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class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>PubMed Central (PMC) is a free <a href="/wiki/Digital_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital repository">digital repository</a> that archives <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> full-text scholarly articles that have been published in <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> journals. As one of the major research databases developed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI), PubMed Central is more than a document repository. Submissions to PMC are indexed and formatted for enhanced <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, medical <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a>, and unique identifiers which enrich the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> structured data for each article.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Content within PMC can be linked to other NCBI databases and accessed via <a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> search and retrieval systems, further enhancing the public's ability to discover, read and build upon its biomedical knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">PubMed Central</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Producer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a> (United States)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">2000–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Free</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Medicine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Record depth</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Index, abstract & full-text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Journal articles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of records</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">9,700,000 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229883?uselang=en#P4876" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title list(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> PubMed Central is distinct from <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> PubMed Central is a free digital archive of full articles, accessible to anyone from anywhere via a web browser (with varying provisions for reuse). Conversely, although PubMed is a searchable database of biomedical citations and abstracts, the full-text article resides elsewhere (in print or online, free or behind a subscriber <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywall</a>). As of December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit">[update]</a>, the PMC archive contained over 5.2 million articles,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> with contributions coming from publishers or authors depositing their manuscripts into the repository per the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a>. Earlier data shows that from January 2013 to January 2014 author-initiated deposits exceeded 103,000 papers during a 12-month period.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> PMC identifies about 4,000 journals which participate in some capacity to deposit their published content into the PMC repository.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Some publishers delay the release of their articles on PubMed Central for a set time after publication, referred to as an "embargo period", ranging from a few months to a few years depending on the journal. (Embargoes of six to twelve months are the most common.) PubMed Central is a key example of "systematic external distribution by a third party",<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which is still prohibited by the contributor agreements of many publishers. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Adoption">2 Adoption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Technology">3 Technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reception">4 Reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#PMCID">5 PMCID</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> PubMed Central began as <a href="/wiki/E-biomed" class="mw-redirect" title="E-biomed">E-biomed</a>, initially proposed in May 1999 by then-<a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Institutes_of_Health" title="Director of the National Institutes of Health">NIH director</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e-biomed-8">[8]</a> The idea came to him "abruptly" in December 1998, inspired by the early use of <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> for <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprints</a> after a presentation from Pat Brown of <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lipman" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lipman">David Lipman</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a>:<a href="#cite_note-pmc-transformation-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But my views broadened abruptly one morning in December of 1998 when I met Pat Brown for coffee, at the café that was formerly the famed Tassajara Bakery, on the corner of Cole and Parnassus, during a visit to San Francisco. [...] A few weeks before our coffee, Pat had learned about the methods being used by the physicist Paul Ginsparg and his colleagues at Los Alamos to allow physicists and mathematicians to share their work with one another over the Internet. They were posting "preprints" (articles not yet submitted or accepted for publication) at a publicly accessible website (called LanX or arXiv) for anyone to read and critique. [...] The more I thought about this, the more I was convinced that a radical restructuring of methods for publishing, transmitting, storing, and using biomedical research reports might be possible and beneficial. In a spirit of enthusiasm and political innocence, I wrote a lengthy manifesto, proposing the creation of an NIH-supported online system, called E-biomed.</blockquote> The goal of E-biomed was to provide free access to all biomedical research. Papers submitted to E-biomed could take one of two routes: either immediately published as a preprint, or through a traditional <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process. The peer review process was to resemble contemporary <a href="/wiki/Overlay_journal" title="Overlay journal">overlay journals</a>, with an external editorial board retaining control over the process of reviewing, curating, and listing papers which would otherwise be freely accessible on the central E-biomed server. Varmus intended to realize the new possibilities presented by communicating scientific results digitally, imagining continuous conversation about published work, versioned documents, and enriched "layered" formats allowing for multiple levels of detail.