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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_invasion_of_Portuguese_Timor,_19–20_February_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_invasion_of_Portuguese_Timor,_19–20_February_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Japanese invasion of Portuguese Timor, 19–20 February 1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_invasion_of_Portuguese_Timor,_19–20_February_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_landings_in_Dutch_Timor,_19–20_February_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_landings_in_Dutch_Timor,_19–20_February_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Japanese landings in Dutch Timor, 19–20 February 1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_landings_in_Dutch_Timor,_19–20_February_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_commandos_continue_to_resist,_February_–_August_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_commandos_continue_to_resist,_February_–_August_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Australian commandos continue to resist, February – August 1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_commandos_continue_to_resist,_February_–_August_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_counter-offensive,_August_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_counter-offensive,_August_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Japanese counter-offensive, August 1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_counter-offensive,_August_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_withdrawal,_December_1942_–_February_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_withdrawal,_December_1942_–_February_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Australian withdrawal, December 1942 – February 1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_withdrawal,_December_1942_–_February_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Timor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="معركة تيمور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة تيمور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Тыморская аперацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыморская аперацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Timor" title="Schlacht um Timor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Timor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Timor" title="Batalla de Timor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Timor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نبرد تیمور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد تیمور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_du_Timor_(Seconde_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Invasion du Timor (Seconde Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion du Timor (Seconde Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Timor" title="Pertempuran Timor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Timor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Timor" title="Battaglia di Timor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Timor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Timor" title="Slag om Timor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Timor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Timor" title="Slaget om Timor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Timor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_Timor" title="Bitwa o Timor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o Timor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Timor" title="Batalha de Timor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Timor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тиморская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиморская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Битка за Тимор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Тимор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorin_taistelu" title="Timorin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timorin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тиморська операція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тиморська операція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Timor" title="Trận Timor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Timor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Timor&params=10_23_S_123_38_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°23′S</span> <span class="longitude">123°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.383°S 123.633°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.383; 123.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942–1943 WWII battle in Southeast Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Timor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg/310px-Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg/465px-Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg/620px-Australian_commando_in_Timor_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="413" /></a></span><br />An Australian commando, possibly Sergeant Bill Tomasetti of the 2/2nd Independent Company, in typical mountain terrain on Timor, on 12 December 1942.<br />(Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Damien_Parer" title="Damien Parer">Damien Parer</a>.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 February 1942 – 10 February 1943<br />(11 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Occupation of <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Dutch Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies">Allies</a></b><br /><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a></span> <div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span><br /> <div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> Javanese volunteers</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Leggatt" title="William Leggatt">William Leggatt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Veale" class="mw-redirect" title="William Veale">William Veale</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spence_(soldier)" title="Alexander Spence (soldier)">Alexander Spence</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Callinan" title="Bernard Callinan">Bernard Callinan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile"><img alt="Dutch government-in-exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_van_Straten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico van Straten (page does not exist)">Nico van Straten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_van_Straten" class="extiw" title="nl:Nico van Straten">nl</a>]</span><hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor"><img alt="Portuguese Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dom_Aleixo" title="Dom Aleixo">Dom Aleixo</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor"><img alt="Portuguese Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Jesus_Pires" title="Manuel de Jesus Pires">Manuel de Jesus Pires</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadashichi_Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadashichi Doi (page does not exist)">Sadashichi Doi</a><br /> (invasion)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yuitsu_Tsuchihashi" title="Yuitsu Tsuchihashi">Yuitsu Tsuchihashi</a> <br /> (later campaign)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~ 2,050 strong garrison<br />(peak February 1942)<br />~ 1,000 commandos<br />(peak October 1942)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~ 12,000 (peak late 1942)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Netherlands:</b><br />~ 300 dead<br /><b>Australia:</b><br />151 dead (Sparrow Force)<br /><b>Portuguese Timor:</b><br />~ 75 dead<br /><b>United Kingdom:</b><br />5 dead <a href="/wiki/The_Sparrows_(Military_Unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sparrows (Military Unit)">(<i>The Sparrows</i>)</a><sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~ 4,000 dead <br />(West & East Timor)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 40,000–70,000 civilians dead<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-1" class="reference"><a 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kendari" title="Battle of Kendari">Kendari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarinda" title="Battle of Samarinda">Samarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banjarmasin" title="Battle of Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makassar_Strait" title="Battle of Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)#Seaplane_tender" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">1st Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunda_Strait" title="Battle of Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalijati" title="Battle of Kalijati">Kalijati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuwiliang" title="Battle of Leuwiliang">Leuwiliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tjiater_Pass" title="Battle of Tjiater Pass">Tjiater Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Second Battle of the Java Sea">2nd Java Sea</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist"><i>Jurist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace"><i>Tiderace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper"><i>Zipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY"><i>RY</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX"><i>PX</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation"><i>Starvation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall"><i>Downfall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II"><span class="wrap">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">1st Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">1st Corregidor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">1st Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">1st Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">2nd Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">2nd Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">Treasury Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nassau_Bay" title="Landing at Nassau Bay">Nassau Bay Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua-Lae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">Huon Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">Aitape-Wewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia"><i>Recklesss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Aitape" title="Landing at Aitape"><i>Persecution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biak" title="Battle of Biak">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor" title="Battle of Noemfoor">Noemfoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai" title="Battle of Morotai">Morotai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe" title="Battle of Arawe">Arawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Cape Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_of_Rabaul" title="Neutralisation of Rabaul">Neutralisation of Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talasea" title="Battle of Talasea">Talasea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Jacquinot_Bay" title="Landing at Jacquinot Bay">Jacquinot Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Open_Bay" title="Battle of Wide Bay–Open Bay">Wide Bay–Open Bay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)" title="Battle of Corregidor (1945)">2nd Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agas" title="Operation Agas"><i>Agas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Semut" title="Operation Semut"><i>Semut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaufort_(1945)" title="Battle of Beaufort (1945)">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Timor</b> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Dutch Timor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> forces invaded the island on 19 February 1942 and were resisted by a small, under-equipped force of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> military personnel—known as <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Force" title="Sparrow Force">Sparrow Force</a>—predominantly from Australia, United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Following a brief but stout resistance, the Japanese succeeded in forcing the surrender of the bulk of the Allied force after three days of fighting, although several hundred Australian commandos continued to wage an unconventional raiding campaign. They were resupplied by aircraft and vessels, based mostly in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin, Australia</a>, about 650 km (400 mi) to the southeast, across the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>. During the subsequent fighting, the Japanese suffered heavy casualties, but they were eventually able to contain the Australians. </p><p>The campaign lasted until 10 February 1943, when the final remaining Australians were evacuated, making them the last Allied land forces to leave <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> following the Japanese offensives of 1941–1942. As a result, an entire Japanese <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> was tied up on Timor for more than six months, preventing its deployment elsewhere. Although <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a> was not a combatant, many Timorese and European Portuguese civilians fought with the Allies or provided them with food, shelter and other assistance. Some Timorese continued a resistance campaign following the Australian withdrawal. For this, they paid a heavy price and tens of thousands of Timorese civilians died as a result of the Japanese occupation, which lasted until the end of the war in 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By late 1941, the island of Timor was divided politically between two colonial powers: the Portuguese in the east with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, and the Dutch in the west with an administrative centre at <a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a>. A Portuguese exclave at <a href="/wiki/Ocussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocussi">Ocussi</a> was also within the Dutch area.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis528_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis528-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch defence included a force of 500 troops centred on Kupang, while the Portuguese force at Dili numbered just 150.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, the Australian and Dutch governments had agreed that in the event Japan entered the Second World War on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis side</a>, Australia would provide aircraft and troops to reinforce Dutch Timor. Portugal maintained its neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ww2australia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2australia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, a small Australian force—known as <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Force" title="Sparrow Force">Sparrow Force</a>—arrived at Kupang on 12 December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, two similar forces, known as <a href="/wiki/Gull_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gull Force">Gull Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lark_Force" title="Lark Force">Lark Force</a>, were sent by the Australians to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sparrow Force was initially commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Leggatt" title="William Leggatt">William Leggatt</a>, and included the <a href="/wiki/2/40th_Battalion_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="2/40th Battalion (Australia)">2/40th Battalion</a>, a commando unit—the <a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)">2nd Independent Company</a>—under Major <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spence_(soldier)" title="Alexander Spence (soldier)">Alexander Spence</a>, and a battery of coastal artillery. There were in total around 1,400 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis528_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis528-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ww2australia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2australia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force reinforced <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nico_van_Straten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nico van Straten (page does not exist)">Nico van Straten</a>, including the Timor and Dependencies Garrison Battalion, a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (military)">company</a> from the VIII Infantry Battalion, a reserve <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> company, a machine-gun <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> from the XIII Infantry Battalion and an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Battery_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (military)">battery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_dutch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air support consisted of 12 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">Lockheed Hudson</a> light bombers of <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAAF">No. 2 Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF).<sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparrow Force was initially deployed around Kupang, and the strategic airfield of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penfui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penfui (page does not exist)">Penfui</a> in the south-west corner of the island, although other units were based at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klapalima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klapalima (page does not exist)">Klapalima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usapa_Besar" title="Usapa Besar">Usapa Besar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babau" class="mw-redirect" title="Babau">Babau</a>, while a supply base was also established further east at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champlong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champlong (page does not exist)">Champlong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to this point, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government of Portugal</a> had declined to co-operate with the Allies, relying on its claim of neutrality and plans to send an 800-strong force from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to defend the territory against a hypothetical Japanese invasion. However, this refusal left the Allied flank severely exposed, and a 400-man combined Dutch-Australian force subsequently occupied Portuguese Timor on 17 December. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portuguese Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a>, protested to the Allied governments, while the governor of Portuguese Timor declared himself a prisoner in order to preserve the appearance of neutrality. Most of the Dutch troops and the whole of the 2/2nd Independent Company were subsequently transferred to Portuguese Timor and distributed in small detachments around the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neutral Portuguese Timor had not been originally included among the Japanese war objectives, but after Allied occupation violated its neutrality the Japanese decided to invade.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese and the British governments reached an agreement that established the withdrawal of the Allied forces from Portuguese Timor, in exchange for the sending, by Portugal, of a military force to replace them. On 28 January 1942, the Portuguese force sailed from <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourenço Marques">Lourenço Marques</a>, Mozambique, heading for Timor, but the Japanese invasion occurred before it could arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Battle of Ambon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">Battle of Rabaul (1942)</a></div> <p>In January 1942, the Allied forces on Timor became a key link in the so-called "Malay Barrier", defended by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a> under the overall command of General Sir <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>. Additional Australian support staff arrived at Kupang on 12 February, including <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Veale" class="mw-redirect" title="William Veale">William Veale</a>, who had been made the Allied commanding officer on Timor. By this time, many members of Sparrow Force—most of whom were unused to tropical conditions—were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and other illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airfield at Penfui in Dutch Timor also became a key air link between Australia and American forces fighting in the Philippines under General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penfui came under attack from Japanese aircraft on 26 and 30 January 1942, however the raids were hampered by the British anti-aircraft gunners and, to a lesser degree, by <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> of the 33rd Pursuit Squadron, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a>, 11 of which were based in Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2australia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2australia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, another 500 Dutch troops and the British <a href="/wiki/79th_Light_Anti-Aircraft_Battery" title="79th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery">79th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery</a> arrived to reinforce Timor, while an additional Australian-American force was scheduled to arrive in February.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Rabaul fell to the Japanese on 23 January, followed by Ambon on 3 February, and both Gull Force and Lark Force were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, on 16 February, an Allied convoy carrying reinforcements and supplies to Kupang—escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS <i>Houston</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Peary" title="USS Peary">USS <i>Peary</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Swan_(U74)" title="HMAS Swan (U74)">HMAS <i>Swan</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Warrego_(U73)" title="HMAS Warrego (U73)"><i>Warrego</i></a>—came under intense Japanese air attack and was forced to return to Darwin without landing.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2australia_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2australia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reinforcements had included an Australian <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">pioneer</a> battalion—the <a href="/wiki/2/4th_Pioneer_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/4th Pioneer Battalion (Australia)">2/4th Pioneer Battalion</a>—and the 49th American Artillery Battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_dutch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparrow Force could not be reinforced further and as the Japanese moved to complete their envelopment of the Netherlands East Indies, Timor was seemingly the next logical target.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_invasion_of_Portuguese_Timor,_19–20_February_1942"><span id="Japanese_invasion_of_Portuguese_Timor.2C_19.E2.80.9320_February_1942"></span>Japanese invasion of Portuguese Timor, 19–20 February 1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese invasion of Portuguese Timor, 19–20 February 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileu--1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aileu--1.jpg/220px-Aileu--1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aileu--1.jpg/330px-Aileu--1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Aileu--1.jpg/440px-Aileu--1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed Chinese school in <a href="/wiki/Aileu" title="Aileu">Aileu</a>, Portuguese Timor</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 19/20 February 1,500 troops from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>'s 228th Regimental Group, <a href="/wiki/38th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="38th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">38th Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/XVI_Army_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVI Army (Japan)">XVI Army</a>, under the command of Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadashichi_Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadashichi Doi (page does not exist)">Sadashichi Doi</a>, began landing in Dili. Initially, the Japanese ships were mistaken for vessels carrying the foreseen Portuguese reinforcements, and the Allies were caught by surprise. Nevertheless, they were well-prepared, and the garrison began an orderly withdrawal, covered by the 18-strong Australian Commando No. 2 Section stationed at the airfield. According to Australian accounts, the commandos killed an estimated 200 Japanese in the first hours of the battle; the Japanese army recorded its casualties as only seven men,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but native accounts of the landings support the Australian claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another group of Australian commandos, No. 7 Section, was less fortunate, driving into a Japanese roadblock by chance. Despite surrendering, according to military historian Brad Manera all but one were massacred by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outnumbered, the surviving Australians withdrew to the south and to the east, into the mountainous interior. Van Straten and 200 Dutch East Indies troops headed southwest toward the border.