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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الفيلق المقدوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفيلق المقدوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanxe_macedonia" title="Falanxe macedonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Falanxe macedonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Македонска фаланга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Македонска фаланга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_maced%C3%B2nia" title="Falange macedònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falange macedònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonische_Phalanx" title="Makedonische Phalanx – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makedonische Phalanx" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1" title="Μακεδονική φάλαγγα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακεδονική φάλαγγα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_macedonia" title="Falange macedonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falange macedonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazedoniar_falange" title="Mazedoniar falange – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mazedoniar falange" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangs_Makedonia" title="Falangs Makedonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Falangs Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_macedone" title="Falange macedone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falange macedone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonin%C4%97_falanga" title="Makedoninė falanga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makedoninė falanga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Македонска фаланга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонска фаланга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonsk_falanks" title="Makedonsk falanks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makedonsk falanks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Македонская фаланга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Македонская фаланга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macedonian phalanx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonska_falanga" title="Makedonska falanga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Makedonska falanga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Македонска фаланга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Македонска фаланга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Македонська фаланга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Македонська фаланга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E9%98%B5%E5%9E%8B" title="马其顿阵型 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马其顿阵型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E6%96%B9%E9%99%A3" title="馬其頓方陣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬其頓方陣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B5" title="马其顿方阵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马其顿方阵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340305#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Makedonische_phalanx.png/330px-Makedonische_phalanx.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Makedonische_phalanx.png/495px-Makedonische_phalanx.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Makedonische_phalanx.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a full 256-man phalanx formation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Macedonian phalanx</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μακεδονική φάλαγξ</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Formation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (military)">formation</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> from the classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a>, of which the main innovation was the use of the <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a>, a 6-metre pike. It was famously commanded by Philip's son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> during his conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> between 334 and 323 BC. The Macedonian phalanx model then spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic world</a>, where it became the standard battle formation for pitched battles. During the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (214–148 BC), the phalanx appeared obsolete against the more manoeuvrable <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 359 BC, following the Macedonian defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, which killed the majority of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">army</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III of Macedon</a>, Perdiccas' brother <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> took the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip II was a hostage in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> for much of his youth (367–360), where he witnessed the combat tactics of the general <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, which then influenced his restructuring of the infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's military reforms were a new approach to the current <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> warfare which focused on their shield, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aspis" title="Aspis">aspis</a></i>; his focus was on a new weapon, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phalanx was a 10-by-10 square with very few experienced troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phalanx was later changed to a 16-by-16 formation, and while the date for this change is still unknown, it occurred before 331 under Philip's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip called the soldiers in the phalanx <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">pezhetairoi</a></i></span>, meaning 'foot-companions', bolstering the importance of the phalanx to the King.<sup id="cite_ref-Brice_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip also increased the amount of training required for the infantry and introduced regulations on military behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Brice_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Alexander's campaign, the phalanx remained more or less the same, with the notable difference being more non-Macedonian soldiers among the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier,_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios,_4th_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/220px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/330px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/440px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> of a Macedonian soldier wielding a spear and wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a></i>, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each phalangite carried as his primary weapon a <i><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a></i>, a double-pointed <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> over 6 m (18 ft) in length, weighing about 6.6 kg (14.5 pounds). The <i>sarissae</i> were carried in two pieces before a battle and then slid together when they were being used.<sup id="cite_ref-Markle_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At close range such large weapons were of little use, but an intact phalanx could easily keep its enemies at a distance. The weapons of the first five rows of men all projected beyond the front of the formation, so that there were more spear points than available targets at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-Markle_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men in rows behind the initial five angled their spears at a 45-degree angle in an attempt to ward off arrows or other projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary weapon was a shortsword called a <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">xiphos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phalangites also had a smaller and flatter shield than that of the Greek <i>aspis</i>, measuring about 24 inches and weighing about 12 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Markle_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shield, called a "<i>telamon</i>", was made of bronze plated wood and was worn hung around the neck so as to free up both hands to wield the <i>sarissa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Markle_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the armor and weaponry a phalangite would carry totaled about 40 pounds, which was close to 10 pounds less than the weight of Greek hoplites' equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phalanx consisted of a line-up of several <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> blocks called <i>syntagmata</i>, each of its 16 files (<i><a href="/wiki/Lochos" title="Lochos">lochoi</a></i>) numbering 16 men, for a total of 256 in each unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <i>syntagma</i> was commanded by a <i>syntagmatarch</i>, who—together with his subordinate officers—would form the first row of each block.