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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarissa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ساريسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساريسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сариса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сариса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C3%ADsa" title="Sarísa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarísa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa_(Waffe)" title="Sarissa (Waffe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarissa (Waffe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σάρισα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάρισα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisse" title="Sarisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%82%AC" title="사리사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사리사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="סריסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סריסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarisza" title="Szarisza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarisza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сариса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сариса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5" title="サリッサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サリッサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saris%C4%83" title="Sarisă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Саріса – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Саріса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сариса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сариса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarisa" title="Sarisa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sarisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarissa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сариса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сариса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long spear used by Macedonian army</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Bronze Age Hittite city, see <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuşaklı">Kuşaklı</a>. For the moth genus, see <a href="/wiki/Sarisa_(moth)" title="Sarisa (moth)"><i>Sarisa</i> (moth)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makedonische_phalanx.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Makedonische_phalanx.png/430px-Makedonische_phalanx.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Makedonische_phalanx.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>sarissa</b> or <b>sarisa</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a long <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> about 5 to 7 meters (16 to 23 ft) in length. It was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> and was used in his <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanxes</a> as a replacement for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Dory_(spear)" title="Dory (spear)">dory</a>, which was considerably shorter. These longer spears improved the strength of the phalanx by extending the rows of overlapping weapons projecting towards the enemy. After the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the sarissa was a mainstay during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a> (4th–1st centuries BCE) by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochi</a> Greek successor states of Alexander's empire, as well as some of their rivals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_utility">Composition and utility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition and utility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:785px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Alexander Mosaic, a surviving ancient artistic depiction that probably depicts massed sarissas."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/775px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg" decoding="async" width="775" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/1163px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/1550px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="725" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg" title="File:Alexander Mosaic - Cropped to Alexander and Darius - Spears.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a>, a surviving ancient artistic depiction that probably depicts massed sarissas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200116–18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200116–18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The sarissa is made of two core parts: a long wooden shaft and a metal tip. A third part that may have existed for some sarissas was a metal spear-butt at the reverse end. The metal butt of the sarissa could be used to safely stow it in the ground without damaging the shaft when not in use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200130–36_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200130–36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two types of wood are favored as likely candidates for the shaft: <a href="/wiki/Ash_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash wood">ash wood</a> combines length, flexibility, and being lightweight, while <a href="/wiki/Cornel_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornel wood">cornel wood</a> is shorter but stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shaft was probably slightly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tapered" class="extiw" title="wikt:tapered">tapered</a>, narrowing some toward the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the tip is disputed; much scholarship from 1970–2000 favored a comparatively large and heavy spearhead shaped like a leaf on the basis of an archaeological find by <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">Manolis Andronikos</a> of such an implement in a Macedonian tomb at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, 51 cm (1.67 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977324–326_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977324–326-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21st-century scholarship has been more skeptical this was really a sarissa head that was found.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas Victor Sekunda favors the metal tip being smaller at around 13.5 cm (5.3 in), made of iron, and diamond shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient writers say that the sarissa was capable of piercing both shield and armor, which suggests to Sekunda the use of a small but focused spearhead rather than a broad one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200113–17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200113–17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a> seems to show small spearheads, and small spearheads match what later medieval pikemen found to work the best.