783235261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783235261"><bdi>978-1783235261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bottleneck+Blues+Guitar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ebook&rft.pub=Oak+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1783235261&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Woody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsjborrow-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dsjborrow_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipaldi2002" class="citation book cs1">Tipaldi, Art (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFleFn79Ao0C&q=Tipaldi+%2B+lap+slide+guitar&pg=PA279"><i>Children of the Blues: 49 Musicians Shaping a New Blues Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617749933" title="Special:BookSources/9781617749933"><bdi>9781617749933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Blues%3A+49+Musicians+Shaping+a+New+Blues+Tradition&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781617749933&rft.aulast=Tipaldi&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFleFn79Ao0C%26q%3DTipaldi%2B%252B%2Blap%2Bslide%2Bguitar%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuckaway-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tuckaway_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BVE_55308-3" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimmierodgers.com/songs.html">"Jimmie Rogers Discography"</a>. <i>jimmierogers.com</i>. 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Peghead Nation, Fairfax, California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pegheadnation.com&rft.atitle=Beginning+Dobro&rft.aulast=Witcher&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpegheadnation.com%2Fstring-school%2Fcourses%2Fbeginning-dobro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel-pages-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steel-pages_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Bobby (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b0b.com/wp/?page_id=960">"Basic Theory of the Standard E9th Tuning"</a>. <i>The Pedal Steel Pages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pedal+Steel+Pages&rft.atitle=Basic+Theory+of+the+Standard+E9th+Tuning&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fb0b.com%2Fwp%2F%3Fpage_id%3D960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteel+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_guitar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelguitarforum.com">Steel Guitar Forum</a> A forum where steel players and enthusiasts get together and discuss steel guitar.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsga.org">Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association</a> An organization which promotes the development of steel guitar with worldwide membership.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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