CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns:article="http://ogp.me/ns/article#" xmlns:book="http://ogp.me/ns/book#" xmlns:product="http://ogp.me/ns/product#" xmlns:profile="http://ogp.me/ns/profile#" xmlns:video="http://ogp.me/ns/video#" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="title" content="John Philip Holland | Encyclopedia.com" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland" /><meta name="description" content="John Philip HollandJohn Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world. John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to New York and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J. Source for information on John Philip Holland: Encyclopedia of World Biography dictionary." /><meta name="abstract" content="John Philip HollandJohn Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world. John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to New York and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J." /><meta name="keywords" content="John Philip HollandJohn Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world. John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to New York and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J." /><meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 8 (https://www.drupal.org)" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0" /><script type="text/javascript" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/downloads.mailchimp.com/js/mc-validate.js" defer></script><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><title>John Philip Holland | Encyclopedia.com</title> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-64847704-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script data-cfasync="false">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W4GBLXB');</script> <script>(function(w, d) { w.adthrive = w.adthrive || {}; w.adthrive.cmd = w.adthrive.cmd || []; w.adthrive.plugin = 'adthrive-ads-1.0.41-manual'; w.adthrive.host = 'ads.adthrive.com'; var s = d.createElement('script'); s.async = true; s.referrerpolicy='no-referrer-when-downgrade'; s.src = 'https://' + w.adthrive.host + '/sites/5dc336ff22eddf534ab4417c/ads.min.js?referrer=' + w.encodeURIComponent(w.location.href); var n = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); })(window, document);</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_8jwKZV4B6TODfjOPdje96xc9OCwRuxfZz_Nyzhr8mM4.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_PKoD1c51rXhDWjoL2z3EIsRnpif7i9DxnaRGocb8JzA.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_k9u1IODySqC3j4I1pBBMqRSLt5ZKAL5HHw12USc5C1U.css" /> <script> var _reportClientErrors = false; var nodeType = "article", rootPath = "node"; var dataLayer = [{ pageType : 'article', }]; </script></head><body class="path-node page-node-type-article"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W4GBLXB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <header><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col align-items-center d-flex"><div style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <symbol id="encyclopedia-logo"> <path fill="#00428b" d="M0 5.36h11.54v3.38h-7.6v2.16h6.88v3.14H3.94v2.27h7.7v3.38H0zM13.66 5.36h3.7l5.9 7.57V5.35h3.94V19.7h-3.48l-6.12-7.86v7.86h-3.94zM36.13 19.98a7.55 7.55 0 01-2.89-.55 7.06 7.06 0 01-2.34-1.55 7.46 7.46 0 01-2.16-5.31v-.05a7.49 7.49 0 012.15-5.3 7.2 7.2 0 012.39-1.58 7.81 7.81 0 013.02-.58 8.66 8.66 0 012 .22 6.87 6.87 0 011.65.62 6.6 6.6 0 011.35.95 7.88 7.88 0 011.08 1.2l-3 2.32a5.16 5.16 0 00-1.34-1.23 3.35 3.35 0 00-1.79-.45 3.18 3.18 0 00-1.38.3 3.31 3.31 0 00-1.07.81 3.8 3.8 0 00-.7 1.2 4.24 4.24 0 00-.26 1.48v.04a4.39 4.39 0 00.25 1.5 3.77 3.77 0 00.71 1.23 3.3 3.3 0 001.08.8 3.18 3.18 0 001.38.3 3.92 3.92 0 001.01-.12 3.1 3.1 0 00.84-.36 4.6 4.6 0 00.72-.55 8.37 8.37 0 00.67-.7l2.99 2.13a10.63 10.63 0 01-1.12 1.29A6.41 6.41 0 0140 19.06a7.18 7.18 0 01-1.72.68 8.59 8.59 0 01-2.15.24zM47.8 14.33l-5.44-8.98h4.53l2.94 5.23 2.97-5.23h4.45l-5.45 8.91v5.43h-4zM64.87 19.98a7.55 7.55 0 01-2.89-.55 7.07 7.07 0 01-2.34-1.55 7.45 7.45 0 01-2.16-5.31v-.05a7.49 7.49 0 012.15-5.3A7.2 7.2 0 0162 5.64a7.81 7.81 0 013.02-.58 8.65 8.65 0 012.01.22 6.87 6.87 0 011.65.61 6.6 6.6 0 011.35.96 7.86 7.86 0 011.08 1.2l-3 2.32a5.17 5.17 0 00-1.34-1.23 3.35 3.35 0 00-1.79-.45 3.17 3.17 0 00-1.38.3 3.3 3.3 0 00-1.07.81 3.78 3.78 0 00-.71 1.2 4.23 4.23 0 00-.26 1.48v.04a4.38 4.38 0 00.26 1.5 3.75 3.75 0 00.7 1.23 3.3 3.3 0 001.08.8 3.18 3.18 0 001.38.3 3.92 3.92 0 001.02-.12 3.1 3.1 0 00.84-.35 4.58 4.58 0 00.71-.56 8.36 8.36 0 00.67-.7l2.99 2.13a10.6 10.6 0 01-1.12 1.29 6.4 6.4 0 01-1.37 1.02 7.18 7.18 0 01-1.72.68 8.58 8.58 0 01-2.14.24zM72.4 5.36h3.97v10.86h6.95v3.47H72.4zM91.72 