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient authorities are unanimous in saying the sarissa was distinguished by its great length, which made it difficult for opposing soldiers to safely engage phalangites. Exactly how long this length was is less clear, as different authors give varying descriptions, ancient units of measurement were not always consistent nor precise, and the wood used to create the Hellenistic sarissas has long since rotted away making archaeological evidence lacking. Many historians consider <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> the most trustworthy account, as he had actual experience with observing the Hellenistic phalanx and his accounts are accurate elsewhere. Polybius writes that "the length of the sarissae is sixteen <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> according to the original design, which has been reduced in practice to fourteen," presumably referring to the 2nd century BCE <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonid Macedonia">Antigonid Macedonian</a> sarissa in context.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second most compelling surviving account is from <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, writing in the late 4th century BCE and early 3rd century BCE, who lived during the time of Alexander the Great. Theophratus, in an off-hand remark in <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Enquiry into Plants</a></i>, mentions that the longest sarissa was 12 cubits long.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this, many historians have assumed that both accounts were basically correct, and that the sarissa grew longer during the post-Alexander Hellenistic era from the 12 cubits Theophratus reports to the 14 cubits that Polybius observed. However, other historians have offered different theories; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Connolly_(classical_scholar)" title="Peter Connolly (classical scholar)">Peter Connolly</a> suggests that the lengths were basically the same. Converted to modern units, this would suggest around 5.8 m (19 ft) for the sarissa in the time of Alexander in the 4th century BCE, and around 6.3 m (21 ft) if the 3rd–1st century BCE sarissas really did become even longer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2014_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-kochva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the scholarship based on Andronikos' discoveries and his and Markle's journal articles, it is thought that the sarissa was heavy for a spear, weighing approximately 5.5 to 6.5 kg (12 to 14 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later reconstructions have suggested that this was too heavy—Peter Connolly was able to reconstruct an infantry spear 5.8 meters long of cherry wood that weighed only 4.05 kg (9 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an ash-wood spear would have been even lighter. </p><p>One possibility considered by some scholars is that to make such prodigiously long pikes, two separate tree branches were joined by a metal tube. This theory rested on the identification of such a tube in Andronikos's Vergina finds as perhaps being the middle part of a sarissa, along with cornel wood being difficult to grow out to the longest lengths described.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory has largely been discarded, though, as making an unwieldly weapon that is likely to break. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shields">Shields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infantry sarissa wielders in a phalanx generally also used a shield. An inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Lindos_Chronicle" title="Lindos Chronicle">Lindian Temple Chronicle</a> records a gift of "ten <i>peltai</i>, ten <i>sarisai</i>, and ten helmets"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dedicated to King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a>, suggesting that the Macedonians viewed the sarissa and the bronze <a href="/wiki/Pelta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelta">pelta</a> (shield) as a matched set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk and size of the sarissa required soldiers to wield it with both hands, allowing them to carry only a smaller shield. The pelta was perhaps around 60 cm (24 in) in size in Alexander's era, and perhaps only 45 cm (18 in) by the Hellenistic era if even longer sarissas were really used then.<sup id="cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-kochva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make it easier to carry when both hands were occupied, a neck strap may have been used to help hold the shield and cover the left shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars suggest that larger shields were used in the Macedonian phalanx, ranging from 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some light-infantry <a href="/wiki/Peltast#In_the_Antigonid_army" title="Peltast">peltasts in the Antigonid army</a> appear to have been closer to a more mobile phalanx than the Alexander-era skirmishers, and they may have used a combination of smaller shields along with smaller sarissas to improve their mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201394–95_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201394–95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry_version">Cavalry version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cavalry version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naousa_Tomb_painting,_K._F._Kinch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png/330px-Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png/500px-Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png/960px-Naousa_Tomb_painting%2C_K._F._Kinch.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>A painting of a Macedonian cavalryman possibly wielding the cavalry version of a sarissa (~3rd century BCE; published by <a href="/wiki/K._F._Kinch" class="mw-redirect" title="K. F. Kinch">K. F. Kinch</a>). The depiction shows what is either a metal spear-butt at the end,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle198291_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle198291-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or another spear head for a double weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Macedonian army of Alexander's time featured a unit of light cavalry (<i><a href="/wiki/Prodromoi" title="Prodromoi">prodromoi</a></i>) called the <a href="/wiki/Sarissophoroi" title="Sarissophoroi">sarissophoroi</a> who also wielded sarissas, albeit somewhat shorter versions. However, the term "sarissophoroi" eventually stops showing up in literature in the later Hellenistic age. Most surviving depictions of Macedonian cavalry depict it wielded under-arm, but it probably could have been wielded over-arm as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minor_Markle" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Markle">Minor Markle</a> thought that based on ancient depictions, the cavalry sarissa would have been about 4.5 m (15 ft). He