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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_sit-ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_sit-ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List of sit-ins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_sit-ins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of sit-ins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_sit-ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors_to_sit-in_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_to_sit-in_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors to sit-in movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_to_sit-in_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_with_Greensboro_sit-ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_with_Greensboro_sit-ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Beginning with Greensboro sit-ins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_with_Greensboro_sit-ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_post-1960_sit-ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_post-1960_sit-ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Related post-1960 sit-ins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_post-1960_sit-ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the wave of sit-ins during the 1960s in the United States. For the nonprofit organization, see <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sit-in movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In,_Durham,_NC,_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection,_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina,_Raleigh,_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_(24495308926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824495308926%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824495308926%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824495308926%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="740" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Student sit-in at Woolworth in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a> on February 10, 1960</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">February 1, 1960 – 1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> in public accommodations</li> <li>Reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Student activists</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Segregated businesses</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>sit-in movement</b>, <b>sit-in campaign,</b> or <b>student sit-in movement</b>, was a wave of <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a> on February 1, 1960, led by students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical Institute (A&T).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sit-in movement employed the tactic of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> and was a pivotal event during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African-American college students attending <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically Black colleges and universities</a> in the United States powered the sit-in movement across the country. Many students across the country followed by example, as sit-ins provided a powerful tool for students to use to attract attention.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students of Baltimore made use of this in 1960 when many used the efforts to desegregate department store restaurants, which proved to be successful lasting about three weeks. This was one small role Baltimore played in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The city facilitated social movements as it saw bus and taxi companies hiring African Americans in 1951–1952.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sit-ins also frequented segregated facilities in Oklahoma City between 1958 and 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland, successfully deployed sit-ins and other direct action protest tactics against lunch counters in the city since at least 1953. One notable successful student sit-in occurred in 1955 at <a href="/wiki/Read%27s_Drug_Store" title="Read's Drug Store">Read's Drug Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite also being led by students and successfully resulting in the end of segregation at a store lunch counter, the Read's Drug Store sit-in would not receive the same level of attention that was later given to the Greensboro sit-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two store lunch counter sit-ins which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Wichita, Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a> in 1958 also proved successful, and would employ tactics that were in fact similar to the future Greensboro sit-ins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality had had similar success. Witnessing the unprecedented visibility afforded in the white-oriented mainstream media to the 1960 sit-ins in <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>, Morgan students (and others, including those from the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University#Civil_rights" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>) continued sit-in campaigns already underway at department store restaurants near their campus. There were massive amounts of support from the community for the student’s efforts, but more importantly, white involvement and support grew in favor of the desegregation of department store restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In,_Durham,_NC,_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection,_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina,_Raleigh,_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_(24413211092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824413211092%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824413211092%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Civil_Rights_protesters_and_Woolworth%27s_Sit-In%2C_Durham%2C_NC%2C_10_February_1960._From_the_N%26O_Negative_Collection%2C_State_Archives_of_North_Carolina%2C_Raleigh%2C_NC._Photos_taken_by_The_News_%26_%2824413211092%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Additional image of Civil Rights protestors executing a sit-in at a Woolworth's in Durham, North Carolina on February 10th of 1960.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sit-ins were by far the most prominent in 1960, however, they were still a useful tactic in the civil rights movement in the years to come. In February 1961, students from Friendship Junior College in Rock Hill, South Carolina, organized a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter. The students were then arrested and refused to pay bail. This was part of their "Jail, No Bail" strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they instead decided to serve jail time as a demonstration of their commitment to the civil rights movement. </p><p>An additional important event in the process of granting civil rights was the sit-ins that occurred in Albany, Georgia. These sit-ins were useful tactics that started in December 1961. They used sit-ins, boycotts, and marches to achieve their goal of ending segregation in public facilities. The Freedom Rides of 1961 also played a crucial role, with activists. Participating in sit-ins at segregated bus terminals across the South to challenge segregation in interstate transportation. This and other strong actions helped propel momentum and eventually helped lead to the removal of segregation laws in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sit-ins in Greensboro invigorated U.S. civil rights movements by reinforcing the success of other protests like the Montgomery bus boycott, which had shown how effectively a mass of people could change public opinions and governmental policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_sit-ins">List of sit-ins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of sit-ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors_to_sit-in_movement">Precursors to sit-in movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors to sit-in movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%"> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;" scope="col">Start date </th> <th style="width:150px;" scope="col">Sit-in(s) </th> <th style="width:160px;" scope="col">Location </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="References">Ref.