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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States law. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act_(band)" title="Pure Food and Drug Act (band)">Pure Food and Drug Act (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drugs_Act" title="Food and Drugs Act">Food and Drugs Act</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act_of_1906" class="extiw" title="s:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906">Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906</a></b>, also known as the <b>Wiley Act</b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Dr. Wiley</a>'s Law</b>, was the first of a series of significant <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer protection law">consumer protection laws</a> enacted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Chemistry">US Bureau of Chemistry</a> to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Formulary_(pharmacy)" title="Formulary (pharmacy)">National Formulary</a>. </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Pure Food and Drug Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">PFDA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/59th_United_States_Congress" title="59th United States Congress">59th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">January 1, 1907</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.catalog.archives.gov/id/5716297">59-384</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">34 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-34-768">768</a>, Chapter 3915</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts repealed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)</li><li>37 U.S. Stat. 416 (1912) (Sherley Amendment)</li><li>37 U.S. Stat. 732 (1913) (<a href="/wiki/Gould_Amendment" title="Gould Amendment">Gould Amendment</a>)</li><li>41 U.S. Stat. 271 (1919) (Kenyon Amendment)</li><li>42 U.S. Stat. 1500 (1923)</li><li>44 U.S. Stat. 976-1003 (1927)</li><li>46 U.S. Stat. 1019 (1930) (McNary-Mapes Amendment)</li><li>48 U.S. Stat. 1204 (1934) (<a href="/wiki/Title_21_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 21 of the United States Code">21 U.S.C. §§ 1-15</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_21_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 21 of the United States Code">21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as S. 88 by <a href="/wiki/Weldon_B._Heyburn" title="Weldon B. Heyburn">Weldon Heyburn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>–<a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a>) on December 14, 1905</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on February 30, 1906 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/59-1/s8">63-4</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on June 20, 1906 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/59-1/h95">143-72</a>)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on June 23, 1906; <b>agreed to by the House</b> on June 23, 1906 (Did not agree) and by the <b>Senate</b> on June 23, 1906 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/59-1/h97">241-17</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> on June 30, 1906</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> (1938)<br><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Johnson_(1911)" title="United States v. Johnson (1911)">United States v. Johnson</a></i> (1911)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>In the late 1800s, the quality of food in the US decreased significantly as populations moved to cities and the time from farm to market increased. Many food producers turned to using dangerous preservatives, including <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, to keep food appearing fresh. Simultaneously, the quality of medicine was appalling. <a href="/wiki/Quack_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Quack medicine">Quack medicine</a> was common, and many drugs were addictive or dangerous without actually providing a curative effect. Opium and alcohol were chief ingredients, even in infant medicines. The work of <a href="/wiki/Muckraking" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckraking">muckraking</a> journalists exposed the practices of food and drug industries and caused public outcry. </p><p>Foremost among such exposés was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, published the same year as the act. With its graphic and revolting descriptions of unsanitary conditions and unscrupulous practices rampant in the <a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">meat-packing industry</a>, it kept the public's attention on the extreme unhygienic conditions in meat processing plants. Sinclair quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach," as an outraged public demanded government action, resulting in the Pure Food and Drug Act and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_significance"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical significance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Particular_drugs_deemed_addictive"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Particular drugs deemed addictive</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History_of_passage"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History of passage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Beginnings_of_the_Food_and_Drug_Administration"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Enforcement_of_labeling_and_future_ramifications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical significance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Federal Meat Inspection Act</a>. Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The <a href="/wiki/Meat_Inspection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a> was assigned to what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Food_Safety_and_Inspection_Service" title="Food Safety and Inspection Service">Food Safety and Inspection Service</a>, which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">interstate commerce</a>. Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Particular_drugs_deemed_addictive">Particular drugs deemed addictive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Particular drugs deemed addictive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deficiencies in this original statute,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (December 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History_of_passage">History of passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of passage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"><p> An 1882 article in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> describes "New Laws for Analyzing Food and Drugs" and highlights historical aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the draft stated:</p><blockquote><p>"An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this act.<br><br>A.-In the case of drugs:<br>* If, when sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work.<br>* If when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, but which is found in some other pharmacopeia or ether standard work on materia medica, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work.<br>* If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard under which it is sold<br><br>B.