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<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Peter Achinstein</b> (sündinud <a href="/wiki/30._juuni" title="30. juuni">30. juunil</a> <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>) on USA filosoof. Ta töötab peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Teadusfilosoofia" title="Teadusfilosoofia">teadusfilosoofia</a> alal, põigates ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teadusajalugu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teadusajalugu (pole veel kirjutatud)">teadusajalukku</a>. </p><p>Ta on majandusteadlase <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asher_Achinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asher Achinstein (pole veel kirjutatud)">Asher Achinsteini</a> poeg. Ta sai <a href="/wiki/Harvardi_%C3%BClikool" title="Harvardi ülikool">Harvardi ülikoolist</a> bakalaureuse-, magistri- ja doktorikraadi 1961 tööga <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnapi</a> tõenäosuse teooriast. Teadusfilosoofast huvitus ta tänu aastatel 1953–1954 Harvardis külas olnud <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hempel" title="Carl Hempel">Carl Hempelile</a>. Aastal 1959 õppis ta <a href="/wiki/Peter_Strawson" title="Peter Strawson">Peter Strawsoni</a> juhendamisel <a href="/wiki/Oxfordi_%C3%BClikool" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordi ülikool">Oxfordi ülikoolis</a> ning käis seal kuulamas <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>'i, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ayer" title="Alfred Ayer">Alfred Ayeri</a> ja <a href="/wiki/John_Langshaw_Austin" title="John Langshaw Austin">John Langshaw Austini</a> seminare ja loenguid. </p><p>Achinstein on kaua aega õpetanud <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkinsi_%C3%9Clikool" title="Johns Hopkinsi Ülikool">Johns Hopkinsi Ülikoolis</a>, kus ta on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriegeri-Eisenhoweri_professor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriegeri-Eisenhoweri professor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kriegeri-Eisenhoweri professor</a>. Kevadest 2009 kevadeni 2011 oli ta <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_%C3%9Clikool" title="Yeshiva Ülikool">Yeshiva Ülikooli</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_ja_Jeanie_Schottensteini_filosoofia_%C3%BClikooliprofessor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay ja Jeanie Schottensteini filosoofia ülikooliprofessor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Jay ja Jeanie Schottensteini filosoofia ülikooliprofessor</a>. </p><p>Tema õpilaste seas on <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alexander Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kent_Staley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kent Staley (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kent Staley</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Longino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Longino (pole veel kirjutatud)">Helen Longino</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Looming">Looming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Looming"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Looming" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaduslike_seaduste_järeldamine"><span id="Teaduslike_seaduste_j.C3.A4reldamine"></span>Teaduslike seaduste järeldamine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Teaduslike seaduste järeldamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Teaduslike seaduste järeldamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artiklis "Inference to Scientific Laws" püüab Achinstein ümber lükata väite, et teadlased ei järelda seadusi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teaduslik_seadus" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaduslik seadus">Teaduslike seaduste</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4reldamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Järeldamine (pole veel kirjutatud)">järeldamist</a> on eitanud nii teadusfilosoofid kui ka teadusajaloolased. <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCpoteetilis-deduktiivne_teadusepilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüpoteetilis-deduktiivne teadusepilt (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse teadusepildi</a> pooldajate (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hempel" title="Carl Hempel">Carl Hempel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>) järgi seadusi järeldada ei saa, ainult seadustest saab järeldada. Seadus leiutatakse, arvatakse ära; sellest tuletatakse järeldused; neid testitakse. Nad ei pea silmas lihtsalt seda, et mitteüldistest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaatlusv%C3%A4ide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaatlusväide (pole veel kirjutatud)">vaatlusväidetest</a> ei järeldata <a href="/wiki/Deduktsioon" title="Deduktsioon">deduktiivselt</a> seadusi. Ka <a href="/wiki/Induktsioon" title="Induktsioon">induktsiooni</a> teel mitte (Popperi meelest induktiivset järeldamist polegi olemas). See, et seadus leiutatakse, tähendab, et tegu ei ole järeldusega, vaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oletus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oletus (pole veel kirjutatud)">oletusega</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4reldamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Järeldamine (pole veel kirjutatud)">Järeldamist</a> mõistetakse kaheti: ühel juhul eeldatakse, et järelduse tõesust või tõenäolisust hakati uskuma tänu järeldamisele (siin on eeldatud sdae), teisel juhul piisab sellest, et järeldust usutakse (<a href="/w/index.php?title=D._G._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. G. Brown (pole veel kirjutatud)">D. G. Brown</a>. "The Nature of Inference".). Uskumuse <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hjend" title="Põhjend">põhjend</a> peab mõlemal juhul olema tõenduslik, mitte pragmaatiline. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arutlemine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arutlemine (pole veel kirjutatud)">Arutlemise</a> alla käib muu hulgas mõtlemine, järeldamine ja kontrollimine, kas põhjend toetab uskumust. Hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse pildi pooldajad ei vaidlusta põhjendite kontrollimist, küll aga seaduste järeldamist. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> tegi katseid <a href="/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas">gaaside</a> <a href="/wiki/Liitumisreaktsioon" title="Liitumisreaktsioon">liitumisreaktsioonidega</a>. Ta täheldas näiteks, et 200 osa (ruumalaühikut) <a href="/wiki/Divesinik" title="Divesinik">vesinikku</a> ja 100 osa <a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">hapnikku</a> annavad <a href="/wiki/Veeaur" title="Veeaur">veeauru</a>. Ta kirjutas: "Mulle tundub ilmne, et gaasid ühinevad alati lihtsaimates proportsioonides, kui nad teineteisele toimivad." (<a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussaci_seadus" title="Gay-Lussaci seadus">Gay-Lussaci seadus</a>.) Ta järeldas selle sellest, et mitmesugused gaasid, mida ta vaatles, ühinevad lihtsates proportsioonides. Võidakse vastu vaielda, et ta võis teha järelduse ainult ühe katse põhjal või et ta toetus ka <a href="/wiki/Atomistika" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomistika">atomistikale</a>. Igal juhul tegi ta (võib-olla tõenäosusliku) järelduse. </p><p>Hüpoteetilis-deduktiivse teooria pooldajad eitavad seaduste järeldamise olemasolu esiteks sellepärast, et nende meelest puudub mehaaniline viis seaduste järeldamiseks andmetest, teiseks sellepärast, et nende meelest jõutakse seaduste ja <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCpotees" title="Hüpotees">hüpoteesideni</a> üldiselt kujutlusvõime aktiga, ja kolmandaks sellepärast, et nende arvates mõjutavad hüpoteesi formuleerimist peale vaatluste ja teooriate ka paljud muud asjad, näiteks teadlase isiksus, ettevalmistus ja unenäod. Ent need asjaolud ei näita, et seaduste järeldamist ei ole olemas. Esiteks, järeldamine ei pea olema mehaaniline. Teiseks, järeldamisel võidakse kasutada ka kujutlusvõimet. Kolmandaks, see, et järelduse valik on mõjutatud mitmesugustest asjadest, ei tähenda, nagu järeldamist ei saaks toimuda. Lõpuks, järeldus ja oletus ei pruugi olla ühitamatud. See, kas hüpotees on oletus, oleneb sellest, kui tugevasti andmed hüpoteesi toetavad. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwood_Russell_Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwood Russell Hanson (pole veel kirjutatud)">Norwood Russell Hanson</a> leidis, et teadusfilosoofil ja teadusajaloolasel tuleb teadlaste arutlusi kriitiliselt hinnata. Peale selle, Hansoni järgi teadlased järeldavad seadusi, kuid mitte deduktiivselt ega induktiivselt, vaid <a href="/wiki/Abduktsioon" title="Abduktsioon">retroduktiivselt</a>. Teadlane järeldab vaadeldud mõistatuslikest nähtustest hüpoteesi, mis tõesuse korral organiseeriks need "arusaadavaks, süstemaatiliseks, mõisteliseks mustriks" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterns_of_Discovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterns of Discovery (pole veel kirjutatud)">Patterns of Discovery</a></i>). Achinsteini arvates on Hanson ja <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> õigel teel, kuid nende teoorial on raskusi. Esiteks, teadlane ei alusta alati lihtsalt vaadeldud nähtustest. <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> ei leidnud oma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwelli_jaotus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwelli jaotus (pole veel kirjutatud)">molekulide kiiruste jaotuse</a> valemit mitte vaadeldavate nähtuste põhjal, vaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulaar-kineetiline_teooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulaar-kineetiline teooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">molekulaar-kineetilise teooria</a> alusel. Ja isegi kui teadlane lähtub vaadeldavatest nähtustest, on tähtis ka teoreetiline taust. Gay-Lussac ei järeldanud oma seadust lihtsalt katsetest, vaid tal olid ka teoreetilised eeldused gaaside molekulaarse ehituse kohta. Retroduktiivse järeldamise kontseptsioon ignoreerib teoreetilise tausta osa seaduse järeldamisel. Hansoni-Peirce'i retroduktsiooni põhiprobleem on aga see, et see on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksij%C3%A4reldus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksijäreldus (pole veel kirjutatud)">eksijäreldus</a>. Sellest, et kui hüpotees on tõene, siis ta seletaks andmeid, üldiselt ei järeldu, et on alust arvata, et hüpotees on tõene. Selleks et hüpotees oleks usutav, on tarvis teisi tõendeid. Retroduktsioonitaoline <a href="/wiki/Kehtivus" title="Kehtivus">kehtiv</a> arutlemine on teaduses siiski olemas. Peale selle, Hanson ja Peirce jätavad mulje, nagu saaks seadusi järeldada ainult retroduktsiooni teel. Ent võimalikud on ka vähemalt induktsioon, analoogia ja deduktsioon. </p><p>Kui vaatlusandmetest järeldatakse hüpotees, siis võetakse tavaliselt arvesse kõik muu, mis on teada, sealhulgas omaksvõetud teooriad, printsiibid ja seadused. Kui järeldus tehakse selle põhjal, et hüpotees seletab teatud fakte, siis eeldatakse, et see hüpotees seletab neid paremini kui ühitamatud alternatiivid. Sageli võetakse võistlevad hüpoteesid eksplitsiitselt vaatluse alla. </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox~table.ambox:not(.mbox-small-left){margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text{padding:0.25em 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-imageright{padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output table.imbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:3px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.cmbox{margin:3px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#DFE8FF}.mw-parser-output table.ombox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.tmbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png/30px-Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png/45px-Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png/60px-Sm-Wikipuzzlepiece.