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_landings_in_Dutch_Timor,_19–20_February_1942"><span id="Japanese_landings_in_Dutch_Timor.2C_19.E2.80.9320_February_1942"></span>Japanese landings in Dutch Timor, 19–20 February 1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japanese landings in Dutch Timor, 19–20 February 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the same night, Allied forces in Dutch Timor also came under extremely intense air attacks, which had already caused the small RAAF force to be withdrawn to Australia. The bombing was followed up by the landing of the main body of the 228th Regimental Group—two battalions totalling around 4,000 men—on the undefended southwest side of the island, at the Paha River. Five <a href="/wiki/Type_94_Te-Ke" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 94 Te-Ke">Type 94 tankettes</a> were landed to support the Japanese infantry, and the force advanced north, cutting off the Dutch positions in the west and attacking the 2/40th Battalion positions at Penfui. A Japanese company thrust north-east to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usua (page does not exist)">Usua</a>, aiming to cut off the Allied retreat. In response, Sparrow Force HQ was immediately moved further east, towards Champlong.<sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leggatt ordered the destruction of the airfield, but the Allied line of retreat towards Champlong had been cut off by the dropping of about 300 Japanese marine paratroopers, from the 3rd Yokosuka <a href="/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Naval Landing Force">Special Naval Landing Force</a>, near Usua, 22 km (14 mi) east of Kupang.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese paratroopers occupied Usau and set up defence positions on a nearby hill that overlooks the main road leading to Usau. Sparrow Force HQ moved further eastward, and Leggatt's men launched a sustained and devastating assault on the paratroopers, culminating in a bayonet charge, which managed to quickly overrun the Japanese positions. By the morning of 23 February, the 2/40th Battalion had killed all but a couple of the Japanese paratroopers who had fled into the thick jungle. Sparrow force continued on their retreat to Champlong, but later that morning, the rear of the convoy was assaulted by Japanese tankettes. This assault momentarily halted when a couple of Japanese bombers tried to bomb the convoy, but had accidentally bombed the tankettes, destroying 3 tankettes. During the afternoon, they were surrounded by a battalion of Japanese soldiers that had encircled their force.With his soldiers running low on ammunition, exhausted, and carrying many men with serious wounds, Leggatt accepted a Japanese invitation to surrender at Usua. The 2/40th Battalion had suffered 84 killed and 132 wounded in the fighting, while more than twice that number would die as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> during the next two-and-a-half years.<sup id="cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veale and the Sparrow Force HQ force—including about 290 Australian and Dutch troops—continued eastward across the border, to link up with the 2/2 Independent Company.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_dutch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_commandos_continue_to_resist,_February_–_August_1942"><span id="Australian_commandos_continue_to_resist.2C_February_.E2.80.93_August_1942"></span>Australian commandos continue to resist, February – August 1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australian commandos continue to resist, February – August 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_village_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/220px-Native_village_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/330px-Native_village_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Native_village_burning.jpg/440px-Native_village_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The East Timorese village of Mindelo (<a href="/wiki/Turiscai" title="Turiscai">Turiscai</a>) is burnt to the ground by Australian guerillas to prevent its use as a Japanese base, 12 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of February, the Japanese controlled most of Dutch Timor and the area around Dili in the northeast. However, the Australians remained in the south and east of the island. The 2/2nd Independent Company was specially trained for commando-style, stay behind operations and it had its own engineers and signallers, although it lacked heavy weapons and vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commandos were hidden throughout the mountains of Portuguese Timor, and they commenced raids against the Japanese, assisted by Timorese guides, native carriers and mountain ponies.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis529_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis529-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In relatively small operations such as these, military <a href="/wiki/Folboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Folboat">folboats</a> (collapsible kayaks, or folding boats) were deployed for use by Sparrow Force and the Independent Companies, as they could then better penetrate the dense coastal vegetation for surveillance, raids and rescue with minimum profile exposed to the enemy. This was the first ever use of folboats in Southeast Asia for wartime operations, being Australian built Hohn 'Kayak' type.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Portuguese officials—under Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Abreu_Ferreira_de_Carvalho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho (page does not exist)">Manuel Ferreira de Carvalho</a>—remained officially neutral and in charge of civil affairs, both the European Portuguese and the indigenous East Timorese were usually sympathetic to the Allies, who were able to use the local telephone system to communicate among themselves and to gather intelligence on Japanese movements. However, the Allies initially did not have functioning radio equipment and were unable to contact Australia to inform them of their continued resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Callinan_xxviii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callinan_xxviii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doi sent the Australian honorary consul, <a href="/wiki/David_Ross_(aviator)" title="David Ross (aviator)">David Ross</a>, also the local <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> agent, to find the commandos and pass on a demand to surrender. Spence responded: "<i>Surrender? Surrender be fucked!</i>" Ross gave the commandos information on the disposition of Japanese forces and also provided a note in Portuguese, stating that anyone supplying them would be later reimbursed by the Australian government.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March, Veale and Van Straten's forces linked up with the 2/2nd Company. A replacement radio—nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_War_Winner" title="Winnie the War Winner">Winnie the War Winner</a>"—was cobbled together and contact was made with Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMTimor_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMTimor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May, Australian aircraft were dropping supplies to the commandos and their allies.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese high command sent a highly regarded veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malayan campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>, a major known as the "Tiger of Singapore" (or "Singapore Tiger"; his real name is unknown), to Timor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 22 May, the "Tiger"—mounted on a white horse—led a Japanese force towards <a href="/wiki/Remexio" class="mw-redirect" title="Remexio">Remexio</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An Australian patrol, with Portuguese and Timorese assistance, staged an ambush and killed four or five of the Japanese soldiers. During a second ambush, an Australian sniper shot and killed the "Tiger". Another 24 Japanese soldiers were also killed, and the force retreated to Dili.