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searchaux" style="display:none">United States Air Force general</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Joseph McNeil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_A._McNeil-USAF_2000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Joseph_A._McNeil-USAF_2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="254" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Official U.S. Air Force Photo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Joseph Alfred McNeil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-03-25</span>) </span>March 25, 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1963–2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/23px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/35px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/46px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> Major General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png/24px-702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png/36px-702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png/48px-702d_Airlift_Squadron_USAF_-_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/702d_Expeditionary_Airlift_Squadron" title="702d Expeditionary Airlift Squadron">702nd Military Airlift Squadron</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png/24px-Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png/36px-Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png/48px-Twenty-Second_Air_Force_-_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2062" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/22nd_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Air Force">22nd Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">702nd Military Airlift Squadron<br />22nd Air Force</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Operation Arc Light</a></li> <li>Operation Young Tiger</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><small><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> (with 3 <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf clusters</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Commendation Medal">Air Force Commendation Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Achievement_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Achievement Medal">Air Force Achievement Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Combat_Readiness_Medal" title="Combat Readiness Medal">Combat Readiness Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal" title="Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal">Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal" title="Vietnam Service Medal">Vietnam Service Medal</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Silver_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver star">silver star</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia_Service_Medal" title="Southwest Asia Service Medal">Southwest Asia Service Medal</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Bronze_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze star">bronze star</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Service_Medal" title="Humanitarian Service Medal">Humanitarian Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Longevity_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Longevity Service Award">Air Force Longevity Service Award</a> (with 4 <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak leaf clusters">oak leaf clusters</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallantry_Cross_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)">Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal">Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ina (Brown) McNeil</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Alfred McNeil</b> (born March 25, 1942) is a retired <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> who is best known for being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Greensboro Four">Greensboro Four</a>—a group of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> students who, on February 1, 1960, sat down at a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> <a href="/wiki/F.W._Woolworth_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="F.W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth's</a> lunch counter in downtown <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>, challenging the store's policy of denying service to non-white customers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></div> <p>Joseph McNeil was born on March 25, 1942, in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncmuseum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncmuseum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlackPast_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackPast-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McNeil grew up in Wilmington and was president of his parish's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Youth_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Youth Council (page does not exist)">Catholic Youth Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F.D._Bluford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.D._Bluford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  McNeil attended <a href="/wiki/Williston_Senior_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Williston Senior High School">Williston Senior High School</a>, where he was greatly influenced by his high school teachers. Williston Senior High School was a black school, so there were things taught their students that were probably not taught at the integrated schools. His high school instructors taught their students what their rights were as citizens: what rights they should and don't have, how they could go about obtaining their rights, and how they should react if their homes were invaded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers would often say things like, “They can take your house, your car, all your physical belongings, but they can’t take what you have up here.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williston Senior High School had some real solid, inspirational teachers that instilled a real sense of “go out and do something” mentality to their students. </p><p>After high school graduation, McNeil's family moved to New York City to seek better job opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall, McNeil entered <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="North Carolina A&T State University">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</a> on a full scholarship. A stark contrast from the more open northern society, McNeil found it difficult living in the segregated south.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at North Carolina A&T where McNeil met three other freshmen: <a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a>, and the four would later become known as the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro Four</a>. The four gravitated towards each other because they lived on the same floor of the dormitory and shared similar interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attending a concert with his friends, McNeil snapped into action because he watched several members of the audience being inconsiderate and arrogant. It was at that moment that McNeil and his peers wanted to act in response to the unacceptable behavior observed at the concert.