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="119" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artikli kirjutamine on selles kohas pooleli jäänud. <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit">Jätkamine</a> on kõigile lahkesti lubatud.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publikatsioone">Publikatsioone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Publikatsioone"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Publikatsioone" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concepts_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concepts of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Concepts of Science</a>: A Philosophical Analysis</i>, 1968</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explanation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explanation (pole veel kirjutatud)">Explanation</a></i>, American Philosophical Quarterly, Monograph Series No. 3, 1969</li> <li>Inference to Scientific Laws. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Stuewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Stuewer (pole veel kirjutatud)">R. H. Stuewer</a> (toim). <i>Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science</i>, Minneapolis <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Studies_in_the_Philosophy_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science (pole veel kirjutatud)">Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science</a></i> V), lk 87–104</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_and_Explanation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law and Explanation (pole veel kirjutatud)">Law and Explanation</a>: An Essay in the Philosophy of Science</i>, 1971</li> <li>Function statements. – <i>Philosophy of Science</i>, 1977, 44, lk 360–376.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nature_of_Explanation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nature of Explanation (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Nature of Explanation</a></i>, 1983</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Concept_of_Evidence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Concept of Evidence (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Concept of Evidence</a></i>, 1983</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particles_and_Waves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Particles and Waves (pole veel kirjutatud)">Particles and Waves</a>: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science</i>, 1991</li> <li>Is There a Valid Experimental Argument for Scientific Realism? – <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, 2002, 99(9), lk 470–495</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Evidence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of Evidence (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Book of Evidence</a></i>, 2003</li> <li><i>Evidence, Explanation, and Realism: Essays in Philosophy of Science by Peter Achinstein</i>, 2010</li> <li>What to do if you want to Defend a Theory you can't Prove. – <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>, 2010.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_and_Method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evidence and Method (pole veel kirjutatud)">Evidence and Method</a>: Scientific Strategies of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell</i>, 2013</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a>: Within and About Science</i>, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunnustus">Tunnustus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Tunnustus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Tunnustus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1993 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakatosi_auhind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakatosi auhind (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lakatosi auhind</a> (koos <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alexander Rosenbergiga</a>)</li> <li>Kolm tema artiklit on valitud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_Annual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosopher's Annual (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philosopher's Annuali</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isiklikku">Isiklikku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Isiklikku"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Isiklikku" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tal on lapsed Jonathan, Sharon ja Betty. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharon_Achinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharon Achinstein (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sharon Achinstein</a> on <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkinsi_%C3%9Clikool" title="Johns Hopkinsi Ülikool">Johns Hopkinsi Ülikooli</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_William_Osleri_inglise_keele_professor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir William Osleri inglise keele professor (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sir William Osleri inglise keele professor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Philosophy of Science Matters: The Philosophy of Peter Achinstein</i>, <a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.jhu.edu/bios/peter-achinstein/">Koduleht Johns Hopkinsi Ülikooli saidil</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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