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 May, Veale and Van Straten were evacuated from the southeast coast by an RAAF <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Catalina</a> and Spence was appointed commanding officer, after being promoted to lieutenant colonel. On 27 May, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (RAN) launches successfully completed the first supply and evacuation missions to Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_(November_1942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg/220px-Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg/330px-Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg/440px-Australian_commandos_operating_a_radio_on_a_Timorese_mountaintop_%28November_1942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Signaller Keith Richards, Corporal John Donovan and Sergeant Frank Press (left to right), from the Australian 2/2nd Independent Company, using a radio on a mountain top in Japanese-occupied Timor, in about November 1942. (Photograph by Damien Parer.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In June, General Douglas MacArthur—now the Supreme Allied Commander in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area" title="South West Pacific Area">South West Pacific Area</a>—was advised by General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blamey" title="Thomas Blamey">Thomas Blamey</a>—Allied land force commander—that a full-scale Allied offensive in Timor would require a major amphibious assault, including at least one infantry division (at least 10,000 personnel). Because of this requirement and the overall Allied strategy of recapturing areas to the east, in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, Blamey recommended that the campaign in Timor should be sustained for as long as possible, but not expanded. This suggestion was ultimately adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between Ferreira de Carvalho and the Japanese deteriorated. His telegraph link with the Portuguese Government in Lisbon was cut. In June 1942, a Japanese official complained that the Governor had rejected Japanese demands to punish Portuguese officials and Timorese civilians who had assisted the "invading army" (the Australians). On 24 June, the Japanese formally complained to Lisbon but did not take any action against Ferreira de Carvalho.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complimenting Sparrow Force on its campaign so far, and again asking that it surrender. The Japanese commander drew a parallel with the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> commandos of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and said that he realized it would take a force 10 times that of the Allies to win. Nevertheless, Doi said he was receiving reinforcements, and would eventually assemble the necessary units. This time Ross did not return to Dili, and he was evacuated to Australia on 16 July.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_counter-offensive,_August_1942"><span id="Japanese_counter-offensive.2C_August_1942"></span>Japanese counter-offensive, August 1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japanese counter-offensive, August 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August, the <a href="/wiki/48th_Division_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Division (Japan)">Japanese 48th Division</a>—commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Yuitsu_Tsuchihashi" title="Yuitsu Tsuchihashi">Yuitsu Tsuchihashi</a>—began arriving from the Philippines and garrisoned Kupang, Dili and Malacca, relieving the Ito detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsuchihashi then launched a major counter-offensive in an attempt to push the Australians into a corner on the south coast of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong Japanese columns moved south—two from Dili and one from <a href="/wiki/Manatuto" title="Manatuto">Manatuto</a> on the northeast coast. Another moved eastward from Dutch Timor to attack Dutch positions in the central south of the island. The offensive ended on 19 August when the main Japanese force was withdrawn to Rabaul, but not before they secured the central town of <a href="/wiki/Maubisse" title="Maubisse">Maubisse</a> and the southern port of Beco. The Japanese were also recruiting significant numbers of Timorese civilians, who provided intelligence on Allied movements.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dennis530_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis530-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, also in late-August, a parallel conflict began when the Maubisse rebelled against the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During September the main body of the Japanese 48th Division began arriving to take over the campaign. The Australians also sent reinforcements, in the form of the 450-strong 2/4th Independent Company—known as "Lancer Force"—which arrived on 23 September. The destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Voyager_(D31)" title="HMAS Voyager (D31)">HMAS <i>Voyager</i></a> ran aground at the southern port of <a href="/wiki/Betano" title="Betano">Betano</a> while landing the 2/4th, and had to be abandoned after it came under air attack. The ship's crew was safely evacuated by <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kalgoorlie" title="HMAS Kalgoorlie">HMAS <i>Kalgoorlie</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Warrnambool_(J202)" title="HMAS Warrnambool (J202)"><i>Warrnambool</i></a> on 25 September 1942 and the ship destroyed by demolition charges.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 September, the Japanese mounted a thrust from Dili towards the wreck of <i>Voyager</i>, but without any significant success.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October, the Japanese had succeeded in recruiting significant numbers of Timorese civilians, who suffered severe casualties when used in frontal assaults against the Allies. These collaborative civilians were widely called as '<i><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Colunas Negras</a></i>' by the Portuguese. The Portuguese were also being pressured to assist the Japanese, and at least 26 Portuguese civilians were killed in the first six months of the occupation, including local officials and a Catholic priest. On 1 November, the Allied high command approved the issuing of weapons to Portuguese officials, a policy which had previously been carried out on an informal basis. At around the same time, the Japanese ordered all Portuguese civilians to move to a "neutral zone" by 15 November. Those who failed to comply were to be considered accomplices of the Allies. This succeeded only in encouraging the Portuguese to cooperate with the Allies, whom they lobbied to evacuate some 300 women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armidale_survivors_(AWM_300191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg/220px-Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg/330px-Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg/440px-Armidale_survivors_%28AWM_300191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>This raft of <i><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Armidale_(J240)" title="HMAS Armidale (J240)">Armidale</a></i> survivors were not seen again after this photo was taken on 8 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Spence was evacuated to Australia on 11 November, and the 2/2nd commander, Major <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Callinan" title="Bernard Callinan">Bernard Callinan</a> was appointed Allied commander in Timor. On the night of 30 November / 1 December, the Royal Australian Navy mounted a major operation to land fresh Dutch troops at Betano, while evacuating 190 Dutch soldiers and 150 Portuguese civilians. The launch <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kuru" title="HMAS Kuru">HMAS <i>Kuru</i></a> was used to ferry the passengers between the shore and two <a href="/wiki/Corvette#World_War_II" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Armidale_(J240)" title="HMAS Armidale (J240)">HMAS <i>Armidale</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Castlemaine" title="HMAS Castlemaine"><i>Castlemaine</i></a>. However, <i>Armidale</i>—carrying the Dutch reinforcements—was sunk by Japanese aircraft and almost all of those on board were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during November, the Australian Army's public relations branch arranged to send the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>-winning documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Damien_Parer" title="Damien Parer">Damien Parer</a>, and a war correspondent named Bill Marien, to Timor. Parer's film, <i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Timor" title="Men of Timor">Men of Timor</a></i>, was later greeted with enthusiasm by audiences in Allied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_withdrawal,_December_1942_–_February_1943"><span id="Australian_withdrawal.2C_December_1942_.E2.80.93_February_1943"></span>Australian withdrawal, December 1942 – February 1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australian withdrawal, December 1942 – February 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 1942, the chances of the Allies re-taking Timor were remote, as there were now 12,000 Japanese troops on the island and the commandos were coming into increasing contact with the enemy. The Australian chiefs of staff estimated that it would take at least three Allied divisions, with strong air and naval support to recapture the island.