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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Strategic motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_from_2009_to_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_from_2009_to_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Policies from 2009 to 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_from_2009_to_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antireligious_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antireligious_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Antireligious campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antireligious_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_that_are_targeted_for_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_that_are_targeted_for_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Groups that are targeted for surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_that_are_targeted_for_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaks_and_hacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaks_and_hacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Leaks and hacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaks_and_hacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_New_York_Times_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_York_Times_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 The New York Times leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_York_Times_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICIJ_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICIJ_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 ICIJ leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICIJ_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xinjiang_Police_Files_hack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xinjiang_Police_Files_hack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Xinjiang Police Files hack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xinjiang_Police_Files_hack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Camp facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camp_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Camp facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Camp_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boarding_schools_for_the_children_of_detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_schools_for_the_children_of_detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Boarding schools for the children of detainees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_schools_for_the_children_of_detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camp_detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Camp detainees </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camp_detainees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Camp detainees subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Camp_detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testimonies_about_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testimonies_about_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Testimonies about treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testimonies_about_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Forced labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Notable detainees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 International reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions_at_the_UN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_at_the_UN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reactions at the UN </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_at_the_UN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_by_international_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_by_international_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Reactions by international organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_by_international_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Governmental organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Human rights organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_by_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_by_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Reactions by countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_by_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_from_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_from_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Responses from China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_from_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_from_dissidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_from_dissidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Response from dissidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_from_dissidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Criminal_Court's_complaint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Criminal_Court's_complaint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 International Criminal Court's complaint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Criminal_Court's_complaint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Xinjiang internment camps</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معسكرات الاعتقال في سنجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكرات الاعتقال في سنجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincan_yenid%C9%99n_t%C9%99hsil_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Sincan yenidən təhsil düşərgələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sincan yenidən təhsil düşərgələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%A3%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Синьцзян яңынан тәрбиәләү лагерҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синьцзян яңынан тәрбиәләү лагерҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Превъзпитателни лагери в Синдзян – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Превъзпитателни лагери в Синдзян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampo%C3%B9-bac%27h_Xinjiang" title="Kampoù-bac'h Xinjiang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kampoù-bac'h Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeduka%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_st%C5%99ediska_v_Sin-%C5%A5iangu" title="Reedukační střediska v Sin-ťiangu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reedukační střediska v Sin-ťiangu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentrationslejre_i_Xinjiang" title="Koncentrationslejre i Xinjiang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koncentrationslejre i Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umerziehungslager_in_Xinjiang" title="Umerziehungslager in Xinjiang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umerziehungslager in Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Στρατόπεδα αναμόρφωσης της Σιντσιάνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδα αναμόρφωσης της Σιντσιάνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_de_internamiento_de_Sinkiang" title="Campos de internamiento de Sinkiang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campos de internamiento de Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اردوگاه‌های کار اجباری سین‌کیانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه‌های کار اجباری سین‌کیانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps_d%27internement_du_Xinjiang" title="Camps d'internement du Xinjiang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camps d'internement du Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%AD_g%C3%A9ibhinn_Xinjiang" title="Campaí géibhinn Xinjiang – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Campaí géibhinn Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%9E%A5_%EC%9E%AC%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1_%EC%BA%A0%ED%94%84" title="신장 재교육 캠프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신장 재교육 캠프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_pendidikan_ulang_Xinjiang" title="Kamp pendidikan ulang Xinjiang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp pendidikan ulang Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campi_di_rieducazione_dello_Xinjiang" title="Campi di rieducazione dello Xinjiang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campi di rieducazione dello Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מתקני הכליאה בשינג'יאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתקני הכליאה בשינג'יאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Шыңжаңдағы қайта тәрбиелеу лагерлері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шыңжаңдағы қайта тәрбиелеу лагерлері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шинжаңдагы кайра тарбиялоо лагерлери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шинжаңдагы кайра тарбиялоо лагерлери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%86dzjanas_p%C4%81raudzin%C4%81%C5%A1anas_nometnes" title="Siņdzjanas pāraudzināšanas nometnes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siņdzjanas pāraudzināšanas nometnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_tahanan_Xinjiang" title="Kem tahanan Xinjiang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kem tahanan Xinjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneringskampen_in_Xinjiang" title="Interneringskampen in Xinjiang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" 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Sinchiang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Лагеря для уйгуров в Синьцзяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лагеря для уйгуров в Синьцзяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Уйгуурдары хаайыыга угар политика Кытайга – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уйгуурдары хаайыыга угар политика Кытайга" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampet_e_p%C3%ABrqendrimit_Sinkiang" title="Kampet e përqendrimit Sinkiang – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampet e përqendrimit Sinkiang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xinjiang internment camps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prev%C3%BDchovn%C3%A9_centr%C3%A1_v_Sin-%C5%A5iangu" title="Prevýchovné centrá v Sin-ťiangu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prevýchovné centrá v Sin-ťiangu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Логори за преваспитавање у Синђангу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логори за преваспитавање у Синђангу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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navigation-not-searchable">"Vocational education and training centers" redirects here. For the educational institutions, see <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Xinjiang internment camps</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Indoctrination camps, labor camps</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg/260px-Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg/390px-Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Xinjiang_Re-education_Camp_Lop_County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="242" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Detainees listening to speeches in a camp in <a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop County</a>, Xinjiang, April 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Vocational Education and Training Centers</li> <li>Xinjiang re-education camps</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional People's Government and the Party Committee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">2017–present<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Up to 1.8 million (2020 <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zenz" title="Adrian Zenz">Zenz</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> 1 million – 3 million over a period of several years (2019 <a href="/wiki/Randall_Schriver" title="Randall Schriver">Schriver</a> estimate)<a href="#cite_note-Stewart190504-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-trade-4">[4]</a> Plus ~497,000 minors in special boarding schools (2017 government document estimate)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xinjiang internment camps</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Uyghur name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1074196468">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ 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terbiyelesh lagérliri</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Siril Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Қайта тәрбийәләш лагерлири</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Xinjiang re-education camps</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:再教育">再教育</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:营">营</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:再教育">再教育</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:營">營</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/z%C3%A0iji%C3%A0oy%C3%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:zàijiàoyù">zàijiàoyù</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/y%C3%ADng" class="extiw" title="wikt:yíng"> yíng</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vocational Education and Training Centers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">职业技能教育培训中心</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">職業技能教育培訓中心</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Vocational Skill(s) Education-Training Center(s)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222630338">.mw-parser-output .prc-body{max-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .prc-title a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .prc-emblem{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .prc-heading{border-top:thin solid #707070;border-bottom:thin solid #707070;background-color:white;font-size:1em}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks prc-body hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title prc-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image prc-emblem"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976: Mao era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_Fair" title="Canton Fair">Canton Fair</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Richard Nixon visit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989: Deng era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">1978 Truth Criterion Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms and Opening Up">Reforms and Opening Up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Communiqu%C3%A9s" title="Three Communiqués">Three Communiqués</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign_(1983)" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign (1983)">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">Bourgeois liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bourgeois_liberalization" title="Anti-bourgeois liberalization">Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002: Jiang era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudong_New_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong New District">Pudong New District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 consensus">1992 consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="US bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US bombing of the Belgrade embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">APEC China 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">Accession to the WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China–Africa Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–2012: Hu era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">Visit of Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93East_Gas_Pipeline" title="West–East Gas Pipeline">West–East Gas Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">High-speed rail</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title prc-heading" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2012–present: Xi era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China" title="Supercomputing in China">Supercomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">APEC China 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-Xi_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma-Xi Meeting">Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_G20_Hangzhou_summit" title="2016 G20 Hangzhou summit">2016 G20 Hangzhou summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong%27an" title="Xiong'an">Xiong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">9th BRICS summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Import_Expo" title="China International Import Expo">China International Import Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020 Hong Kong national security law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #707070;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Uyghurs" title="Category:Uyghurs">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_timeline" title="Uyghur timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Turkestan" title="Flag of East Turkestan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_literature" title="Uyghur literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uyghurs" title="List of Uyghurs">List of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Alphabets</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_dialects" title="Uyghur dialects">Dialects</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Grammar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script" title="Uyghur New Script">New Script</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Phonology</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs#Culture" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dervishi" title="Dervishi">Dervishi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Cultural Festival</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Etles_silk" title="Etles silk">Etles silk</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/The_Girl_from_Dabancheng" title="The Girl from Dabancheng">The Girl from Dabancheng</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lift_Your_Veil" title="Lift Your Veil">Lift Your Veil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Qurtulush_Yolida" title="Qurtulush Yolida">Qurtulush Yolida</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tianshan_Snow_Lotus_Group" title="Tianshan Snow Lotus Group">Tianshan Snow Lotus Group</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurlar" title="Uyghurlar">Uyghurlar</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur cuisine</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Chorba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cut_cake" title="Cut cake">Cut cake</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">Joshpara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Laghman_(food)" title="Laghman (food)">Laghman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Manti_(food)" title="Manti (food)">Manti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Samsa_(food)" title="Samsa (food)">Samsa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Tandyr nan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/China_Cables" title="China Cables">China Cables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Uyghurs outside of Xinjiang</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Beijing" title="Uyghurs in Beijing">Beijing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uyghurs in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghurs of Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">United States</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Uyghur organizations</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_American_Association" title="Uyghur American Association">Uyghur American Association</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Project" title="Uyghur Human Rights Project">Uyghur Human Rights Project</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uyghur_people" title="Template:Uyghur people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uyghur_people" title="Template talk:Uyghur people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uyghur_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uyghur people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Xinjiang internment camps,<a href="#cite_note-12">[note 1]</a> officially called vocational education and training centers (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 职业技能教育培训中心; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhíyè jìnéng jiàoyù péixùn zhōngxīn; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Chih2yeh4 chi4neng2 chiao4yü4 p'ei2hsün4 chung1hsin1) by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> camps operated by the government of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> says that they have been used to indoctrinate <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_war_on_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="People's war on terror">people's war on terror</a>", a policy announced in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-fp-gulag-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> Thirty-seven countries have expressed support for China's government for "counter-terrorism and deradicalization measures", including countries such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, and Venezuela; meanwhile 22 or 43 countries, depending on source, have called on China to respect the human rights of the Uyghur community,<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> including countries such as Canada, Germany, Turkey and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Xinjiang internment camps have been described as "the most extreme example of China's inhumane policies against Uighurs".<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2020-11">[11]</a> The camps have been criticized by the subcommittee of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Development" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development">Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development</a> for <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>, including mistreatment, rape, torture, and genocide.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The camps were established in 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">the administration</a> of CCP general secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> Between 2017 and 2021 operations were led by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a>, who was formerly a <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo</a> member and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">committee secretary</a> who led the region's party committee and government.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The camps are reportedly operated outside the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of China">Chinese legal system</a>; many Uyghurs have reportedly been interned without trial and no charges have been levied against them (held in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detention</a>).<a href="#cite_note-arrests-skyrocketed-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Local authorities are reportedly holding hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs in these camps as well as members of other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minority groups in China</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">stated purpose of countering extremism and terrorism</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:80242-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stroup-2019-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The internment of Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in the camps constitutes the largest-scale <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary detention</a> of ethnic and religious minorities since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finley-2020-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2020-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajagopalan-2020-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niewenhuis-2020-36">[35]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang_internment_camps&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained up to 1.8 million people, mostly Uyghurs but also including <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a> and other ethnic Turkic <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christians</a>, as well as some foreign citizens including <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstanis">Kazakhstanis</a>, in these secretive internment camps located throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zenz" title="Adrian Zenz">Adrian Zenz</a>, a major researcher on the camps, the mass internments peaked in 2018 and abated somewhat since then, with officials shifting focus towards forced labor programs.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Other human rights activists and US officials have also noted a shifting of individuals from the camps into the formal <a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Randall_Schriver" title="Randall Schriver">Randall Schriver</a>, US <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Indo-Pacific_Security_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific Security Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific Security Affairs</a>, said that "at least a million but likely closer to three million citizens" were imprisoned in detention centers, which he described as "concentration camps".<a href="#cite_note-Stewart190504-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-trade-4">[4]</a> In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Gay_McDougall" title="Gay McDougall">Gay McDougall</a>, a US representative at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, said that the committee had received many credible reports that 1 million ethnic Uyghurs in China have been held in "re-education camps".<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> There have been comparisons between the Xinjiang camps and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural revolution">Chinese Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In 2019, at the United Nations, 54 countries, including China itself, rejected the allegations and supported the Chinese government's policies in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-Statements.unmeetings-47">[46]</a> In another letter, 23 countries shared the concerns in the committee's reports and called on China to uphold human rights.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Mission_to_the_United_Nations-2019-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a> (ASPI) reported in its <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Data_Project" title="Xinjiang Data Project">Xinjiang Data Project</a> that construction of camps continued despite government claims that their function was winding down.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-Harrison-2020-50">[49]</a> In October 2020, it was reported that the total number of countries that denounced China increased to 39, while the total number of countries that defended China decreased to 45. Sixteen countries that defended China in 2019 did not do so in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-51">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Zhongtai_Group" title="Xinjiang Zhongtai Group">Xinjiang Zhongtai Group</a> is running some of the reeducation camps and uses reallocated workers in their facilities.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xinjiang_conflict">Xinjiang conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></div> Various <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese dynasties</a> have historically exerted various degrees of control and influence over parts of what is modern-day Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The region came under complete Chinese rule as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">westward expansion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, which also <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">conquered Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYBooks-54">[53]</a> This conquest, which marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a>, ended circa 1758. While it was nominally declared to be a part of China's core territory, it was generally seen as a distant land unto its own by the imperial court; in 1758, it was designated a penal colony and a site of exile, and as a result, it was governed as a military protectorate, not integrated as a province.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> After the 1928 assassination of <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a>, the governor of the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> in east Xinjiang under the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a> succeeded Yang as governor of the Khanate. On the death of the Kamul Khan <a href="/wiki/Maqsud_Shah" title="Maqsud Shah">Maqsud Shah</a> in 1930, Jin entirely abolished the Khanate and took control of the region as <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">its warlord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-1986-56">[55]</a> In 1933, the breakaway <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-1986-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millward-2007-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-2014-58">[57]</a> In 1934, the First Turkestan Republic was conquered by warlord <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">aid of the Soviet Union</a> before Sheng reconciled with the Republic of China in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Starr-2004-59">[58]</a> In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> with dependency on the Soviet Union for trade, arms, and "tacit consent" for its continued existence before being <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">absorbed into the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Benson-1990-4041-60">[59]</a> From the 1950s to the 1970s, the government sponsored <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">a mass migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> to the region, policies promoting Chinese cultural unity, and policies punishing certain expressions of Uyghur identity.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-62">[61]</a> During this time, militant Uyghur separatist organizations with potential support from the Soviet Union emerged, with the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="East Turkestan People's Revolutionary Party">East Turkestan People's Party</a> being the largest in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> During the 1970s, the Soviets supported the <a href="/wiki/United_Revolutionary_Front_of_East_Turkestan" title="United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan">United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan</a> (URFET) to fight the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Reed-Raschke-2010-37-66">[65]</a> In 1997, a police roundup and execution of 30 suspected separatists during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> led to large demonstrations in February 1997 that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a>, a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) crackdown that led to at least nine deaths.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">Ürümqi bus bombings</a> later that month killed nine people and injured 68 with responsibility acknowledged by Uyghur exile groups.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millward-2007-57">[56]</a> In March 1997, a bus bomb killed two people with responsibility claimed by Uyghur radicals and the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>-based Organisation for East Turkistan Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Debata-2007-170-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Castets-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millward-2007-57">[56]</a> In July 2009, <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">riots broke out in Xinjiang</a> in response to a <a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">violent dispute between Uyghur and Han Chinese workers in a factory</a> and they resulted in over 100 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-riots-2009-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-detention-72">[71]</a> Following the riots, Uyghur radicals killed dozens of Chinese citizens in coordinated attacks from 2009 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-lockdown-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-QZ-tensions-74">[73]</a> These included the <a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">August 2009 syringe attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCneedles-75">[74]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 bomb-and-knife attack in Hotan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Richburg-2011-76">[75]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">March 2014 knife attack in the Kunming railway station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-timemag-77">[76]</a> the <a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 bomb-and-knife attack in the Ürümqi railway station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-April2014-78">[77]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 car-and-bomb attack in an Ürümqi street market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-May2014-79">[78]</a> Several of the attacks were orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">Turkistan Islamic Party</a> (formerly the East Turkestan Islamic Movement) which has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> by several countries including Russia,<a href="#cite_note-Russia-TIP-80">[79]</a> Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-Turkey-TIP-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-UK-TIP-83">[82]</a> and the United States (until 2020),<a href="#cite_note-US-TIP-84">[83]</a> in addition to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-UN-ETIM-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_motivations">Strategic motivations</h3></div> After initially denying the existence of the camps<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> the Chinese government has maintained that its actions in Xinjiang are justifiable responses to the threats of <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> As a region on the northwestern periphery of China which is inhabited by ethnic/linguistic/religious minorities, Xinjiang has been said (by Raffi Khatchadourian) to have "never seemed fully within the Communist Party's grasp".