19.98a7.97 7.97 0 01-3.07-.58 7.56 7.56 0 01-2.44-1.59 7.32 7.32 0 01-1.6-2.36 7.2 7.2 0 01-.6-2.88v-.05a7.31 7.31 0 012.22-5.27 7.72 7.72 0 012.46-1.6 8.38 8.38 0 016.15 0 7.56 7.56 0 012.43 1.59 7.33 7.33 0 011.61 2.35 7.2 7.2 0 01.59 2.9v.03a7.31 7.31 0 01-2.22 5.28 7.72 7.72 0 01-2.46 1.6 7.97 7.97 0 01-3.07.58zm.04-3.58a3.58 3.58 0 001.5-.31 3.45 3.45 0 001.15-.83 3.85 3.85 0 00.74-1.22 4.08 4.08 0 00.26-1.48v-.04a4.07 4.07 0 00-.26-1.47 3.78 3.78 0 00-.76-1.23 3.74 3.74 0 00-1.17-.85 3.72 3.72 0 00-2.98-.01 3.58 3.58 0 00-1.15.83 3.62 3.62 0 00-.74 1.22 4.24 4.24 0 00-.25 1.47v.04a4.1 4.1 0 00.26 1.48 3.87 3.87 0 00.75 1.23 3.6 3.6 0 001.16.85 3.48 3.48 0 001.5.32zM101.58 5.23h4.1v2.09a6.49 6.49 0 011.82-1.69 5 5 0 012.68-.66 6.41 6.41 0 012.45.49 6.06 6.06 0 012.1 1.44 7.21 7.21 0 011.47 2.35 8.61 8.61 0 01.56 3.2v.05a8.61 8.61 0 01-.56 3.2 7.34 7.34 0 01-1.45 2.35 5.95 5.95 0 01-2.09 1.44 6.49 6.49 0 01-2.48.49 5.15 5.15 0 01-2.7-.65 7.22 7.22 0 01-1.8-1.51V24h-4.1zm7.54 11.26a3.3 3.3 0 001.37-.28 3.38 3.38 0 001.11-.81 3.91 3.91 0 00.77-1.26 4.52 4.52 0 00.29-1.64v-.06a4.54 4.54 0 00-.29-1.63 3.9 3.9 0 00-.77-1.27 3.4 3.4 0 00-1.11-.8 3.41 3.41 0 00-2.73 0 3.25 3.25 0 00-1.1.8 4.03 4.03 0 00-.76 1.27 4.54 4.54 0 00-.28 1.63v.06a4.54 4.54 0 00.28 1.63 4.02 4.02 0 00.75 1.27 3.24 3.24 0 001.11.8 3.3 3.3 0 001.36.3zM125.96 20.01a8.24 8.24 0 01-3-.54 6.96 6.96 0 01-2.4-1.53 7.1 7.1 0 01-1.58-2.36 7.83 7.83 0 01-.57-3.03v-.06a8.08 8.08 0 01.53-2.9 7.4 7.4 0 011.47-2.4 6.85 6.85 0 015.15-2.22 7.04 7.04 0 013.12.65 6.36 6.36 0 012.2 1.74 7.22 7.22 0 011.3 2.5 10.34 10.34 0 01.42 2.95l-.02.51-.04.57h-10.06a3.46 3.46 0 001.23 2.12 3.67 3.67 0 002.3.72 4.56 4.56 0 001.84-.35 6.22 6.22 0 001.67-1.13l2.35 2.07a7.27 7.27 0 01-2.48 1.98 7.7 7.7 0 01-3.43.71zm2.64-8.68a3.99 3.99 0 00-.97-2.22 2.69 2.69 0 00-2.07-.85 2.75 2.75 0 00-2.1.83 4.18 4.18 0 00-1.03 2.24zM140.9 19.97a6.42 6.42 0 01-2.45-.48 6.07 6.07 0 01-2.1-1.45 7.2 7.2 0 01-1.47-2.35 8.6 8.6 0 01-.55-3.2v-.05a8.6 8.6 0 01.55-3.2 7.33 7.33 0 011.46-2.34 5.92 5.92 0 012.09-1.44 6.48 6.48 0 012.47-.49 5.14 5.14 0 012.71.65 7.26 7.26 0 011.8 1.5V0h4.1v19.7h-4.1v-2.07a6.5 6.5 0 01-1.83 1.68 5 5 0 01-2.68.66zm1.06-3.48a3.3 3.3 0 001.36-.28 3.25 3.25 0 001.1-.81 4.03 4.03 0 00.76-1.27 4.55 4.55 0 00.29-1.63v-.05a4.54 4.54 0 00-.29-1.64 4.04 4.04 0 00-.75-1.27 3.26 3.26 0 00-1.1-.8 3.41 3.41 0 00-2.73 0 3.39 3.39 0 00-1.12.8 3.92 3.92 0 00-.77 1.26 4.52 4.52 0 00-.28 1.65v.05a4.55 4.55 0 00.28 1.63 3.89 3.89 0 00.77 1.27 3.38 3.38 0 001.12.81 3.3 3.3 0 001.36.28zM152.58 0h4.31v3.65h-4.3zm.11 5.23h4.1v14.46h-4.1zM204.8 20.01a8.19 8.19 0 01-3.1-.58 7.58 7.58 0 01-2.47-1.59 7.4 7.4 0 01-1.64-2.37 7.25 7.25 0 01-.59-2.92v-.06a7.25 7.25 0 01.6-2.92 7.46 7.46 0 011.64-2.39 7.8 7.8 0 012.48-1.62 8.09 8.09 0 013.13-.59 8.17 8.17 0 013.1.58 7.57 7.57 0 012.46 1.6 7.4 7.4 0 011.64 2.36 7.24 7.24 0 01.59 2.93v.05a7.25 7.25 0 01-.6 2.93 7.45 7.45 0 01-1.64 2.38 7.8 7.8 0 01-2.48 1.62 8.08 8.08 0 01-3.13.6zm.05-3.54a3.79 3.79 0 001.57-.3 3.46 3.46 0 001.17-.85 3.74 3.74 0 00.74-1.25 4.46 4.46 0 00.26-1.52v-.06a4.26 4.26 0 00-.27-1.52 3.82 3.82 0 00-2-2.13 3.61 3.61 0 00-1.53-.33 3.8 3.8 0 00-1.57.31 3.47 3.47 0 00-1.17.85 3.73 3.73 0 00-.74 1.25 4.47 4.47 0 00-.26 1.52v.05a4.27 4.27 0 00.27 1.52 3.86 3.86 0 001.98 2.14 3.59 3.59 0 001.55.32zM214.94 5.23h4.1v2.05a8.81 8.81 0 01.77-.87 5.32 5.32 0 01.93-.74 4.62 4.62 0 011.15-.51 4.98 4.98 0 011.41-.19 4.91 4.91 0 012.47.6 4.01 4.01 0 011.6 1.69 6.6 6.6 0 012.1-1.71 5.84 5.84 0 012.65-.58 4.74 4.74 0 013.59 1.35 5.51 5.51 0 011.3 3.96v9.41h-4.1v-8.06a3.36 3.36 0 00-.63-2.2 2.2 2.2 0 00-1.78-.74 2.31 2.31 0 00-1.82.74 3.21 3.21 0 00-.67 2.2v8.07h-4.1v-8.07a3.35 3.35 0 00-.62-2.2 2.2 2.2 0 00-1.78-.74 2.32 2.32 0 00-1.82.74 3.21 3.21 0 00-.66 2.2v8.07h-4.1zM171.12 12.8a6.45 6.45 0 011.05-3.53l-.16-.6a4.86 4.86 0 00-1.2-1.97 5.17 5.17 0 00-1.98-1.2 8.89 8.89 0 00-2.9-.42 13.07 13.07 0 00-3.13.32 16.1 16.1 0 00-2.48.84l1.03 3.12a13.94 13.94 0 011.9-.58 9.67 9.67 0 012.09-.2 3.46 3.46 0 012.32.68 2.47 2.47 0 01.78 1.97v.25a11.96 11.96 0 00-1.6-.43 10.06 10.06 0 00-1.92-.16 9.12 9.12 0 00-2.35.28 5.37 5.37 0 00-1.83.85 3.93 3.93 0 00-1.2 1.43 4.55 4.55 0 00-.43 2.05v.05a4.39 4.39 0 00.39 1.9 4.07 4.07 0 001.06 1.39 4.51 4.51 0 001.57.85 6.4 6.4 0 001.93.28 5.91 5.91 0 002.56-.5 5.68 5.68 0 001.8-1.34l-.02 1.57h3.97v-3.06a6.45 6.45 0 01-1.25-3.84zm-2.62 1.8a2.24 2.24 0 01-.87 1.83 3.6 3.6 0 01-2.32.7 2.63 2.63 0 01-1.6-.46 1.51 1.51 0 01-.63-1.29v-.05a1.68 1.68 0 01.75-1.49 3.63 3.63 0 012.07-.5 6.4 6.4 0 011.4.14 6.29 6.29 0 011.2.4zM193.66 14.94a7.57 7.57 0 01-1.53 1.11 3.7 3.7 0 01-1.79.42 3.58 3.58 0 01-1.5-.3 3.5 3.5 0 01-1.17-.85 3.7 3.7 0 01-.74-1.27 4.65 4.65 0 01-.26-1.56v-.05a4.45 