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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manuscripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparing_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preparing manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_vellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_vellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paper vellum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_vellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82" title="ورق الرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورق الرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitela" title="Vitela – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vitela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB)" title="Вялень (матэрыял) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялень (матэрыял)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Велен (пергамент) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велен (пергамент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuegen" title="Leuegen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leuegen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitel%C2%B7la" title="Vitel·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitel·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velin" title="Velin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Velin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitela" title="Vitela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleno" title="Veleno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veleno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lin" title="Vélin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vélin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%ED%94%BC%EC%A7%80" title="독피지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독피지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velino" title="Velino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Velino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellino" title="Vitellino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vitellino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Велум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velum" title="Velum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Velum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ベラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welin" title="Welin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Welin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velino" title="Velino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Велень (материал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Велень (материал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="වෙලම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙලම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velum" title="Velum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Велум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vellum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliini" title="Veliini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C3%A4ng" title="Veläng – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veläng" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Велень (матеріал) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велень (матеріал)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A5y_da_b%C3%AA" title="Giấy da bê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giấy da bê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q378274#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Animal skin used as a writing material</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Velum (disambiguation)">Velum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vellum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vellum (disambiguation)">Vellum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/400px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/600px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/800px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, written in Latin on vellum, held at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1638vellumlarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1638vellumlarge.jpg/267px-1638vellumlarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1638vellumlarge.jpg/401px-1638vellumlarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1638vellumlarge.jpg/534px-1638vellumlarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A vellum <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deed</a> dated 1638, with <a href="/wiki/Pendent" title="Pendent">pendent seal</a> attached</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vellum</b> is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing material</a>. It is often distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, either by being made from <a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">calfskin</a> (rather than the skin of other animals),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply by being of a higher quality.<sup id="cite_ref-esdaile_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdaile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> (books). </p><p>Modern scholars and experts often prefer to use the broader term "membrane", which avoids the need to draw a distinction between vellum and parchment.<sup id="cite_ref-esdaile_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdaile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> It may be very hard to determine the animal species involved (let alone its age) without detailed scientific analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there are great variations in its texture which are affected by the way it is made and the quality of the skin. The making involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame (a "herse"), and scraping of the skin with a crescent-shaped knife (a "lunarium" or "<a href="/wiki/Lunellum" title="Lunellum">lunellum</a>"). To create tension, the process goes back and forth between scraping, wetting and drying. Scratching the surface with <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, and treating with lime or chalk to make it suitable for writing or printing ink can create a final look.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern "paper vellum" is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from its similar usage to actual vellum, as well as its high quality. It is used for a variety of purposes including tracing, technical drawings, plans and <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing paper</a> is essentially the same thing, however the quality level differs, sometimes greatly. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeplerWallachHepler201260–61_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeplerWallachHepler201260–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/220px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/330px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/440px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> from the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a> written on vellum</figcaption></figure> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">Christopher de Hamel</a>, an expert on medieval manuscripts, writes that "for most purposes the words parchment and vellum are interchangeable",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of distinctions have been made in the past and present. </p><p>The word "vellum" is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>vélin</i> 'calfskin', derived in turn from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>vitulinum</i> 'made from calf'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Europe, from Roman times, the word was used for the best quality of prepared skin, regardless of the animal from which the hide was obtained. <a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepskin (material)">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidskin" title="Kidskin">goat</a> were all commonly used, and other animals, including pig, deer, donkey, horse, or camel were used on occasion. The best quality, "uterine vellum",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was said to be made from the skins of <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a> or unborn animals, although the term was also applied to fine quality skins made from young animals.<sup id="cite_ref-esdaile_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdaile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has long been much blurring of the boundaries between these terms. In 1519, <a href="/wiki/William_Horman" title="William Horman">William Horman</a> could write in his <i>Vulgaria</i>: "That stouffe that we wrytte upon, and is made of beestis skynnes, is somtyme called parchement, somtyme velem, somtyme abortyve, somtyme membraan."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1936, Lee Ustick explained that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To-day the distinction, among collectors of manuscripts, is that <i>vellum</i> is a highly refined form of skin, <i>parchment</i> a cruder form, usually thick, harsh, less highly polished than vellum, but with no distinction between skin of calf, or sheep, or of goat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>French sources, closer to the original etymology, tend to define <i>velin</i> as from calf only, while the <a href="/wiki/British_Standards_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standards Institution">British Standards Institution</a> defines parchment as made from the split skin of several species, and vellum from the unsplit skin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the usage of modern practitioners of the artistic crafts of writing, illuminating, lettering, and bookbinding, "vellum" is normally reserved for calfskin, while any other skin is called "parchment".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg/250px-Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg/375px-Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg/500px-Portolan_by_Jacobus_Russus_of_Messina_1533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4952" data-file-height="3530" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> (map) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobo_Russo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobo Russo (page does not exist)">Jacobo Russo</a> (Giacomo Russo) of Messina (1533)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vellum allows some light to pass through it. It is made from the skin of a young animal. The skin is washed with water and lime (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>), and then soaked in lime for several days to soften and remove the hair.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once clear, the two sides of the skin are distinct: the body side and the hairy side. The "inside body side" of the skin is usually the lighter and more refined of the two. The hair follicles may be visible on the outer side, together with any scars from when the animal was alive. The membrane can also show the pattern of the animal's vein network called the "veining" of the sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-Codex_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codex-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The makers remove any remaining hair ("scudding") and dry the skin by attaching it to a frame (a "herse").<sup id="cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> They attach the skin at points around the edge with cords and wrap the part next to these points around a pebble (a "pippin").<sup id="cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> They then use a crescent shaped knife, (a "lunarium" or "lunellum"), to clean off any remaining hairs. </p><p>The makers thoroughly clean the skin and process it into sheets once it is completely dry. They can extract many sheets from the piece of skin. The number of sheets depends on the size of the skin and the required length and breadth of each individual sheet. For example, the average calfskin could provide roughly three and a half medium sheets of writing material. The makers can double it when they fold the skin into two conjoined leaves, also known as a bifolium. Historians have found evidence of manuscripts where the scribe wrote down the medieval instructions now followed by modern membrane makers.<sup id="cite_ref-daniel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The makers rubbed them with a round, flat object ("pouncing") to ensure that the ink would adhere to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Codex_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Codex-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, ink would gradually flake off of the membrane, especially if it was used in a scroll that was frequently rolled and unrolled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treatises_On_Natural_Science,_Philosophy,_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg/225px-Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg/338px-Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg/450px-Treatises_On_Natural_Science%2C_Philosophy%2C_And_Mathematics_-_Planets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3061" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>A Volume Of Treatises on Natural Science, Philosophy, and Mathematics</i> (1300) Ink on vellum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparing_manuscripts">Preparing manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preparing manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the vellum is prepared, traditionally a <a href="/wiki/Paper_quire" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper quire">quire</a> is formed of a group of several sheets. Raymond Clemens and Timothy Graham point out, in their <i>Introduction to Manuscript Studies</i>, that "the quire was the scribe's basic writing unit throughout the Middle Ages".