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, as the Japanese efforts to wear down the Australians and to separate them from their native support became more effective, the commandos had found their operations becoming increasingly untenable. Likewise, with the Australian Army fighting a number of costly battles against the Japanese beachheads around Buna in New Guinea, there were currently insufficient resources to continue operations in Timor. As such, from early December Australian operations on Timor would be progressively wound down.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis530_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis530-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_(G16)_(ex._Non_Pareil)_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_(2158_012325).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Destroyer HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes under command of W.J. Kruys evacuated the remainder of Sparrow Force, Dutch troops and civilians in December 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg/220px-Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg/330px-Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg/440px-Torpedobootjager_Hr.Ms.Tjerk_Hiddes_%28G16%29_%28ex._Non_Pareil%29_onder_Nederlandse_vlag_met_Brits_kenteken_G16_%282158_012325%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>The Destroyer HNLMS <i>Tjerk Hiddes</i> evacuated the remainder of Sparrow Force, Dutch troops and civilians in December 1942</figcaption></figure><p>On 9, 15 and 18 December, the remainder of the original Sparrow Force—except for a few officers—was evacuated with Portuguese civilians, by the Dutch destroyer <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Tjerk_Hiddes_(G16)" title="HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes (G16)">HNLMS <i>Tjerk Hiddes</i></a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/W._J._Kruys" title="W. J. Kruys">W. J. Kruys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in the first week of January, the decision was made to withdraw Lancer Force. On the night of 9/10 January 1943, the bulk of the 2/4th and 50 Portuguese were evacuated by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(I30)" title="HMAS Arunta (I30)">HMAS <i>Arunta</i></a>. A small intelligence team known as S Force was left behind, but its presence was soon detected by the Japanese. Aided by folboats, with the remnants of Lancer Force, S Force made its way to the eastern tip of Timor, where the Australian-British <a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a> was also operating. They were evacuated by the American submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Gudgeon_(SS-211)" title="USS Gudgeon (SS-211)">USS <i>Gudgeon</i></a> on 10 February.<sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty Australian commandos were killed during this phase of the fighting, while 1,500 Japanese were believed to have died.<sup id="cite_ref-Callinan_xxviii_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callinan_xxviii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileu_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aileu_memorial.jpg/220px-Aileu_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aileu_memorial.jpg/330px-Aileu_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aileu_memorial.jpg/440px-Aileu_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Memorial for the Portuguese victims in <a href="/wiki/Aileu" title="Aileu">Aileu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, while the campaign on Timor had little strategic value, the Australian commandos had prevented an entire Japanese division from being used in the earlier phases of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a><sup id="cite_ref-timor_port_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timor_port-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at the same time inflicting a disproportionate level of casualties on them. In contrast to those in Java, Ambon or Rabaul, Australian operations in Timor had been far more successful, even if it was also largely a token effort in the face of overwhelming Japanese strength. Likewise, they had proved that in favourable circumstances, <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">unconventional operations</a> could be both versatile and more economic than conventional operations, for which the resources were not available to the Allies at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most civilian deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The civilian death toll is estimated at 40,000 to 70,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese troops released Portuguese POWs in the aftermath of the conquest, in respect to Portugal's neutral status during the war, as the Japanese had done in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, another Portuguese colony, albeit under strict supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, Japanese forces remained in control of Timor until their <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender</a> in September 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-ASNCE_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. On 5 September 1945, the Japanese commanding officer met Portuguese Governor Manuel Ferreira de Carvalho, effectively returning power to him and placing the Japanese forces under Portuguese authority. On 11 September, the Australian <a href="/wiki/Timor_Force" title="Timor Force">Timor Force</a> arrived in Kupang harbour and accepted the surrender of all Japanese forces on Timor from the senior Japanese officer on Timor, Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaida_Tatsuichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaida Tatsuichi (page does not exist)">Kaida Tatsuichi</a> of the 4th Tank Regiment. The commander of the Timor force, Brigadier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Dyke (page does not exist)">Lewis Dyke</a>, a senior diplomat, W. D. Forsyth, and "as many ships as possible" were dispatched to Dili, arriving on 23 September. Ceremonies were then held with Australians, Portuguese and other local residents. Australian troops then supervised the disposal of arms by Japanese work parties before returning to West Timor for the surrender of the commander of the 48th Division, Lieutenant General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamada_Kunitaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamada Kunitaro (page does not exist)">Yamada Kunitaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 September, a Portuguese naval and military force of more than 2,000 troops arrived to an impressive ceremony of welcome by the Timorese people. These troops included three engineering companies along with substantial supplies of food and construction materials for the reconstruction of Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Timor order of battle">Battle of Timor order of battle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASNCE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASNCE_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm">"A Short History of East Timor"</a>. 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Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/timor.asp">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Australian Department of Veteran Affairs. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/timor.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+of+Timor&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Veteran+Affairs&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2australia.gov.au%2Fjapadvance%2Ftimor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henning 1995, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timor_dutch-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timor_dutch_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen,_L._and_Graham_Donaldson" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L. and Graham Donaldson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html">"The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942"</a>. <i>Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Invasion+of+Dutch+West+Timor+Island%2C+February+1942&rft.au=Klemen%2C+L.