<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> Part of Xinjiang was once seized by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Czarist Russia</a> and it was also independent for a short period of time. Traditionally, the government of the People's Republic of China has favored an assimilationist policy towards minorities and it has accelerated this policy by encouraging the mass immigration of Han Chinese into minority lands. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of its rival and neighbor the Soviet Union</a>—another huge multi-national communist state with one dominant ethnicity—the Chinese Communist Party was "convinced that <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> had helped tear the former superpower to pieces". In addition, terrorist attacks were committed by Uyghurs in 2009, 2013, and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> Several additional potential motives for the increased repression in Xinjiang have been presented by scholars who have conducted research outside China. First, the repression may simply be the result of increased dissent within the region beginning in circa 2009; second, it may be due to changes in minority policy which promoted assimilation into Han culture; and third, the repression may primarily be spearheaded by Chen Quanguo himself, the result of his personally hardline attitude towards perceived acts of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreitensLeeYazici202022–28-89">[88]</a> China's government has used the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks of 9/11</a> as a justification for its actions against the Uyghurs. It claims that its actions in Xinjiang are necessary because Xinjiang is another front in the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">global war on terrorism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Specifically, they are trying to rid China of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's three evils. The three evils are "transnational terrorism, separatism, and religious extremism," all three of which the CCP believes the Uyghurs possess. The true reason for the repression of the Uyghurs is quite convoluted but some argue that this is based on the CCP's desire to preserve China's identity and integrity, rather than its desire to condemn terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Additionally, some analysts have suggested that the CCP considers Xinjiang a key route in China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI), however, it considers Xinjiang's local population a potential threat to the initiative's success, or it fears that opening Xinjiang up may also open it up to radicalizing influences from other states which are participating in the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Sean Roberts of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> said the CCP sees Uyghurs' attachment to their traditional lands as a risk to the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Researcher <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zenz" title="Adrian Zenz">Adrian Zenz</a> has suggested that the initiative is an important reason for the Chinese government's control of Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In November 2020, when the US dropped the Turkistan Islamic Party from its terrorist list because it was no longer "in existence", the decision was lauded by some intelligence officials because it removed the pretext for the Chinese government's decision to wage "terrorism eradication" campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>. However, Yue Gang, a military commentator in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> stated, "in the wake of the US decision on the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party#Terrorist_designation" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">ETIM</a>, China might seek to increase its counterterrorism activities." The group continues to be designated as a terrorist group by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> as well as by the governments of other countries.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_from_2009_to_2016">Policies from 2009 to 2016</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg/280px-Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg/420px-Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg/560px-Number_of_re-education_related_government_procurement_bids_in_Xinjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Number of re-education related government procurement bids in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, 2016–2018, according to the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-jt-15may-98">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> Both prior to and until shortly after the <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Party_Committee_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Committee Secretary">Party Secretary</a> for the Xinjiang region, effectively the highest subnational role; roughly equivalent to a governor in a Western province or state. Wang worked on modernization programs in Xinjiang, including industrialization, development of commerce, roads, railways, hydrocarbon development and pipelines with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to eastern China. Wang also constrained local culture and religion, replaced the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> as the medium of education in primary schools, and penalized or banned among government workers (in a region in which the government was a very large employer), the wearing of beards and headscarves, <a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">religious fasting</a> and praying while on the job.<a href="#cite_note-nyt090710-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> In the 1990s, many Uyghurs in parts of Xinjiang could not speak Mandarin Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In April 2010, after the Ürümqi riots, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a> replaced Wang Lequan as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> chief. Zhang Chunxian continued and strengthened Wang's repressive policies. In 2011, Zhang proposed "modern culture leads the development in Xinjiang" as his policy statement and started to implement his modern culture propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 2012, he first mentioned the phrase "de-extremification" (Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:去极端化">去极端化</a>) campaigns and started to educate "wild Imams" (野阿訇) and extremists (极端主义者).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-jt-15may-98">[97]</a> In 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative was announced, a massive trade project at the heart of which is Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-buin-106">[105]</a> In 2014, Chinese authorities announced a "people's war on terror" and local government introduced new restrictions, including a ban on long beards and <a href="/wiki/Burqa_by_country" title="Burqa by country">wearing the burqa in public</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In 2014, the concept of "transformation through education" began to be used in contexts outside of <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> through the systematic "de-extremification" campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Under Zhang, the Communist Party launched its "<a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_against_Violent_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism</a>" in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a>, a well-known hardline Communist Party secretary in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> took charge of the Xinjiang autonomous region. Chen was branded as responsible for a major component of Tibet's "subjugation" by critics.<a href="#cite_note-Zenz-2017-115">[114]</a> Following Chen's arrival, local authorities recruited over 90,000 police officers in 2016 and 2017 – twice as many as they recruited in the past seven years,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> and laid out as many as 7,300 heavily guarded check points in the region.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The province has come to be known as one of the most heavily policed regions of the world. English-language news reports have labelled the current regime in Xinjiang as the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antireligious_campaigns">Antireligious campaigns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia in China</a></div> As a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a>, China does not have an official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, but its government recognizes five different religious denominations, namely <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In 2014, Western media outlets reported that it has conducted <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">antireligious campaigns</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">promote atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BuangChew2014-123">[122]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, the CCP under Xi Jinping shifted its policies in favor of the outright <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic</a> and religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Stroup-2019-32">[31]</a> The trend accelerated in 2018 when the <a href="/wiki/State_Ethnic_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State Ethnic Affairs Commission">State Ethnic Affairs Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Religious_Affairs" title="State Administration for Religious Affairs">State Administration for Religious Affairs</a> were placed under the control of the CCP's <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Groups_that_are_targeted_for_surveillance">Groups that are targeted for surveillance</h4></div> Around 2015, according to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Human_Rights_Defenders" title="Chinese Human Rights Defenders">Chinese Human Rights Defenders</a>, a senior CCP official argued that "a third" of Xinjiang's Uyghurs were "polluted by religious extremist forces", and needed to be "educated and reformed through concentrated force".<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_Human_Right_Defenders-125">[124]</a> At about the same time, the Chinese state-security apparatus was developing a "<a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Integrated Joint Operations Platform</a>" (IJOP) to analyze information which was collected from its surveillance data. According to an analysis of this software by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, a member of a minority group might be assessed by the IJOP as falling under one of 36 "person types" that could lead to arrest and internment in a re-education camp. Some of these person types included: <ul><li>people who do not use a mobile phone</li> <li>people who use the back door instead of the front</li> <li>people who consume an "unusual" amount of electricity</li> <li>people who have an "abnormal" beard</li> <li>people who socialize too little</li> <li>people who maintain "complex" relationships</li> <li>people who have a family member that exhibits some of these traits and so is "insufficiently loyal"<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #EE1C25"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#EE1C25;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_(November_2024)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg/75px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg/113px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg/150px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="735" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#EE1C25;color: #FFFF00;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping#Early_life_and_education" title="Xi Jinping">Early life and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun (Father)</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/China_under_Xi_Jinping" title="China under Xi Jinping">Administration</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2012 election as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2017 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2022 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies and theories</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Confidences" title="Four Confidences">Four Confidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping#Agenda_announcement" title="Xi Jinping">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-style_modernization" title="Chinese-style modernization">Chinese-style modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping" title="Foreign policy of Xi Jinping">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Musts" title="Eight Musts">Eight Musts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation" title="Eight-point Regulation">Eight-point Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_red_lines" title="Three red lines">Three red lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_productive_forces" title="New productive forces">New productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation" title="Targeted Poverty Alleviation">Targeted Poverty Alleviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Upholds" title="Two Establishes and Two Upholds">Two Establishes and Two Upholds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">diplomacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_security_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic security concept">Holistic security concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Xi Jinping's cult of personality">Personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party%27s_last_name" title="Party media takes the party's last name">Party media takes the party's last name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests" title="Three Stricts and Three Honests">Three Stricts and Three Honests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Key events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–US trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century" title="Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century">Historical resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">2022 Hong Kong visit</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Diplomatic activities</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">Xi–Chu meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Xi–Ma Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%E2%80%93Kim_meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi–Kim meetings">Xi–Kim meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Xi Jinping visit to Pakistan">2015 Pakistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Xi Jinping visit to the United States">2015 United States visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom">2015 United Kingdom visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Xi_Jinping_Italy_and_France_visit" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Xi Jinping Italy and France visit">2019 Italy and France visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit" title="CPC and World Political Parties Summit">CPC and World Political Parties Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia" title="2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia">2023 Russia visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 visit by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary">2024 France, Serbia and Hungary visit</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Works</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping_important_speech_series" title="General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series">Speech series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hopes_of_President_Xi" title="The Hopes of President Xi">The Hopes of President Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu" title="Zhijiang Xinyu">Zhijiang Xinyu</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping's signature"><img alt="Xi Jinping's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg/90px-Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg/135px-Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg/180px-Xi_Jinping_signature_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="155" /></a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/60px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/80px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a>　<a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/40px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/60px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/80px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping_sidebar" title="Template:Xi Jinping sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping_sidebar" title="Template talk:Xi Jinping sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Beginning in 2017, local media outlets generally referred to the facilities as "counter-extremism training centers" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:去极端化">去极端化</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E8%AE%AD%E7%8F%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:培训班">培训班</a>) and "education and transformation training centers" (教育转化培训中心). Most of those facilities were converted from existing schools or other official buildings, although some of them were purpose-built.