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id="toc-Language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Soviet language policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Developing writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_Russian_in_1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_Russian_in_1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution of Russian in 1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_Russian_in_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="لغات الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachen_in_der_Sowjetunion" title="Sprachen in der Sowjetunion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachen in der Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="소련의 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련의 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Bahasa di Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Языки СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои Иттиҳоди Шӯравӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои Иттиҳоди Шӯравӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi%27ndeki_diller" title="Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki diller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki diller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BA%A1i_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Ngôn ngữ tại Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ tại Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="苏联语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联语言" data-language-autonym="中文" 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;">Languages of Soviet Union</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Several minority languages. See distribution and status section for a full list.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture of the Soviet Union</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Culture of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Great October Socialist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Public holidays in the Soviet Union">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_art" title="Soviet art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Media of the Soviet Union">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Soviet Union">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Soviet Union">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Soviet Union">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Soviet Union">National anthem</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>languages of the Soviet Union</b> consist of hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups. </p><p>In 1922, it was decreed that all nationalities in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had the right to <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">education in their own language</a>. The new orthography used the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> alphabet, depending on geography and culture. After 1937, all languages that had received new alphabets after 1917 began using the Cyrillic alphabet. This way, it would be easier for linguistic minorities to learn to write both Russian and their native language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic</a> Soviet Socialist Republics were the only Soviet republics to maintain their writing systems (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> alphabets respectively). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_policy">Language policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, Russian was the official language for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, with the exception of a few permitted languages in autonomous regions as <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_governorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic governorates">Baltic provinces</a>. Regional languages were discouraged or forbidden, as was the case of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> between 1876 and 1905. There was no explicit plan to enable non-Russians to learn Russian, and there was no possibility for other ethnic groups to develop their own culture and language. </p><p>In this period, some individual efforts developed written forms for some of these languages, but they had limited effect and they were focused on missionary activities. In the case of languages with written tradition, as <a href="/wiki/Armenian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian script">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic languages of Central Asia">Turkic languages of Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, their writing system continued being used, but mainly in connection with religious education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_language_policy">Soviet language policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet language policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914 <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was opposed to the idea of a compulsory or official state language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equality of all peoples and of all languages was a commitment made by Lenin and his associates before and after the October Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, no single language was designated for official use in the Soviet Union and the existence of the spoken languages of the national minorities was guaranteed. Everyone had the right to use their own language, both in private and public, as well as in correspondence with officials and while giving testimony in court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USSR was a multilingual state, with around 130 languages spoken natively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrimination on the basis of language was illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Constitution">Soviet Constitution</a>, though the status of its languages differed. </p><p>However, the Soviet Union faced the problem of unifying the country, and for that reason, Russian was selected as the common language to facilitate communication between members of different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a> said "under developed socialism, when the economies in our country have melted together in a coherent economic complex; when there is a new historical concept—the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a>—it is an objective growth in the Russian language's role as the language of international communications when one builds Communism, in the education of the new man! Together with one's own mother tongue one will speak fluent Russian, which the Soviet people have voluntarily accepted as a common historical heritage and contributes to a further stabilization of the political, economic and spiritual unity of the Soviet people."