-In the case of food or drink:<br>* If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality of strength<br>* If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for the article<br>*If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or is part abstracted<br>* If it be an imitation of or be sold under the name of another article<br>* If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased or decomposed, or putrid or rotten, animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal<br>* If it be colored, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value"<br><br>―<a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, 7 Jan 1882<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It took 27 years to adopt the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">Muckraking</a> journalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</a>, targeted the <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">patent medicine</a> industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. </p><p>The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Harvey Washington Wiley</a>, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story. The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise unsanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives. </p><p>The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kelley" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a>, researcher <a href="/wiki/Harvey_W._Wiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey W. Wiley">Harvey W. Wiley</a>, and President Theodore Roosevelt. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Beginnings_of_the_Food_and_Drug_Administration">Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA. [Initially,] the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Chemistry">Bureau of Chemistry</a> (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> of 1938. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Enforcement_of_labeling_and_future_ramifications">Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there was an attempt to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Forty_Barrels_and_Twenty_Kegs_of_Coca-Cola" title="United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola">United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola</a></i>, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached a settlement with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> to reduce the caffeine amount. </p><p>In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent medicines">patent medicines</a> with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing <a href="/wiki/Opiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Opiates">opiates</a> decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">drug policy reform</a> advocates such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a> as a successful model for <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">re-legalization</a> of currently <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (drugs)">prohibited drugs</a> by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">consumer education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach,'" <i>American Journal of Public Health</i> 66.12 (1976): 1202-1205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwann,_Ph.D.,_John_P2019" class="citation web cs1">Swann, Ph.D., John P (April 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/changes-science-law-and-regulatory-authorities/part-i-1906-food-and-drugs-act-and-its-enforcement">"The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enforcement"</a>. FDA History - Part I. U.S. Food and Drug Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1906+Food+and+Drugs+Act+and+Its+Enforcement&rft.series=FDA+History+-+Part+I&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.au=Swann%2C+Ph.D.%2C+John+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fabout-fda%2Fchanges-science-law-and-regulatory-authorities%2Fpart-i-1906-food-and-drugs-act-and-its-enforcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw8ABAAAQBAJ&dq=a+Trojan+horse+with+a+bellyful+of+inspectors&pg=PA98">Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906.</a> Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceb.nlm.nih.gov/fdanj/">FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, 1908-1966</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoE9AQAAIAAJ"><i>Scientific American</i></a>. Munn & Company. January 7, 1882. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Munn+%26+Company&rft.date=1882-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoE9AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers1907" class="citation journal cs1">Ayers, Edward A. (August 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sojNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA9316">"What The Food Law Saves Us From: Adulterations, Substitutions, Chemical Dyes, and Other Evils"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XIV</b>: 9316–9322<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=What+The+Food+Law+Saves+Us+From%3A+Adulterations%2C+Substitutions%2C+Chemical+Dyes%2C+and+Other+Evils&rft.volume=XIV&rft.pages=9316-9322&rft.date=1907-08&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsojNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA9316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fdas-evolving-regulatory-powers/milestones-us-food-and-drug-law-history">"Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History - Significant Dates in U.S. Food and Drug Law History"</a>. <i>www.fda.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fda.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Law+History+-+Significant+Dates+in+U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Law+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fabout-fda%2Ffdas-evolving-regulatory-powers%2Fmilestones-us-food-and-drug-law-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin_M.D.,_James2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hamblin M.D., James (January 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/01/why-we-took-cocaine-out-of-soda/272694/">"Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. The Atlantic's Health Editorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Why+We+Took+Cocaine+Out+of+Soda&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.au=Hamblin+M.D.%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2Fwhy-we-took-cocaine-out-of-soda%2F272694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/02/coca-cola.aspx">Pop psychology: The man who saved Coca-Cola</a>", by Ludy T. Benjamin, <i>Monitor on Psychology,</i> February 2009, Vol 40, No. 2, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusto1999" class="citation book cs1">Musto, David F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VrQy2d8PxYC"><i>The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512509-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512509-6"><bdi>0-19-512509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Disease%3A+Origins+of+Narcotic+Control&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512509-6&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VrQy2d8PxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_James_P.2001" class="citation book cs1">Gray, James P. (May 2, 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyourdruglawsha00gray/page/288"><i>Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It: A Judicial Indictment of the War on Drugs</i></a></span>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyourdruglawsha00gray/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566398602" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566398602"><bdi>978-1566398602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Our+Drug+Laws+Have+Failed+and+What+We+Can+Do+About+It%3A+A+Judicial+Indictment+of+the+War+on+Drugs&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1566398602&rft.au=Gray%2C+James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyourdruglawsha00gray%2Fpage%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Barkan, I. D. (January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646146">"Industry invites regulation: the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 18–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.75.1.18">10.2105/AJPH.75.1.