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each file was led and commanded by a <i>dekadarch</i> who were the most experienced Macedonian soldiers and received about triple pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader was followed by another two experienced Macedonian soldiers, with a third positioned at the very end of the file, all three who received about double pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the file was filled up by more inexperienced soldiers, often Persians during Alexander's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phalanx was divided into <i>taxis</i> based on geographical recruitment differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phalanx used the "oblique line with reduced left" arrangement, designed to force enemies to engage with soldiers on the furthest right end, increasing the risk of opening a gap in their lines for the cavalry to break through.<sup id="cite_ref-Brice_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the structure of the phalanx, it was weakest in the rear and on the right. </p><p>Neither Philip nor Alexander actually used the phalanx as their arm of choice, but instead used it to hold the enemy in place while their <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> broke through their ranks. The Macedonian cavalry fought in <a href="/wiki/Wedge_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge formation">wedge formation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was almost always stationed on the far right. The <a href="/wiki/Hypaspists" title="Hypaspists">hypaspists</a>, elite infantrymen who served as the king's bodyguard,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were stationed on the immediate right of the phalanx wielding hoplite sized spears and shields.<sup id="cite_ref-Markle_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The left flank was generally covered by allied cavalry supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessalians</a>, which fought in <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid" title="Rhomboid">rhomboid</a> formation and served mainly in a defensive role.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forces—<a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a>, range troops, reserves of allied hoplites, <a href="/wiki/Archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Archers">archers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>—were also employed. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg/330px-Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg/495px-Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg/660px-Macedonian_battle_formation-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>General Macedonian battle formation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_battles">Key battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Key battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crocus_Field" title="Battle of Crocus Field">Battle of Crocus Field</a> (353/352 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea</a> (338 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a> (334 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a> (333 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> (331 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Battle of the Hydaspes</a> (326 BC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_phalanx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel" title="Richard A. Gabriel">Gabriel, Richard A.</a> (2010). <i>Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander</i>. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. pp. 62–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-568-1"><bdi>978-1-59797-568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+of+Macedonia%3A+Greater+Than+Alexander&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=62-72&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-568-1&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connolly1998_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Connolly" title="Peter Connolly">Connolly, Peter</a> (1998) [1981]. <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781853673030"><i>Greece and Rome at War</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-303-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-303-X"><bdi>1-85367-303-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Rome+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85367-303-X&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781853673030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (January 2023)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brice-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brice_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brice_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brice_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2012" class="citation book cs1">Brice, Lee L., ed. (2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekwarfarefrom0000unse/page/145/mode/2up"><i>Greek Warfare from the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-070-6"><bdi>978-1-61069-070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Warfare+from+the+Battle+of+Marathon+to+the+Conquests+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=145-150&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-070-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekwarfarefrom0000unse%2Fpage%2F145%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markle-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markle_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkle1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minor_M._Markle_III" title="Minor M. Markle III">Markle, Minor M. III</a> (Summer 1977). "The Macedonian Sarissa, Spear, and Related Armor". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>81</b> (3): 323–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503007">10.2307/503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503007">503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192966553">192966553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Macedonian+Sarissa%2C+Spear%2C+and+Related+Armor&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-339&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192966553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503007&rft.aulast=Markle&rft.aufirst=Minor+M.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolybius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-maniple.asp"><i>The Histories</i></a>. Chapters 28–32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.pages=Chapters+28-32&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2Fpolybius-maniple.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1979" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Peter (1979) [1977]. <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekarmies0000conn/page/58/mode/2up">"The Macedonian Phalanx"</a></span>. <i>The Greek Armies</i>. Morristown, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Co. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-382-06308-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-382-06308-2"><bdi>0-382-06308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Macedonian+Phalanx&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Armies&rft.place=Morristown%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Silver+Burdett+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-382-06308-2&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekarmies0000conn%2Fpage%2F58%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrian2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> (2015). <i>The Campaigns of Alexander</i>. Brookfield, Wisconsin: First Rate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5077-6741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5077-6741-2"><bdi>978-1-5077-6741-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004422169">1004422169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Alexander&rft.place=Brookfield%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=First+Rate+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004422169&rft.isbn=978-1-5077-6741-2&rft.au=Arrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonian+phalanx" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. 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