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_writing_systems">Developing writing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developing writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few of the languages of the Soviet state had written forms. One of the first priorities of the Soviet state was the creation of writing systems and the development of literacy programs. New or modified writing systems were adopted for over half of the languages spoken in the territory during the early Post-revolutionary years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some particular cases, preparatory work was required before the creation of an orthography due to the lack of previous linguistic analysis, as in the case of languages of the Far North. </p><p>When a language already had a writing system, there were attempts for making it easier to learn and accessible. As part of this policy, in 1918 <a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a> was simplified removing orthographic distinctions without phonetic counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phonemic or close to <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthographies</a> weren't modified, such as Armenian, Georgian, or <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvash alphabet">Chuvash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing systems based on the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> caused major problems because they were poorly adapted to indicate phonemic differences that are found in Turkic languages or North-East Caucasian languages. A first attempt tried to create a simplified form of Arabic script. However, the task was abandoned. Instead, the Latin alphabet was used for all languages of the Soviet Union without a traditional alphabetical writing system, avoiding the impression that the policy was a <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Written forms were developed for several languages with a very small number of speakers, such as the Finno-Ugric languages <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a>. However, many of these writing systems had a short life. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Itelmen_language" title="Itelmen language">Itelmen</a>, never was put into practical use. Other languages that received their writing systems during the 1920s and early 1930s kept using them, such as <a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryak_language" title="Koryak language">Koryak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chuckchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_status">Distribution and status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg/220px-1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg/330px-1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg/440px-1_Rouble_1947_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="4025" /></a><figcaption>A 1947 (1957 issue) one-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">ruble</a> bill, with the denomination marked in 15 languages: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr">Один рубль</span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>), <span lang="uk" dir="ltr">Один карбованець</span> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>), <span lang="be" dir="ltr">Адзін рубель</span> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>), <span lang="uz" dir="ltr">Бир сўм/Bir so‘m</span> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>), <span lang="kk" dir="ltr">Бiр сом</span> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>), ერთი მანეთი /<i>Erti maneti</i>/ (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>), Бир Манат/Bir Manat (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>), Vienas rublis (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>), О рублэ/O rublă (<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a>), Viens rublis (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>), <span lang="ky" dir="ltr">Бир Сом</span> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>), <span lang="tg" dir="ltr">Як сўм</span> (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>), Մեկ ռուբլի/<i>Mek rrubli</i>/ (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>), Бир Манат/Bir Manat (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>), Üks rubla (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>) dominated in the European part of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnic language">Finnic language</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> were used next to Russian in the Baltic region, while <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> (the only <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> in the union) was used in the southwest region. In the Caucasus alongside Russian there were <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. In the Russian far north, there were several minority groups who spoke different <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>; most of the languages in Central Asia were Turkic with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a>. </p><p>Although the USSR did not have <i>de jure</i> an official language over most of its history, until 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> was merely defined as the <i>language of interethnic communication</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">язык межнационального общения</span>), it assumed <i>de facto</i> the role of official language.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its role and influence in the USSR, see <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>. </p><p>On a second level were the languages of the other 14 <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Union Republics</a>. In line with their <i>de jure</i> status in a federal state, they had a small formal role at the Union level (being e.g. present in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the USSR">Coat of arms of the USSR</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">banknotes</a>) and as the main language of its republic. Their effective weight, however, varied with the republic (from strong in places like in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a> to weak in places like in <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a>), or even inside it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Of these fourteen languages, two are often considered varieties of other languages: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. Strongly promoted use of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> in many republics however, combined with lack of contact, led to the separate development of the literary languages. Some of the former Soviet republics, now independent states, continue to use the Cyrillic alphabet at present (such as <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), while others have opted to use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> instead (such as <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> – although the unrecognized <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> officially uses the Cyrillic alphabet). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union">Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union</a> and other subdivision of the USSR lacked even this <i>de jure</i> autonomy, and their languages had virtually no presence at the national level (and often, not even in the urban areas of the republic itself). They were, however, present in education (although often only at lower grades).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some smaller languages with very dwindling small communities, like <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, were neglected, and weren't present either in education or in publishing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several languages of non-<a href="/wiki/Titular_nation" title="Titular nation">titular nations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, although having sizable communities in the USSR, and in some cases being present in education and in publishing, were not considered to be Soviet languages. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, although not generally considered a language of the USSR, was an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelia</a> and its predecessor <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">as a Soviet republic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> were considered Soviet languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> Languages by family, distribution and status </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language Family </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Official in </th> <th>Distribution </th> <th>Status<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> > <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <p><span data-sort-value="Russian SFSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></span> </p> </td> <td>Spoken in all republics </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukrainian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Byelorussian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Byelorussian SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> > <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> > <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Latvian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Latvian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Latvian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Lithuanian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Lithuanian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kola_Norwegians" title="Kola Norwegians">Norwegian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedish" title="Estonian Swedish">Swedish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Estonian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">German</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volga_German_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German ASSR">Volga German ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish AO</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> > <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kazakh SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> > <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a> (Romanian) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian ASSR">Moldavian ASSR</a> <p><span data-sort-value="Moldavian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></span> </p> </td> <td>Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> > <a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Italian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Albanian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Attic-Ionic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR, Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Armenian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian languages">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Armenian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a></span> <p><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_AO" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh AO">Nagorno-Karabakh AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Armenian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Armenian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Armenian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian languages">Armenian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Armenian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kazakh SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Moldovian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Moldovian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Central Romani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR, <p>Uzbek SSR </p> </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">West Iranian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Tajik SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian Dialect</a> (Judeo-Tajik) </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR, Uzbek SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> <p>(Northern Kurdish) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a> <p>(Judeo-Tat) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">East Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetian ASSR">North Ossetian ASSR</a> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_AO" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian AO">South Ossetian AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Georgian SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">East Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> > <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">East Iranian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Tajik SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Georgian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Georgian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli/Gruzinic Dialect</a> <p>(Judeo-Georgian) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Georgian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Georgian SSR, <p>Russian SSR </p> </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Georgian SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Georgian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Abkhaz ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Abkhaz_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Georgian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> <p>(East Circassian) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR">Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> <p>(West Circassian) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush ASSR">Checheno-Ingush ASSR</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </p> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Kazakh SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush ASSR">Checheno-Ingush ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Georgian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar-Andic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata-Tukita</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasaran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, <p>Azerbaijan SSR </p> </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, <p>Azerbaijan SSR </p> </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinuq</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Balto-Finnic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Finnic languages">Balto-Finnic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Estonian SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Estonian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Estonian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto dialect</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Estonian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Karelo-Finnish SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Karelo-Finnish SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Karelo-Finnish SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Latvian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt Sámi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala Sámi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi-Zyrian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi ASSR">Komi ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permyak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug">Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt ASSR">Udmurt ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mari_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari ASSR">Mari ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Uralic > <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordovian ASSR">Mordovian ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordovian ASSR">Mordovian ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets AO</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_AO" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamalo-Nenets AO">Yamalo-Nenets AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamassian language">Kamassian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> > <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> </td> <td>Salekhard (Northern) <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surgut (Eastern) <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> > <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> </td> <td>Central <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuvash ASSR">Chuvash ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kazakh SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kirghiz SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Kirghiz SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Tatar ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatar_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tatar_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar ASSR">Tatar ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Crimean ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="531" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Crimean_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean ASSR">Crimean ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Bashkir ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bashkir_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkir ASSR">Bashkir ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Lithuanian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR">Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast">Karachay-Cherkess AO</a> </p> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Karakalpak ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karakalpak_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakalpak ASSR">Karakalpak ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language">Fergana</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Uzbek SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Uzbek SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uighur</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kazakh SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Turkmen SSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></span> </td> <td>Turkmen SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagestan ASSR">Dagestan ASSR</a> </td> <td>Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Dialect</a> <p>(Turkish) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR, <p>Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khakas_AO" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakas AO">Khakas AO</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Tuvan ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvan_ASSR_%281978-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvan ASSR">Tuvan ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakut_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut ASSR">Yakut ASSR</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> > <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian Arabic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Uzbek SSR, Tajik SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR </td> <td>Safe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Buryat ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Buryat_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Buryat_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Buryat ASSR">Buryat ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kalmyk ASSR"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmyk_ASSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk ASSR">Kalmyk ASSR</a></span> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kirghiz SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan Mongol</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negidal_language" title="Negidal language">Negidal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kili_language" title="Kili language">Kili</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oroch_language" title="Oroch language">Oroch</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Udege_language" title="Udege language">Udege</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uilta_language" title="Uilta language">Uilta</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulch_language" title="Ulch language">Ulch</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka AO</a> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koryak_language" title="Koryak language">Koryak</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyutor_language" title="Alyutor language">Alyutor</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerek_language" title="Kerek language">Kerek</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itelmen_language" title="Itelmen language">Itelmen</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Language Isolate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Severely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Tundra Yukaghir</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Critically endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Inuit-Aleut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naukan_Yupik_language" title="Naukan Yupik language">Naukan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirenik_language" title="Sirenik language">Old Sirenik</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Definitely endangered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Language isolate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct in Russia, critically endangered in Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR </td> <td>Endangered/unsafe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz Dialect</a> (Mandarin) </td> <td> </td> <td>Russian SSR </td> <td>Extinct </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-Mar</a> (Central Asian Korean) </td> <td> </td> <td>Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Turkmen SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Turkmen SSR </td> <td>Potentially vulnerable </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_Russian_in_1989">Distribution of Russian in 1989</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution of Russian in 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>The Russian language by ethnic group in the USSR in 1989<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group</th> <th rowspan="2">Total <br />(in thousands)</th> <th colspan="3">Speakers (in thousands)</th> <th colspan="3">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Native language for">L1</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Second language for">L2</abbr></th> <th>Total</th> <th><abbr title="Native language for">L1</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Second language for">L2</abbr></th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e6ffe6;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></td> <td>145,155</td> <td>144,836 </td> <td>219</td> <td>145,155</td> <td>99.8</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e6f2ff;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Non-Russian</td> <td>140,587</td> <td>18,743</td> <td>68,791</td> <td>87,533</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>48.9</td> <td>62.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></td> <td>44,186</td> <td>8,309</td> <td>24,820</td> <td>33,128</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>56.2</td> <td>75.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></td> <td>16,698</td> <td>120</td> <td>3,981</td> <td>4,100</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>23.8</td> <td>24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></td> <td>10,036</td> <td>2,862</td> <td>5,487</td> <td>8,349</td> <td>28.5</td> <td>54.7</td> <td>83.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></td> <td>8,136</td> <td>183</td> <td>4,917</td> <td>5,100</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>60.4</td> <td>62.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></td> <td>6,770</td> <td>113</td> <td>2,325</td> <td>2,439</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>34.3</td> <td>36.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td> <td>6,649</td> <td>1,068</td> <td>4,706</td> <td>5,774</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>70.8</td> <td>86.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></td> <td>4,623</td> <td>352</td> <td>2,178</td> <td>2,530</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>47.1</td> <td>54.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></td> <td>4,215</td> <td>35</td> <td>1,166</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>28.