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a> The heavily policed region and thousands of check points assisted and accelerated the detention of locals in the camps. In 2017 the region constituted 21% of all arrests in China despite comprising less than 2% of the national population, eight times more than the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The judicial and other government bureaus of many cities and counties started to release a series of procurement and construction bids for those planned camps and facilities.<a href="#cite_note-jt-15may-98">[97]</a> Increasingly, massive detention centers were built up throughout the region and are being used to hold hundreds of thousands of people targeted for their religious practices and ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-fp-gulag-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zenz-2017-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Shih" title="Victor Shih">Victor Shih</a>, a political economist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, said in July 2019 the mass internments were unnecessary because "no active insurgencies" existed, only "isolated terrorist incidents". He suggested that because a great deal of money was spent setting up the camps, the money likely went to associates of the politicians who created them.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_Australia" title="List of ambassadors of China to Australia">Chinese ambassador to Australia</a> Cheng Jingye in December 2019, all of the "trainees" in the centers have graduated and have gradually returned to their jobs or found new jobs with government assistance.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-graduated-131">[130]</a> Cheng also called reports that one million Uyghurs had been detained in Xinjiang "fake news" and that "what has been done in Xinjiang has no ... difference with what the other countries, including western countries, [do] to fight against terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-CNN-graduated-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Cheng-132">[131]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China</a>, there were no reports of cases of the coronavirus in Xinjiang prisons or of conditions in the internment camps.<a href="#cite_note-ramzy-133">[132]</a> After program suspensions due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, Uyghur workers were reported to have been returned to other parts of Xinjiang and the rest of China to resume work beginning in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-ramzy-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In September 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) launched its Xinjiang Data Project, which reported that construction of camps continued despite claims that their function was winding down, with 380 camps and detention centers identified.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-Harrison-2020-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The Muslim-majority countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt were showing open support towards the Asian nation, stating that "China has the right to take anti‐terrorism and de‐extremism measures". The Arab nations were neglecting the human rights abuses to not ruin the economic ties they maintained with China, which is a crucial trading partner and investor for these countries. Moreover, the exiled Uyghur Muslims in these countries were regularly being detained and deported back to China.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, a young Chinese woman, Wu Huan was captured for eight days in a Chinese-run secret detention site in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>. She revealed that at least two other Uyghur prisoners were detained with her at a villa turned into jail. Critics have largely criticized the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> for its supporting role in detaining as well as deporting the Uyghur Muslims and other Chinese political dissidents at the orders of the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaks_and_hacks">Leaks and hacks</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_New_York_Times_leak">The New York Times leak</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_papers" title="Xinjiang papers">Xinjiang papers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png/220px-Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png/330px-Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png/440px-Pages_from_the_China_Cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Pages from the China Cables</figcaption></figure> On 16 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> released an extensive leak of 400 pages of documents, sourced from a member of the Chinese government, in the hope that CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping would be held accountable for his actions. The New York Times stated that the leak suggests discontent inside the Communist Party relating to the crackdown in Xinjiang. The anonymous government official who leaked the documents did so with the intent that the disclosure "would prevent party leaders, including Mr. Xi, from escaping culpability for the mass detentions."<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> <blockquote>We must be as harsh as them and show absolutely no mercy. — Xi Jinping on the terror attacks in 2014, (translated from <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a></blockquote> One document was a manual aimed at communicating messages to Uyghur students who were returning home and would ask about their missing friends or relatives who had been interned in the camps. It said that government staff should acknowledge that the internees had not committed a crime and that "it is just that their thinking has been infected by unhealthy thoughts." Officials were directed to say that even grandparents and family members who seemed too old to carry out violence could not be spared.<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-140">[139]</a> The New York Times stated that speeches obtained show how Xi views risks to the party similar to the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, which The New York Times stated Xi "blamed on ideological laxity and spineless leadership."<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> Concerned that violence in the Xinjiang region could damage social stability in the rest of China, Xi stated "social stability will suffer shocks, the general unity of people of every ethnicity will be damaged, and the broad outlook for reform, development and stability will be affected."<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> Xi encouraged officials to study how the US responded following the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> Xi likened Islamic extremism alternately to a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>-like contagion and a dangerously addictive drug, and declared that addressing it would require "a period of painful, interventionary treatment."<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> reported in 2018 that CCP official Wang Yongzhi was removed for "serious disciplinary violations".<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-CD20180327-141">[140]</a> The New York Times obtained a copy of Wang's confession (which the report noted was likely signed under duress) and stated that The New York Times believed he was sacked for being too lenient on Uyghurs, for example his release of 7,000 detainees. Wang had told his superiors that he was concerned that the actions against the Uyghurs would breed discontent and thus result in greater violence in the future. The leaked documents stated, "he ignored the party central leadership's strategy for Xinjiang, and he went as far as brazen defiance. ... He refused, to round up everyone who should be rounded up".<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> The article was discreetly shared on the Chinese platform <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a>, where some netizens expressed sympathy for him.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-140">[139]</a> In 2017, there were more than 12,000 investigations into party members in Xinjiang for infractions or resistance in the "fight against separatism", which was more than 20 times the figure in the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2019-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ICIJ_leak">ICIJ leak</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China_Cables" title="China Cables">China Cables</a></div> On 24 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> (ICIJ) published the <a href="/wiki/China_Cables" title="China Cables">China Cables</a>, consisting of six documents, an "operations manual" for running the camps and detailed use of <a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">predictive policing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> to target people and regulate life inside the camps.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Shortly after the publication of the China Cables, leaker Asiye Abdulaheb went on to provide <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zenz" title="Adrian Zenz">Adrian Zenz</a> with the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakax_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakax list (page does not exist)">Karakax list</a>", allegedly a Chinese government spreadsheet that tracks the rationale behind 311 of the internments at a "Vocational Training Internment Camp" in the seat of <a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Karakax County</a> in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The purpose of the list may have been to coordinate judgments on whether an individual should remain in internment; in some entries, the word "agree" was written beside a judgment.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Records detail how subjects dress and pray, and how their relatives and acquaintances behave. One subject was interned because she wore a veil years ago; another was interned for clicking on a link to a foreign website; a third was interned for applying for a passport, despite posing "no practical risk" according to the spreadsheet. In general, the subjects on the Karakax list all have relatives living abroad, a category that reportedly leads to "almost certain internment". 149 subjects are documented as violating birth control policies. 116 of the subjects are listed without explanation as "untrustworthy"; for 88 of these, this "untrustworthy" label is the only reason listed for internment. Younger men, in particular, are often listed as "untrustworthy person born in a certain decade". 24 subjects are accused of formal crimes, including six terrorism-related allegations. Most of the subjects have been released, or scheduled for release, following the end of their one-year internment term; however, some of these are recommended for release into "industrial park employment", raising concerns about possible forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xinjiang_Police_Files_hack">Xinjiang Police Files hack</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Police_Files" title="Xinjiang Police Files">Xinjiang Police Files</a></div> The '<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Police_Files" title="Xinjiang Police Files">Xinjiang Police Files</a>', a large body of police files derived from data found in a hack of a local computer server,<a href="#cite_note-BBCXPF-149">[148]</a> was sent to the German anthropologist Adrian Zenz, who works for the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rundfunk-150">[149]</a> Zenz has been sanctioned by the Chinese government since 2021. He has been instrumental in exposing the camp system in Xinjiang. The files and some English translations are partly accessible via their special homepage set up by this foundation or via the links to an academic repository in Zenz' article in the Journal of the <a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Chinese_Studies" title="European Association for Chinese Studies">European Association for Chinese Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The data was evaluated by journalists from 14 media companies worldwide, including the British BBC, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> in Spain. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">Bayerischer Rundfunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> examined and researched the data.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tageschau-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rundfunk-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> According to the evaluation of a number of digital forensic scientists and other experts, the Xinjiang Police Files come from the computers of the Chinese authorities. It is the largest data leak on Chinese state-run re-education camps that has been made public outside of China to date.<a href="#cite_note-Tageschau-154">[153]</a> In May 2022, the BBC published summaries of the Xinjiang Police Files.<a href="#cite_note-BBCXPF-149">[148]</a> The Xinjiang Police Files were published during the first visit by a UN human rights commissioner to China in 14 years. By combining the photographs of some 5,000 Uyghurs contained in the data with other data in the hack, details of over 2,800 detentions emerged.<a href="#cite_note-BBCXPF-149">[148]</a> Other documents in the leak included police protocols for running an internment camp.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camp_facilities">Camp facilities</h2></div> In urban areas, most of the camps are converted from existing vocational schools, CCP schools, ordinary schools or other official buildings, while in suburban or rural areas the majority of camps were specially built for the purposes of re-education.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> These camps are guarded by armed forces or special police and equipped with prison-like gates, surrounding walls, security fences, surveillance systems, <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a>, guard rooms, and facilities for armed police.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> While there is no public, verifiable data for the number of camps, there have been various attempts to document suspected camps based on satellite imagery and government documents. On 15 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>, a Washington, DC-based think tank, released a list of 73 government bids related to re-education facilities.<a href="#cite_note-jt-15may-98">[97]</a> On 1 November 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a> (ASPI) reported on suspected camps in 28 locations.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> On 29 November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> and Earthrise Media reported 39 suspected camps.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> reported an even larger numbers of camps.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In a 2018 report from US government-funded <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awat_County" title="Awat County">Awat County</a> (Awati) was said to have three re-education camps. An RFA listener provided a copy of a "confidentiality agreement" requiring re-education camp detainees to not discuss the workings of the camps, and said local residents were instructed to tell members of re-education camp inspection teams visiting No. 2 Re-education Camp that there was only one camp in the county.<a href="#cite_note-Shohret_Hoshur,_Joshua_Lipes-2018-166">[165]</a> The RFA listener also said the No. 2 Re-education Camp had transferred thousands of detainees and removed barbed wire from the perimeter of the camp walls.