<a href="#cite_note-e-biomed-8">[8]</a> The proposal to create a central index of biomedical research was a radical departure from prevailing publishing norms. Prior to the internet, publication indexes operated largely like <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBNs</a>: allocated by registration agencies to secondary publishers. The idea that anyone could own their own address space via a <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> and create their own indexing system was a wholly new idea.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Major commercial publishers had begun experimenting with an indexing system for scientific papers shared across publishers as early as 1993, and were spurred to action following the E-biomed proposal. At the October 1999 <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientific,_Technical,_and_Medical_Publishers" title="International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers">STM</a> Annual Frankfurt Conference, several publishers led by <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a> reached a hurried conference room consensus to launch their competitor prototype:<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <blockquote> At the Board meeting of the STM association, held the afternoon of Monday, October 11, before the fair's Wednesday opening, discussion focused on an emerging U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) initiative called E-Biomed (later PubMed Central) that had been proposed by Harold Varmus of the National Institutes of Health in the spring of 1999. Varmus envisioned a digital archive of journals, accessible free of charge and with the added value of reference linking. "Our consensus was that publishers should be the ones doing the linking," said Bob Campbell, who chaired the meeting. "Since we were 'higher up the stream,' so to speak, we should be able to link our articles ahead of the NLM as part of the process of producing them. Stefan von Holtzbrinck then set the ball rolling by offering to link Nature publications with anyone else's. We decided to issue an announcement of a broad STM reference linking initiative. It was, of course, a strategic move only, since we had neither plan nor prototype." A small group led by Arnoud de Kemp of Springer-Verlag met in an adjacent room immediately following the Board meeting to draft the announcement, which was distributed to all attendees of the STM annual meeting the following day and published in an STM membership publication. [...] The potential benefit of the service that would become CrossRef was immediately apparent. Organizations such as AIP and IOP (Institute of Physics) had begun to link to each other's publications, and the impossibility of replicating such one-off arrangements across the industry was obvious. As Tim Ingoldsby later put it, "All those linking agreements were going to kill us." </blockquote> Under pressure from vigorous lobbying from commercial publishers and scientific societies who feared for lost profits,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> NIH officials announced a revised PubMed Central proposal in August 1999.<a href="#cite_note-pmc-transformation-9">[9]</a> PMC would receive submissions from publishers, rather than from authors as in E-biomed. Publications were allowed time-embargoed <a href="/wiki/Paywalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Paywalls">paywalls</a> up to one year. PMC would only allow peer-reviewed work — no preprints.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The then-unnamed publisher-led linking system shortly thereafter became <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a> and the larger <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> system. Varmus, Brown, and others including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Eisen" title="Michael Eisen">Michael Eisen</a> went on to found the Public Library of Science (<a href="/wiki/PLoS" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS">PLoS</a>) in 2001, reaching the conclusion "that if we really want to change the publication of scientific research, we must do the publishing ourselves."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adoption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></div> Launched in February 2000, the repository has grown rapidly as the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a> is designed to make all research funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) freely accessible to anyone, and, in addition, many publishers are working cooperatively with the NIH to provide free access to their works.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is not self evident, and Publishers' pivot towards open access seems to be driven more by the greater profitability of APC-based open access rather than a cooperative drive to undermine their business model. Factual assertions need citation, especially when otherwise they are in service of a specific industry's public image. (October 2023)">citation needed</a>] In late 2007, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 (H.R. 2764) was signed into law and included a provision requiring the NIH to modify its policies and require inclusion into PubMed Central complete electronic copies of their peer-reviewed research and findings from NIH-funded research. These articles are required to be included within 12 months of publication. This is the first time the US government has required an agency to provide <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to research and is an evolution from the 2005 policy, in which the NIH asked researchers to voluntarily add their research to PubMed Central.<a href="#cite_note-science_codex-17">[17]</a> A UK version of the PubMed Central system, <a href="/wiki/UK_PubMed_Central_(UKPMC)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK PubMed Central (UKPMC)">UK PubMed Central (UKPMC)</a>, has been developed by the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> as part of a nine-strong group of UK research funders. This system went live in January 2007. On 1 November 2012, it became <a href="/wiki/Europe_PubMed_Central" title="Europe PubMed Central">Europe PubMed Central</a>. The Canadian member of the PubMed Central International network, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central_Canada" title="PubMed Central Canada">PubMed Central Canada</a>, was launched in October 2009. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> "NLM Journal Publishing Tag Set" journal article <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> is freely available.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Learned_and_Professional_Society_Publishers" title="Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers">Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers</a> comments that "it is likely to become the standard for preparing scholarly content for both books and journals".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A related <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a> is available for books.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and the British Library have announced support for the NLM DTD.