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  McNeil began to check out and read several books on propaganda and projection of ideas from the library, one, in particular, was <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Negro" title="The New Negro">The New Negro</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often believed that McNeil and his peers were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, however, McNeil said, “I’m not nonviolent. I’m an agnostic. I see the need for strong religious identification in this thing [<a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>] and the work of religious leaders.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McNeil would pray and attend church because the church was the rallying point of the movement and it is a rallying point today. Gandhi's ways were expedient, and they were the only thing that McNeil and others in the Civil Rights Movement could do. The people acting in the Civil Rights Movement could not afford to be violent because it would blow the image that the movement was trying to project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph McNeil was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> (ROTC) at North Carolina A&T. ROTC taught McNeil a different type of leadership: things are done methodically, there is an objective, and most importantly, you follow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one is ever going to lead, then one must follow. McNeil and the rest of the Greensboro Four heavily relied on the students in ROTC to provide the mobilization concepts, attend meetings, and negotiate. People within the local community, ministers, and undertakers came together to support the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McNeil's most memorable memory was that if he needed bail money for going to jail, that various African American Greensboro citizens would offer to put up their land as bail. McNeil and his peers didn't need much money because they would just need money to make a picket sign.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that McNeil and his peers were students, their needs were simple since they had shelter, food, and could take risks that others couldn't. </p><p>McNeil would often converse with NAACP member and local Greensboro merchant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Johns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Johns (page does not exist)">Ralph Johns</a>. Ralph was greatly immersed in the community as he demonstratively showed support for North Carolina A&T and the students.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph would tell McNeil about how he tried to convince people to do a sit-in type of protest, and McNeil felt a deep need to contribute. The <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a> became a reality because of the support and direction that Ralph Johns gave McNeil and his peers. Ralph understood that the sit-in needed to be publicized because without publicity, it is like a tree falling in the forest and nobody noticing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph was the one who notified <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo_Spivey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jo Spivey (page does not exist)">Jo Spivey</a> and the press about the sit-in at the downtown Greensboro Woolworth Store.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>    </p><p>As it goes, on February 1, 1960; McNeil, along with three other A&T freshmen: <a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a>, walked together from the university's library to the downtown Greensboro <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth</a> store.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once there, the men purchased items from a desegregated counter, and then sat down at the "whites only" lunch counter where the group was refused service. McNeil and the group stayed until the store closed, and then left to return the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-ncmuseum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncmuseum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As media coverage of the demonstrations grew, more protests were being staged through the state of North Carolina, and other <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> cities. As sales at boycotted stores began to be affected by the protests, store owners began to serve all customers in their establishments. After staging the sit-ins, McNeil became involved with the formation of the Student Executive Committee for Justice. This joint organization between A&T students and the women of nearby <a href="/wiki/Bennett_College" title="Bennett College">Bennett College</a>, focused on the picketing of segregated downtown Greensboro establishments. McNeil would later participate in negotiations between student protesters, Woolworth's management, and the Human Relations Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackPast_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackPast-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, McNeil would go on to earn a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in engineering physics from North Carolina A&T and was commissioned as a second lieutenant through the university's <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">ROTC</a> program immediately after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-F.D._Bluford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F.D._Bluford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1963, McNeil was assigned to <a href="/wiki/James_Connally_Air_Force_Base" title="James Connally Air Force Base">James Connally Air Force Base</a> near <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco, Texas</a> for Training. From 1964 to 1969, McNeil was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Air_Force_Base" title="Ellsworth Air Force Base">Ellsworth Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> where he served as a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135</a> <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McNeil spent considerable time in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> flying in operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Arc Light</a> and Young Tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, he was promoted to the ranks of <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">captain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, McNeil served as a navigator instructor, <a href="/wiki/Flight_commander" title="Flight commander">flight commander</a>, executive officer and Commander of the 702nd Military Airlift Squadron at <a href="/wiki/McGuire_Air_Force_Base" title="McGuire Air Force Base">McGuire Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he also served as a liaison officer in for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">U.S. Air Force Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, McNeil served as special assistant to the Vice Commander and Commander of the 514th Airlift Wing at McGuire Air Force Base. During this time, McNeil was promoted to the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving active duty in 1969 with the rank of captain, McNeil continued to serve in the Air Force Reserve. From 1992 to 1995, he served as vice commander, and later commander, of the 22nd Air Force stationed at <a href="/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Reserve_Base" title="Dobbins Air Reserve Base">Dobbins Air Reserve Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. He would also be promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1995, McNeil would serve as mobilization assistant to the vice commander, and later the commander, at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">Air