+and+Graham+Donaldson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Ftimor_dutch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remembering1942-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remembering1942_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManera,_Brad" class="citation web cs1">Manera, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070923050126/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/timor/transcript.htm">"Remembering 1942: The Battles on Timor"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/timor/transcript.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+1942%3A+The+Battles+on+Timor&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.au=Manera%2C+Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fremembering1942%2Ftimor%2Ftranscript.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stockings 2010, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wigmore 1957, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis 2008, p. 25 and 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11403.asp">"2/4th Pioneer Battalion"</a>. The Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2%2F4th+Pioneer+Battalion&rft.pub=The+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Funits%2Funit_11403.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">防衛研修所戦史室, 戦史叢書蘭印攻略作戦, Tokyo:Asagumo-Shimbun, 1967. (Japanese official military history by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Japan)">National Institute for Defense Studies</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoehn 2011, pp. 69,75,77,80,87,91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callinan_xxviii-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callinan_xxviii_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callinan_xxviii_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Callinan 1953, p. xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/David%20Ross%20biog.htm">"David Ross"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fighting+on+the+Portuguese+East+Timor+Island%2C+1942&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Klemen&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Ftimor_port.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn 1999, p.224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rottmann 2002, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2002, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis530-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis530_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis530_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis 2008, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn 1999, p.225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-voyager-i">"HMAS Voyager (I)"</a>. Royal Australian Navy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMAS+Voyager+%28I%29&rft.pub=Royal+Australian+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.gov.au%2Fhmas-voyager-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/people/78005.asp">"Damien Peter Parer"</a>. The Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damien+Peter+Parer&rft.pub=The+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fpeople%2F78005.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler 2004, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoehn 2011, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis 2008, pp. 529–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durand, Frederic (14 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/Three-centuries-of-violence-and-struggle-in-East-Timor-1726">"Three centuries of violence and struggle in East Timor (1726–2008)"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1961-9898">1961-9898</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+centuries+of+violence+and+struggle+in+East+Timor+%281726%E2%80%932008%29&rft.btitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.issn=1961-9898&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThree-centuries-of-violence-and-struggle-in-East-Timor-1726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pt.emb-japan.go.jp/relations.html">"Relations between Japan and Portugal"</a>. <i>www.pt.emb-japan.go.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pt.emb-japan.go.jp&rft.atitle=Relations+between+Japan+and+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pt.emb-japan.go.jp%2Frelations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Golson, Eric (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/revista-de-historia-economica-journal-of-iberian-and-latin-american-economic-history/article/abs/allied-neutral-portuguese-balance-of-payments-with-the-uk-and-germany-in-the-second-world-war-19391945/DD45615C6A90F361EB857ACB16246B67">"The Allied Neutral? Portuguese Balance of Payments with the UK and Germany in the Second World War, 1939-1945"</a>. <i>Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History</i>. <b>38</b>: 79–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0212610919000314">10.1017/S0212610919000314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Historia+Econ%C3%B3mica+%2F+Journal+of+Iberian+and+Latin+American+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Allied+Neutral%3F+Portuguese+Balance+of+Payments+with+the+UK+and+Germany+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+1939-1945&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=79-110&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0212610919000314&rft.aulast=Golson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Frevista-de-historia-economica-journal-of-iberian-and-latin-american-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fallied-neutral-portuguese-balance-of-payments-with-the-uk-and-germany-in-the-second-world-war-19391945%2FDD45615C6A90F361EB857ACB16246B67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324159130_Inter-imperial_Humanitarianism_The_Macau_Delegation_of_the_Portuguese_Red_Cross_during_the_Second_World_War">"Inter-imperial Humanitarianism: The Macau Delegation of the Portuguese Red Cross during the Second World War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inter-imperial+Humanitarianism%3A+The+Macau+Delegation+of+the+Portuguese+Red+Cross+during+the+Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F324159130_Inter-imperial_Humanitarianism_The_Macau_Delegation_of_the_Portuguese_Red_Cross_during_the_Second_World_War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details about these and other postwar events, see Horton 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn 1999, p.234</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinan1953" class="citation book cs1">Callinan, Bernard (1953). <i>Independent Company: The Australian Army in Portuguese Timor 1941–43</i>. London: William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85859-339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85859-339-8"><bdi>978-0-85859-339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independent+Company%3A+The+Australian+Army+in+Portuguese+Timor+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-85859-339-8&rft.aulast=Callinan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1994" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Archie (1994). <i>The Double Reds of Timor</i>. Swanbourne: John Burridge Military Antiques. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-25825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-25825-6"><bdi>978-0-646-25825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Double+Reds+of+Timor&rft.place=Swanbourne&rft.pub=John+Burridge+Military+Antiques&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-646-25825-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; et al. (2008). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Australia+%26+New+Zealand&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoig1986" class="citation book cs1">Doig, Colin (1986). <i>A History of the 2nd Independent Company and 2/2 Commando Squadron</i>. Perth: Selbstverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7316-0668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7316-0668-9"><bdi>978-0-7316-0668-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+2nd+Independent+Company+and+2%2F2+Commando+Squadron&rft.place=Perth&rft.pub=Selbstverlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7316-0668-9&rft.aulast=Doig&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn1999" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, Geoffrey C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TM1KZFZ"><i>Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years</i></a>. Macau: Livros do Oriente. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-9418-69-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-9418-69-3"><bdi>978-972-9418-69-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timor+Loro+Sae%3A+500+Years&rft.place=Macau&rft.pub=Livros+do+Oriente&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-972-9418-69-3&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07TM1KZFZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning1995" class="citation book cs1">Henning, Peter (1995). <i>Doomed Battalion: The Australian 2/40th Battalion 1940–45. Mateship & Leadership in War & Captivity</i>. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-763-0"><bdi>978-1-86373-763-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doomed+Battalion%3A+The+Australian+2%2F40th+Battalion+1940%E2%80%9345.+Mateship+%26+Leadership+in+War+%26+Captivity&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-763-0&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehn2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoehn, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirschbooks.net/"><i>Commando Kayak: The Role of the Folboat in the Pacific War</i></a>. Zurich: Hirsch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-033-01717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-033-01717-7"><bdi>978-3-033-01717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commando+Kayak%3A+The+Role+of+the+Folboat+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pub=Hirsch+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-033-01717-7&rft.aulast=Hoehn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirschbooks.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Horton, William Bradley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1425517/Through_the_Eyes_of_Australians_The_Timor_Area_in_the_Early_Postwar_Period">"Through the Eyes of Australians: The Timor Area in the Early Postwar Period"</a> <i>Ajitaiheiyotokyu</i> 12: 251–277.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, George (2002). <i>World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-Military+Study&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockings2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Stockings" title="Craig Stockings">Stockings, Craig</a> (2010). <i>Zombie Myths of Australian Military History</i>. UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742230795" title="Special:BookSources/9781742230795"><bdi>9781742230795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zombie+Myths+of+Australian+Military+History&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781742230795&rft.aulast=Stockings&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2004" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Tony (2004). <i>East Timor</i>. Lonely Planet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-644-2"><bdi>978-1-74059-644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-644-2&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Ken (2002). <i>Criado: A Story of East Timor</i>. Briar Hill: Indra Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9578735-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9578735-4-4"><bdi>978-0-9578735-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criado%3A+A+Story+of+East+Timor&rft.place=Briar+Hill&rft.pub=Indra+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9578735-4-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/"><i>The Japanese Thrust</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army, Volume IV (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3134219">3134219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army%2C+Volume+IV&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3134219&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWray1987" class="citation book cs1">Wray, Christopher (1987). <i>Timor 1942: Australian Commandos at War with the Japanese</i>. Hawthorn: Hutchinson Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-157480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-157480-2"><bdi>978-0-09-157480-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timor+1942%3A+Australian+Commandos+at+War+with+the+Japanese&rft.place=Hawthorn&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Australia&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-09-157480-2&rft.aulast=Wray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kisho Tsuchiya: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/AUgV5Z6pvx73nPT2FdNE/full">Indigenization of the Pacific War in Timor Island: A Multi-language Study of its Contexts and Impact</a>, <i>Journal War & Society</i>, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2018, pp. 1–22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/timor.html">Australian Department of Veterans Affairs, 2005, "Fall of Timor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727191851/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au///japadvance/timor.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125755/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/rss/nn20070428f1.html"><i>The Japan Times</i>, 28 April 2007, East Timor former sex slaves start speaking out</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Timor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Timor&params=10_23_S_123_38_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°23′S</span> <span class="longitude">123°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.383°S 123.633°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.383; 123.633</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&oldid=1256771395">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timor&oldid=1256771395</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Category:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_East_Timor" title="Category:Wars involving East Timor">Wars involving East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Timor_in_World_War_II" title="Category:East Timor in World War II">East Timor in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_invasions" title="Category:World War II invasions">World War II invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1942" title="Category:Conflicts in 1942">Conflicts in 1942</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943" title="Category:Conflicts in 1943">Conflicts in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_in_Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:1942 in Portuguese Timor">1942 in Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_in_Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:1943 in Portuguese Timor">1943 in Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airborne_operations" title="Category:Airborne operations">Airborne operations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_World_War_II_involving_Japan" title="Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan">Battles of World War II involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Portugal" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Portugal">Battles and operations of World War II involving Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands">Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States">Battles of World War II involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom">Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_World_War_II_involving_Australia" title="Category:Battles of World War II involving Australia">Battles of World War II involving Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1940s in East Timor">1940s in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:1940s in Portuguese Timor">1940s in Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Timor" title="Category:History of Timor">History of Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_war_crimes_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Japanese war crimes in Indonesia">Japanese war crimes in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_mass_murder_in_Indonesia" title="Category:20th-century mass murder in Indonesia">20th-century mass murder in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_mass_murder_in_East_Timor" title="Category:20th-century mass murder in East Timor">20th-century mass murder in East 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