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topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Requirements_analysis_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Requirements analysis topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Requirements_analysis_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stakeholder_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stakeholder_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stakeholder identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stakeholder_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Requirements_Development_(JRD)_Sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Requirements_Development_(JRD)_Sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Joint Requirements Development (JRD) Sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Requirements_Development_(JRD)_Sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contract-style_requirement_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract-style_requirement_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contract-style requirement lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract-style_requirement_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strengths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strengths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Strengths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strengths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaknesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaknesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Weaknesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaknesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_to_requirement_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_to_requirement_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Alternative to requirement lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_to_requirement_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurable_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurable_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Measurable goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurable_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prototypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prototypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Prototypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prototypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Use cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_specification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_specification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Requirements specification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_specification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of requirements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of requirements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Business requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customer_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customer_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Customer requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customer_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Architectural requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Behavioral requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Functional requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-functional_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-functional_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Non-functional requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-functional_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Performance requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Design requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Derived requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allocated_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocated_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Allocated requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allocated_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirements_analysis_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_analysis_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Requirements analysis issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Requirements_analysis_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Requirements analysis issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Requirements_analysis_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stakeholder_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stakeholder_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stakeholder issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stakeholder_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineer/developer_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineer/developer_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Engineer/developer issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineer/developer_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attempted solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Requirements analysis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تحليل المتطلبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحليل المتطلبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99l%C9%99bl%C9%99rin_t%C9%99hlili" title="Tələblərin təhlili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tələblərin təhlili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A0lisi_de_requisits" title="Anàlisi de requisits – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anàlisi de requisits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%BDza_po%C5%BEadavk%C5%AF" title="Analýza požadavků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Analýza požadavků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravspecifikation" title="Kravspecifikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kravspecifikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anforderungsanalyse_(Informatik)" title="Anforderungsanalyse (Informatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anforderungsanalyse (Informatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تحلیل نیازمندی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحلیل نیازمندی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_des_exigences" title="Analyse des exigences – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Analyse des exigences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_de_requisitos" title="Análise de requisitos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Análise de requisitos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B5%AC%EC%82%AC%ED%95%AD_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="요구사항 분석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요구사항 분석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_kebutuhan" title="Analisis kebutuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analisis kebutuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisi_dei_requisiti" title="Analisi dei requisiti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Analisi dei requisiti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6vetelm%C3%A9nyelemz%C3%A9s" title="Követelményelemzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Követelményelemzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementsanalyse" title="Requirementsanalyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Requirementsanalyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="要求分析 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="要求分析" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravspesifikasjon" title="Kravspesifikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kravspesifikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymaganie_(in%C5%BCynieria)#Analiza_wymagań_lub_inżynieria_wymagań" title="Wymaganie (inżynieria) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wymaganie (inżynieria)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_de_requisitos_de_software" title="Análise de requisitos