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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dry_earth_closets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_earth_closets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dry earth closets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_earth_closets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dry toilet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuivak%C3%A4ym%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Kuivakäymälä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuivakäymälä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrtoalett" title="Torrtoalett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torrtoalett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Toilet that operates without flush water</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png/330px-Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png/495px-Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png/660px-Schematic_of_the_Dry_Toilet.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a dry toilet:<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left a <a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">squat toilet</a>, right a pedestal type toilet.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dry toilet</b> (or <b>non-flush toilet, no flush toilet</b> or <b>toilet without a flush</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a> which, unlike a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a>, does not use flush water.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry toilets do not use water to move excreta along or block odors.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not produce <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, and are not connected to a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a>. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Human_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Human excreta">excreta</a> falls through a drop hole.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of dry toilets exist, ranging from simple <a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">bucket toilets</a> to specialized <a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">incinerating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">freezing</a> toilets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utedo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Utedo.JPG/220px-Utedo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Utedo.JPG/330px-Utedo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Utedo.JPG/440px-Utedo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrines</a> are a type of dry toilet and are in use in some rural areas (<a href="/wiki/Her%C3%B8y_Municipality_(Nordland)" title="Herøy Municipality (Nordland)">Herøy</a>, Norway)</figcaption></figure> <p>Types of dry toilet, listed in approximate order from simplest to most complex, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket toilet</a> – The most basic kind of toilet. May have a toilet seat, with or without a lid. May be accompanied by material (e.g. wood ash, sawdust, or quick lime) to cover excreta after use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a> – excluding pour-flush versions with water seal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDDT" class="mw-redirect" title="UDDT">Urine-diverting dry toilet</a> – urine and feces <a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">collected separately</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a> – shallow pit latrine designed for making compost</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebog" title="Treebog">Treebog</a> – on a raised platform above a compost pile, surrounded by densely planted willow trees (or similar)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based toilet</a> – excreta is collected in sealable, removable containers (also called cartridges) which are later transported to waste treatment facilities <ul><li>Packaging toilet – packages feces separately after each use</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">Incinerating toilets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">freezing toilets</a> – More complex technology than most dry toilets. Require electricity (or other suitable energy source) to function.</li></ul> <p>Other types of dry toilets are under development at universities, for example since 2012 funded by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>. Such toilets are meant to operate <a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">off-the-grid</a> without connections to water, sewer, or electrical lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One important source states that the term <i>dry toilet</i> should only refer to the user interface and not the subsequent storage and treatment steps.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a> sector, the term <i>dry toilet</i> is used differently by different people. It often includes also the storage and treatment steps. For example, it is common that the term <i>dry toilet</i> is used to refer specifically to a urine-diverting dry toilet or a composting toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People also use the term to refer to a pit latrine without a water seal even though the pit of a pit latrine is not usually dry. The pit can become very wet because urine mixes with feces in the pit and <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> might be limited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> can also get into the pit in the event of heavy rains or flooding. Sometimes households even discard <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> (from showering) into the same pit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some publications use the term <i>dry sanitation</i> to denote a system that includes dry toilets (in particular urine-diverting dry toilets) connected to a system to manage the excreta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative terms are <i>non sewer-based sanitation</i> or <i>non-sewered sanitation</i> (see also <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge management</a>). </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouse</a></i> refers to a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit toilet or a dry toilet. Although it strictly refers only to the structure above the toilet, it is often used to denote the entire toilet structure, i.e. including the hole in the ground in the case of a pit latrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_(UDDT)_in_Johannesburg_(2947142348).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A urine-diverting dry toilet in South Africa."><img alt="A urine-diverting dry toilet in South Africa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg/120px-Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg/180px-Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg/240px-Cleaning_a_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_%28UDDT%29_in_Johannesburg_%282947142348%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">urine-diverting dry toilet</a> in South Africa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compost_toilet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Composting toilet at Activism Festival 2010 in the mountains outside Jerusalem."><img alt="Composting toilet at Activism Festival 2010 in the mountains outside Jerusalem." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Compost_toilet.jpg/102px-Compost_toilet.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Compost_toilet.jpg/152px-Compost_toilet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Compost_toilet.jpg/203px-Compost_toilet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilet</a> at Activism Festival 2010 in the mountains outside Jerusalem.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A composting toilet schematic (Clivus Multrum)."><img alt="A composting toilet schematic (Clivus Multrum)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg/96px-Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg/145px-Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg/193px-Clivus_Multrum_Composting_toilet_with_urine_diversion-dehydration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilet</a> schematic (<a href="/wiki/Clivus_Multrum" title="Clivus Multrum">Clivus Multrum</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arborloo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Arborloo for later planting trees."