also does not think that the cavalry always equipped themselves with sarissas; for scouting missions, they probably just carried two javelins and a sword instead, reserving the sarissa for use in major battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1982104–105_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1982104–105-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Connolly also researched the matter. Connolly wrote that the cavalry spear was depicted as a primary weapon (rather than a Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a></i> which could be thrown once, like a javelin) and thus should be able to be used repeatedly. Connolly arranged for a modern horse rider to test out reconstructed spears of several of the possible lengths, and found it plausible that a cavalry spear as long as 4.9 m (16 ft) could have been used. He thought that tactically, the longer (4.5 meters+) version would make for a more devastating initial charge, but that a 4.0 m (13.1 ft) spear would be easier to use in a prolonged melee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Markle and Connolly write that the cavalry sarissa, unlike the infantry sarissa, was almost certainly wielded one-handed, as a full heavy two-handed impact would probably knock the sarissa-wielding rider off their own horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977106_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977106-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hellenistic cavalry frequently wielded spears, whether their weapon is best classed as a shorter version of the sarissa or as a <a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">xyston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ξυστόν</span>) is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas Victor Sekunda argues that the Macedonian cavalry spear was more properly classed as a xyston. The xyston was made of cornel wood, was shorter than an infantry sarissa, and had a larger and wider spearhead than the infantry sarissa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also notes that Ancient Macedonians may have used the term "sarissa" broadly in the sense of any spear, even if other Greeks meant specifically the Macedonian variety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201378–81_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201378–81-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard Hellenistic army deployment was to have a heavy infantry <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a> in the center, cavalry on the sides capable of threatening to flank the enemy or to attack weak spots, and light infantry skirmishers such as slingers or javelineers in the front. Of these, the infantry phalanxes wielded sarissas, and the cavalry wielded somewhat shorter spears of which may or may not have qualified as a "sarissa".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200125,_37–40_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200125,_37–40-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While marching and maneuvering, infantry sarissas were held vertically. Once the sarissas were leveled (that is, pointed horizontally forward for battle), the phalanx could advance straight forward, but turning the phalanx would be more difficult and require training and discipline. The sarissa was already so long that thrusting them forward likely didn't extend their range much, comparatively — perhaps around an additional 0.5 m (1.6 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sarissa-bearing phalanx would usually march to battle in open formation to facilitate movement. Before the charge, it would tighten its files to <a href="/wiki/Close_order_formation" title="Close order formation">close formation</a> or even compact formation (synaspismos). The tight formation of the phalanx created a "wall of pikes", and the pike was so long that there were fully five rows of them projecting in front of the front rank of men—even if an enemy got past the first row, there were still four more to stop him. The back rows bore their pikes angled upwards in readiness, which served the additional purpose of deflecting incoming <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Macedonian phalanx was considered practically invulnerable from the front. Another phalanx could perhaps wear a phalanx down in a long battle from exhaustion, but this was far from guaranteed. The best way to defeat one was generally by one of a loss of morale from killing the enemy commander, breaking its formation, or <a href="/wiki/Flanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanking">outflanking</a> it. For example, the Romans used a flanking tactic at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynoscephalae" title="Battle of Cynoscephalae">Battle of Cynoscephalae</a> (197 BC) to defeat the Antigonid Macedonians. A few years later, the Seleucid phalanx held up well at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(191_BC)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)">Battle of Thermopylae</a> (191 BCE); a Roman surprise flanking force caused the army to lose formation and retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-kochva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy writes on the Roman victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a> (168 BCE) against the Antigonid Macedonian army that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Its force, while it is compact and bristling with extended spears, is irresistible; but if, by attacking them separately, you force them to turn about their spears, which, on account of their length and weight, are unwieldy, they are mingled in a confused mass; and, if any disorder arises on the flank or rear, they fall into irretrievable disorder. (...) had [the Romans] advanced with their entire line, straight against the phalanx when in its regular order, just as happened to the Pelignians, who, in the beginning of the battle, incautiously engaged the targeteers; they would have impaled themselves on the spears, and would have been unable to withstand such a firm body. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome_(Livy)" title="History of Rome (Livy)">The History of Rome</a></i>, 44.41<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>One possible technique that could have been used with a sarissa is planting them directly in the ground if an enemy charge was thought to be imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977323–324_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977323–324-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the only source that reports this tactic is the satirist <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a>, writing centuries after the sarissa's prominence, so if it was a real technique, it seems to have been a rare one.