<a href="#cite_note-Shohret_Hoshur,_Joshua_Lipes-2018-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boarding_schools_for_the_children_of_detainees">Boarding schools for the children of detainees</h3></div> The detention of Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities has allegedly left many children without their parents. The Chinese government has allegedly held these children at a variety of institutions and schools colloquially known as "boarding schools", although not all are residential institutions, that serve as de facto orphanages.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_2018-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT_2018-169">[168]</a> In September 2018, the Associated Press reported that thousands of boarding schools were being built.<a href="#cite_note-AP_2018-168">[167]</a> According to the Chinese Department of Education children as young as eight are enrolled in these schools.<a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_News_December_2019-170">[169]</a> According to Adrian Zenz and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 2019, children of detained parents in boarding schools were penalized for failing to speak Mandarin Chinese and prevented from exercising their religion.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In a paper published in the Journal of Political Risk, Zenz calls the effort a "systematic campaign of social re-engineering and cultural genocide".<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Human Rights Watch said that the children detained at child welfare facilities and boarding schools were held without parental consent or access.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In December 2019, The New York Times reported that approximately 497,000 elementary and junior high school students were enrolled in these boarding schools. They also reported that students are only allowed to see family members once every two weeks and that they were forbidden from speaking the Uyghur language.<a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_News_December_2019-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Xinjiang internment camps">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinjiang_Internment_Map,_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/250px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/375px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/500px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Camp locations identified by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a></figcaption></figure> Numerous locations have been identified as re-education camps. The Australian Strategic Policy Institute, whose funding is primarily from the Australian Government with overseas funding primarily from the US State Department and Department of Defense, had identified more than 380 "suspected detention facilities".<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <ul><li>Camps in <a href="/wiki/Akto_County" title="Akto County">Akto County</a> (Aktu, Aketao), <a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture</a><a href="#cite_note-:80242-29">[28]</a></li> <li>Four detention centers in <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu City</a> (Akesu), Aksu Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">[179]</a></li> <li>Artux City Vocational Skills Education Training Service Center in <a href="/wiki/Artux" class="mw-redirect" title="Artux">Artux</a> in Kizilsu Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-wapoartux-181">[180]</a></li> <li>Jiashi County Secondary Vocational School (伽师县中等职业学校) in <a href="/wiki/Payzawat_County" title="Payzawat County">Payzawat County</a> (Jiashi), Kashgar Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-Uyghurs_for_sale-182">[181]</a></li> <li>Three detention centers in <a href="/wiki/Kalpin_County" title="Kalpin County">Kalpin County</a> (Kelpin, Keping), Aksu Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">[179]</a></li> <li>Eight vocational training centres in <a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop County</a> (Luopu), Hotan Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <ul><li>Lop County No. 4 Vocational Skills Education and Training Center</li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Information reasonably indicates that this "re-education" internment camp, which is often called a Vocational Skills Education and Training Center, is providing prison labor to nearby manufacturing entities in Xinjiang. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> indicators including highly coercive/unfree recruitment, work and life under duress, and restriction of movement. (statement of the US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a><a href="#cite_note-USDHSsept14-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDHSsept14reuters-185">[184]</a>)</blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maralbexi_County" title="Maralbexi County">Maralbexi County</a> (Bachu County) re-education camp in Kashgar Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linette_Lopez-187">[186]</a></li> <li>Eight camps in <a href="/wiki/Turfan_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan Prefecture">Turfan Prefecture</a><a href="#cite_note-mulan-188">[187]</a> <ul><li>No. 4 Training Center (on the road between <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toksun_County" title="Toksun County">Toksun County</a>)<a href="#cite_note-mulan-188">[187]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Three re-education camps in <a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Uqturpan County</a> (Uchturpan, Wushi), Aksu Prefecture<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></li> <li>Yutian county vocational training centre in <a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Yutian County</a> (Keriya), Hotan Prefecture, among the largest of the camps<a href="#cite_note-Emily_Feng-190">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camp_detainees">Camp detainees</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The mass internment of Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in the camps has become the largest-scale <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary detention</a> of ethnic and religious minorities since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Finley-2020-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2020-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajagopalan-2020-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niewenhuis-2020-36">[35]</a> Many media outlets have reported that hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, as well as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and other ethnic minorities, are held in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>, a news service funded by the US government, estimated in January 2018 that 120,000 members of the Uyghurs were being held in political re-education camps in Kashgar prefecture alone at the time.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> In 2018, local government authorities in <a href="/wiki/Qira_County" title="Qira County">Qira County</a> expected to have almost 12,000 detainees in vocational camps and detention centres and some projects related to the centres outstripped budgetary limits.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Reports of Uyghurs living or studying abroad being detained upon return to Xinjiang are common, which is thought to be connected to the re-education camps. Many living abroad have gone for years without being able to contact their family members still in Xinjiang, who may be detainees.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-dpp-197">[196]</a>: 1:23  Uyghur political figure <a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a>, who has been in exile since 2005, has had as many as 30 relatives detained or disappeared, including her sisters, brothers, children, grandchildren, and siblings, according to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> It is unclear when they were taken away.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> In February 2021, two of Kadeer's granddaughters appeared in a video on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> denying abuses and telling her not to be "fooled again by those bad foreigners".<a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Kao,_ProPublica,_and_Raymond_Zhong,_Paul_Mozur_and_Aaron_Krolik,_The_New_York_Times-2021-202">[201]</a> On 13 July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Sayragul_Sauytbay" title="Sayragul Sauytbay">Sayragul Sauytbay</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh Chinese</a> national and former employee of the Chinese state, appeared in a court in the city of <a href="/wiki/Zharkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Zharkent">Zharkent</a>, Kazakhstan for being accused of illegally crossing the border between the two countries. During the trial she talked about her forced work at a re-education camp for 2,500 ethnic Kazakhs.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-scmp-17jul-204">[203]</a> Her lawyer argued that if she is extradited to China, she would face the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">death penalty</a> for exposing re-education camps in Kazakh court.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-scmp-17jul-204">[203]</a> Her testimony for the re-education camps have become the focus of a court case in Kazakhstan,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> which is also testing <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan-China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan-China relations">the country's ties with Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> On 1 August 2018, Sauytbay was released with a six-month suspended sentence and directed to regularly check-in with police. She applied for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in Kazakhstan to avoid deportation to China.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Kazakhstan refused her application. On 2 June 2019 she flew to Sweden where she was subsequently granted political asylum.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> According to a Radio Free Asia interview with an officer at the <a href="/wiki/Onsu_County" title="Onsu County">Onsu County</a> police station, as of August 2018, 30,000 persons, or about one in six Uyghurs in the county (approximately 16% of the overall population of the county), were detained in re-education camps.<a href="#cite_note-rfaonsu-214">[213]</a> Russian-American Gene Bunin created the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Victims_Database" title="Xinjiang Victims Database">Xinjiang Victims Database</a> to collect public testimonies on people detained in the camps, and its content had been referenced in articles by Al Jazeera,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> RFA,<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> the Uyghur Human Rights Project,<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Amnesty<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> and Human Rights Watch.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> On 14 January 2023, the database included photos of Hong Kong actors <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lau" title="Andy Lau">Andy Lau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a> in a list of police officers responsible for rounding up "thousands of documented victims", which aroused suspicion on Twitter about the database's authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Writing in the Journal of Political Risk in July 2019, independent researcher Adrian Zenz estimated an upper speculative limit to the number of people detained in Xinjiang re-education camps at 1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-jpolrisk.com-225">[224]</a> In November 2019, Adrian Zenz estimated that the number of internment camps in Xinjiang had surpassed 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/George_Friedman" title="George Friedman">George Friedman</a> estimated that 1 in 10 Uyghurs are being detained in re-education camps.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a> was invited to the camps in June 2019, officials there told them the detainees were "almost criminals" who could choose "between a judicial hearing or education in the de-extremification facilities".<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> reported in September 2019 that some Han Chinese and Christian Uyghurs in Xinjiang who had disputes with local authorities or expressed politically unwelcome thoughts had also been sent to the camps.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Anonymous drone footage posted on YouTube in September 2019 showed kneeling blindfolded inmates that an analyst at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute said may have been an inmate transfer at a train station near <a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a> and may have been from a re-education camp.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Anar Sabit, an ethnic Kazakh from Kuytun living in Canada who was imprisoned in 2017 after returning home following the death of her father, was detained for having gone abroad. She found other minorities were interned for offenses such as using forbidden technology (WhatsApp, a V.P.N.), travelling abroad, but that even a Uyghur working for the Communist party as a propagandist could be interned for the offense of having been booked in a hotel by an airline with others who were under suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> According to an anonymous Uyghur local government employee quoted in an article by US government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>, during Ramadan 2020 (23 April to 23 May), residents of <a href="/wiki/Makit_County" title="Makit County">Makit County</a> (Maigaiti), <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar Prefecture</a> were told they could face punishment for <a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">religious fasting</a> including being sent to a re-education camp.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> According to an official report by the Chinese government, 1.3 million people received "vocational training" sessions annually between 2014 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">Waterboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass rape">mass rape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> are reported to be among the forms of torture used as part of the indoctrination process at the camps.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2020-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter-2021-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimonies_about_treatment">Testimonies about treatment</h3></div> Officially, the camps are known as Vocational Education and Training Centers, informally as "schools", and described by some officials as "hospitals" where inmates are treated for the "disease" of "extremist ideology". According to internment officials quoted in Xinjiang Daily, (a Communist Party-run newspaper) while "requirements for our students" are "strict ... we have a gentle attitude, and put our hearts into treating them". Being in one "is actually like staying at a boarding school."<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> The newspaper quoted a former inmate as stating during his internment he had realized he had been "increasingly drifting away from 'home,'" under the influence of extremism. "With the government's help and education, I've returned. ... "our lives are improving every day. No matter who you are, first and foremost you are a Chinese citizen.'" <a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> Testimonies in non-Communist Party literature from freed inmates have been considerably different. Kayrat Samarkand, a Kazakh citizen who migrated from Xinjiang, was detained in one of the internment camps in the region for three months for visiting neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Kairat_Abdrakhmanov" title="Kairat Abdrakhmanov">Kairat Abdrakhmanov</a> sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day as Kayrat Samarkand was freed from custody.