Force Reserve Command</a> Headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Robins_Air_Force_Base" title="Robins Air Force Base">Robins Air Force Base</a> in Georgia. In 2000, McNeil retired from the Air Force Reserve as a major general, having been promoted to the rank in 1996. After a military career of over thirty-seven years, and over 6,600 flight hours, he received the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal upon retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_career">Civilian career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civilian career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a traditional reservist, McNeil was able to develop a civilian career while continuing to serve in the U.S. Air Force. McNeil established himself in the private and public sectors with time spent starting a series of diversity programs, working in computer sales for <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, working for the <a href="/wiki/Bankers_Trust" title="Bankers Trust">Bankers Trust</a> in New York City as a commercial banker, and as a stockbroker for <a href="/wiki/EF_Hutton" title="EF Hutton">E.F. Hutton</a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McNeil joined the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, where he served as assistant division manager of the administration's Eastern Region Flight Standards Division and the manager of the New York Flight Standards District Office.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, McNeil retired from the Federal Aviation Administration, after serving for over 15 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_honors_and_legacy">Civilian honors and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civilian honors and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McNeil holds four <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary degrees">honorary doctorates</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree from his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, North Carolina A&T State University in 1991; a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)" title="St. John's University (New York City)">St. John's University</a> in 1998; a Doctor of <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Wilmington" title="University of North Carolina Wilmington">University of North Carolina at Wilmington</a> in 2010;<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNCW_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Molloy_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Molloy College">Molloy College</a> in 2015. </p><p>In 2002, North Carolina A&T commissioned a statue to be sculpted honoring McNeil, along with the three other members of the A&T four; Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr. (later known as Jibreel Khazan), and David Richmond. In addition, the four men each have <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">residence halls</a> named for them on the university campus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, McNeil was the recipient of the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trescott_2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trescott_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McNeil is married to Ina McNeil (<i>nee</i> Brown). Brown, an accomplished <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indigenous</a> quilt maker, is of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakota People">Lakota</a> descent and the great-great granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCW_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two met while he was stationed in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, while working with an organization that exposed discriminatory housing practices in the state. The two were married in 1967, and together have 5 children.<sup id="cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ncmuseum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncmuseum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncmuseum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/Greensboro.Four.pdf">"The Greensboro Four"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125173028/http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/Greensboro.Four.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_History" title="North Carolina Museum of History">North Carolina Museum of History</a>. Retrieved November 26, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackPast-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackPast_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackPast_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/mcneil-joseph-alfred-1942">"Joseph McNeil Biography"</a>. BlackPast.org v2.0. 23 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+McNeil+Biography&rft.pub=BlackPast.org+v2.0&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Faah%2Fmcneil-joseph-alfred-1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.D._Bluford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F.D._Bluford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F.D._Bluford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141217113328/http://www.library.ncat.edu/resources/archives/four.html">"The A&T Four"</a>. The F.D. Bluford Library • <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ncat.edu/resources/archives/four.html">the original</a> on December 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+A%26T+Four&rft.pub=The+F.D.+Bluford+Library+%E2%80%A2+North+Carolina+Agricultural+and+Technical+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.ncat.edu%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Ffour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilRights/id/767">"Oral History Interview with Joseph McNeil by William Chafe :: Civil Rights Greensboro"</a>. <i>libcdm1.uncg.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcdm1.uncg.edu&rft.atitle=Oral+History+Interview+with+Joseph+McNeil+by+William+Chafe+%3A%3A+Civil+Rights+Greensboro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcdm1.uncg.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FCivilRights%2Fid%2F767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAF_Bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAF_Bio_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/108287/major-general-joseph-a-mcneil.aspx">"Major General Joseph A. McNeil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+General+Joseph+A.+McNeil&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FAboutUs%2FBiographies%2FDisplay%2Ftabid%2F225%2FArticle%2F108287%2Fmajor-general-joseph-a-mcneil.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilRights/id/865">"Oral history interview with Joseph McNeil by Eugene Pfaff :: Civil Rights Greensboro"</a>. <i>libcdm1.uncg.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcdm1.uncg.edu&rft.atitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Joseph+McNeil+by+Eugene+Pfaff+%3A%3A+Civil+Rights+Greensboro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcdm1.uncg.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FCivilRights%2Fid%2F865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">COMMENTARY: THE WITNESS FOR JUSTICE BEGINS AT HOME. (2020, February 6). <i>States News Service</i>, p. NA. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A613310630/BIC?u=viva_jmu&sid=BIC&xid=c94eb45a">https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A613310630/BIC?u=viva_jmu&sid=BIC&xid=c94eb45a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilyeu, S. (2010, January 18). 