><img alt="An Arborloo for later planting trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arborloo-en.svg/120px-Arborloo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arborloo-en.svg/180px-Arborloo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arborloo-en.svg/240px-Arborloo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a> for later planting trees.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view,_Mongolian_family_house,_Ulaan_Baatar_2010,_by_Wolfgang_Berger_(6211327744).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A container-based toilet or bucket toilet, another type of dry toilet."><img alt="A container-based toilet or bucket toilet, another type of dry toilet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg/90px-Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg/135px-Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg/180px-Humanure_dry_toilet_inside_view%2C_Mongolian_family_house%2C_Ulaan_Baatar_2010%2C_by_Wolfgang_Berger_%286211327744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">container-based toilet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">bucket toilet</a>, another type of dry toilet.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defecating_into_a_pit_(schematic).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic of a simple pit latrine with a squatting pan and shelter.[5]"><img alt="Schematic of a simple pit latrine with a squatting pan and shelter.[5]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg/55px-Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg/83px-Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg/111px-Defecating_into_a_pit_%28schematic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic of a simple <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrine</a> with a squatting pan and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet,_improved_version_c1875.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG/170px-Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG/255px-Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG/340px-Henry_Moule%27s_earth_closet%2C_improved_version_c1875.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moule" title="Henry Moule">Henry Moule</a>'s earth closet, patented in 1873. Example from around 1875. Rear chamber for dispensing of cover material.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moule%27s_earth_closet_design,_circa_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg/170px-Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg/255px-Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg/340px-Moule%27s_earth_closet_design%2C_circa_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moule" title="Henry Moule">Henry Moule</a>'s earth closet design, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry toilets (in particular simple pit latrines) are used in developing countries in situations in which flush toilets connected to septic tanks or sewer systems are not possible or not desired, for example due to costs. Sewerage infrastructure costs can be very high in instances of unfavorable terrain or sprawling settlement patterns. </p><p>Dry toilets (in particular composting toilets) are also used in rural areas of developed countries, e.g. many Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway) for summer houses and in national parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry toilets can be a suitable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">water-flushed toilets</a> when water for flushing is of short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason for using dry toilets can be that the infrastructure to deal with the wastewater produced from flush toilets is too expensive to construct.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry toilets are used for three main reasons instead of flush toilets:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>To save water – when there is either <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, water is costly (such as in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> climates) or because the user wants to save water for environmental reasons. However, water savings from dry toilets might be insignificant compared to other possible water savings in households or within agricultural practices.</li> <li>To prevent <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution of surface water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater</a> – dry toilets do not mix excreta with water and do not pollute groundwater (except for pit latrines which may pollute groundwater); they do not contribute to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in surface water bodies.</li> <li>To enable safe <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">reuse of excreta</a>, after the collected excreta or <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge</a> has undergone further treatment for example by drying or <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a>.</li></ol> <p>Dry toilets and excreta management without sewers can offer more flexibility in construction than flush toilet and sewer-based systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be a suitable system in areas that face growing <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry toilets do not have a water seal, thus <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odors</a> may be a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often the case for pit latrines, UDDTs or composting toilets if they are not designed well or not used properly. </p><p>Dry toilets that are connected to a pit (such as pit latrines) tend to make it very difficult to empty the pit in a safe manner when they are full (see <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge management</a>). On the other hand, dry toilets that are not connected to a pit (e.g. container-based toilets, UDDTs and composting toilets) usually have a safe method for emptying built into them as they are designed to be emptied on a regular and quite frequent basis (within days, weeks or months). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Toilet#History" title="Toilet">Toilet § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_(Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German)_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png/170px-Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png/255px-Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png/340px-Dry_toilet_with_peat_dispenser_%28Torfstreu-Trockenklosett_in_German%29_on_display_in_a_former_bunker_in_Berlin.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Example of a historical dry toilet with peat dispenser which was used in bunkers during World War II in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (Metroclo by Gefinal)</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of dry toilets is essentially the same as the history of <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a> in general (until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>) as well as the history of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">ecological sanitation</a> systems with regards to <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">reuse of excreta</a> in agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_earth_closets">Dry earth closets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dry earth closets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry earth closets were invented by English clergyman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moule" title="Henry Moule">Henry Moule</a>, who dedicated his life to improving <a href="/wiki/Public_sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sanitation">public sanitation</a> after witnessing <a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">the cholera epidemics of 1849 and 1854</a>. Impressed by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insalubrity" class="extiw" title="wikt:insalubrity">insalubrity</a> of the houses, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a> in the summer of 1858, he invented what he called the 'dry earth system'.