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-236">[235]</a> After his release, Samarkand said that he faced endless <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> and humiliation, and that he was forced to study <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">communist propaganda</a> for hours every day and chant slogans giving thanks and wishing for <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Xi Jinping's cult of personality">a long life to Xi Jinping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mihrigul_Tursun" title="Mihrigul Tursun">Mihrigul Tursun</a>, a Uyghur woman detained in China, after escaping one of these camps, talked of beatings and torture. After moving to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, she traveled to China in 2015 to spend time with her family and was immediately detained and separated from her infant children. When Tursun was released three months later, one of the triplets had died and the other two had developed health problems. Tursun said the children had been operated on. She was arrested for the second time about two years later. Several months later, she was detained the third time and spent three months in a cramped prison cell with 60 other women, having to sleep in turns, use the toilet in front of security cameras and sing songs praising the Chinese Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> Tursun said she and other inmates were forced to take unknown medication, including pills that made them faint and a white liquid that caused bleeding in some women and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_menstruation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of menstruation">loss of menstruation</a> in others. Tursun said nine women from her cell died during her three months there. One day, Tursun recalled, she was led into a room and placed in a high chair, and her legs and arms were locked in place. "The authorities put a helmet-like thing on my head, and each time I was electrocuted, my whole body would shake violently and I would feel the pain in my veins," Tursun said in a statement read by a translator. "I don't remember the rest. White foam came out of my mouth, and I began to lose consciousness," Tursun said. "The last word I heard them saying is that you being an Uyghur is a crime." She was eventually released so that she could take her children to Egypt, but she was ordered to return to China. Once in Cairo, Tursun contacted U.S. authorities and, in September, went to the United States and settled in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> China's Foreign Ministry Spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Hua_Chunying" title="Hua Chunying">Hua Chunying</a> has stated that Tursun was taken into custody by police on "suspicion of inciting ethnic hatred and discrimination" for a period lasting 20 days, but denies that Tursun was detained in a re-education camp.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Former inmates say that they are required to learn to sing the national anthem of China and communist songs. Punishments, like being placed in handcuffs for hours, waterboarding, or being strapped to "tiger chair" (a metal contraption) for long periods of time, are allegedly used on those who fail to follow.<a href="#cite_note-wp-17may-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> Anar Sabit, a cooperative inmate who had a relatively minor offense of foreign travel, described her confinement in the women's section as prison-like and marked by bureaucratic rigidity but said that she was not beaten or tortured .<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> Before and after her internment, Sabit said that she experienced what Chinese sometimes call gui da qiang, or 'ghost walls' "that confuse and entrap travelers".<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> After her release from internment, she said that she remains a "focus person" in her hometown of Kuytun where she lives with her uncle's family. She described the town as resembling an "open air prison" due to the careful monitoring by cameras, sensors, police, and the neighborhood residential committee, and that she feels shunned by almost all friends and family and worries that she will endanger anyone who helps her.<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> After Sabit moved out of her uncle's house, Sabit lived in the dormitory of the neighborhood residential committee who she said threatened to return her to the internment camp for speaking out of turn.<a href="#cite_note-Khatchadourian-5-4-2021-88">[87]</a> According to detainees, they were also forced to drink alcohol and eat pork, which are forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ind-18may-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp-17may-243">[242]</a> Some reportedly received unknown medicines while others attempted suicide.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> There have also been deaths reported due to unspecified causes.<a href="#cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Detainees have alleged widespread sexual abuse, including forced abortions, forced use of contraceptive devices and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> It has been reported that Han officials have been assigned to reside in the homes of Uyghurs who are in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Rushan Abbas of the Campaign for Uyghurs argues that the actions of the Chinese government amount to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> according to United Nations definitions which are laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, Sarsenbek Akaruli, 45, a veterinarian and trader from <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a>, Xinjiang, was arrested in Xinjiang on 2 November 2017. As of November 2019, he is still in a detention camp. According to his wife Gulnur Kosdaulet, Akaruli was put in the camp after police found the banned messaging app <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> on his cell phone. Kosdaulet, a citizen of neighboring Kazakhstan, has traveled to Xinjiang on four occasions to search for her husband but could not get help from friends in the Chinese Communist Party. Kosdaulet said of her friends, "Nobody wanted to risk being recorded on security cameras talking to me in case they ended up in the camps themselves."<a href="#cite_note-time-260">[259]</a> In May to June 2017, a woman native to <a href="/wiki/Maralbexi_County" title="Maralbexi County">Maralbexi County</a> (Bachu) named Mailikemu Maimati (also spelled Mamiti) was detained in the county's re-education camp according to her husband Mirza Imran Baig. He said that after her release, she and their young son were not given their passports by Chinese authorities.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linette_Lopez-187">[186]</a> According to Time, former prisoner Bakitali Nur, 47, native of <a href="/wiki/Khorgos" title="Khorgos">Khorgos</a>, Xinjiang on the Sino-Kazakh border, was arrested because authorities were suspicious of his frequent trips abroad. He reported spending a year in a cell with seven other prisoners. The prisoners sat on stools seventeen hours a day, were not allowed to talk or move and were under constant surveillance. Movement carried the punishment of being put into <a href="/wiki/Stress_position" title="Stress position">stress positions</a> for hours. After release, he was forced to make daily self-criticisms, report on his plans and work for negligible payment in government factories. In May 2019, he escaped to Kazakhstan. Nur summarized his experience in jail and under constant monitoring after his release saying, "The entire system is designed to suppress us."<a href="#cite_note-time-260">[259]</a> According to Radio Free Asia, Ghalipjan, a 35 year old Uyghur man from <a href="/wiki/Shanshan_County" title="Shanshan County">Shanshan/Pichan County</a> who was married and had a five-year-old son, died in a re-education camp on 21 August 2018. Authorities reported his death was due to <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, but the head of the Ayagh neighborhood committee said that he was beaten to death by a police officer. His family was not allowed to carry out <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">Islamic funeral</a> rites.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> According to the Xinjiang Police Files, Chen Quanguo issued a shooting order for detainees attempting to escape in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-BBCXPF-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-BVCD-262">[261]</a> In June 2018, President of the <a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a> (WUC) <a href="/wiki/Dolkun_Isa" title="Dolkun Isa">Dolkun Isa</a> was told that his mother Ayhan Memet, 78, had died two months earlier while in detention at a "political re-education camp".<a href="#cite_note-dpp-197">[196]</a>: 1:45 <a href="#cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">[179]</a> The WUC president was unsure if she had been incarcerated in one of the many "political re-education camps".<a href="#cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">[179]</a> According to a 2018 report in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Abdusalam Muhemet, 41, who ran a restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a> before fleeing China in 2018, said he spent seven months in prison and more than two months in a camp in Hotan in 2015 without ever being criminally charged. Muhemet said that on most days, the inmates at the camp would assemble to hear long lectures by officials who warned them not to embrace Islamic radicalism, support Uyghur independence or defy the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>, an officer at the <a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa</a> (Kuchar, Kuche) County Police Department reported that from June to December 2018, 150 people at the No. 1 Internment Camp in the Yengisher district of Kuqa county had died, corroborating earlier reports attributed to Himit Qari, former area police chief.<a href="#cite_note-wp-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-150died-265">[264]</a> In August 2020, the BBC released texts and a video smuggled out of a re-education camp by <a href="/wiki/Merdan_Ghappar" title="Merdan Ghappar">Merdan Ghappar</a>, a former model of Uyghur heritage. Mergan had been allowed access to personal effects, and used a phone to take videos of the camp he is interned in.<a href="#cite_note-Sudworth_4_August_2020-266">[265]</a> In February 2021, the BBC issued further eyewitness accounts of mass rape and torture in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter-2021-235">[234]</a> Sayragul Sauytbay told the BBC as a teacher forced to work in the camps that "rape was common" and the guards "picked the girls and young women they wanted and took them away".<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter-2021-235">[234]</a> She also described a woman who was brought to make a forced confession in front of 100 other detainees while the police took turns to rape her as she cried out for help.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter-2021-235">[234]</a> In 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Globe_and_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe and Mail">Globe and Mail</a> interview with Sauytbay found that she did not personally see violence at the camp, but did witness hunger and a complete lack of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-VN2018-267">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tursunay_Ziyawudun" title="Tursunay Ziyawudun">Tursunay Ziawudun</a>, a Uyghur who fled to Kazakhstan and then the US, told the BBC that she was raped three times in the camps and kicked in the abdomen during interrogations.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter-2021-235">[234]</a> In a 2020 interview with <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed_News" title="BuzzFeed News">BuzzFeed News</a>, Ziawudun reported that she "wasn't beaten or abused" while inside, but was instead subjected to long interrogations, forced to watch propaganda, kept in cold conditions with poor food, and had her hair cut.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h3></div> Adrian Zenz reported that the re-education camps also function as forced <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> in which Uyghurs and Kazakhs produce various products for export, especially those made from cotton grown in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> The growing of cotton is central to the industry of the region as "43 percent of Xinjiang's exports are apparel, footwear, or textiles". In 2018, 84% of China's cotton was produced in the Xinjiang province.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Since cotton is grown and processed into textiles in Xinjiang, a November 2019 article from <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a> said that "the risk of forced labor exists at multiple steps in the creation of a product".<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Academics Zhun Xu and Fangfei Lin write that the conclusion of forced labor in cotton production in Xinjiang is insufficiently supported.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-2023-275">[274]</a> They cite the historic significance of Uyghur agricultural workers as a long-standing labor force for manual cotton harvesting and staffing companies' widespread recruitment of Uyghur workers due to lower travel costs.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-2023-275">[274]</a> In their view, "[T]he labor demand of Uyghur seasonal cotton pickers in south Xinjiang is largely decided by its relatively low degree of agricultural capitalization, not due to the 'special treatment' towards labor migrants of a certain ethnic minority."<a href="#cite_note-Davis-2023-275">[274]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Yutian / Keriya county</a> vocational training centre, among the largest of the Xinjiang re-education camps, had opened a forced labour facility including eight factories spanning shoemaking, mobile phone assembly and tea packaging, giving a base monthly salary of CN¥1,500. Between 2016 and 2018, the centre expanded 269 percent in total area.<a href="#cite_note-Emily_Feng-190">[189]</a> The Australian Strategic Policy Institute reported that from 2017 to 2019 more than 80,000 Uyghurs were shipped elsewhere in China for factory jobs that "strongly suggest forced labour".<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Conditions of these factories were consistent with the stipulations of forced labor as defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uyghurs_for_sale-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-2020-277">[276]</a> In 2021, former supplier for Nike, <a href="/wiki/Esquel_Group" title="Esquel Group">Esquel Group</a>, sued the United States Government for listing it on a sanction list for forced labor allegations in Xinjiang. It was later removed from the sanction list due to lack of evidence provided by the US Commerce department.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> In October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> in collaboration with the Investigative Reporting Project Italy along with <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported on the export of tomato products from Xinjiang and tied to forced labor by the Uyghurs. The report identified tomato products being exported to other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to be repackaged for sale in other markets such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> In June 2021, human rights reports indicated that costs of solar modules had been depressed in recent years due to Chinese forced labor practices in the solar module and wind turbine exports industry.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> Globally, China dominated manufacturing, installation and exports in the field.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> The practice of forced labor was blamed for the bankruptcy of firms in the US and German solar industries, multiple times, over the decade 2010–2020.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> In one report, upon declaring a bankruptcy, the cost of raw materials for manufacturing panels was suggested to be 30% of the total manufacturing costs. It was argued that China do not pay labor costs.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_detainees">Notable detainees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Xinjiang internment camps">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablajan_Awut_Ayup" title="Ablajan Awut Ayup">Ablajan Awut Ayup</a>, rapper<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdan_Ghappar" title="Merdan Ghappar">Merdan Ghappar</a>, model<a href="#cite_note-Sudworth_4_August_2020-266">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Mijit" title="Adil Mijit">Adil Mijit</a>, comedian, suspected detainee<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrigul_Tursun" title="Mihrigul Tursun">Mihrigul Tursun</a> (former detainee)<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_at_the_UN">Reactions at the UN</h3></div> On 8 July 2019, 22 countries issued a statement in which they called for an end to mass detentions in China and expressed their concerns about widespread surveillance and repression.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> 50 countries issued a counter-statement, reportedly coordinated by Algeria, criticizing the practice of "politicizing human rights issues", stating "China has invited a number of diplomats, international organizations officials and journalist to Xinjiang" and that "what they saw and heard in Xinjiang completely contradicted what was reported in the media." The counter-statement also commended China's "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights", claiming that "safety and security has returned to Xinjiang and the fundamental human rights of people of all ethnic groups there are safeguarded."