1960: Sitting down to take a stand: when four students sat down at a lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., 50 years ago, they helped re-ignite the civil rights movement. <i>New York Times Upfront</i>, <i>142</i>(8), 24+. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A215719310/BIC?u=viva_jmu&sid=BIC&xid=f43fddd8">https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A215719310/BIC?u=viva_jmu&sid=BIC&xid=f43fddd8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/februaryone/four.html">"Independent Lens . FEBRUARY ONE . The Greensboro Four | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Independent+Lens+.+FEBRUARY+ONE+.+The+Greensboro+Four+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Findependentlens%2Ffebruaryone%2Ffour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdl.usg.edu/people/m/mcneil_joseph_joseph_alfred_1942/?Welcome">"Joseph McNeil Biography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgia#Civil_Rights_Digital_Library" title="Digital Library of Georgia">Civil Rights Digital Library</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Library_of_Georgia" title="Digital Library of Georgia">Digital Library of Georgia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Rights+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Joseph+McNeil+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrdl.usg.edu%2Fpeople%2Fm%2Fmcneil_joseph_joseph_alfred_1942%2F%3FWelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCW-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCW_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCW_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncw.edu/articles/2010/05/unc-wilmington-to-award-honorary-doctorate-to-joseph-a-mcneil-during-spring-commencement.aspx">"UNC Wilmington to Award Honorary Doctorate to Joseph A. McNeil during Spring Commencement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Wilmington" class="mw-redirect" title="University of North Carolina at Wilmington">University of North Carolina at Wilmington</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNC+Wilmington+to+Award+Honorary+Doctorate+to+Joseph+A.+McNeil+during+Spring+Commencement&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Wilmington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funcw.edu%2Farticles%2F2010%2F05%2Func-wilmington-to-award-honorary-doctorate-to-joseph-a-mcneil-during-spring-commencement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009191220/http://www.library.ncat.edu/resources/archives/history.html">"A&T History"</a>. The F.D. Bluford Library • <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ncat.edu/resources/archives/history.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%26T+History&rft.pub=The+F.D.+Bluford+Library+%E2%80%A2+North+Carolina+Agricultural+and+Technical+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.ncat.edu%2Fresources%2Farchives%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trescott_2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trescott_2010_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrescott2010" class="citation news cs1">Trescott, Jacqueline (5 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/04/AR2010020402723.html">"50 years later, Greensboro Four get Smithsonian award for civil rights actions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=50+years+later%2C+Greensboro+Four+get+Smithsonian+award+for+civil+rights+actions&rft.date=2010-02-05&rft.aulast=Trescott&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F02%2F04%2FAR2010020402723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+McNeil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/search/collection/CivilRights/searchterm/mcneil/order/nosort">Oral history interviews with Joseph McNeil by Eugene Pfaff and William Chafe</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Template:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Template talk:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Carolina A&T State University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Greensboro, North Carolina</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;"><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Colleges &<br />schools</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#College_of_Engineering" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Agriculture_and_Environmental_Sciences" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Business_and_Economics" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Education" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Joint_School_of_Nanoscience_and_Nanoengineering" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Nursing" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Technology" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_and_Schools_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#School_of_Graduate_Studies" title="Colleges and Schools of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">School of Graduate Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leaders_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Leaders of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Presidents and Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Martin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Martin II">James R. Martin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Southeastern Universities Research Association">Southeastern Universities Research Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Research_Campus" title="North Carolina Research Campus">NC Research Campus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interlocking A&T Logo"><img alt="Interlocking A&T Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/100px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/150px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg/200px-North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association" title="Coastal Athletic Association">Coastal Athletic Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference" title="Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference">CAA Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">North Carolina A&T Aggies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_men%27s_basketball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies men's basketball">Men's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_women%27s_basketball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies women's basketball">Women's Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_football" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_baseball" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivalries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93North_Carolina_Central_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–North Carolina Central rivalry">North Carolina Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93South_Carolina_State_football_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–South Carolina State football rivalry">South Carolina State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T%E2%80%93Winston-Salem_State_rivalry" title="North Carolina A&T–Winston-Salem State rivalry">Winston-Salem State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbett_Sports_Center" title="Corbett Sports Center">Ellis F. Corbett Sports Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truist_Stadium_(North_Carolina_A%26T)" title="Truist Stadium (North Carolina A&T)">Truist Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_Memorial_Stadium" title="World War Memorial Stadium">War Memorial Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Hilton" title="Earl