</span> </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">August 21, 1939 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Library_sit-in" title="Alexandria Library sit-in">Alexandria Library sit-in</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">1943 </td> <td rowspan="1">Chicago </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">July 1948 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Iowa_v._Katz" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Iowa v. Katz">Des Moines Katz Drugstore protests</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">1953 </td> <td rowspan="1">Baltimore </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>Dresden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Ontario" title="Dresden, Ontario">Dresden, Ontario</a>, Canada </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">January 20, 1955 </td> <td rowspan="1">Read's Drug Store </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">June 23, 1957 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">July 19, 1958 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Dockum Drug Store sit-in</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Wichita/Oklahoma_City_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichita/Oklahoma_City-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">August 19, 1958 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wichita/Oklahoma_City_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichita/Oklahoma_City-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">1959 </td> <td rowspan="1">Miami </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_with_Greensboro_sit-ins">Beginning with Greensboro sit-ins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning with Greensboro sit-ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;" scope="col">Start date (1960) </th> <th style="width:150px;" scope="col">Sit-in(s) </th> <th style="width:260px;" scope="col">University or College students </th> <th style="width:130px;" scope="col">State </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="References">Ref.</span> </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 1 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Agricultural_and_Technical_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University">North Carolina A&T State University</a> </td> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February 8 </td> <td rowspan="1">Durham </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Fayetteville </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_State_University" title="Fayetteville State University">Fayetteville State Teachers College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Winston-Salem </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem_State_University" title="Winston-Salem State University">Winston-Salem Teachers College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">February 9 </td> <td rowspan="1">Charlotte </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_C._Smith_University" title="Johnson C. Smith University">Johnson C. Smith University</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Concord </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Barber%E2%80%93Scotia_College" title="Barber–Scotia College">Barber–Scotia College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Elizabeth City </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_City_State_University" title="Elizabeth City State University">Elizabeth City State Teachers College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Henderson </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">High Point </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February 10 </td> <td rowspan="2">Raleigh </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine's University">Saint Augustine's College</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February 11 </td> <td rowspan="1">Hampton </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Portsmouth </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>High Point </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Penn_High_School_(North_Carolina)" title="William Penn High School (North Carolina)">William Penn High School</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February 12 </td> <td rowspan="1">Rock Hill </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Junior_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Junior College">Clinton Junior College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Norfolk </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February 13 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Tallahassee </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University" title="Florida A&M University">Florida A&M University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 14 </td> <td rowspan="1">Sumter </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_College" title="Morris College">Morris College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 16 </td> <td rowspan="1">Salisbury </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Livingstone_College" title="Livingstone College">Livingstone College</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 17 </td> <td rowspan="1">Chapel Hill </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February 18 </td> <td rowspan="1">Charleston </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Shelby </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 19 </td> <td rowspan="1">Chattanooga </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 20 </td> <td rowspan="1">Richmond </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Union_University" title="Virginia Union University">Virginia Union University</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February 22 </td> <td rowspan="1">Baltimore </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Coppin_State_University" title="Coppin State University">Coppin State Teachers College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Frankfort </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_University" title="Kentucky State University">State Normal School for Colored Persons</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February 25 </td> <td rowspan="1">Montgomery </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_University" title="Alabama State University">Alabama State College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Orangeburg </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Claflin_University" title="Claflin University">Claflin College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February 26 </td> <td rowspan="1">Lexington </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Petersburg </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Tuskegee </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee Institute</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">February 27 </td> <td rowspan="1">Tampa </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">March 2 </td> <td rowspan="2">Columbia </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_University" title="Allen University">Allen University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_College" title="Benedict College">Benedict College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Daytona Beach </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bethune%E2%80%93Cookman_University" title="Bethune–Cookman University">Bethune–Cookman College</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">St. Petersburg </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 4 </td> <td rowspan="1">Houston </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Miami </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Memorial_University" title="Florida Memorial University">Florida Memorial College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 7 </td> <td rowspan="1">Knoxville </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_College" title="Knoxville College">Knoxville College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 8 </td> <td rowspan="2">New Orleans </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Dillard_University" title="Dillard University">Dillard University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 10 </td> <td rowspan="1">Little Rock </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Baptist_College" title="Arkansas Baptist College">Arkansas Baptist College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 11 </td> <td rowspan="1">Austin </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Huston%E2%80%93Tillotson_University" title="Huston–Tillotson University">Huston–Tillotson College</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Galveston </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 12 </td> <td rowspan="1">Jacksonville </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waters_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Waters College">Edward Waters College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 13 </td> <td rowspan="1">San Antonio </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">March 15 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark College</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4"><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Orangeburg </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_University" title="South Carolina State University">South Carolina State University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Claflin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Claflin College">Claflin College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Corpus Christi </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">St. Augustine </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Statesville </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 16 </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Savannah_State_University" title="Savannah State University">Savannah State College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 17 </td> <td rowspan="1">New Bern </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">March 19 </td> <td rowspan="1">Memphis </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/LeMoyne%E2%80%93Owen_College" title="LeMoyne–Owen College">Owen Junior College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Wilmington </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Arlington </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 26 </td> <td rowspan="1">Lynchburg </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Randolph-Macon_woman%27s_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Randolph-Macon woman's college">Randolph-Macon Woman's College</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lynchburg" title="University of Lynchburg">Lynchburg College</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_University_of_Lynchburg" title="Virginia University of Lynchburg">Virginia Theological Seminary and College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 28 </td> <td rowspan="1">Baton Rouge </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">New Orleans </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 29 </td> <td rowspan="1">Marshall </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Wiley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley College">Wiley College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 31 </td> <td rowspan="2">Birmingham </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lawson_State_Community_College" title="Lawson State Community College">Wenonah State Technical Institute</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Miles_College" title="Miles College">Miles College</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 2 </td> <td rowspan="1">Danville </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 4 </td> <td rowspan="1">Darlington </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 9 </td> <td rowspan="1">Augusta </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Paine_College" title="Paine College">Paine College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 12 </td> <td rowspan="1">Norfolk </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Virginia State College</a> <small>(Norfolk Division)</small> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 17 </td> <td rowspan="1">Biloxi </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 23 </td> <td rowspan="1">Starkville </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 24 </td> <td rowspan="1">Charleston </td> <td rowspan="1">Burke High School </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">April 28 </td> <td rowspan="1">Dallas </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College" title="Paul Quinn College">Paul Quinn College</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">June 17 </td> <td rowspan="1">Baltimore </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-Sit-in_30-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-in-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_post-1960_sit-ins">Related post-1960 sit-ins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related post-1960 sit-ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%"> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;" scope="col">Date </th> <th style="width:220px;" scope="col">Sit-in(s) </th> <th style="width:160px;" scope="col">Location </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="References">Ref.</span> </th> <th style="width:35px;" scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>September 11, 1960 </td> <td>El Charro Mexican Restaurant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">January 31, 1961 </td> <td rowspan="1">Rock Hill </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">1962 </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sewanee,_Tennessee" title="Sewanee, Tennessee">Sewanee, Tennessee</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">May 28, 1963 </td> <td rowspan="1">Woolworth's </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">March 7, 1964 </td> <td rowspan="1">Audubon Regional Library </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Louisiana" title="Clinton, Louisiana">Clinton, Louisiana</a> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="1"><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_(Halberstam)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Children (Halberstam)">The Children</a></i>, 1999 book on the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_sip-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius sip-in (page does not exist)">Julius sip-in</a>, LGBT protest inspired by the sit-in movement</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Five men participated in the sit-in organized by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilbert_Tucker" title="Samuel Wilbert Tucker">Samuel Wilbert Tucker</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Led by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The sit-in was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Read%27s_Drug_Store" title="Read's Drug Store">Read's Drug Store</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include <a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include <a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants during the February 20, 17 include <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 34 students would participate and be arrested. They became known as the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_34" title="Richmond 34">Richmond 34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The sit-in targeted a state capitol cafeteria and was led by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a> accompanied by three dozen students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include Texas Southern University student and leader <a href="/wiki/Holly_Hogrobrooks" title="Holly Hogrobrooks">Holly Hogrobrooks</a>. Also see Ku Klux Klan victim <a href="/wiki/Felton_Turner" title="Felton Turner">Felton Turner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include Morehouse College student <a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resulted in the largest mass arrest (388) of the Civil Rights Movement up to that point.