4.45 0 01.26-1.52 3.84 3.84 0 01.73-1.25 3.5 3.5 0 011.1-.85 3.19 3.19 0 011.42-.3 3.63 3.63 0 011.85.42 6.72 6.72 0 011.44 1.16l2.5-2.7a7.65 7.65 0 00-2.36-1.78 7.83 7.83 0 00-3.4-.65 7.73 7.73 0 00-3.07.6 7.3 7.3 0 00-2.39 1.61 7.47 7.47 0 00-1.54 2.35 6.45 6.45 0 01.14 6.27 7.3 7.3 0 001.4 2.01 7.4 7.4 0 002.4 1.6 7.58 7.58 0 003 .6 7.24 7.24 0 003.5-.75 9.22 9.22 0 002.4-1.9z" class="a"/> <path fill="#f05b13" d="M181.62 12.8a4.01 4.01 0 11-4.01-4.01 4.01 4.01 0 014.01 4z"/> </symbol> </svg></div><div id="logo"> <a id="imagelink" href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <svg width="237" height="24"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#encyclopedia-logo"></use></svg> </a></div></div><div class="col hdr-r justify-content-end d-flex align-items-center"><div id="search-form"><form action="https://www.encyclopedia.com/gsearch" method="get"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label"> <span class="field-preffix"> <input class="button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="" /> </span> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="searchbox form-search form-input" placeholder="What do you want to learn today?" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="q" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> <span class="field-suffix"> <i class="fa ency-close"></i> </span></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions" > <input class="button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search"></div></form></div> <span class="mobile-search-icon"><i class="fa ency-search"></i></span><div class="hdr-categories-container"><a id="rcLink" class="rc-link" onclick="toggleFlyout()"><span class="text" id="block-trustme-main-menu-menu">EXPLORE</span><i class="fa ency-down"></i></a><div class="rc-flyout" id="rcFlyout"><i onclick="closeOverlays();" class="fa fa-close"></i><div class="categories"> <span class="title">EXPLORE</span><ul block="block-trustme-main-menu"><li> <a href="/earth-and-environment" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66206">Earth and Environment</a></li><li> <a href="/history" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66213">History</a></li><li> <a href="/literature-and-arts" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66208">Literature and the Arts</a></li><li> <a href="/medicine" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66205">Medicine</a></li><li> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66211">People</a></li><li> <a href="/philosophy-and-religion" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66209">Philosophy and Religion</a></li><li> <a href="/places" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66214">Places</a></li><li> <a href="/plants-and-animals" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66210">Plants and Animals</a></li><li> <a href="/science-and-technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66204">Science and Technology</a></li><li> <a href="/social-sciences-and-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66207">Social Sciences and the Law</a></li><li> <a href="/sports-and-everyday-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66212">Sports and Everyday Life</a></li><li> <a href="/references" data-drupal-link-system-path="references">Additional References</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/">Articles</a></li><li> <a href="/daily/" title="Daily History">Daily</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> </header><div class="print-logo"><div><div id="block-trustme-printlogo"><div><p><img alt="Encyclopedia.com -- Online dictionary and encyclopedia of facts, information, and biographies" src="/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" /></p></div></div></div></div><div id="wrapper"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <main role="main"><div class="container" id="topic_wrap"><div class="row"><div><div id="block-trustme-breadcrumbs"><div id="expapand_breadcrumb_expanded"><ul class="breadcrumb"><li> <a href="/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 300 1792 1792"><path d="M1472 992v480q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-384v-384h-256v384h-384q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-480q0-1 .5-3t.5-3l575-474 575 474q1 2 1 6zm223-69l-62 74q-8 9-21 11h-3q-13 0-21-7l-692-577-692 577q-12 8-24 7-13-2-21-11l-62-74q-8-10-7-23.5t11-21.5l719-599q32-26 76-26t76 26l244 204v-195q0-14 9-23t23-9h192q14 0 23 9t9 23v408l219 182q10 8 11 21.5t-7 23.5z"/></svg> </a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <a href="/history"> <span>History</span> </a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>John Philip Holland</span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-9"><div id="block-trustme-content"><div class="restricted-content-wrapper"><div class="preview-content" style="display: none;"><h1>John Philip Holland</h1><blockquote><p><b>John Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world.