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phalangites would carry a backup weapon, generally a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>. If a phalanx broke formation, or if a lone soldier found himself in close combat, the sarissa was nearly useless as a weapon, and the backup weapon would be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_use">History of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Mieza,_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia,_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_926eb424be6db3e06917e5c03ffdfaaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_926eb424be6db3e06917e5c03ffdfaaa.jpg/250px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_926eb424be6db3e06917e5c03ffdfaaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_926eb424be6db3e06917e5c03ffdfaaa.jpg/500px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_926eb424be6db3e06917e5c03ffdfaaa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>3rd century BCE art of a warrior carrying a spear from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Judgement,_Lefkadia" title="Tomb of Judgement, Lefkadia">Tomb of Judgement, Lefkadia</a>—possibly a sarissa</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Ancient Macedonian army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_army" title="Ptolemaic army">Ptolemaic army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></div> <p>The adoption of the sarissa by the Macedonian infantry is usually credited to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1978483_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1978483-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–79_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–79-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander used the sarissa armed phalanx in <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">his wars across Asia</a>, where he conquered <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_Egypt" title="History of Persian Egypt">Persian Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>'s homelands in Babylonia and Persia, and the <a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Pauravas</a> (northwest India). The sarissa-wielding phalanxes were vital in every early battle, including the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> where the Persian king's <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythe chariots</a> were utterly destroyed by the phalanx, supported by the combined use of companion cavalry and <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a> (javelineers). During his later campaigning, Alexander gradually reduced the importance of the phalanx and the sarissa, as he modified his combined use of arms to incorporate Asian weapons and troops, not specifically trained in Macedonian battle tactics. </p><p>The sarissa remained the core of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> successor states to Alexander's empire. </p><p>The word remained in use throughout the Byzantine years to sometimes describe the long spears of their own infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> would eventually come back into vogue due to changing circumstances in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> period (~1300–1700); scholars of military history have used reports of how <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a>, and English and Irish pikemen fought to analyze how the similar Macedonian sarissa was likely used.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1521 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli_book)" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli book)">The Art of War</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolo Machiavelli">Niccolo Machiavelli</a> wrote that "I conjecture that a Macedonian Phalanx was nothing else than a battalion of Swiss is today, who have all their strength and power in their pikes."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preserved English pikes from this period tend to be 5.6 to 5.9 meters (18 to 19 ft) long, and there are reports of pikes as long as 6.7 m (22 ft). These reports suggest that usage of such long pikes by the Macedonians was plausible and militarily viable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">Polearm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Greeks used both the <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σάρισα</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sarisa</i></span>) and the <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σάρισσα</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sarissa</i></span>) form when spelling the word in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <a href="/wiki/Ash_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash wood">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornus_mas" title="Cornus mas">cornel wood</a> would have been easily available in Macedonia and the Near East. The sarissa being made of ash is supported by ancient sources and historians such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lammert" title="Edmund Lammert">Edmund Lammert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Snodgrass" title="Anthony Snodgrass">Anthony Snodgrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Victor_Sekunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Victor Sekunda">Nicholas Victor Sekunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELammert1920_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELammert1920-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other possibility is that resilient cornel (also known as cornelian cherry) was used instead, based on Theophratus's writings, and is favored by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_Markle" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Markle">Minor Markle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Connolly_(classical_scholar)" title="Peter Connolly (classical scholar)">Peter Connolly</a>. Cornel is stronger and tougher, but doesn't grow as long, suggesting either shorter sarissas or some kind of combination shaft hewed from multiple lumber strands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The leaf-shaped chunk of iron found by Andronikos at Vergina was a hefty 1.235 kg (2.72 lb). Peter Connolly writes that this was more likely a spear butt rather than a spearhead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Victor_Sekunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Victor Sekunda">Nicholas Victor Sekunda</a> suggests that it was a spearhead, but one used only on ceremonial spears meant as a badge of rank (similar to the later use of <a href="/wiki/Spontoon" title="Spontoon">spontoons</a> as symbols of authority), perhaps by royal <i><a href="/wiki/Somatophylakes" title="Somatophylakes">somatophylakes</a></i> ("bodyguards") given that the wielder apparently merited a tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connolly also writes that smaller spearheads were found at Vergina as well, and that these smaller spearheads should be taken as the default form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although in terms of total equipment weight, a Hellenistic soldier's kit may still have been lighter than a Roman soldier's, which is estimated at not less than 20 kg (44 