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a></td> <td>3,981</td> <td>66</td> <td>1,316</td> <td>1,382</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>34.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a></td> <td>3,352</td> <td>249</td> <td>1,805</td> <td>2,054</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>53.8</td> <td>61.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></td> <td>3,067</td> <td>55</td> <td>1,163</td> <td>1,218</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>37.9</td> <td>39.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></td> <td>2,729</td> <td>27</td> <td>757</td> <td>783</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>27.7</td> <td>28.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></td> <td>2,529</td> <td>15</td> <td>890</td> <td>905</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>35.2</td> <td>35.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></td> <td>2,039</td> <td>1,035</td> <td>918</td> <td>1,953</td> <td>50.8</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>95.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></td> <td>1,842</td> <td>429</td> <td>1,199</td> <td>1,628</td> <td>23.3</td> <td>65.1</td> <td>88.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a></td> <td>1,459</td> <td>73</td> <td>940</td> <td>1,013</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>64.4</td> <td>69.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></td> <td>1,449</td> <td>162</td> <td>1,041</td> <td>1,203</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>71.8</td> <td>83.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a></td> <td>1,378</td> <td>1,194</td> <td>140</td> <td>1,334</td> <td>86.6</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>96.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a></td> <td>1,154</td> <td>377</td> <td>722</td> <td>1,099</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>62.5</td> <td>95.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td>1,126</td> <td>323</td> <td>495</td> <td>817</td> <td>28.6</td> <td>43.9</td> <td>72.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></td> <td>1,027</td> <td>45</td> <td>348</td> <td>393</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>33.9</td> <td>38.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;">Others</td> <td>12,140</td> <td>1,651</td> <td>7,479</td> <td>9,130</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>61.6</td> <td>75.2 </td></tr> <tr class="unsortable" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>285,743</td> <td>163,898 </td> <td>68,791</td> <td>232,689</td> <td>57.4</td> <td>24.1</td> <td>81.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR" title="The Languages of the Peoples of the USSR">The Languages of the Peoples of the USSR</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Soviet Union-related articles">Index of Soviet Union-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Languages of Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Languages of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Languages of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Languages of Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Languages of Tajikistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLenin" class="citation web cs1">Lenin, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/jan/18.htm">"Lenin: Is a Compulsory Official Language Needed?"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Lenin%3A+Is+a+Compulsory+Official+Language+Needed%3F&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1914%2Fjan%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1981" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (1981). <i>The Languages of the Soviet Union</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comrie, B., & Stone, G. (1978). <i>The Russian language since the revolution</i>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In early 20th century, there had been a discussion over the need to introduce Russian as the official language of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The dominant view among <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> at that time was that there is no need for state language. See: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%3F_(%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Нужен ли обязательный государственный язык? (Ленин)">"Нужен ли обязательный государственный язык?"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> (1914). Staying with the Lenin's view, not state language was declared in the Soviet state.<br />In 1990 the Russian language was declared as the official language of <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. See Article 4 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">Law on Languages of Nations of USSR.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lang_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Comrie, <i>The Languages of the Soviet Union</i>, page 31, the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9">0-521-23230-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/">"UNESCO World Atlas of Languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Atlas+of+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_lan_89_1_1.php">"All-Soviet Census 1989. Population by ethnic group and language"</a>. <i>Demoscope Weekly</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope+Weekly&rft.atitle=All-Soviet+Census+1989.+Population+by+ethnic+group+and+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_lan_89_1_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>. <i>The Languages of the Soviet Union.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a> 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23230-9">0-521-23230-9</a> (hb), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29877-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29877-6">0-521-29877-6</a> (pb)</li> <li>E. Glyn Lewis. <i>Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and Its Implementation</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Mouton Publishers</a>, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazyki_narodov_SSSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazyki narodov SSSR">Языки народов СССР</a>. 1967. <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Москва</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Наука</a> 5т.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/language-policies-in-present-day-central">"Language Policies in Present-Day Central Asia"</a>. <i>BIRGIT N. SCHLYTER. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a></i>. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS)Vol. 3, No. 2, 2001 "The Human Rights of Linguistic Minorities and Language Policies".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BIRGIT+N.+SCHLYTER.+Stockholm+University&rft.atitle=Language+Policies+in+Present-Day+Central+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguage-policies-in-present-day-central&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Soviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Glaesser, Gustav. "(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755073?casa_token=ki4K1XoqlO4AAAAA%3A93R4fPTvwLrz7xj-jXkubi3cK5b8BwhixPe5b0rL7vEn5I3JksOe1iT6rKQ3afSbTUvKzFbreoWJRceV5haR9s439oERumUAAPf_Hk7QUgpD-imAUk1Y">The Languages of the peoples of the USSR</a>). Vol. I: Indo-European Languages; Vol. II: Turkic Languages." (1966): 349-352.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607162900/http://www.oxuscom.com/lang-policy.htm#policy">Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia</a> by Mark Dickens</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup 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Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of 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