</b></p></blockquote><p>John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to <a class="interlinked" href="/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york">New York</a> and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J.</p></div><div class="content-gate" style="display: none;"><div class="mailchimp-form-wrapper"></div></div><div class="full-content" style="display: none;"><h1>John Philip Holland</h1><blockquote><p><b>John Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world.</b></p></blockquote><p>John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to <a class="interlinked" href="/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york">New York</a> and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J.</p><p>Holland had long been fascinated by the possibilities of the submarine. Attempts to build such boats had been made off and on since the 17th century, and in 1775 the American patriot <a class="interlinked" href="/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/david-bushnell">David Bushnell</a> had been the first to use a submarine to attack an enemy ship. In 1800 <a class="interlinked" href="/people/science-and-technology/technology-biographies/robert-fulton">Robert Fulton</a> built and tested the first all-metal submarine. Holland, a partisan of Irish independence, hoped to perfect the craft so that it could be used against the British navy. By 1870, after studying the failures of others, he was ready with plans for a craft of his own. He was without funds, however, and it was not until going to America that he was able to revive his plans.</p><p>In <a class="interlinked" href="/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-jersey">New Jersey</a>, Holland found that the Fenian Society (a group of Irish republicans) was willing to support his experiments, and in 1878 he was able to launch his first boat, a 14-foot submarine. In 1881 he built a full-sized submarine, called the <i>Fenian Ram,</i> which contained many features of the modern submarine.</p><p>Holland knew that the submarine would have to win approval from the U.S. Navy before it could be perfected, and after 1888 he made frequent bids to build a ship for the U.S. government. After several were built without his direct supervision, in 1898 he was able to launch the <i>Holland,</i> a ship nearly 54 feet long and equipped with batteries for underwater cruising. It was purchased by the government in 1900, and six more were ordered. Holland built similar ships for the navies of Japan, <a class="interlinked" href="/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/british-and-irish-political-geography/great-britain">Great Britain</a>, and Russia but was unable to maintain control of his own company. Like many other inventors, he had to exchange control of the firm for working capital. His last years were spent in making aeronautical experiments and investigations.</p><p>Holland died on Aug. 12, 1914, within a few days of the outbreak of <a class="interlinked" href="/history/modern-europe/wars-and-battles/world-war-i">World War I</a>, the war which proved the effectiveness of his weapon.</p><h2>Further Reading</h2><p>A good, full-length biography of Holland is Richard Knowles Morris, <i>John P. Holland, 1840-1914: Inventor of the Modern Submarine</i> (1966). The larger story may be followed in Charles W. Rush and others, <i>The Complete Book of Submarines</i> (1958). □</p></div></div></div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div block="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div class="js-view-dom-id-9a904659b987cbad06b8739180a52fad24b03f4da8e42c5ec51a9b399887465c"><div class="articleWrapper"><h1 class="doctitle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseExample0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multiCollapseExample0" > John Philip Holland</h1><div class="divpagetoolscontrol"><div class="logo-copy"><div class="ency-provider ency-logo-gale"> <span class="hidden">gale</span></div> <span class="ency-views">views <strong class="topic_views"></strong></span> <span>updated <strong class="topic_updated"></strong></span></div><div class="icons-topics"><div class="speak-title" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Listen title' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 352v1088q0 26-19 45t-45 19-45-19l-333-333h-262q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-384q0-26 19-45t45-19h262l333-333q19-19 45-19t45 