<sup id="cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> Guidelines are then made on the membrane. They note <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'pricking' is the process of making holes in a sheet of parchment (or membrane) in preparation of its ruling. The lines were then made by ruling between the prick marks ...The process of entering ruled lines on the page to serve as a guide for entering text. Most manuscripts were ruled with horizontal lines that served as the baselines on which the text was entered and with vertical bounding lines that marked the boundaries of the columns".<sup id="cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the finer sort of medieval manuscripts, whether <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> or not, were written on vellum. Some <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran Buddhist texts</a> were written on vellum, and all <a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifrei Torah">Sifrei Torah</a> (Hebrew: ספר תורה Sefer Torah; plural: ספרי תורה, Sifrei Torah) are written on <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaf" title="Klaf">klaf</a> or vellum. </p><p>A quarter of the 180-copy edition of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Bible</a> printed in 1455 with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> was also printed on vellum, presumably because his market expected this for a high-quality book. Paper was used for most book-printing, as it was cheaper and easier to process through a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bind</a>. The twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Bible" title="Winchester Bible">Winchester Bible</a> was also written on approximately 250 calfskins. </p><p>In art, vellum was used for paintings, especially if they needed to be sent long distances, before <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> became widely used in about 1500, and continued to be used for drawings, and <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a>. <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">Old master prints</a> were sometimes printed on vellum, especially for presentation copies, until at least the seventeenth century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Limp_vellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Limp vellum">Limp vellum</a> or limp-parchment bindings were used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a> but were also often not <a href="/wiki/Embellishment" title="Embellishment">embellished</a>. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather, that is, as the covering for stiff board bindings. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but seldom is, as a great part of its beauty and appeal rests in its faint grain and hair markings, as well as its warmth and simplicity. </p><p>Lasting in excess of 1,000 years—for example, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Care_(Troyes,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Municipale,_MS_504)" title="Pastoral Care (Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504)"><i>Pastoral Care</i> (Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504)</a>, dates from about 600 and is in excellent condition—animal vellum can be far more durable than paper. For this reason, many important documents are written on animal vellum, such as diplomas. Referring to a diploma as a "sheepskin" alludes to the time when diplomas were written on vellum made from animal hides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Acts of Parliament</a> are still printed on vellum for archival purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are those of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2016, the UK <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> announced that legislation would be printed on <a href="/wiki/Archival_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Archival paper">archival paper</a> instead of the traditional vellum from April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Cabinet_Office" title="Minister for the Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Hancock">Matthew Hancock</a> intervened by agreeing to fund the continued use of vellum from the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> budget.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2017, the House of Commons Commission agreed that it would provide front and back vellum covers for record copies of Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only UK company still producing traditional parchment and vellum is William Cowley (established 1870), which is based in <a href="/wiki/Newport_Pagnell" title="Newport Pagnell">Newport Pagnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>. A modern imitation is made of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Known as paper vellum, this material is considerably cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and drafting supply stores. Some brands of <a href="/wiki/Writing_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing paper">writing paper</a> and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality. </p><p>Vellum is still used for Jewish scrolls, of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in particular, for luxury <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, memorial books, and for various documents in <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. It is also used on instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhran" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhran">bodhran</a>, although synthetic skins are available for these instruments and have become more commonly used. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> still issues its <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diplomas</a> for its officials on vellum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paper_vellum">Paper vellum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paper vellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern imitation vellum is made from plasticized <a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">rag cotton</a> or fibers from interior <a href="/wiki/Tree_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree bark">tree bark</a>. Terms include: paper vellum, Japanese vellum, and vegetable vellum.