de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Análise de requisitos de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Анализ требований – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анализ требований" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_e_k%C3%ABrkesave" title="Analiza e kërkesave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Analiza e kërkesave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Анализа захтева – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анализа захтева" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravhantering" title="Kravhantering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kravhantering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தேவைகள் பகுப்பாய்வு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவைகள் பகுப்பாய்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การวิเคราะห์ความต้องการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวิเคราะห์ความต้องการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereksinim_%C3%A7%C3%B6z%C3%BCmleme" title="Gereksinim çözümleme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gereksinim çözümleme" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Requirements+analysis%22">"Requirements analysis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Requirements+analysis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Requirements+analysis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Requirements+analysis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Requirements+analysis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Requirements+analysis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineering process</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SE_Process.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SE_Process.jpg/320px-SE_Process.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SE_Process.jpg/480px-SE_Process.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SE_Process.jpg/640px-SE_Process.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> perspective on requirements analysis<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management"> Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test%E2%80%93driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance test–driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, <b>requirements analysis</b> focuses on the tasks that determine the needs or conditions to meet the new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a> of the various <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>, <i>analyzing, documenting, validating, and managing</i> software or <a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">system requirements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Requirements analysis is critical to the success or failure of a systems or <a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">software project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirements should be documented, actionable, measurable, testable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traceable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> related to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">system design</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conceptually, requirements analysis includes three types of activities:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_elicitation" title="Requirements elicitation">Eliciting requirements</a>: (e.g. the project charter or definition), business process documentation, and stakeholder interviews. This is sometimes also called requirements gathering or requirements discovery.</li> <li>Recording requirements: Requirements may be documented in various forms, usually including a summary list, and may include natural-language documents, <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_story" title="User story">user stories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_specification" title="Process specification">process specifications</a>, and a variety of models including data models.</li> <li>Analyzing requirements: determining whether the stated requirements are clear, complete, unduplicated, concise, valid, consistent and unambiguous, and resolving any apparent conflicts. Analyzing can also include sizing requirements.</li></ul> <p>Requirements analysis can be a long and tiring process during which many delicate psychological skills are involved. New systems change the environment and relationships between people, so it is important to identify all the stakeholders, take into account all their needs, and ensure they understand the implications of the new systems. Analysts can employ several techniques to elicit the requirements from the customer. These may include the development of scenarios (represented as <a href="/wiki/User_story" title="User story">user stories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile methods</a>), the identification of <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a>, the use of workplace observation or <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>, holding <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Focus_group" title="Focus group">focus groups</a> (more aptly named in this context as requirements workshops, or requirements review sessions) and creating requirements lists. <a href="/wiki/Prototyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototyping">Prototyping</a> may be used to develop an example system that can be demonstrated to stakeholders. Where necessary, the analyst will employ a combination of these methods to establish the exact requirements of the stakeholders, so that a system that meets the business needs is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requirements quality can be improved through these and other methods: </p> <ul><li>Visualization. Using tools that promote better understanding of the desired end-product such as visualization and simulation.</li> <li>Consistent use of templates. Producing a consistent set of models and templates to document the requirements.</li> <li>Documenting <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(project_management)" title="Dependency (project management)">dependencies</a>. Documenting dependencies and interrelationships among requirements, as well as any assumptions and congregations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_analysis_topics">Requirements analysis topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Requirements analysis topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Requirements_analysis" title="Special:EditPage/Requirements analysis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stakeholder_identification">Stakeholder identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stakeholder identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a> for a discussion of people or organizations (legal entities such as companies, and standards bodies) that have a valid interest in the system. They may be affected by it either directly or indirectly. </p><p>A major new emphasis in the 1990s was a focus on the identification of <i>stakeholders</i>. It is increasingly recognized that stakeholders are not limited to the organization employing the analyst. Other stakeholders will include: </p> <ul><li>anyone who operates the system (normal and maintenance operators)</li> <li>anyone who benefits from the system (functional, political, financial, and social beneficiaries)</li> <li>anyone involved in purchasing or procuring the system. In a mass-market product organization, product management, marketing, and sometimes sales act as surrogate consumers (mass-market customers) to guide the development of the product.</li> <li>organizations that regulate aspects of the system (financial, safety, and other regulators)</li> <li>people or organizations opposed to the system (negative stakeholders; see also <a href="/wiki/Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a>)</li> <li>organizations responsible for systems that interface with the system under design.