19 19 45zm384 544q0 76-42.5 141.5t-112.5 93.5q-10 5-25 5-26 0-45-18.5t-19-45.5q0-21 12-35.5t29-25 34-23 29-36 12-56.5-12-56.5-29-36-34-23-29-25-12-35.5q0-27 19-45.5t45-18.5q15 0 25 5 70 27 112.5 93t42.5 142zm256 0q0 153-85 282.5t-225 188.5q-13 5-25 5-27 0-46-19t-19-45q0-39 39-59 56-29 76-44 74-54 115.5-135.5t41.5-173.5-41.5-173.5-115.5-135.5q-20-15-76-44-39-20-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 140 59 225 188.5t85 282.5zm256 0q0 230-127 422.5t-338 283.5q-13 5-26 5-26 0-45-19t-19-45q0-36 39-59 7-4 22.5-10.5t22.5-10.5q46-25 82-51 123-91 192-227t69-289-69-289-192-227q-36-26-82-51-7-4-22.5-10.5t-22.5-10.5q-39-23-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 211 91 338 283.5t127 422.5z"/></svg> </i></div> <a class="pagetools_showCitation" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Cite this article' > <i data-toggle="modal" data-target="#citationModal0"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 960v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136zm896 0v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136z"/></svg> </i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="pagetools_hlPrint" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Print this article' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M448 1536h896v-256h-896v256zm0-640h896v-384h-160q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-640v640zm1152 64q0-26-19-45t-45-19-45 19-19 45 19 45 45 19 45-19 19-45zm128 0v416q0 13-9.5 22.5t-22.5 9.5h-224v160q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-960q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-224q-13 0-22.5-9.5t-9.5-22.5v-416q0-79 56.5-135.5t135.5-56.5h64v-544q0-40 28-68t68-28h672q40 0 88 20t76 48l152 152q28 28 48 76t20 88v256h64q79 0 135.5 56.5t56.5 135.5z"/></svg> </i> </a></div></div><div class="doccontentwrapper collapse show" id="collapseExample0"><div class="article-content-ad"></div><h1>John Philip Holland</h1><blockquote><p><b>John Philip Holland (1840-1914) was an Irish-American inventor who succeeded in developing the submarine sufficiently to win it a place in the navies of the world.</b></p></blockquote><p>John P. Holland was born in County Clare, Ireland, where, after going to school in his native town and in Limerick, he became a schoolteacher. In 1873 he emigrated to <a class="interlinked" href="/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-york">New York</a> and the following year became a teacher in Paterson, N.J.</p><p>Holland had long been fascinated by the possibilities of the submarine. Attempts to build such boats had been made off and on since the 17th century, and in 1775 the American patriot <a class="interlinked" href="/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/david-bushnell">David Bushnell</a> had been the first to use a submarine to attack an enemy ship. In 1800 <a class="interlinked" href="/people/science-and-technology/technology-biographies/robert-fulton">Robert Fulton</a> built and tested the first all-metal submarine. Holland, a partisan of Irish independence, hoped to perfect the craft so that it could be used against the British navy. By 1870, after studying the failures of others, he was ready with plans for a craft of his own. He was without funds, however, and it was not until going to America that he was able to revive his plans.</p><p>In <a class="interlinked" href="/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/new-jersey">New Jersey</a>, Holland found that the Fenian Society (a group of Irish republicans) was willing to support his experiments, and in 1878 he was able to launch his first boat, a 14-foot submarine. In 1881 he built a full-sized submarine, called the <i>Fenian Ram,</i> which contained many features of the modern submarine.</p><p>Holland knew that the submarine would have to win approval from the U.S. Navy before it could be perfected, and after 1888 he made frequent bids to build a ship for the U.S. government. After several were built without his direct supervision, in 1898 he was able to launch the <i>Holland,</i> a ship nearly 54 feet long and equipped with batteries for underwater cruising. It was purchased by the government in 1900, and six more were ordered. Holland built similar ships for the navies of Japan, <a class="interlinked" href="/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/british-and-irish-political-geography/great-britain">Great Britain</a>, and Russia but was unable to maintain control of his own company. Like many other inventors, he had to exchange control of the firm for working capital. His last years were spent in making aeronautical experiments and investigations.