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sit-in led to <i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i> (1961) case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Led by James Blake and occurred at the Kress store on King Street.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sit-in led to <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Maryland" title="Bell v. Maryland">Bell v. Maryland</a></i> (1964) case that involved <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Bell" title="Robert M. Bell">Robert M. Bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Students from <a href="/wiki/Friendship_College" title="Friendship College">Friendship Junior College</a> protested. A group of nine students known as the <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Friendship Nine</a> would use the "jail no bail" tactic later duplicated by other protestors. The sit-in is regarded as the first to use the tactic, but Christopher W. Schmidt challenges this assertion. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a> is sometimes credited as the first to use the tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include <a href="/wiki/Bruce_W._Klunder" title="Bruce W. Klunder">Bruce W. Klunder</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Participants include <a href="/wiki/Pearlena_Lewis" title="Pearlena Lewis">Pearlena Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Moody" title="Anne Moody">Anne Moody</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sit-in led to <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966) case.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKowal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kowal, Rebekah J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4488599">"Staging the Greensboro Sit-Ins"</a>. <i>TDR (1988-)</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 135–154. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1054-2043">1054-2043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TDR+%281988-%29&rft.atitle=Staging+the+Greensboro+Sit-Ins&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=135-154&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1054-2043&rft.aulast=Kowal&rft.aufirst=Rebekah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4488599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlowers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Flowers, Deidre B. 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"All of Africa Will Be Free Before We Can Get a Lousy Cup of Coffee: The Impact of the 1943 Lunch Counter Sit-Ins on the Civil Rights Movement". <i>The History Teacher</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 127–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=All+of+Africa+Will+Be+Free+Before+We+Can+Get+a+Lousy+Cup+of+Coffee%3A+The+Impact+of+the+1943+Lunch+Counter+Sit-Ins+on+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-147&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Aarushi+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/state-v-katz-14/">"State v. 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January 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Heritage&rft.atitle=Why+the+West+Side+Matters%3A+Read%27s+Drug+Store+and+Baltimore%27s+Civil+Rights+Heritage&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaltimoreheritage.org%2Feducation%2Fwhy-the-west-side-matters-reads-drug-store-and-baltimores-civil-rights-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2006" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Christina (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51HqCQAAQBAJ"><i>Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham, North Carolina</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 65–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807876374" title="Special:BookSources/9780807876374"><bdi>9780807876374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Separate+Ways%3A+Women+and+the+Black+Freedom+Movement+in+Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=65-69&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780807876374&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51HqCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichita/Oklahoma_City-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wichita/Oklahoma_City_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wichita/Oklahoma_City_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1996" class="citation journal cs1">Walters, Ronald (Spring 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2092&context=greatplainsquarterly">"The Great Plains Sit In Movement, 1958–60"</a>. <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b>: 85–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Great+Plains+Sit+In+Movement%2C+1958%E2%80%9360&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=85-94&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2092%26context%3Dgreatplainsquarterly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1981" class="citation journal cs1">Graves, Carl R. (Summer 1981). "The Right to Be Served: Oklahoma City's Lunch Counter Sit-ins, 1958–1964". <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 152–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicles+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Be+Served%3A+Oklahoma+City%27s+Lunch+Counter+Sit-ins%2C+1958%E2%80%931964&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-155&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChafe1981" class="citation book cs1">Chafe, William Henry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP7sduWSTkYC&pg=PA71">"The Sit-Ins Begin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EP7sduWSTkYC"><i>Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom</i></a>. 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href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-60"><sup><i><b>bi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-61"><sup><i><b>bj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-62"><sup><i><b>bk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-63"><sup><i><b>bl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-64"><sup><i><b>bm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit-in_30-65"><sup><i><b>bn</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitinmovement.org/history/sit-in-movement.asp">"The Sit-in Movement"</a>. <i>International Civil Rights Center & Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hampton+Roads+Heritage+Project&rft.pub=Norfolk+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fsearch%2Fsearchterm%2FNorfolk%2520Sit-ins%2C%2520Norfolk%2C%2520Va.%2C%25201960.