<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-letterunhrc-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-Younes-296">[295]</a> Qatar formally withdrew its name from the counter-statement on 18 July, six days after it was published, expressing a desire "to maintain a neutral stance and we offer our mediation and facilitation services."<a href="#cite_note-Younes-296">[295]</a> In October 2019, 23 countries issued a joint statement urging China to "uphold its national laws and international obligations and commitments to respect human rights, including freedom of religion or belief," urging China to refrain from "arbitrary detention of Uyghurs and members of other Muslim communities.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Mission_to_the_United_Nations-2019-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2019-10-29-297">[296]</a> In response, on the same day, 54 countries (including China itself) issued a joint statement reiterating that the work of human rights in the United Nations should be conducted in a "non-politicized manner", and supporting China's Xinjiang policies. The statement spoke positively of the results of counter-terrorism and de-radicalization measures in Xinjiang and held that these measures have effectively safeguarded the basic human rights of people of all ethnic groups."<a href="#cite_note-Statements.unmeetings-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2019-10-29-297">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Civil society groups in Muslim-majority countries with governments that have supported China's policies in Xinjiang have been noted to be uncomfortable with their governments' stance and have organized boycotts, protests, and media campaigns concerning Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> reported that more countries at the UN joined the condemnation of China over Xinjiang abuses. The total number of countries that denounced China increased to 39, while the total number of countries that defended China decreased to 45. Notably, 16 countries that defended China in 2019 did not do so in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Basu-51">[50]</a> At the 46th session of the Human Rights Council, Cuba delivered a joint statement supporting China, signed by 64 countries.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:375pt; height:8em; border: none;"> <caption>Public statements of support and condemnation of Chinese policies in Xinjiang, based on joint letters at the UN <a href="#cite_note-Statements.unmeetings-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Mission_to_the_United_Nations-2019-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-letterunhrc-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-jointstatement-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-2020cubajointstatement-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-2020germanyjointstatement-305">[304]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:150pt;">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75pt;">Position in July 2019 </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75pt;">Position in October 2019 </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75pt;">Position in October 2020 </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75pt;">Position in March 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Afghanistan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albania</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algeria</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angola</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azerbaijan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahamas</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahrain</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbados</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belarus</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benin</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhutan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Botswana</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brunei Darussalam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burkina Faso</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burundi</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabo Verde</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambodia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cameroon</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central African Republic</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chad</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-debate">China</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-debate">China</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-debate">China</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-debate">China </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comoros</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Côte d'Ivoire [Ivory Coast]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuba</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czechia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djibouti</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salvador</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equatorial Guinea</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eritrea</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eswatini [Swaziland]</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethiopia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabon</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gambia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghana</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grenada</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guatemala</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea-Bissau</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haiti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Vatican</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honduras</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jordan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenya</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiribati</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Korea</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuwait</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laos</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanon</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Libya</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madagascar</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaysia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maldives</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mali</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marshall Islands</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritania</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritius</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Micronesia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moldova</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monaco</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mongolia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mozambique</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myanmar</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nauru</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicaragua</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niger</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Macedonia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oman</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palau</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestine</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panama</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippines</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qatar</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rwanda</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samoa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Marino</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>São Tomé and Príncipe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senegal</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seychelles</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sierra Leone</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solomon Islands</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somalia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Sudan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanzania</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timor-Leste</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Togo</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonga</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunisia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkmenistan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuvalu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Arab Emirates</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States of America</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Condemn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanuatu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemen</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zambia</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td></td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zimbabwe</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support</td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Support </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Support </th> <th>Condemn </th></tr> <tr> <td>July 2019 </td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">50 (including China) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 2019 </td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">54 (including China) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 2020 </td> <td style="background: #FE7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">45 (including China) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">39 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_by_international_organizations">Reactions by international organizations</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_organizations">Governmental organizations</h4></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li>On 21 May 2018, during the resumed session of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations in the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Kelley_Eckels_Currie" title="Kelley Eckels Currie">Kelley Currie</a>, the United States representative to the United Nations for economic and social affairs, raised the issue of mass detention of Uyghurs in re-education camps, and she said that "reports of mass incarcerations in the Xinjiang were documented by looking at Chinese procurement requests on Chinese websites requesting Chinese companies to tender offers to build political re-education camps".<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a></li> <li>On 10 August 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that China had detained a million or more ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_McDougall" title="Gay McDougall">Gay McDougall</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination">United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a>, said that "In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy, a sort of no-rights zone".<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a></li> <li>On 10 September 2018, UN human rights chief <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> called on China to ease restrictions on her and her office's team, urging China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressing concern about the situation there. She said, "The UN rights group had shown that Uyghurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon".<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a></li> <li>In June 2019, UN counter-terrorism chief <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivanovich_Voronkov" title="Vladimir Ivanovich Voronkov">Vladimir Voronkov</a> visited Xinjiang and found nothing incriminating at the camps.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a></li> <li>On 1 November 2019, ten <a href="/wiki/UN_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Special Rapporteur">UN Special Rapporteurs</a> together with vice-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" title="Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a> and Chair-Rapporteur of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Working_Group_against_Enforced_and_Involuntary_Disappearances" title="UN Working Group against Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances">UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances</a> released a report on the effect and application of the Counter-Terrorism Law of China and its Regional Implementing Measures in Xinjiang, which states that:<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a><blockquote>The De-Extremism Regulations have been criticised by UN Special Procedures mandates for their lack of compliance with international human rights standards. Following the introduction of those laws, an estimated million Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims have reportedly been sent to internment facilities under the guise of "counterterrorism and de-extremism" policies since 2016. (p.4) ...... In this context, previous communications by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention have voiced their concern that the "re-education facilities", sometimes termed "vocational training centres", due to their coercive character, amount to detention centres. It is alleged that between 1 million to 1.5 million ethnic Uyghurs and other minorities in Xinjiang may have been arbitrary forced into these facilities, where there have been allegations of deaths in custody, physical and psychological abuse and torture, as well as lack of access to medical care. It is also reported that in several cases they have been denied free contact with their families and friends or been unable to inform them of their location and denied their basic freedom of movement.(p.8)</blockquote></li> <li>In June 2020, nearly 50 UN independent experts had repeatedly communicated with the Government of the People's Republic of China their alarm regarding the repression of fundamental freedoms in China. They had also raised their concerns regarding a range of issues of grave concern, including the collective repression of the population, especially religious and ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a></li> <li>In March 2021, sixteen UN human right experts raised grave concerns about the "alleged detention and forced labour of Muslim Uyghurs in China". The experts were appointed by the UN <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a>, and several of them said they had "received information that connected over 150 domestic Chinese and foreign domiciled companies to serious allegations of human rights abuses against Uyghur workers". The experts also called for unrestricted access to China in order to conduct "fact-finding missions", meanwhile urging "global and domestic companies to closely scrutinize their supply chains".<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <ul><li>On 11 September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Federica_Mogherini" title="Federica Mogherini">Federica Mogherini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_European_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy</a>, raised the re-education camps issue in <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. She said:<blockquote>The most outstanding disagreement we have with China concerns the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights situation in China</a>, as underlined in your Report. We also focused on the situation in Xinjiang, especially the expansion of political re-education camps. And we discussed the detention of human rights defenders, including particular cases.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a></blockquote></li> <li>On 19 December 2019, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution condemning the mass incarceration of Uyghurs and calling on EU companies with supply chains in the region to ensure that they are not complicit with crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a></li> <li>On 17 December 2020, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that strongly condemns China over allegations of forced labor by ethnic and religious minorities. In the statement, the EU body said Parliament "strongly condemns the government-led system of forced labor, in particular the exploitation of Uyghur, ethnic Kazakh and Kyrgyz, and other Muslim minority groups, in factories both within and outside of internment camps in Xinjiang, as well as the transfer of forced laborers to other Chinese administrative divisions, and the fact that well-known European brands and companies have been benefiting from the use of forced labor."