</p><p>Holland died on Aug. 12, 1914, within a few days of the outbreak of <a class="interlinked" href="/history/modern-europe/wars-and-battles/world-war-i">World War I</a>, the war which proved the effectiveness of his weapon.</p><h2>Further Reading</h2><p>A good, full-length biography of Holland is Richard Knowles Morris, <i>John P. Holland, 1840-1914: Inventor of the Modern Submarine</i> (1966). The larger story may be followed in Charles W. Rush and others, <i>The Complete Book of Submarines</i> (1958). □</p></div><div class="bylinecontainer"> <span>Encyclopedia of World Biography</span> <span></span></div><div class="modal fade" id="citationModal0" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-scrollable"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body citation-container"><div class="TopicCitationDiv"><div class="TabbedPanels"><p class="citationprefix"> <a name="citationanchor"></a> <span class="citethis">Cite this article </span> <br> <span class="selectcitationtext">Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.</span></p><div role="tabpanel" class="TabbedPanels"><ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"><li role="presentation"> <a href="#mlaTab0" class="active" aria-controls="malTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">MLA</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#chicagoTab0" aria-controls="chicagoTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Chicago</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#apaTab0" aria-controls="apaTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">APA</a></li></ul><div class="tab-content"><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="mlaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "<a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland ">John Philip Holland .</a>" <u>Encyclopedia of World Biography</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> 24 Nov. 2024 <span><</span><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com">https://www.encyclopedia.com</a><span>></span>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="chicagoTab0"><p class="cittext"> "John Philip Holland ." <u>Encyclopedia of World Biography</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> (November 24, 2024). <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland ">https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland</a></p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="apaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "John Philip Holland ." <u>Encyclopedia of World Biography</u>. . Retrieved November 24, 2024 from Encyclopedia.com: <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland "> https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-philip-holland</a></p></div></div></div><div class="citation-learnmore"> <a class="citationTrigger" data-toggle="collapse" href="#learnCitation0" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="learnCitation0" >Learn more about citation styles <i class="fa fa-angle-down"></i> </a><div class="citation-content collapse" id="learnCitation0"><h3>Citation styles</h3><p> Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).</p><p> Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.</p><p> Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:</p><div><h4>Modern Language Association</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mla.org/style">http://www.mla.org/style</a></p><h4>The Chicago Manual of Style</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html">http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html</a></p><h4>American Psychological Association</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://apastyle.apa.org/">http://apastyle.apa.org/</a></p></div><h5>Notes:</h5><ul class="citationnotes"><li> Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.</li><li> In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list.</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="label-citation"><div class="icon-citation"> <button class="copy-citation"> <i class="fas fa-copy"></i> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="block-trustme-bottomcontentad"></div><div id="block-moretopicsfromencyclopediacom"><h4>More From encyclopedia.com</h4><div class="bib--rcm-init"><div class="bib__module bib--hover bib--grd-6"></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3"><div class="zaga-border"><h4>About this article</h4><h1>John Philip Holland</h1><div class="ency-topic-info"> <span class="ency-node-updated"> Updated <b></b> </span> <span class="ency-about-topic"> <a href="/about">About <b>encyclopedia.com content</b></a> </span> <span class="ency-print-topic pagetools_printAll"> Print Article </span></div></div><div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumntopad"><div style='height: 