%2Fmode%2Fexact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1964" class="citation thesis cs1">White, Robert Melvin (1964). <i>The Tallahassee Sit-ins and CORE, a Nonviolent Revolutionary Submovement</i> (Ph.D.). Florida State University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7563086">7563086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Tallahassee+Sit-ins+and+CORE%2C+a+Nonviolent+Revolutionary+Submovement&rft.inst=Florida+State+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7563086&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert+Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Harris, Jessie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3394&context=etd"><i>Unfamiliar Streets: The Chattanooga Sit-ins, the Local Press, and the Concern for Civilities</i></a> (M.A. thesis). Virginia Commonwealth University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727069042">727069042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Unfamiliar+Streets%3A+The+Chattanooga+Sit-ins%2C+the+Local+Press%2C+and+the+Concern+for+Civilities&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Virginia+Commonwealth+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727069042&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarscompass.vcu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3394%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Wallenstein, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXI3QHGF4Q8C&q=Richmond+sit-ins&pg=PT91">"To Sit or Not to Sit: Scenes in Richmond from the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXI3QHGF4Q8C"><i>Blue Laws and Black Codes: Conflict, Courts, and Change in Twentieth-Century Virginia</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 114–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813924878" title="Special:BookSources/9780813924878"><bdi>9780813924878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Sit+or+Not+to+Sit%3A+Scenes+in+Richmond+from+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.btitle=Blue+Laws+and+Black+Codes%3A+Conflict%2C+Courts%2C+and+Change+in+Twentieth-Century+Virginia&rft.pages=114-141&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780813924878&rft.aulast=Wallenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXI3QHGF4Q8C%26q%3DRichmond%2Bsit-ins%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1992" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, F. 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Associated Press. October 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Recalling+a+1960+Baltimore+Sit-in&rft.date=2013-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F10%2Frecalling-a-1960-baltimore-sit-in-098893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, William L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3167&context=mlr">"Foreword: The Legal History of the Great Sit-in Case of Bell v. Maryland"</a>. <i>Maryland Law Review</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 761–794.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Foreword%3A+The+Legal+History+of+the+Great+Sit-in+Case+of+Bell+v.+Maryland&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=761-794&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3167%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1960" class="citation news cs1">Hoyt, William (September 13, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-sun-flagstaff-sit-in/133166727/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sit-in' Protest in Flag Revealed at Council Meet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Daily_Sun" title="Arizona Daily Sun">Arizona Daily Sun</a></i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=%27Sit-in%27+Protest+in+Flag+Revealed+at+Council+Meet&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1960-09-13&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Farizona-daily-sun-flagstaff-sit-in%2F133166727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Christopher W. (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0738248014000509">"Divided by Law: The Sit-ins and the Role of the Courts in the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 93–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248014000509">10.1017/S0738248014000509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232400894">232400894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Divided+by+Law%3A+The+Sit-ins+and+the+Role+of+the+Courts+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-149&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0738248014000509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232400894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FS0738248014000509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettus2015" class="citation news cs1">Pettus, Emily Wagster (February 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-anne-moody-20150211-story.html">"Anne Moody, Sat Stoically at Violent Woolworth's Sit-in, Dies at 74"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Anne+Moody%2C+Sat+Stoically+at+Violent+Woolworth%27s+Sit-in%2C+Dies+at+74&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.aulast=Pettus&rft.aufirst=Emily+Wagster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-anne-moody-20150211-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, M. J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OwaBwAAQBAJ"><i>We Shall Not Be Moved: The Jackson Woolworth's Sit-In and the Movement It Inspired</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617037443" title="Special:BookSources/9781617037443"><bdi>9781617037443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Not+Be+Moved%3A+The+Jackson+Woolworth%27s+Sit-In+and+the+Movement+It+Inspired&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781617037443&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OwaBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattles2008" class="citation book cs1">Battles, David M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyqI7_O5aXQC&pg=PA137"><i>The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South: Or, Leaving Behind the Plow</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461672937" title="Special:BookSources/9781461672937"><bdi>9781461672937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Public+Library+Access+for+African+Americans+in+the+South%3A+Or%2C+Leaving+Behind+the+Plow&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781461672937&rft.aulast=Battles&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyqI7_O5aXQC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1981" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Clayborne (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm9v7KKj_UQC&pg=PP1"><i>In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674447271" title="Special:BookSources/9780674447271"><bdi>9780674447271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Struggle%3A+SNCC+and+the+Black+Awakening+of+the+1960s&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780674447271&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Clayborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFm9v7KKj_UQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierRudwick1975" class="citation book cs1">Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott M. (1975). <i>CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252005671" title="Special:BookSources/9780252005671"><bdi>9780252005671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CORE%3A+A+Study+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement%2C+1942%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780252005671&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Rudwick%2C+Elliott+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganDavies2012" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Iwan W.; Davies, Philip (2012). <i>From Sit-ins to SNCC: The Student Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813041513" title="Special:BookSources/9780813041513"><bdi>9780813041513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sit-ins+to+SNCC%3A+The+Student+Civil+Rights+Movement+in+the+1960s&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780813041513&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Iwan+W.