</li> <li>those organizations that <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">integrate horizontally</a> with the organization for whom the analyst is designing the system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_Requirements_Development_(JRD)_Sessions"><span id="Joint_Requirements_Development_.28JRD.29_Sessions"></span>Joint Requirements Development (JRD) Sessions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint Requirements Development (JRD) Sessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requirements often have cross-functional implications that are unknown to individual stakeholders and often missed or incompletely defined during stakeholder interviews. These cross-functional implications can be elicited by conducting JRD sessions in a controlled environment, facilitated by a trained <a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitator</a> (Business Analyst), wherein stakeholders participate in discussions to elicit requirements, analyze their details, and uncover cross-functional implications. A dedicated scribe should be present to document the discussion, freeing up the Business Analyst to lead the discussion in a direction that generates appropriate requirements that meet the session objective. </p><p>JRD Sessions are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Joint_application_design" title="Joint application design">Joint Application Design</a> Sessions. In the former, the sessions elicit requirements that guide design, whereas the latter elicit the specific design features to be implemented in satisfaction of elicited requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract-style_requirement_lists">Contract-style requirement lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contract-style requirement lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One traditional way of documenting requirements has been contract-style requirement lists. In a complex system such requirements lists can run hundreds of pages long. </p><p>An appropriate metaphor would be an extremely long shopping list. Such lists are very much out of favor in modern analysis; as they have proved spectacularly unsuccessful at achieving their aims<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; but they are still seen to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strengths">Strengths</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strengths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Provides a checklist of requirements.</li> <li>Provide a contract between the project sponsor(s) and developers.</li> <li>For a large system can provide a high level description from which lower-level requirements can be derived.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weaknesses">Weaknesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weaknesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Such lists can run to hundreds of pages. They are not intended to serve as a reader-friendly description of the desired application.</li> <li>Such requirements lists abstract all the requirements and so there is little context. The Business Analyst may include context for requirements in accompanying design documentation. <ul><li>This abstraction is not intended to describe how the requirements fit or work together.</li> <li>The list may not reflect relationships and dependencies between requirements. While a list does make it easy to prioritize each item, removing one item out of context can render an entire use case or business requirement useless.</li> <li>The list does not supplant the need to review requirements carefully with stakeholders to gain a better-shared understanding of the implications for the design of the desired system/application.</li></ul></li> <li>Simply creating a list does not guarantee its completeness. The Business Analyst must make a good faith effort to discover and collect a substantially comprehensive list and rely on stakeholders to point out missing requirements.</li> <li>These lists can create a false sense of mutual understanding between the stakeholders and developers; Business Analysts are critical to the translation process.</li> <li>It is almost impossible to uncover all the functional requirements before the process of development and testing begins. If these lists are treated as an immutable contract, then requirements that emerge in the Development process may generate a controversial change request.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_to_requirement_lists">Alternative to requirement lists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative to requirement lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an alternative to requirement lists, <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile Software Development</a> uses <a href="/wiki/User_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="User stories">User stories</a> to suggest requirements in everyday language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurable_goals">Measurable goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Measurable goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goal_modeling" title="Goal modeling">Goal modeling</a></div> <p>Best practices take the composed list of requirements merely as clues and repeatedly ask "why?" until the actual business purposes are discovered. Stakeholders and developers can then devise tests to measure what level of each goal has been achieved thus far. Such goals change more slowly than the long list of specific but unmeasured requirements. Once a small set of critical, measured goals has been established, <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping#Throwaway_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> and short iterative development phases may proceed to deliver actual stakeholder value long before the project is half over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prototypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a></div> <p>A prototype is a computer program that exhibits a part of the properties of another computer program, allowing users to visualize an application that has not yet been constructed. A popular form of prototype is a <a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">mockup</a>, which helps future users and other stakeholders get an idea of what the system will look like. Prototypes make it easier to make design decisions because aspects of the application can be seen and shared before the application is built. Major improvements in communication between users and developers were often seen with the introduction of prototypes. Early views of applications led to fewer changes later and hence reduced overall costs considerably. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prototypes can be flat diagrams (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wireframes</a>) or working applications using synthesized functionality. Wireframes are made in a variety of graphic design documents, and often remove all color from the design (i.e. use a greyscale color palette) in instances where the final software is expected to have a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> applied to it. This helps to prevent confusion as to whether the prototype represents the final visual look and feel of the application. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_cases">Use cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">Use case</a></div> <p>A use case is a structure for documenting the functional requirements for a system, usually involving software, whether that is new or being changed. Each use case provides a set of <i>scenarios</i> that convey how the system should interact with a human user or another system, to achieve a specific business goal. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-user</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Domain_expert" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain expert">domain expert</a></i>. Use cases are often co-authored by requirements engineers and stakeholders. </p><p>Use cases are deceptively simple tools for describing the behavior of software or systems. A use case contains a textual description of how users are intended to work with the software or system. Use cases should not describe the internal workings of the system, nor should they explain how that system will be implemented. Instead, they show the steps needed to perform a task without sequential assumptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements_specification">Requirements specification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Requirements specification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Requirements_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Requirements specification">Requirements specification</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Requirements specification is the synthesis of discovery findings regarding current state business needs and the assessment of these needs to determine, and specify, what is required to meet the needs within the solution scope in focus. Discovery, analysis, and specification move the understanding from a current as-is state to a future to-be state. Requirements specification can cover the full breadth and depth of the future state to be realized, or it could target specific gaps to fill, such as priority software system bugs to fix and enhancements to make. Given that any large business process almost always employs software and data systems and technology, requirements specification is often associated with software system builds, purchases, cloud computing strategies, embedded software in products or devices, or other technologies. The broader definition of requirements specification includes or focuses on any solution strategy or component, such as training, documentation guides, personnel, marketing strategies, equipment, supplies, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_requirements">Types of requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">Requirements</a> are <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorized</a> in several ways. The following are common categorizations of requirements that relate to technical management:<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_requirements">Business requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Business requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Business_requirements" title="Business requirements">Business requirements</a></div> <p>Statements of business level goals, without reference to detailed functionality. These are usually high-level (software and/or hardware) capabilities that are needed to achieve a business outcome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customer_requirements">Customer requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Customer requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statements of fact and assumptions that define the expectations of the system in terms of mission objectives, environment, constraints, and measures of effectiveness and suitability (MOE/MOS). The customers are those that perform the eight primary functions of systems engineering, with special emphasis on the operator as the key customer. Operational requirements will define the basic need and, at a minimum, answer the questions posed in the following listing:<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Operational distribution or deployment</i>: Where will the system be used?</li> <li><i>Mission profile or scenario</i>: How will the system accomplish its mission objective?</li> <li><i>Performance and related parameters</i>: What are the critical system parameters to accomplish the mission?</li> <li><i>Utilization environments</i>: How are the various system components to be used?</li> <li><i>Effectiveness requirements</i>: How effective or efficient must the system be in performing its mission?</li> <li><i>Operational life cycle</i>: How long will the system be in use by the user?</li> <li><i>Environment</i>: What environments will the system be expected to operate in an effective manner?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_requirements">Architectural requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Architectural requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architectural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary <a href="/wiki/Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architecture</a> of a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_requirements">Behavioral requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Behavioral requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behavioral requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> of a system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_requirements">Functional requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Functional requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional requirements">Functional requirements</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirements</a> explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary task, action or activity that must be accomplished. Functional requirements analysis will be used as the toplevel functions for functional analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-functional_requirements">Non-functional requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-functional requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-functional requirements">Non-functional requirements</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirements</a> are requirements that specify criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_requirements">Performance requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Performance requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent to which a mission or function must be executed; is generally measured in terms of quantity, quality, coverage, timeliness, or readiness. During requirements analysis, performance (how well does it have to be done) requirements will be interactively developed across all identified functions based on system life cycle factors; and characterized in terms of the degree of certainty in their estimate, the degree of criticality to the system success, and their relationship to other requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_requirements">Design requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Design requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "build to", "code to", and "buy to" requirements for products and "how to execute" requirements for processes are expressed in technical data packages and technical manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_requirements">Derived requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Derived requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requirements that are implied or transformed from higher-level requirements. For example, a requirement for long-range or high speed may result in a design requirement for low weight.<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allocated_requirements">Allocated requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Allocated requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A requirement is established by dividing or otherwise allocating a high-level requirement into multiple lower-level requirements. Example: A 100-pound item that consists of two subsystems might result in weight requirements of 70 pounds and 30 pounds for the two lower-level items.<sup id="cite_ref-SEF01_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-known requirements categorization models include <a href="/wiki/FURPS" title="FURPS">FURPS</a> and FURPS+, developed at <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_analysis_issues">Requirements analysis issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Requirements analysis issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stakeholder_issues">Stakeholder issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Stakeholder issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steve McConnell, in his book <i>Rapid Development</i>, details a number of ways users can inhibit requirements gathering: </p> <ul><li>Users do not understand what they want or users do not have a clear idea of their requirements</li> <li>Users will not commit to a set of written requirements</li> <li>Users insist on new requirements after the cost and schedule have been fixed</li> <li>Communication with users is slow</li> <li>Users often do not participate in reviews or are incapable of doing so</li> <li>Users are technically unsophisticated</li> <li>Users do not understand the development process</li> <li>Users do not know about present technology</li></ul> <p>This may lead to the situation where user requirements keep changing even when system or product development has been started. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineer/developer_issues"><span id="Engineer.2Fdeveloper_issues"></span>Engineer/developer issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Engineer/developer issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possible problems caused by engineers and developers during requirements analysis are: </p> <ul><li>A natural inclination towards writing code can lead to implementation beginning before the requirements analysis is complete, potentially resulting in code changes to meet actual requirements once they are known.</li> <li>Technical personnel and end-users may have different vocabularies. Consequently, they may wrongly believe they are in perfect agreement until the finished product is supplied.</li> <li>Engineers and developers may try to make the requirements fit an existing system or model, rather than develop a system specific to the needs of the client.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_solutions">Attempted solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Attempted solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One attempted solution to communications problems has been to employ specialists in business or system analysis. </p><p>Techniques introduced in the 1990s like <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">prototyping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML), <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile software development</a> are also intended as solutions to problems encountered with previous methods. </p><p>Also, a new class of <a href="/wiki/Application_Simulation_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Simulation Software">application simulation</a> or application definition tools has entered the market. These tools are designed to bridge the communication gap between business users and the IT organization — and also to allow applications to be 'test marketed' before any code is produced. The best of these tools offer: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_whiteboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic whiteboard">electronic whiteboards</a> to sketch application flows and test alternatives</li> <li>ability to capture business logic and data needs</li> <li>ability to generate high-fidelity prototypes that closely imitate the final application</li> <li>interactivity</li> <li>capability to add contextual requirements and other comments</li> <li>ability for remote and distributed users to run and interact with the simulation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_reengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Business process reengineering">Business process reengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_brief" title="Creative brief">Creative brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">Design brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional requirements">Functional requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Transformation_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Model Transformation Language">Model Transformation Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needs_assessment" title="Needs assessment">Needs assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-functional requirements">Non-functional requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_architecture" title="Process architecture">Process architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_modeling" title="Process modeling">Process modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_fit_analysis" title="Product fit analysis">Product fit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_elicitation" title="Requirements elicitation">Requirements elicitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_Engineering_Specialist_Group" title="Requirements Engineering Specialist Group">Requirements Engineering Specialist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_management" title="Requirements management">Requirements management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_Traceability" class="mw-redirect" title="Requirements Traceability">Requirements Traceability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_Based_Software_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Search Based Software Engineering">Search Based Software Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">Software requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Requirements_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Requirements Specification">Software Requirements Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_requirements" title="System requirements">System requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_requirements_specification" title="System requirements specification">System requirements specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEF01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEF01_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/PubsCats/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf"><i>Systems Engineering Fundamentals</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184431/http://www.dau.mil/pubscats/PubsCats/SEFGuide%2001-01.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKotonyaSommerville1998" class="citation book cs1">Kotonya, Gerald; Sommerville, Ian (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/requirementsengi1998koto"><i>Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques</i></a></span>. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471972082" title="Special:BookSources/9780471972082"><bdi>9780471972082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requirements+Engineering%3A+Processes+and+Techniques&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780471972082&rft.aulast=Kotonya&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Sommerville%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frequirementsengi1998koto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_AbranJames_W._MoorePierre_BourqueRobert_Dupuis2005" class="citation book cs1">Alain Abran; James W. Moore; Pierre Bourque; Robert Dupuis, eds. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok/html/ch2">"Chapter 2: Software Requirements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swebok.org"><i>Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge</i></a> (2004 ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2330-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7695-2330-7"><bdi>0-7695-2330-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-08</span></span>. <q>It is widely acknowledged within the software industry that software engineering projects are <i>critically vulnerable when these activities are performed poorly.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Software+Requirements&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+software+engineering+body+of+knowledge&rft.place=Los+Alamitos%2C+CA&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society+Press&rft.date=2005-03&rft.isbn=0-7695-2330-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fswebok%2Fhtml%2Fch2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProject_Management_Institute2015158§6.3.2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProject_Management_Institute2015">Project Management Institute 2015</a>, p. 158, §6.3.