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper vellum is usually translucent and its various <a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">sizes</a> are often used in applications where tracing is required, such as <a href="/wiki/Architectural_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural plan">architectural plans</a>. Its dimensions are more stable than a <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or paper sheet, which is frequently critical in the development of large scaled drawings such as <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. Paper vellum has also become extremely important in hand or chemical reproduction technology for dissemination of plan copies. Like a high-quality traditional vellum, paper vellum could be produced thin enough to be virtually <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">transparent</a> to strong light, enabling a source drawing to be used directly in the reproduction of field-used drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vellum is ideally stored in a stable environment with constant temperature and 30% (± 5%) <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>. If vellum is stored in an environment with less than 11% relative humidity, it becomes fragile, and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical stress">mechanical stresses</a>. However, if it is stored in an environment with greater than 40% relative humidity, it becomes vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Gelation" title="Gelation">gelation</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mould</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimal relative humidity for proper storage of vellum does not overlap that of paper, which poses a challenge for libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimal temperature for the keeping of vellum is approximately 20 °C (68 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">History of hide materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calfskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_film" title="Drafting film">Drafting film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html">"Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper"</a>. archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Differences+between+Parchment%2C+Vellum+and+Paper&rft.pub=archives.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fformats%2Fpaper-vellum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esdaile-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esdaile_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esdaile_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esdaile_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesEsdaile2001" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Roy Bishop; Esdaile, Arundell James Kennedy (2001). Almagno, Stephen R. (ed.). <i>Esdaile's manual of bibliography</i> (6 ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faqCpauRmRcC&pg=PA114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3922-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3922-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-3922-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esdaile%27s+manual+of+bibliography&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3922-9&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Roy+Bishop&rft.au=Esdaile%2C+Arundell+James+Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClemensGraham-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClemensGraham_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemensGraham2007" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Raymond; Graham, Timothy (2007). <i>Introduction to Manuscript Studies</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3863-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3863-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-3863-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Manuscript+Studies&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3863-9&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Graham%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCains1994" class="citation book cs1">Cains, Anthony (1994). "The surface examination of skin: a binder's note on the identification of animal species used in the making of parchment". In O'Mahony, Felicity (ed.). <i>The Book of Kells: proceedings of a conference at Trinity College Dublin, 6–9 September 1992</i>. Aldershot: Scolar Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85967-967-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85967-967-5"><bdi>0-85967-967-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+surface+examination+of+skin%3A+a+binder%27s+note+on+the+identification+of+animal+species+used+in+the+making+of+parchment&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kells%3A+proceedings+of+a+conference+at+Trinity+College+Dublin%2C+6%E2%80%939+September+1992&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Scolar+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85967-967-5&rft.aulast=Cains&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeplerWallachHepler201260–61-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeplerWallachHepler201260–61_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeplerWallachHepler2012">Hepler, Wallach & Hepler 2012</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Japanese_vellum">"Japanese vellum – Cameo"</a>. <i>cameo.mfa.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903010241/http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Japanese_vellum">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cameo.mfa.org&rft.atitle=Japanese+vellum+%E2%80%93+Cameo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcameo.mfa.org%2Fwiki%2FJapanese_vellum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanstationery.com/blog/how-modern-day-vellum-stationery-is-produced/">"How Modern Day Vellum Stationery Is Produced"</a>. <i>The Note Pad | Stationery & Party Etiquette Blog by American Stationery</i>. 2011-07-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903010030/http://www.americanstationery.com/blog/how-modern-day-vellum-stationery-is-produced/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Note+Pad+%7C+Stationery+%26+Party+Etiquette+Blog+by+American+Stationery&rft.atitle=How+Modern+Day+Vellum+Stationery+Is+Produced&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanstationery.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-modern-day-vellum-stationery-is-produced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">Christopher de Hamel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Meetings_with_Remarkable_Manuscripts:_Twelve_Journeys_into_the_Medieval_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts: Twelve Journeys into the Medieval World">Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts: Twelve Journeys into the Medieval World</a></i>, London, Allen Lane, 2016, Introduction, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241003046" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241003046">978-0241003046</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w93ACwAAQBAJ">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vellum">"vellum"</a>. <i>Online Etymological Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=vellum&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dvellum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2016" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Keith (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.longreads.com/2016/12/01/hidebound-the-grisly-invention-of-parchment/"><i>The Book: A Cover-to-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24479-3"><bdi>978-0-393-24479-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202124352/https://blog.longreads.com/2016/12/01/hidebound-the-grisly-invention-of-parchment/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book%3A+A+Cover-to-Cover+Exploration+of+the+Most+Powerful+Object+of+Our+Time&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24479-3&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.longreads.com%2F2016%2F12%2F01%2Fhidebound-the-grisly-invention-of-parchment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Horman, <i>Vulgaria</i> (1519), fol. 80v; cited in Ustick 1936, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ustick 1936, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Laura, A., <i>Bookbinding & conservation by hand: a working guide</i>, Oak Knoll Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884718-11-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884718-11-3">978-1-884718-11-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7tUPQdT2hcC&dq=sheep+vellum&pg=PA29">Google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118132433/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7tUPQdT2hcC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=sheep+vellum&source=bl&ots=Op-7E6tE48&sig=jX7CogBbfQLEvoXSj1Xz2R5xCRg&hl=en&ei=hfyOSvfFFc2hjAfb17n8DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=sheep%20vellum&f=false">Archived</a> 2017-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Johnston, E.</a> (1906 et seq.) <i>Writing, Illuminating, and Lettering</i>; Lamb, C.M. (ed.)(1956) <i>The Calligrapher's Handbook</i>; and publications of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Scribes_%26_Illuminators" title="Society of Scribes & Illuminators">Society of Scribes & Illuminators</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/">"The Making of a Medieval Book"</a>. The J. Paul Getty Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125133814/http://getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Medieval+Book&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fexhibitions%2Fmaking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Codex-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Codex_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Codex_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/project/conservation_physDesc.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Recording the physical features of Codex Sinaiticus'. <i>Codex Sinaiticus</i>, in partnership with the British Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201624/http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/project/conservation_physDesc.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Recording+the+physical+features+of+Codex+Sinaiticus%27.+Codex+Sinaiticus%2C+in+partnership+with+the+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodexsinaiticus.org%2Fen%2Fproject%2Fconservation_physDesc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daniel_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Daniel. "Medieval Parchment-Making". The Library 16, no. 4 (1935).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/502342.stm">"Goat skin tradition wins the day"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 1999-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409112147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/502342.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-11</span></span>. <q>Acts of Parliament dating back to 1497 recorded on vellum are currently held in the House of Lords Public Record Office</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Goat+skin+tradition+wins+the+day&rft.date=1999-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F502342.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328122949/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2FFAQ%2Fdocument1.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions about the Houses of the Oireachtas – Tithe an Oireachtais"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2FFAQ%2Fdocument1.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-11</span></span>. <q>Once a Bill has been passed by both Houses, the Taoiseach presents a vellum copy of the Bill, prepared in the Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas to the President for signature and promulgation as law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oireachtas&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+the+Houses+of+the+Oireachtas+%E2%80%93+Tithe+an+Oireachtais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fviewdoc.asp%3Ffn%3D%252Fdocuments%252FFAQ%252Fdocument1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Laura (2016-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12149181/Thousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html">"Thousand year old tradition of printing Britain's laws on vellum has been scrapped to save just £80,000"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212064333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12149181/Thousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Thousand+year+old+tradition+of+printing+Britain%27s+laws+on+vellum+has+been+scrapped+to+save+just+%C2%A380%2C000&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2F12149181%2FThousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Laura (2016-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12149181/Thousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html">"Vellum should be saved in a bid to 'safeguard our great traditions', says minister"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213064306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/12149181/Thousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-15</span></span>. <q>Mr Hancock told The Daily Telegraph: 'Recording our laws on vellum is a millennium long tradition, and surprisingly cost effective. While the world around us constantly changes, we should safeguard some of our great traditions and not let the use of vellum die out.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Vellum+should+be+saved+in+a+bid+to+%27safeguard+our+great+traditions%27%2C+says+minister&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2F12149181%2FThousand-year-old-tradition-of-printing-Britains-laws-on-vellum-has-been-scrapped-to-save-just-80000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7451/">"Vellum: printing record copies of public Acts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> Library. 