Hilton">Earl Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Brown_(linebacker)" title="Vincent Brown (linebacker)">Vincent Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hall_(baseball)" title="Ben Hall (baseball)">Ben Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Johnson" title="Allen Johnson">Allen Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9_Ross" title="Monté Ross">Monté Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Technical_College_of_North_Carolina_Historic_District" title="Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina Historic District">Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deese_Clock_Tower" title="Deese Clock Tower">Deese Clock Tower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/February_One" title="February One">February One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_College_Observatory" title="Three College Observatory">Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" title="History of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li>A&T Four <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Jibreel Khazan</a> <i><small>formerly Ezell A. Blair</small></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004684;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FDB927, inset -2px -2px 0 #FDB927;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University_alumni" title="List of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_and_Gold_Marching_Machine" title="Blue and Gold Marching Machine">Blue and Gold Marching Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_A%26T" title="Dear A&T">"Dear A&T" (Alma Mater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_Sororities_at_North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and Sororities at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">Fraternities and Sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies#Fight_Song" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">"NC A&T Aggie Fight Song"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies#Old_Aggie_Spirit" title="North Carolina A&T Aggies">"Old Aggie Spirit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Media" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University"><i>A&T Register</i></a> <small>(Newspaper)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University#Media" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">WNAA 90.1FM</a> <small>(Radio)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="F._W._Woolworth_Company—Foot_Locker" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woolworth" title="Template:Woolworth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woolworth" title="Template talk:Woolworth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woolworth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woolworth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="F._W._Woolworth_Company—Foot_Locker" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a>—<a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker" title="Foot Locker">Foot Locker</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">F. W. Woolworth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champs_Sports" title="Champs Sports">Champs Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbay" title="Eastbay">Eastbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker" title="Foot Locker">Foot Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinney_Shoes" title="Kinney Shoes">Kinney Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolco" title="Woolco">Woolco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire%27s" title="Claire's">Claire's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterthoughts_(retailer)" title="Afterthoughts (retailer)">Afterthoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Woolworth_divisions_and_namesakes" title="List of Woolworth divisions and namesakes">Other divisions and namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Woolworth_buildings" title="List of Woolworth buildings">List of Woolworth buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)">Lexington Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_Museum_of_Art" title="Saint Louis University Museum of Art">St. Louis Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Lawn_(New_Jersey)" title="Shadow Lawn (New Jersey)">Shadow Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company_Store_(Renton,_Washington)" title="F. W. Woolworth Company Store (Renton, Washington)">Renton Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Watertown,_New_York)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Watertown, New York)">Watertown Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Wilmington, Delaware)">Wilmington Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield Hall">Winfield Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_House" title="Winfield House">Winfield House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_at_the_Five_and_Dime" title="Love at the Five and Dime">Love at the Five and Dime</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafoam_salad" title="Seafoam salad">Seafoam salad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Co._v._Contemporary_Arts,_Inc." title="F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.">Woolworth v. Contemporary Arts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_Locker_Cross_Country_Championships" title="Foot Locker Cross Country Championships">Foot Locker Cross Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/February_One:_The_Story_of_the_Greensboro_Four" title="February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four">February One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Harris" title="Clarence Harris">Clarence Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Building_(Lexington,_Kentucky)" title="F. W. Woolworth Building (Lexington, Kentucky)">Lexington Woolworths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Winfield_Woolworth" title="Frank Winfield Woolworth">Frank Winfield Woolworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hutton" title="Barbara Hutton">Barbara Hutton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Little_Rich_Girl:_The_Barbara_Hutton_Story" title="Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story">Poor Little Rich Girl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Reventlow" title="Lance Reventlow">Lance Reventlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_I" title="Seymour H. Knox I">Seymour H. Knox I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17626848#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17626848#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17626848#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73588508">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1616828/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgH8WxjkvdhYGbTkqxJjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005062254">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&oldid=1241788715">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_McNeil&oldid=1241788715</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_births" title="Category:1942 births">1942 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_for_African-American_civil_rights" title="Category:Activists for African-American civil rights">Activists for African-American civil rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University_alumni" title="Category:North Carolina A&T State University alumni">North Carolina A&T State University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="Category:F. 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