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It has also been popular with journal service providers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> With the release of public access plans for many agencies beyond NIH, PMC is in the process of becoming the repository for a wider variety of articles.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This includes NASA content, with the interface branded as "PubSpace".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Articles are sent to PubMed Central by publishers in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> or <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, using a variety of article <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">DTDs</a>. Older and larger publishers may have their own established in-house DTDs, but many publishers use the NLM Journal Publishing DTD (see above). Received articles are converted via <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> to the very similar NLM Archiving and Interchange DTD. This process may reveal errors that are reported back to the publisher for correction. Graphics are also converted to standard formats and sizes. The original and converted forms are archived. The converted form is moved into a relational database, along with associated files for graphics, multimedia, or other associated data. Many publishers also provide <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> of their articles, and these are made available without change.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Bibliographic citations are parsed and automatically linked to the relevant abstracts in PubMed, articles in PubMed Central, and resources on publishers' Web sites. PubMed links also lead to PubMed Central. Unresolvable references, such as to journals or particular articles not yet available at one of these sources, are tracked in the database and automatically come "live" when the resources become available. An in-house indexing system provides search capability, and is aware of biological and <a href="/wiki/Medical_terminology" title="Medical terminology">medical terminology</a>, such as generic vs. <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_drug" title="Proprietary drug">proprietary drug</a> names, and alternate names for organisms, diseases and anatomical parts. When a user accesses a journal issue, a table of contents is automatically generated by retrieving all articles, letters, editorials, etc. for that issue. When an actual item such as an article is reached, PubMed Central converts the NLM markup to <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> for delivery, and provides links to related data objects. This is feasible because the variety of incoming data has first been converted to standard DTDs and graphic formats. In a separate submission stream, NIH-funded authors may deposit articles into PubMed Central using the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS). Articles thus submitted typically go through XML markup in order to be converted to NLM DTD. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Reactions to PubMed Central among the scholarly publishing community range between a genuine enthusiasm by some,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> to cautious concern by others.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> While PMC is a welcome partner to open access publishers in its ability to augment the discovery and dissemination of biomedical knowledge, that same truth causes others to worry about traffic being diverted from the published <a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">version of record</a>, the economic consequences of less readership, as well as the effect on maintaining a community of scholars within learned societies.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[30]</a> A 2013 analysis found strong evidence that public repositories of published articles were responsible for "drawing significant numbers of readers away from journal websites" and that "the effect of PMC is growing over time".<a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[30]</a> Libraries, universities, open access supporters, consumer health advocacy groups, and patient rights organizations have applauded PubMed Central, and hope to see similar public access repositories developed by other federal funding agencies so to freely share any research publications that were the result of taxpayer support.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Antelman study of open access publishing found that in philosophy, political science, electrical and electronic engineering and mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a> papers had a greater research impact.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A randomised trial found an increase in content downloads of open access papers, with no citation advantage over subscription access one year after publication.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The NIH policy and open access repository work has inspired a <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate#United_States_funding_agencies" title="Open-access mandate">2013 presidential directive</a> which has sparked action in other federal agencies as well. In March 2020, PubMed Central accelerated its deposit procedures for the full text of publications on <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>. The NLM did so upon request from the White House <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> and international scientists to improve access for scientists, healthcare providers, <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_text_mining" title="Biomedical text mining">data mining innovators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">AI healthcare researchers</a>, and the general public.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="PMCID">PMCID</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: PMCID" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The PMCID (PubMed Central <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifier</a>), also known as the PMC reference number, is a <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographic">bibliographic</a> identifier for the PubMed Central open access database, much like the <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> is the bibliographic identifier for the <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> database. The two identifiers are distinct however. It consists of "PMC" followed by a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a> of numbers. The format is:<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <ul><li>PMCID: PMC1852221</li></ul> Authors applying for <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> awards must include the PMCID in their application. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_PubMed_Central" title="Europe PubMed Central">Europe PubMed Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JATS" class="mw-redirect" title="JATS">JATS</a> (technology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEDLINE" title="MEDLINE">MEDLINE</a>, an international literature database of life sciences and biomedical information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> (PubMed Identifier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central_Canada" title="PubMed Central Canada">PubMed Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redalyc" title="Redalyc">Redalyc</a> (similar project focused on Latin America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> (similar service)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeck2010" class="citation book cs1">Beck J (2010). 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Retrieved October 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIH+Preprint&rft.atitle=E-Biomed%3A+A+Proposal+for+Electronic+Publications+in+the+Biomedical+Sciences+%28Draft+and+Addendum%29&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=99&rft.date=1999-04-19&rft.aulast=Varmus&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.nlm.nih.gov%2F101584926X356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APubMed+Central" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmc-transformation-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmc-transformation_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmc-transformation_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingSpectorFortuna2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kling, Rob; Spector, Lisa B.; Fortuna, Joanna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.10352">"The real stakes of virtual publishing: The transformation of E-Biomed into PubMed central"</a>. 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Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+real+stakes+of+virtual+publishing%3A+The+transformation+of+E-Biomed+into+PubMed+central&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-148&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasi.10352&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Spector%2C+Lisa+B.&rft.au=Fortuna%2C+Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fasi.10352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APubMed+Central" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarmus2009" class="citation book cs1">Varmus, Harold (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190622/">The Art and Politics of Science</a>. New york: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06128-4"><bdi>978-0-393-06128-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208065258/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190622/">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2022. 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There are two solutions to this: The classical (pre-web) solution is to constrain the language of expression so that all queries terminate in finite time. The weblike solution is to allow the expression of facts and rules in an overall language which is sufficiently flexible and powerful to express real life. Create subsets fo the web in which specific constraints give you specific computational properties. An anlogy is with the human-information systems which existed before the web. Most forced one to keep ones data in a hierarchy (sometimes of fixed depth or a matrix (often with a specific number of dimensions). This gave consistency properties within the information system. I bet DARPA has many of these systems and still does. They only way they could be integrated was to express them in terms of a much more powerful language - global hypertext. Hypertext did not have any of these reassuring properties. People were frightened about getting lost in it. You could follow links forever. As it turns out, it is true of course that there is a problem that you can follow links forever in the Web. " <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee" class="citation web cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html">"What the Semantic Web can represent"</a>. Web design issues. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019203855/https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/RDFnot.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. 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Retrieved March 31, 2020. <q>To support this initiative, NLM is adapting its standard procedures for depositing articles into PMC to provide greater flexibility that will ensure coronavirus research is readily available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institutes+of+Health+%28NIH%29&rft.atitle=The+National+Library+of+Medicine+expands+access+to+coronavirus+literature+through+PubMed+Central&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews-releases%2Fnational-library-medicine-expands-access-coronavirus-literature-through-pubmed-central&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APubMed+Central" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicaccess.nih.gov/include-pmcid-citations.htm">"Include PMCID in Citations | publicaccess.nih.gov"</a>. publicaccess.nih.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229092734/https://publicaccess.nih.gov/include-pmcid-citations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publicaccess.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Include+PMCID+in+Citations+%7C+publicaccess.nih.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicaccess.nih.gov%2Finclude-pmcid-citations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APubMed+Central" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ببمد سنترال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ببمد سنترال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পাবমেড সেন্ট্রাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাবমেড সেন্ট্রাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پاب‌مد سنترال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاب‌مد سنترال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펍메드 센트럴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="पबमेड सेंट्रल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पबमेड सेंट्रल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پابميد سنترال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پابميد سنترال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96)" title="PMC (アーカイブ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PMC (アーカイブ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="පබ්මෙඩ් සෙන්ට්‍රල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පබ්මෙඩ් සෙන්ට්‍රල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubmed_Central" title="Pubmed Central – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pubmed Central" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பப்மெட் சென்ட்ரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பப்மெட் சென்ட்ரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="పబ్‌మెడ్ సెంట్రల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పబ్‌మెడ్ సెంట్రల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="พับเม็ดเซ็นทรัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พับเม็ดเซ็นทรัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="PubMed Central" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 08:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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