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646146">1646146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3881052">3881052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Industry+invites+regulation%3A+the+passage+of+the+Pure+Food+and+Drug+Act+of+1906&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-26&rft.date=1985-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646146%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3881052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.75.1.18&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_State_of_Connecticut" class="citation book cs1">The State of Connecticut. <i>Connecticut Agricultural & Experiment Station Annual Reports</i>. New Haven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecticut+Agricultural+%26+Experiment+Station+Annual+Reports&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.au=The+State+of+Connecticut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span> For years preceding and following passage of the Act: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nwSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">1896</a>, First report of the station on adulterated food products; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">1897</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA103">1898</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93">1899</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnQSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105">1900</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3USAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95">1901</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA179">1902</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA107">1903</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnQSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA105">1904</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA107">1905</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5gSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108">1906</a>; 1907: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nssSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121">Food</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nssSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA573">Food</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nssSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA686">Drugs</a>; 1908: Not located; 1909: Not located; 1910: Not located; 1911: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U80SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101">Food</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U80SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162">Drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1911" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Arthur Wallace (September 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14958">"Dr. Wiley And Pure Food, First Article: A Twenty-Year's Fight, The Long Struggle Against "Influence" to Enact the Law, The Harder Struggle to Enforce It, An Amazing Story of Obstruction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XXII</b>: 14958–14965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Dr.+Wiley+And+Pure+Food%2C+First+Article%3A+A+Twenty-Year%27s+Fight%2C+The+Long+Struggle+Against+%22Influence%22+to+Enact+the+Law%2C+The+Harder+Struggle+to+Enforce+It%2C+An+Amazing+Story+of+Obstruction&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=14958-14965&rft.date=1911-09&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHAAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA14958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1911" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Arthur Wallace (November 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv--PfedzLAC&pg=PA29">"Dr. Wiley and Pure Food, Second Article: The Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry as Washington Knows Him"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XXIII</b>: 29–40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Dr.+Wiley+and+Pure+Food%2C+Second+Article%3A+The+Chief+of+the+Bureau+of+Chemistry+as+Washington+Knows+Him&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.pages=29-40&rft.date=1911-11&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVv--PfedzLAC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeley1907" class="citation book cs1">Greeley, Arthur Philip (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodanddrugsact00greegoog"><i>The Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906: A Study with Text of the Act, Annotated, the Rules and Regulations for the Enforcement of the Act, Food Inspection, Decisions and Official Food Standards</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: J. Byrne & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Food+and+Drugs+Act%2C+June+30%2C+1906%3A+A+Study+with+Text+of+the+Act%2C+Annotated%2C+the+Rules+and+Regulations+for+the+Enforcement+of+the+Act%2C+Food+Inspection%2C+Decisions+and+Official+Food+Standards&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=J.+Byrne+%26+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Greeley&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodanddrugsact00greegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Young" title="James Harvey Young">James Harvey Young</a>, Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989).</li> <li>Mitchell Okun, Fair Play in the Marketplace: The First Battle for Pure Food and Drugs (Dekalb: University of Illinois Press, 1986).</li> <li>Suzanne White Junod, Chemistry and Controversy: Food Additive Regulation, unpublished dissertation, Emory University, 1994.</li> <li>Andrew F. Smith, Pure Ketchup: A History of America's National Condiment (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996)</li> <li>Goodwin, Pure Food, Drug, and Drink Crusaders</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF59th_U.S._Congress1905" class="citation web cs1">59th U.S. Congress (December 14, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919164143/https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/more-perfect-union-april-2010-september-2011/general-welfare/protecting-nations-food">"S. 88, Draft bill of the Pure Food and Drug Act"</a>. <i>Chapter 3915, cited 34 U.S. Stats. 768</i>. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/more-perfect-union-april-2010-september-2011/general-welfare/protecting-nations-food">the original</a> on September 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+3915%2C+cited+34+U.S.+Stats.+768&rft.atitle=S.+88%2C+Draft+bill+of+the+Pure+Food+and+Drug+Act&rft.date=1905-12-14&rft.au=59th+U.S.+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitthecapitol.gov%2Fexhibitions%2Fmore-perfect-union-april-2010-september-2011%2Fgeneral-welfare%2Fprotecting-nations-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APure+Food+and+Drug+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF59th_U.S._Congress1906" class="citation web cs1">59th U.S. Congress (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/ucm148690.htm">"THE WILEY ACT"</a>. <i>Public Law Number 59-384, 34 Stat. 768</i>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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