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-kochva-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2013">Sekunda 2013</a>, pp. 78–81; Sekunda is citing Alejandro Noguera Borel's <i>L'évolution de la phalange macédonienne- le cas de la sarisse</i> (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200116–18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200116–18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200130–36-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200130–36_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 30–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200122–30_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 22–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELammert1920-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELammert1920_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLammert1920">Lammert 1920</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000106–107_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977324–326-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977324–326_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1977">Markle 1977</a>, pp. 324–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000103–106_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 103–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200118–22_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 18–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200113–17-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200113–17_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 13–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPolybius" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D29">"The Histories, 18.29"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+18.29&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0234%253Abook%253D18%253Achapter%253D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheophratus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theophratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophratus">Theophratus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enquiryintoplant01theouoft/page/234/mode/2up"><i>Enquiry into Plants</i></a>. Translated by Hort, Arthur Fenton. pp. <span class="nowrap">234–</span>235. <q>The height of the 'male' tree is at most twelve cubits, the length of the longest Macedonian spear, the stem up to the point where it divides not being very tall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enquiry+into+Plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.au=Theophratus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenquiryintoplant01theouoft%2Fpage%2F234%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2014_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2014_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2014">Campbell 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar-kochva-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar-kochva_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (1976). <i>The Seleucid Army</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54, 65, <span class="nowrap">161–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521206679" title="Special:BookSources/9780521206679"><bdi>9780521206679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seleucid+Army&rft.pages=54%2C+65%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780521206679&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000109–112_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 109–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–81_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1973">Fox 1973</a>, pp. 76–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlinkenbergKinch1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Blinkenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Blinkenberg">Blinkenberg, Christian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Frederik_Kinch" title="Karl Frederik Kinch">Kinch, Karl Frederik</a> (1941). <i>Lindos. Fouilles de l'Acropole, 1902-1914. Volume 2: Inscriptions</i> (in French). p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lindos.+Fouilles+de+l%27Acropole%2C+1902-1914.+Volume+2%3A+Inscriptions.&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Blinkenberg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Kinch%2C+Karl+Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span> Cited by <a href="#CITEREFSekunda2013">Sekunda 2013</a>, pp. 81–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201381–85_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2013">Sekunda 2013</a>, pp. 81–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1977">Markle 1977</a>, pp. 324–326, <a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 109–112. The main ancient source indicating use of a strap or similar device is Plutarch, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, in his work on Cleomenes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Cleomenes*.html">11.2</a>. The account says <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes III</a> decided to equip a phalanx in the Macedonian manner, and that the shield was used with a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀχάνης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ochane</i></span>), which could be literally translated as "handle".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201394–95-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201394–95_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2013">Sekunda 2013</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle198291-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle198291_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1982">Markle 1982</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200137–40_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly2000107–109_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1982104–105-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1982104–105_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1982">Markle 1982</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977106-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977106_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1977">Markle 1977</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda201378–81-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda201378–81_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2013">Sekunda 2013</a>, pp. 78–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekunda200125,_37–40-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekunda200125,_37–40_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 25, 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2016" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Christopher (2016). <i>An Invincible Beast: Understanding the Hellenistic Pike Phalanx in Action</i>. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783831104" title="Special:BookSources/9781783831104"><bdi>9781783831104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invincible+Beast%3A+Understanding+the+Hellenistic+Pike+Phalanx+in+Action&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783831104&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivy1850" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> (1850) [1st century BCE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0149%3Abook%3D44%3Achapter%3D41">"The History of Rome, Book 44"</a>. Translated by McDevitte, William A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%2C+Book+44&rft.date=1850&rft.au=Livy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0149%253Abook%253D44%253Achapter%253D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977323–324-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1977323–324_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1977">Markle 1977</a>, pp. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucian1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian</a> (1905) [2nd century]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6327/6327-h/6327-h.htm#chap11">"Dialogues of the Dead"</a>. <i>The Works of Lucian of Samosata</i>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/H._W._Fowler" title="H. W. Fowler">Fowler, Henry Watson</a>; <a href="/wiki/F._G._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="F. G. Fowler">Fowler, Francis George</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. XXVII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialogues+of+the+Dead&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Lucian+of+Samosata&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=XXVII&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F6327%2F6327-h%2F6327-h.htm%23chap11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkle1978483-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkle1978483_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1978">Markle 1978</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox197376–79-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox197376–79_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1973">Fox 1973</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><i>11th century</i>, Michael Attaleiates, <i>The History</i>, A.1047</li><li><i>6th century</i>, Agathias Scholasticus, <i>Histories</i>, B.43</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkle1982">Markle 1982</a>, p. 109; <a href="#CITEREFSekunda2001">Sekunda 2001</a>, pp. 14–18, 22–23; <a href="#CITEREFConnolly2000">Connolly 2000</a>, pp. 103–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1675" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolo Machiavelli">Machiavelli, Niccolo</a> (1675) [1521]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The_Art_of_War_(Neville)/Book_2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Neville)/Book_2"><i>The Art of War</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Neville_(writer)" title="Henry Neville (writer)">Neville, Henry</a>. Book 2 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War&rft.pages=Book+2&rft.date=1675&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_B._Campbell" title="Duncan B. Campbell">Campbell, Duncan B.</a> (2014). "How long was the Macedonian sarissa?". <i>Ancient Warfare</i>. <b>VIII</b> (3). Karwansaray Publishers: <span class="nowrap">48–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Warfare&rft.atitle=How+long+was+the+Macedonian+sarissa%3F&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Connolly_(classical_scholar)" title="Peter Connolly (classical scholar)">Connolly, Peter</a> (2002). "Experiments with the sarissa – the Macedonian pike and cavalry lance – a functional view". <i>Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies (JRMES)</i>. 11 2000: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-3684">0961-3684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Military+Equipment+Studies+%28JRMES%29&rft.atitle=Experiments+with+the+sarissa+%E2%80%93+the+Macedonian+pike+and+cavalry+lance+%E2%80%93+a+functional+view&rft.volume=11+2000&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0961-3684&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, Robin Lane</a> (1973). <i>Alexander the Great</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008878-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008878-4"><bdi>0-14-008878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-14-008878-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkle1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minor_M._Markle_III" title="Minor M. Markle III">Markle, Minor M.</a> (1977). "The Macedonian Sarrissa, Spear and Related Armor". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>81</b> (3). Archaeological Institute of America: <span class="nowrap">323–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503007">10.2307/503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503007">503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192966553">192966553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Macedonian+Sarrissa%2C+Spear+and+Related+Armor&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192966553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503007&rft.aulast=Markle&rft.aufirst=Minor+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkle1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minor_M._Markle_III" title="Minor M. Markle III">Markle, Minor M.</a> (1978). "Use of the Sarissa by Philip and Alexander of Macedon". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>82</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F504637">10.2307/504637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/504637">504637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+Sarissa+by+Philip+and+Alexander+of+Macedon&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E497&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F504637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F504637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markle&rft.aufirst=Minor+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkle1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Minor_M._Markle_III" title="Minor M. Markle III">Markle, Minor M.</a> (1982). "Macedonian Arms and Tactics under Alexander the Great". In Barr-Sharrar, Beryl (ed.). <i>Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times</i>. Studies in the History of Art Symposium Series I. Vol. 10. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. p. 86-111. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42617923">42617923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Arms+and+Tactics+under+Alexander+the+Great&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+Greece+in+Late+Classical+and+Early+Hellenistic+Times&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Art+Symposium+Series+I&rft.pages=86-111&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42617923%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markle&rft.aufirst=Minor+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLammert1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lammert" title="Edmund Lammert">Lammert, Edmund</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elexikon.ch/RE/IA,2_2517.png">"Sarisse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i> (in German). Vol. IA2. pp. <span class="nowrap">2515–</span>2530<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sarisse&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2515-%3C%2Fspan%3E2530&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Lammert&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felexikon.ch%2FRE%2FIA%2C2_2517.