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vellum%3A+printing+record+copies+of+public+Acts&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fresearch-briefings%2Fcbp-7451%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclr.co.uk/knowledge/legislation/nowhere-to-hide-the-value-of-vellum/">"Nowhere to hide: the value of vellum"</a>. <i>ICLR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICLR&rft.atitle=Nowhere+to+hide%3A+the+value+of+vellum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iclr.co.uk%2Fknowledge%2Flegislation%2Fnowhere-to-hide-the-value-of-vellum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drafting, 60–61; Yee, Rendow, <i>Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods</i>, 4th ed., 2012, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118310441" title="Special:BookSources/9781118310441">9781118310441</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hphgl8Tu1HEC&pg=PT1532">google</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric F. Hansen and Steve N. Lee, "The Effects of Relative Humidity on Some Physical Properties of Modern Vellum: Implications for the Optimum Relative Humidity for the Display and Storage of Parchment", <i>The Book and Paper Group Annual</i> (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/scientists/projects/par_cold.html">"Parchment/Vellum: Cold Storage – Research Projects – Preservation Science (Preservation, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Parchment%2FVellum%3A+Cold+Storage+%E2%80%93+Research+Projects+%E2%80%93+Preservation+Science+%28Preservation%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fscientists%2Fprojects%2Fpar_cold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iowaconserveandpreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Parchment_Tip-Sheet-for-Preservation-final.pdf">"Tips on Caring for Works on Parchment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iowa Conservation And Preservation Consortium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Conservation+And+Preservation+Consortium&rft.atitle=Tips+on+Caring+for+Works+on+Parchment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowaconserveandpreserve.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FParchment_Tip-Sheet-for-Preservation-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeplerWallachHepler2012" class="citation book cs1">Hepler, Dana J.; Wallach, Paul Ross; Hepler, Donald (2012). <i>Drafting and Design for Architecture & Construction</i> (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111128135" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111128135"><bdi>978-1111128135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drafting+and+Design+for+Architecture+%26+Construction&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1111128135&rft.aulast=Hepler&rft.aufirst=Dana+J.&rft.au=Wallach%2C+Paul+Ross&rft.au=Hepler%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHingley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hingley, Mark (2001). "Success in the Treatment of Parchment and Vellum using a Suction Table". <i>Journal of the Society of Archivists</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00379810120037513">10.1080/00379810120037513</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110087014">110087014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Archivists&rft.atitle=Success+in+the+Treatment+of+Parchment+and+Vellum+using+a+Suction+Table&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00379810120037513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110087014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hingley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUstick1936" class="citation journal cs1">Ustick, W. Lee (1936). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Parchment' and 'vellum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Library</i>. 4th ser. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-XVI.4.439">10.1093/library/s4-XVI.4.439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=%27Parchment%27+and+%27vellum%27&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-XVI.4.439&rft.aulast=Ustick&rft.aufirst=W.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (2011). <i>Books a Living History</i>. Thames & Hudson. pp. 22, 43, 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29115-3"><bdi>978-0-500-29115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+a+Living+History&rft.pages=22%2C+43%2C+57&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29115-3&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVellum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/explo/index3b.htm">On-line demonstration of the preparation of vellum from the BNF, Paris</a>—text in French, but mostly visual.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing material</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enduring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trema_micrantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema micrantha">Trema micrantha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_aurea" title="Ficus aurea">Ficus aurea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">Bamboo and wooden slips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">Birch bark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark"><i>Betula</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding-book_manuscript" title="Folding-book manuscript">Folding-book manuscript</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streblus_asper" title="Streblus asper">Streblus asper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_leaf" title="Ola leaf">Ola leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Corypha_umbraculifera" title="Corypha umbraculifera">Corypha umbraculifera</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm leaf</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">Cyperus papyrus</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Animal skin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vellum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Ink</a></li> <li>Metals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Photographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Stone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tablets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_(writing)" title="Slate (writing)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">Wax tablet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts" title="Mawangdui Silk Texts">Silk text</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impermanent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywriting" title="Skywriting">Skywriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carrier objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(ritual_baton)" title="Hu (ritual baton)"><i>Hu</i>/<i>Shaku</i> (baton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Bas-relief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">Palimpsest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign" 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