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1989" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Martin (1989). <i>The Sit-In Movement of 1960</i>. Carlson Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780926019102" title="Special:BookSources/9780926019102"><bdi>9780926019102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sit-In+Movement+of+1960&rft.pub=Carlson+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780926019102&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2018" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Christopher W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qupODwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sit-Ins: Protest and Legal Change in the Civil Rights Era</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226522449" title="Special:BookSources/9780226522449"><bdi>9780226522449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sit-Ins%3A+Protest+and+Legal+Change+in+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780226522449&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqupODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2019" class="citation book cs1">Terry, David Taft (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5afDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Struggle and the Urban South</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820355078" title="Special:BookSources/9780820355078"><bdi>9780820355078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+and+the+Urban+South&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780820355078&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=David+Taft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5afDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErvin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ervin, Brad (March 2007). "Result or Reason: The Supreme Court and the Sit-In Cases". <i>Virginia Law Review</i>. <b>93</b> (1): 181–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Result+or+Reason%3A+The+Supreme+Court+and+the+Sit-In+Cases&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=181-233&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Ervin&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1963" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Martin G. (Summer 1963). "Theories of State Action as Applied to the Sit-in Cases". <i>Arkansas Law Review</i>. <b>17</b>: 147–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Theories+of+State+Action+as+Applied+to+the+Sit-in+Cases&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=147-&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Hamm v. City of Rock Hill: Out of the Frying Pan". <i>Ohio State Law Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 659–678. 1965. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F68789">1811/68789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Hamm+v.+City+of+Rock+Hill%3A+Out+of+the+Frying+Pan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=659-678&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F68789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Thomas P. (1963). "The Sit-in Cases: Great Expectations". <i>The Supreme Court Review</i>. <b>1963</b>: 101–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fscr.1963.3108730">10.1086/scr.1963.3108730</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146825976">146825976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Supreme+Court+Review&rft.atitle=The+Sit-in+Cases%3A+Great+Expectations&rft.volume=1963&rft.pages=101-151&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fscr.1963.3108730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146825976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1981" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Aldon (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807054000/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/chwe/ps269/morris.pdf">"Black Southern Student Sit-in Movement: An Analysis of Internal Organization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 744–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095077">10.2307/2095077</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095077">2095077</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/chwe/ps269/morris.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Black+Southern+Student+Sit-in+Movement%3A+An+Analysis+of+Internal+Organization&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=744-767&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2095077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Aldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Ffaculty%2Fchwe%2Fps269%2Fmorris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsen1964" class="citation journal cs1">Paulsen, Monrad G. (1964). "The Sit-in Cases of 1964: "But Answer Came There None"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Supreme Court Review</i>. <b>1964</b>: 137–. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fscr.1964.3108696">10.1086/scr.1964.3108696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147484895">147484895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Review&rft.atitle=The+Sit-in+Cases+of+1964%3A+%22But+Answer+Came+There+None%22&rft.volume=1964&rft.pages=137-&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fscr.1964.3108696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147484895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=Monrad+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollitt1960" class="citation journal cs1">Pollitt, Daniel H. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1720&context=dlj">"Dime Store Demonstrations: Events and Legal Problems of First Sixty Days"</a>. <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 315–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1371082">10.2307/1371082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1371082">1371082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Dime+Store+Demonstrations%3A+Events+and+Legal+Problems+of+First+Sixty+Days&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=315-365&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1371082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1371082%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pollitt&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1720%26context%3Ddlj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiva2012" class="citation journal cs1">Riva, Sarah (Autumn 2012). "Desegregating Downtown Little Rock: The Field Reports of SNCC's Bill Hansen, October 23 to December 3, 1962". <i>The Arkansas Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 264–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arkansas+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Desegregating+Downtown+Little+Rock%3A+The+Field+Reports+of+SNCC%27s+Bill+Hansen%2C+October+23+to+December+3%2C+1962&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264-282&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Riva&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Christopher W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=wmborj">"The Sit-Ins and the State Action Doctrine"</a>. <i>William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 767–829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Bill+of+Rights+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Sit-Ins+and+the+State+Action+Doctrine&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=767-829&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.wm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1170%26context%3Dwmborj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Christopher W. (February 1, 2015). "Divided by Law: The Sit-Ins and the Role of the Courts in the Civil Rights Movement". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 93–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248014000509">10.1017/S0738248014000509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232400894">232400894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Divided+by+Law%3A+The+Sit-Ins+and+the+Role+of+the+Courts+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-149&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0738248014000509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232400894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Christopher W. (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=ijlse">"Why the 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-Ins Worked: A Case Study of Law and Social Movement Mobilization"</a>. <i>Indiana Journal of Law and Social Equality</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 281–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Journal+of+Law+and+Social+Equality&rft.atitle=Why+the+1960+Lunch+Counter+Sit-Ins+Worked%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Law+and+Social+Movement+Mobilization&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-300&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1065%26context%3Dijlse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1993" class="citation journal cs1">Walters, Ronald (February 1993). "Standing Up in America's Heartland: Sitting in Before Greensboro". <i>American Visions</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 20–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Visions&rft.atitle=Standing+Up+in+America%27s+Heartland%3A+Sitting+in+Before+Greensboro&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=1993-02&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sit-in_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/info/6109_src_sitins.pdf">"The Student Protest Movement: A Recapitulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crmvet.