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSekunda2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Victor_Sekunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Victor Sekunda">Sekunda, Nicholas Victor</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/archaeo/article/view/17027">"The Sarissa"</a>. <i>Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica</i>. <b>1</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18778%2F0208-6034.23.1.02">10.18778/0208-6034.23.1.02</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Lodziensis.+Folia+Archaeologica&rft.atitle=The+Sarissa&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18778%2F0208-6034.23.1.02&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fczasopisma.uni.lodz.pl%2Farchaeo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F17027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSekunda2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Victor_Sekunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Victor Sekunda">Sekunda, Nicholas Victor</a> (2013). <i>The Antigonid Army</i>. Akanthina No. 8. Gdańsk: University of Gdańsk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7531-266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7531-266-9"><bdi>978-83-7531-266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antigonid+Army&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.series=Akanthina+No.+8&rft.pub=University+of+Gda%C5%84sk&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-7531-266-9&rft.aulast=Sekunda&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarissa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarissa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906212429/http://myweb.unomaha.edu/~mreames/Alexander/sarissa_jones.html">Photos of Hoplite spear compared to Macedonian sarissa</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bohemian_earspoon" title="Bohemian earspoon">Bohemian earspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandistock" title="Brandistock">Brandistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brogit_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Brogit staff">Brogit staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corseque" title="Corseque">Corseque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doloire" title="Doloire">Doloire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dory_(spear)" title="Dory (spear)">Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauchard" title="Fauchard">Fauchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaive" title="Glaive">Glaive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goedendag" title="Goedendag">Goedendag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guisarme" title="Guisarme">Guisarme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_pike" class="mw-redirect" title="Half pike">Half pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">Hasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddart_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeddart staff">Jeddart staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontos_(weapon)" title="Kontos (weapon)">Kontos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">Lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochaber_axe" title="Lochaber axe">Lochaber axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne_hammer" title="Lucerne hammer">Lucerne hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_catcher" title="Man catcher">Man catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaulion" title="Menaulion">Menaulion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fork" title="Military fork">Military fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox_tongue_spear" title="Ox tongue spear">Ox tongue spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(weapon)" title="Partisan (weapon)">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_picot" title="Plançon à picot">Plançon à picot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollaxe">Pollaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarterstaff" title="Quarterstaff">Quarterstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranseur" title="Ranseur">Ranseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">Rhomphaia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_halberd" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish halberd">Scottish halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovnya" title="Sovnya">Sovnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparth_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparth axe">Sparth axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spetum" title="Spetum">Spetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontoon" title="Spontoon">Spontoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordstaff" title="Swordstaff">Swordstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Viking halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulge" title="Voulge">Voulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_scythe" title="War scythe">War scythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hook" title="Welsh hook">Welsh hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbir" title="Arbir">Arbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambu_runcing" title="Bambu runcing">Bambu runcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcha" title="Barcha">Barcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisento">Bisento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">Dagger-axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangpa" title="Dangpa">Dangpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangtian_ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangtian ji">Fangtian ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gichang" title="Gichang">Gichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guandao" title="Guandao">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoko_yari" title="Hoko yari">Hoko yari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(polearm)" title="Ji (polearm)">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama-yari" title="Kama-yari">Kama-yari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudi_(knife)" title="Kudi (knife)">Kudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngao_(polearm)" title="Ngao (polearm)">Ngao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podao" title="Podao">Podao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibat" title="Sibat">Sibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovnya" 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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