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminShahzad2024" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, Tauqeer ul; Shahzad, Basit (2024-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00766-024-00425-2">"Improving requirements elicitation in large-scale software projects with reduced customer engagement: a proposed cost-effective model"</a>. <i>Requirements Engineering</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 403–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00766-024-00425-2">10.1007/s00766-024-00425-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-010X">1432-010X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Requirements+Engineering&rft.atitle=Improving+requirements+elicitation+in+large-scale+software+projects+with+reduced+customer+engagement%3A+a+proposed+cost-effective+model&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-418&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00766-024-00425-2&rft.issn=1432-010X&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Tauqeer+ul&rft.au=Shahzad%2C+Basit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00766-024-00425-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPachecoGarcíaReyes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pacheco, Carla; García, Ivan; Reyes, Miryam (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-sen.2017.0144">"Requirements elicitation techniques: a systematic literature review based on the maturity of the techniques"</a>. <i>IET Software</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 365–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fiet-sen.2017.0144">10.1049/iet-sen.2017.0144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8806">1751-8806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IET+Software&rft.atitle=Requirements+elicitation+techniques%3A+a+systematic+literature+review+based+on+the+maturity+of+the+techniques&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-378&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fiet-sen.2017.0144&rft.issn=1751-8806&rft.aulast=Pacheco&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Miryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1049%2Fiet-sen.2017.0144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_BerenbachDaniel_PaulishJuergen_KatzmeierArnold_Rudorfer2009" class="citation book cs1">Brian Berenbach; Daniel Paulish; Juergen Katzmeier; Arnold Rudorfer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhprofessional.com"><i>Software & Systems Requirements Engineering: In Practice</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160547-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160547-2"><bdi>978-0-07-160547-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+%26+Systems+Requirements+Engineering%3A+In+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-160547-2&rft.au=Brian+Berenbach&rft.au=Daniel+Paulish&rft.au=Juergen+Katzmeier&rft.au=Arnold+Rudorfer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhprofessional.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2003" class="citation book cs1">Hay, David C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy6j2PemE8QC"><i>Requirements Analysis: From Business Views to Architecture</i></a> (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-028228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-028228-6"><bdi>0-13-028228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requirements+Analysis%3A+From+Business+Views+to+Architecture&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-13-028228-6&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQy6j2PemE8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplante2009" class="citation book cs1">Laplante, Phil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420064674"><i>Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems</i></a> (1st ed.). Redmond, WA: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6467-4"><bdi>978-1-4200-6467-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requirements+Engineering+for+Software+and+Systems&rft.place=Redmond%2C+WA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-6467-4&rft.aulast=Laplante&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2Fproduct%2Fisbn%2F9781420064674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProject_Management_Institute2015" class="citation book cs1">Project Management Institute (2015-01-01). <i>Business Analysis for Practitioners</i>. Project Management Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62825-069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62825-069-5"><bdi>978-1-62825-069-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Analysis+for+Practitioners&rft.pub=Project+Management+Inst&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62825-069-5&rft.au=Project+Management+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell1996" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, Steve (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapiddevelopment00mcco"><i>Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-900-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55615-900-5"><bdi>1-55615-900-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Development%3A+Taming+Wild+Software+Schedules&rft.place=Redmond%2C+WA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55615-900-5&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapiddevelopment00mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuseibehEasterbrook2000" class="citation conference cs1">Nuseibeh, B.; Easterbrook, S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcs.open.ac.uk/ban25/papers/sotar.re.pdf"><i>Requirements engineering: a roadmap</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Software_Engineering" title="International Conference on Software Engineering">ICSE</a>'00. <i>Proceedings of the conference on the future of Software engineering</i>. pp. 35–46. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.131.3116">10.1.1.131.3116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F336512.336523">10.1145/336512.336523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58113-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58113-253-0"><bdi>1-58113-253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+conference+on+the+future+of+Software+engineering&rft.atitle=Requirements+engineering%3A+a+roadmap&rft.pages=35-46&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.131.3116%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F336512.336523&rft.isbn=1-58113-253-0&rft.aulast=Nuseibeh&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Easterbrook%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcs.open.ac.uk%2Fban25%2Fpapers%2Fsotar.re.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_StellmanJennifer_Greene2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Stellman & Jennifer Greene (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stellman-greene.com"><i>Applied Software Project Management</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00948-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00948-8"><bdi>0-596-00948-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Software+Project+Management&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-596-00948-8&rft.au=Andrew+Stellman&rft.au=Jennifer+Greene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stellman-greene.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_WiegersJoy_Beatty2013" class="citation book cs1">Karl Wiegers & Joy Beatty (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.processimpact.com"><i>Software Requirements</i></a> (3rd ed.). Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-7966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-7966-5"><bdi>978-0-7356-7966-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Requirements&rft.place=Redmond%2C+WA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-7966-5&rft.au=Karl+Wiegers&rft.au=Joy+Beatty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.processimpact.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARequirements+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Requirements_analysis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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<li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_engineering" title="Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_engineering" title="Template talk:Software engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Charlotte (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acorn.works/enterprise-learning-management/stakeholder-identification">"Why You Need Stakeholder Identification and Analysis | Acorn"</a>. <i>Acorn PLMS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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