300px; width: 300px; overflow: hidden;'></div></div><div id="block-trustme-trendingtopics"><div></div></div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-trustme-views-block-related-links-related-combined-links-block"><div block="block-trustme-views-block-related-links-related-combined-links-block"><div class="links-view js-view-dom-id-984c4e0536027b433f0ac3bf5eda991176029ddca80d6c3cbfa631390bc17f9b"><div><ul class="no-bullet-list"><li><h4></h4></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumnbottomad"></div><div id="block-youmightalsolike"><h4>You Might Also Like</h4><div><ul class="no-bullet-list"></ul></div></div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumnmiddlead"><div style='height: 300px; width: 300px; overflow: hidden;'></div></div><div id="block-contentbrowsemodule"><h4>NEARBY TERMS</h4><div class="clear-both content-browse-module"><div> <a href="/law/law-magazines/john-peter-zenger-trial-1735"> <span>John Peter Zenger Trial: 1735</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-pelingotto-bl"> <span>John Pelingotto, Bl.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-peckham-pecham"> <span>John Peckham (Pecham)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-peckham"> <span>John Peckham</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/educational-magazines/john-paul-pope-ii-1920-2005"> <span>John Paul, Pope, II 1920–2005</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/books/politics-and-business-magazines/john-paul-mitchell-systems"> <span>John Paul Mitchell Systems</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-iideg"> <span>John Paul II°</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-ii-pope-1920-2005"> <span>John Paul II, Pope (1920–2005)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-ii-pope"> <span>John Paul II, Pope</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-ii-institute-marriage-and-family"> <span>John Paul II Institute on Marriage and Family</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-ii-cultural-center"> <span>John Paul II Cultural Center</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-ii-karol-wojtyla-1920-2005"> <span>John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla; 1920–2005)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-paul-i-pope"> <span>John Paul I, Pope</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-patrick-mcenroe-jr"> <span>John Patrick McEnroe Jr</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-parenti"> <span>John Parenti</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-wales"> <span>John of Wales</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-waldby"> <span>John of Waldby</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-vercelli-bl"> <span>John of Vercelli, Bl.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-valence-st"> <span>John of Valence, St.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-thoresby"> <span>John of Thoresby</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-cross-st-1542-1591"> <span>John of the Cross, St. (1542–1591)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-cross-st"> <span>John of the Cross, St.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-sterngassen"> <span>John of Sterngassen</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-st-thomas-1589-1644"> <span>John of St. Thomas (1589–1644)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-st-thomas"> <span>John of St. Thomas</span> </a></div><div class="current-node"> <b>John Philip Holland</b></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-pierpont-morgan-ii"> <span>John Pierpont Morgan II</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-prandota-cracow-bl"> <span>John Prandota of Cracow, Bl.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-presper-eckert-jr"> <span>John Presper Eckert Jr</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-pringle"> <span>John Pringle</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/arts/culture-magazines/john-q"> <span>John Q</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/books/politics-and-business-magazines/john-q-hammons-hotels-inc"> <span>John Q. Hammons Hotels, Inc.