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a>. September 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crmvet.org&rft.atitle=The+Student+Protest+Movement%3A+A+Recapitulation&rft.date=1961-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Finfo%2F6109_src_sitins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/docs/6004_sitin-list.pdf">"Sit-ins: A Chronological Listing of the Cities In Which Demonstrations Have Occurred, February 1 – March 31, 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crmvet.org</i>. unknown author<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crmvet.org&rft.atitle=Sit-ins%3A+A+Chronological+Listing+of+the+Cities+In+Which+Demonstrations+Have+Occurred%2C+February+1+%E2%80%93+March+31%2C+1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Fdocs%2F6004_sitin-list.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn" class="citation web cs1">Zinn, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/docs/zinn_studentmovement.pdf">"Notes: Chronology of Student Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides, 1960–1961"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crmvet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crmvet.org&rft.atitle=Notes%3A+Chronology+of+Student+Sit-Ins+and+Freedom+Rides%2C+1960%E2%80%931961&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Fdocs%2Fzinn_studentmovement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASit-in+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sit-in_movement" title="Template:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sit-in_movement" title="Template talk:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sit-in_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sit-in movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sit-in_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sit-in movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Library_sit-in" title="Alexandria Library sit-in">Alexandria Library sit-in</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chicago sit-ins</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baltimore sit-ins</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dresden sit-ins (page does not exist)">Dresden sit-ins</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read%27s_Drug_Store_sit-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read's Drug Store sit-in (page does not exist)">Read's Drug Store sit-in</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dockum_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Dockum Drug Store sit-in">Dockum Drug Store sit-in</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oklahoma City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Oklahoma City sit-ins</a> (1958) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">During 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a> (Feb. 1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Durham sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fayetteville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Fayetteville sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston-Salem_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston-Salem sit-ins (page does not exist)">Winston-Salem sit-ins</a> (Feb. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte sit-ins (page does not exist)">Charlotte sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concord_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concord sit-ins (page does not exist)">Concord sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_City_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth City sit-ins (page does not exist)">Elizabeth City sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henderson_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henderson sit-ins (page does not exist)">Henderson sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Point_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Point sit-ins (page does not exist)">High Point sit-ins</a> (Feb. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raleigh sit-ins (page does not exist)">Raleigh sit-ins</a> (Feb. 10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton sit-ins (page does not exist)">Hampton sit-ins</a> (Feb. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portsmouth sit-ins (page does not exist)">Portsmouth sit-ins</a> (Feb. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Rock Hill sit-ins</a> (Feb. 12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norfolk sit-ins (page does not exist)">Norfolk sit-ins</a> (Feb. 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> (Feb. 13)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallahassee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tallahassee sit-ins</a> (Feb. 13)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumter_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumter sit-ins (page does not exist)">Sumter sit-ins</a> (Feb. 14)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salisbury_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salisbury sit-ins (page does not exist)">Salisbury sit-ins</a> (Feb. 16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chapel Hill sit-ins</a> (Feb. 17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_sit-ins" title="Charleston sit-ins">Charleston sit-ins</a> (Feb. 18)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelby_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelby sit-ins (page does not exist)">Shelby sit-ins</a> (Feb. 18)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chattanooga_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chattanooga sit-ins (page does not exist)">Chattanooga sit-ins</a> (Feb. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond sit-ins (page does not exist)">Richmond sit-ins</a> (Feb. 20)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltimore sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baltimore sit-ins</a> (Feb. 22)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfort_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfort sit-ins (page does not exist)">Frankfort sit-ins</a> (Feb. 22)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montgomery sit-ins (page does not exist)">Montgomery sit-ins</a> (Feb. 25)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orangeburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orangeburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Orangeburg sit-ins</a> (Feb. 25)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Lexington sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petersburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petersburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Petersburg sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuskegee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tuskegee sit-ins</a> (Feb. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tampa_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tampa sit-ins (page does not exist)">Tampa sit-ins</a> (Feb. 27)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia sit-ins (page does not exist)">Columbia sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daytona_Beach_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daytona Beach sit-ins (page does not exist)">Daytona Beach sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Petersburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Petersburg sit-ins</a> (Mar. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston sit-ins (page does not exist)">Houston sit-ins</a> (Mar. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami sit-ins (page does not exist)">Miami sit-ins</a> (Mar. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knoxville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knoxville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Knoxville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 7)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Orleans sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Orleans sit-ins</a> (Mar. 8)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Rock_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Rock sit-ins (page does not exist)">Little Rock sit-ins</a> (Mar. 10)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin sit-ins (page does not exist)">Austin sit-ins</a> (Mar. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galveston_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galveston sit-ins (page does not exist)">Galveston sit-ins</a> (Mar. 11)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacksonville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Jacksonville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Antonio sit-ins (page does not exist)">San Antonio sit-ins</a> (Mar. 13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Christi_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Christi sit-ins (page does not exist)">Corpus Christi sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Augustine_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Augustine sit-ins (page does not exist)">St. Augustine sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statesville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statesville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Statesville sit-ins</a> (Mar. 15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_sit-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah sit-ins">Savannah sit-ins</a> (Mar. 16)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Bern_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Bern sit-ins (page does not exist)">New Bern sit-ins</a> (Mar. 17)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memphis sit-ins (page does not exist)">Memphis sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Wilmington sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arlington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Arlington sit-ins</a> (Mar. 19)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynchburg_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynchburg sit-ins (page does not exist)">Lynchburg sit-ins</a> (Mar. 26)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baton_Rouge_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baton Rouge sit-ins (page does not exist)">Baton Rouge sit-ins</a> (Mar. 28)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall sit-ins (page does not exist)">Marshall sit-ins</a> (Mar. 29)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birmingham sit-ins (page does not exist)">Birmingham sit-ins</a> (Mar. 31)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Danville sit-ins</a> (Apr. 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darlington_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darlington sit-ins (page does not exist)">Darlington sit-ins</a> (Apr. 4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusta_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusta sit-ins (page does not exist)">Augusta sit-ins</a> (Apr. 9)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biloxi_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biloxi sit-ins (page does not exist)">Biloxi sit-ins</a> (Apr. 17)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starkville_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starkville sit-ins (page does not exist)">Starkville sit-ins</a> (Apr. 23)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas sit-ins (page does not exist)">Dallas sit-ins</a> (Apr. 28)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Hill_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Hill sit-ins (page does not exist)">Rock Hill sit-ins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewanee_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sewanee sit-ins (page does not exist)">Sewanee sit-ins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolworth%27s_sit-ins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woolworth's sit-ins (page does not exist)">Woolworth's sit-ins</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audubon_Regional_Library_sit-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audubon Regional Library sit-in (page does not exist)">Audubon Regional Library sit-in</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sit-in cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gober_v._City_of_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gober v. City of Birmingham (page does not exist)">Gober v. City of Birmingham</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peterson_v._City_of_Greenville" title="Peterson v. City of Greenville">Peterson v. City of Greenville</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombard_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombard v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Lombard v. Louisiana</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avent_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avent v. North Carolina (page does not exist)">Avent v. North Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bouie_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Bouie v. City of Columbia">Bouie v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._Maryland" title="Griffin v. Maryland">Griffin v. Maryland</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bell_v._Maryland" title="Bell v. Maryland">Bell v. Maryland</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_v._Florida" title="Robinson v. Florida">Robinson v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Barr v. City of Columbia">Barr v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamm_v._City_of_Rock_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamm v. City of Rock Hill (page does not exist)">Hamm v. City of Rock Hill</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_34" title="Richmond 34">Richmond 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Friendship Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_Nine" title="Tougaloo Nine">Tougaloo Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade-in (page does not exist)">Wade-in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Rights_Center_and_Museum" title="International Civil Rights Center and Museum">International Civil Rights Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jail-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jail-in (page does not exist)">Jail-in</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_jail-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallahassee jail-in (page does not exist)">Tallahassee jail-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pray-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pray-in (page does not exist)">Pray-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Study-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Study-in (page does not exist)">Study-in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jail,_No_Bail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jail, No Bail (page does not exist)">Jail, No Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biracial_committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biracial committee (page does not exist)">Biracial committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> 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