<sup id="cite_ref-Moule1880_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moule1880-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In partnership with James Bannehr, he patented his device (No. 1316, dated 28 May 1860). Among his works bearing on the subject were <i>The Advantages of the Dry Earth System </i>(1868), <i>The Impossibility overcome: or the Inoffensive, Safe, and Economical Disposal of the Refuse of Towns and Villages (</i>1870), The <i>Dry Earth System</i> (1871), <i>Town Refuse, the Remedy for Local Taxation</i> (1872), and <i>National Health and Wealth promoted by the general adoption of the Dry Earth System</i> (1873). His system was adopted in private houses, in rural districts, in military camps, in many hospitals, and extensively in the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moule1880_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moule1880-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, however, it failed to gain public support as attention turned to the water-flushed <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a> connected to a sewer system. </p><p>In Germany, a dry toilet with a peat dispenser was marketed until after the Second World War. It was called "Metroclo" and was manufactured by Gefinal, Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, use of dry toilets continued in some areas, often urban areas, through to the 1940s. It seems that these were often emptied directly onto their gardens, where the excreta was used as fertilizer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sewer systems did not come to some rural areas in Britain until the 1950s or even after that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia was largely unsewered until the early 1970s, with many suburbs having a dry toilet (called a <a href="/wiki/Dunny" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunny">dunny</a>) behind each house.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic <a href="/wiki/George_Seddon_(academic)" title="George Seddon (academic)">George Seddon</a> claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tilley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tilley_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tilley_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tilley_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tilley_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tilley_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTilley,_E.Ulrich,_L.Lüthi,_C.Reymond,_Ph.2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/"><i>Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3906484570" title="Special:BookSources/978-3906484570"><bdi>978-3906484570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29%2C+Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3906484570&rft.au=Tilley%2C+E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2014" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1993"><i>A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs</i></a>. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843801559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843801559"><bdi>978-1843801559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Contemporary+Toilet+Designs&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=EOOS+and+WEDC%2C+Loughborough+University%2C+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1843801559&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.susana.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Fdetails%2F1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Platzer, C., Hoffmann, H., Ticona, E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/961">Alternatives to waterborne sanitation – a comparative study – limits and potentials</a>. IRC Symposium: Sanitation for the urban poor – partnerships and governance, Delft, The Netherlands</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flores, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172"><i>Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation</i></a>. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWEDC" class="citation book cs1">WEDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/booklets/G005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf"><i>Latrine slabs: an engineer's guide, WEDC Guide 005</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Water, Engineering and Development Centre The John Pickford Building School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843801436" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843801436"><bdi>978-1843801436</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025715/http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/booklets/G005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latrine+slabs%3A+an+engineer%27s+guide%2C+WEDC+Guide+005&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Water%2C+Engineering+and+Development+Centre+The+John+Pickford+Building+School+of+Civil+and+Building+Engineering+Loughborough+University&rft.isbn=978-1843801436&rft.au=WEDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwedc.lboro.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Fbooklets%2FG005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rieck, C., von Münch, E., Hoffmann, H. (2012). Technology review of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) – Overview on design, management, maintenance and costs. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/874">Germany</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moule1880-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moule1880_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moule1880_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509061829/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fordingtondorset/Files/FordingtonHenryMoule1801-1880.html">"Fordington, Biography, Rev Henry Moule, 1801–1880"</a>. <i>freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fordingtondorset/Files/FordingtonHenryMoule1801-1880.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Fordington%2C+Biography%2C+Rev+Henry+Moule%2C+1801%E2%80%931880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~fordingtondorset%2FFiles%2FFordingtonHenryMoule1801-1880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Dulcie (1996). <i>Kent privies</i>. Newbury: Countryside Books. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853064197" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853064197"><bdi>978-1853064197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+privies&rft.place=Newbury&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Countryside+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1853064197&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Dulcie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carrythebags.wordpress.com/category/observations/">"Observations « Carry the Bags"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observations+%C2%AB+Carry+the+Bags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarrythebags.wordpress.com%2Fcategory%2Fobservations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/7484082?selectedversion=NBD1647085"><i>Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism</i></a>. Vol. 2. Australia and New Zealand Book Company. 1978. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0855520564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0855520564"><bdi>978-0855520564</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+the+Political+Economy+of+Australian+Capitalism&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Australia+and+New+Zealand+Book+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0855520564&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F7484082%3Fselectedversion%3DNBD1647085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311234946/http://www.boolarongpress.com.au/content/bookstore/bookDetails.asp?bookid=571"><i>Shadows of War on the Brisbane Line</i></a>. Boolarong Press. pp. 183–184. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boolarongpress.com.au/content/bookstore/bookDetails.asp?bookid=571">the original</a> on 2017-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+War+on+the+Brisbane+Line&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=Boolarong+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboolarongpress.com.au%2Fcontent%2Fbookstore%2FbookDetails.asp%3Fbookid%3D571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven,_IanGeorge_Seddon1994" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Ian; George Seddon (1994). "The Australian Back Yard". <i>Australian Popular Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Back+Yard&rft.btitle=Australian+Popular+Culture&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Craven%2C+Ian&rft.au=George+Seddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+toilet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Toilets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template talk:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Toilets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballcock" title="Ballcock">Ballcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedpan" title="Bedpan">Bedpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">Bidet shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_brush" title="Toilet brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern#Toilet" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commode#Toilet" title="Commode">Commode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bidet" title="Electronic bidet">Electronic bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat" title="Toilet seat">Seat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat_riser" title="Toilet seat riser">Toilet seat riser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_cleaner" title="Toilet cleaner">Toilet cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_roll_holder" title="Toilet roll holder">Holder/dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper_orientation" title="Toilet paper orientation">Orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_rim_block" title="Toilet rim block">Toilet rim block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (U-bend)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_toilet" title="Blair toilet">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathole" title="Cathole">Cathole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_flush_toilet" title="Dual flush toilet">Dual flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EToilet" title="EToilet">EToilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">Head</a> (boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudo_(scouting)" title="Hudo (scouting)">Hudo</a> (Scouting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">Incinerating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_toilet" title="Intelligent toilet">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-flush_toilet" title="Low-flush toilet">Low-flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_toilet" title="On-board toilet">On-board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train_toilet" title="Passenger train toilet">Passenger train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_toilet" title="Pay toilet">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_toilet" title="Portable toilet">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_chair" title="Potty chair">Potty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisette</a> (self-cleaning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink-toilet" title="Sink-toilet">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">Squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_toilet" title="Telescopic toilet">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebog" title="Treebog">Treebog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">Urine-diverting dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter_toilet" title="Vermifilter toilet">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a> (combined toilet and bidet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />policy aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_diaper" title="Adult diaper">Adult diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_privileges" title="Bathroom privileges">Bathroom privileges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_reading" title="Bathroom reading">Bathroom reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywagon_(vehicle)" title="Honeywagon (vehicle)">Honeywagon (vehicle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinence_pad" title="Incontinence pad">Incontinence pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Islamic toilet etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrinalia" title="Latrinalia">Latrinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_public_toilets" title="Privatization of public toilets">Privatization of public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_god" title="Toilet god">Toilet god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Skibidi_Toilet" title="Skibidi Toilet">Skibidi Toilet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_plume" title="Toilet plume">Toilet plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet-related_injuries_and_deaths" title="Toilet-related injuries and deaths">Toilet-related injuries and deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Twinning" title="Toilet Twinning">Toilet Twinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_truck" title="Vacuum truck">Vacuum truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jobs and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restroom_attendant" title="Restroom attendant">Restroom attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopping_out" title="Slopping out">Slopping out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toileting" title="Toileting">Toileting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urine-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pee_curl" title="Pee curl">Pee curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollee" title="Pollee">Pollee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanistand" title="Sanistand">Sanistand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">Urinal deodorizer block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">Urinal (health care)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">Urination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_collection_device" title="Urine collection device">Urine collection device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_deflector" title="Urine deflector">Urine deflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">Urine diversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feces-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">Anal hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation_postures" title="Defecation postures">Defecation postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">Flying toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haewoojae" title="Haewoojae">Haewoojae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundertwasser_Toilets" title="Hundertwasser Toilets">Hundertwasser Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Museum_of_Bathroom_Tissue" title="Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue">Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Toilet_Restaurant" title="Modern Toilet Restaurant">Modern Toilet Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poo_Museum" title="National Poo Museum">National Poo Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">Outhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Bratislava" title="Public toilets in Bratislava">Public toilets in Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">Rest area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shit_Museum" title="Shit Museum">Shit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabh_International_Museum_of_Toilets" title="Sulabh International Museum of Toilets">Sulabh International Museum of Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">Toilet (room)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_History_Museum" title="Toilet History Museum">Toilet History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets in New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park_restroom" title="Bryant Park restroom">Bryant Park restroom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphedron" title="Aphedron">Aphedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">Chamber pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_stool" title="Close stool">Close stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansker" title="Dansker">Dansker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garderobe" title="Garderobe">Garderobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_farmer" title="Gong farmer">Gong farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool" title="Groom of the Stool">Groom of the Stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_closet" title="Pail closet">Pail closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_midden" title="Privy midden">Privy midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reredorter" title="Reredorter">Reredorter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">Improved sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Infection prevention and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Day" title="World Toilet Day">World Toilet Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&oldid=1250194510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_toilet&oldid=1250194510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanitation" title="Category:Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Toilet_types" title="Category:Toilet types">Toilet types</a></li><li><a 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