</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/education/news-and-education-magazines/john-r-mott-scholarship-foundation"> <span>John R. Mott Scholarship Foundation</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-randolph-bray"> <span>John Randolph Bray</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-rennie"> <span>John Rennie</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-robert-gregg"> <span>John Robert Gregg</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-robinson-pierce"> <span>John Robinson Pierce</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-rock"> <span>John Rock</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-roebuck"> <span>John Roebuck</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-rushworth-jellicoe"> <span>John Rushworth Jellicoe</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/law/law-magazines/john-s-williams-and-clyde-manning-trials-1921"> <span>John S. Williams and Clyde Manning Trials: 1921</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/john-scottus-eriugena"> <span>John Scottus Eriugena</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-scotus"> <span>John Scotus</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-scotus-eriugena"> <span>John Scotus Eriugena</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-sean-ofeeney-ford"> <span>John Sean O'Feeney Ford</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-seiler-brubacher"> <span>John Seiler Brubacher</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-shaw-neilson"> <span>John Shaw Neilson</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-silas-reed"> <span>John Silas Reed</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/john-silber"> <span>John Silber</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/john-simonis-selandia"> <span>John Simonis of Selandia</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/history/energy-government-and-defense-magazines/john-singleton-mosby"> <span>John Singleton Mosby</span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><div id="footer"> <footer><div><div class="container"><div id="block-trustme-footerad"><script type="text/javascript" async src="https://btloader.com/tag?o=5698917485248512&upapi=true&domain=encyclopedia.com"></script><script>!function(){"use strict";var e;e=document,function(){var t,n;function r(){var t=e.createElement("script");t.src="https://cafemedia-com.videoplayerhub.com/galleryplayer.js",e.head.appendChild(t)}function a(){var t=e.cookie.match("(^|[^;]+)\\s*__adblocker\\s*=\\s*([^;]+)");return t&&t.pop()}function c(){clearInterval(n)}return{init:function(){var e;"true"===(t=a())?r():(e=0,n=setInterval((function(){100!==e&&"false"!==t||c(),"true"===t&&(r(),c()),t=a(),e++}),50))}}}().init()}(); </script></div></div><div id="block-mailchimp"><div><div id="mc_embed_shell"> </div><link href="//cdn-images.mailchimp.com/embedcode/classic-061523.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css"> <![CDATA[// ><!]]> </script></div></div><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-trustme-footer-menu" id="block-trustme-footer"><h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-trustme-footer-menu">Footer menu</h2><ul block="block-trustme-footer"><li> <a href="/" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">Home</a></li><li> <a href="/about" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319859">About Us</a></li><li> <a href="/faq" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319856">Help</a></li><li> <a href="/emailus" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="contact/feedback">Site Feedback</a></li><li> <a href="/privacy" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319857">Privacy & Cookie Policy</a></li><li> <a href="/termsofservice" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319858">Terms and Conditions</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/daily/" title="Daily Stories" rel="nofollow">Daily</a></li></ul> </nav><div id="block-trustme-copyright"><div><p><span>© 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved.</span></p></div></div></div> </footer></div> <i class="back-to-top"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="60" height="60" viewBox="0 300 1792 1792"><path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg> </i><div class="overlay" onclick="closeOverlays();"></div><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/540936","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"limitedContentAccess":{"nodeId":"540936"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"307da934b26902b030680024e1773791a2d0824c3979c033e76f93f811d7f7eb"}}</script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_c8LbWbHV1txem3q8oAzuadnL-HiBShaQH_WRviNqT_g.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_zqxY3WQzYNR0NiKCpM5itT0--wb4EaKcun2onM0X1is.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_7riCSsmZKOyjnTzzQILMa9_W2mWycOMuqO6ECCFCXEk.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_yLV6HYxC2Rnf9ZekS8oWsZmUNhr7FkzcQDF4zydcT90.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_WGXfBW_MzOchPG9FUX5M7UvHZXqRJrIQ3Tfnf5S1iHg.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_3pfdm1-DO-9uxH3jNz-94vXg1cotDtnEae2CPEUnKmc.js"></script></body></html>