<a href="#cite_note-euro_Text-324">[323]</a></li> <li>On 22 March 2021, the European Union, joined by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, imposed sanctions on four senior Chinese officials and the Public Security Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> over the human rights abuses of Uyghurs in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-china-sanctions-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_Asia-326">[325]</a> This was the first sanction by the EU against China since the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nikkei_Asia-326">[325]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> <ul><li>On 11 November 2019, the World Bank issued a statement:<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> <blockquote>In line with standard practice, immediately after receiving a series of serious allegations in August 2019 in connection with the Xinjiang Technical and Vocational Education and Training Project, the Bank launched a fact-finding review, and World Bank senior managers traveled to Xinjiang to gather information directly. After receiving the allegations, no disbursements were made on the project. The team conducted a thorough review of project documents... The review did not substantiate the allegations. In light of the risks associated with the partner schools, which are widely dispersed and difficult to monitor, the scope and footprint of the project is being reduced. Specifically, the project component that involves the partner schools in Xinjiang is being closed.</blockquote></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organization for Islamic Cooperation</a> <ul><li>On 1 March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a> produced a document which "commends the efforts of the People's Republic of China in providing care to its Muslim citizens."<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a></li> <li>A coalition of American Muslim groups criticized the OIC's decision and accused member states of being influenced by Chinese power. The groups included the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American-Islamic_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on American-Islamic Relations">Council on American-Islamic Relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights_organisations">Human rights organisations</h4></div> <ul><li>On 10 September 2017, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released a report that said "The Chinese government should immediately free people held in unlawful 'political education' centers in Xinjiang and shut them down."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></li> <li>On 9 September 2018, Human Rights Watch released a 117-page report, "'Eradicating Ideological Viruses': China's Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang's Muslims",<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> which accused China of the systematic mass detention of tens of thousands of ethnic Uyghurs and other Muslims in political re-education camps <a href="/wiki/Detention_without_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention without charge">without being charged or tried</a> and presented new evidence of the Chinese government's mass <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary detention">arbitrary detention</a>, torture, and mistreatment, and the increasingly pervasive controls on daily life.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> The report also urged foreign governments to pursue a range of multilateral and unilateral actions against China for its actions, including "targeted sanctions" against those responsible.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a></li> <li>On 7 January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">CAIR</a> National Executive Director Nihad Awad condemned a tweet by the US Chinese embassy, saying that China was openly admitting to and celebrating forced sterilizations and abortions of Muslim Uyghur women by saying it had "emancipated" them from being "baby-making machines".<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published a dedicated website and an extensive report in 2021. Amnesty estimates up to 1 million prisoners and concludes "The evidence Amnesty International has gathered provides a factual basis for the conclusion that the Chinese government has committed at least the following crimes against humanity: imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law; torture; and persecution."<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Their full report includes recommendations to the Chinese government, the UN and the international community in general.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_by_countries">Reactions by countries</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li>In September 2019, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Foreign Minister">Australian Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Marise_Payne" title="Marise Payne">Marise Payne</a> stated, "I have previously raised Australia's concerns about reports of mass detentions of Uyghurs and other Muslim peoples in Xinjiang. We have consistently called for China to cease the arbitrary detention of Uyghurs and other Muslim groups. We have raised these concerns—and we will continue to raise them—both bilaterally and in relevant international meetings."<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <ul><li>In January 2020, the Bahrain <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">Council of Representatives</a> called on the international community to protect Uyghur Muslims in China and "expressed deep concern over the inhumane and painful conditions to which Uyghur Muslims in China are subjected, including the detention of more than one million Muslims in mass detention camps, denial of their most basic rights, the removal of their children, wives and families, their prevention of prayer, worship and religious practices, confronting murder, ill-treatment and torture."<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <ul><li>On 5 March 2021, a group of 65 member states—led by Belarus—expressed their support of China's Xinjiang policy and opposed the "unfounded allegations against China based on disinformation" at the 44th session of Human Rights Council.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <ul><li>On 15 March 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Wallonia" title="Parliament of Wallonia">Walloon Parliament</a> voted to approve a motion condemning the "unacceptable" practices introduced by the Chinese government, including the exploitation of Uyghurs and all other ethnic minorities, in Xinjiang. All parties voted in favor, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium" title="Workers' Party of Belgium">Workers' Party</a>, which abstained.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li>On 22 February 2021, the Canadian House of Commons voted 266–0 to approve a motion that formally recognizes China is committing genocide against its Muslim minorities. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> and his cabinet did not vote.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <ul><li>On 6 October 2020, Cuba delivered a joint statement with 45 other countries voicing their support of China's measures in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-october_2020-346">[345]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li>Egypt signed both statements at the UN (in July and October 2019) that supported China's Xinjiang policies.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-october_2020-346">[345]</a> Egypt has been accused of deporting Uyghurs to China.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li>In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="French Foreign Minister">French Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian" title="Jean-Yves Le Drian">Jean-Yves Le Drian</a> called on China to close down the camps. He also called on China to permit the <a href="/wiki/UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> to visit Xinjiang at the earliest possible date to make a report on the situation.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs</a> issued a statement on 27 November:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The French authorities are examining very carefully all of the testimonies and documents disseminated by the press over the past several days, indicating the existence of a system of internment camps in Xinjiang and a widespread policy of repression in this region. As we have publicly indicated on several occasions, as have our European partners, notably at the UN, within the framework of the most recent UN Human Rights Council sessions, we call on the Chinese authorities to put an end to mass arbitrary detentions in camps and to invite the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Xinjiang as soon possible to assess the situation in this region.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a></blockquote> <ul><li>In December 2020, France said it will oppose the proposed <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_Investment" title="Comprehensive Agreement on Investment">Comprehensive Agreement on Investment</a> between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and China over the use of forced labour of Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li>In December 2018, leaders of the Muslim organization <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> issued an open letter citing reports of violence against the "weak and innocent" community of Uyghurs and asking Beijing to explain. Soon after, Beijing responded by inviting more than a dozen top Indonesian religious leaders to the Xinjiang province and camps, and criticism greatly diminished.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> Since then, Indonesia's largest Muslim organizations have purportedly treated reports of widespread human rights violations in Xinjiang with skepticism, dismissing them as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_States" title="Propaganda in the United States">U.S. propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a></li> <li>In October 2022, the Indonesian delegation for the UNHCR voted against debate in the chamber on the topic of the treatment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang as it "will not yield meaningful progress", but Ambassador Febrian Ruddyard also stated, "As the world's largest Muslim country and a vibrant democracy, we cannot close our eyes to the plight of our Muslim brothers and sisters."<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li>In a December 2016 report, the research unit of the Iranian state-owned television's external services said that China is not opposed to Muslims, but instead to pro-Saudi radical ideology. In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Motahari" title="Ali Motahari">Ali Motahari</a>, a former member of the Iranian Parliament, tweeted that the Iranian government has kept silent about the situation of Muslims in China because the government of Iran needs China's economic support. He said that this silence has been humiliating for the Islamic Republic. Critics of Motahari responded that China was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Wahabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabism">Wahabism</a>, and had no problem with Islam or Chinese Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a></li> <li>Iran signed an October 2019 letter that publicly expressed support for China's treatment of Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-diplomat-october_2020-346">[345]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li>On 26 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Foreign Minister">Japanese Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Toshimitsu_Motegi" title="Toshimitsu Motegi">Toshimitsu Motegi</a> said Japan was "monitoring the human rights situation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with concern" and that he brought up Japan's position with <a href="/wiki/State_councillor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State councillor (China)">State Councilor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> in their meeting on 25 November.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCO_summit_(2018-06-10)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg/250px-SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg/375px-SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg/500px-SCO_summit_%282018-06-10%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="3245" /></a><figcaption>NPR reported that "Kazakhstan and its neighbors in the mostly Muslim region of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> that have benefited from Chinese investment aren't speaking up for the Muslims inside internment camps in China".<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In November 2017, Kazakhstan's Ambassador to China Shahrat Nuryshev met with Chinese Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Li Huilai regarding Kazakh diaspora issues.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a></li> <li>On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Kairat_Abdrakhmanov" title="Kairat Abdrakhmanov">Kairat Abdrakhmanov</a> sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day Samarkand, a Kazakhstan citizen, was released from re-education camp. From 17 to 19 April, Kazakh First Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Tleuberdi" title="Mukhtar Tleuberdi">Mukhtar Tleuberdi</a> visited Xinjiang to meet with local officials.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-236">[235]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <ul><li>On 20 May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a> passed a non-binding resolution condemning China's treatment of Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li>In September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin</a> government confirmed that it would not extradite ethnic Uyghurs to China if Beijing requests it, continuing the policy set by the <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir</a> administration. Although it is the government of Malaysia's stance not to get involved in Chinese internal affairs, it stated that the oppression of Uyghurs in the country could not be denied. <a href="/wiki/Mohd_Redzuan_Md_Yusof" title="Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof">Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof</a>, minister in the Prime Minister's Department also stated that his government would grant free passage to those refugees who wished to settle in a third country.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li>On 25 February, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> declared China's treatment of the Uyghur ethnic minority a genocide, the third country to do so.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li>On 6 May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> passed a motion condemning China's treatment of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, but fell short of calling it genocide, due to opposition from the governing <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>, who would not pass the motion unless the term 'genocide' was removed.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Prime Minister">New Zealand Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> has raised the issue of the Uyghurs on numerous occasions,<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> including in her 2019 meeting with CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. She did not detail exactly what was said. In July 2019, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Foreign Minister">New Zealand Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a>, asked why New Zealand had signed the letter to the president of the United Nations Human Rights Council criticizing Beijing for its treatment of ethnic Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region stated, "Because we believe in human rights, we believe in freedom and we believe in the liberty of personal beliefs and the right to hold them."<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a></li> <li>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Todd_McClay" title="Todd McClay">Todd McClay</a> represented his party in Beijing before a dialogue organised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Liaison_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. McClay also referred to the Xinjiang internment camps as "vocational training centers" in line with CCP talking points.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li>Pakistan signed both statements at the UN (in July and October 2019) that supported China's Xinjiang policies.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-october_2020-346">[345]</a></li> <li>On 19 January 2020, Pakistani Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> was asked why he was not more outspoken about the situation of Uyghurs in China. He said that he has not been as outspoken primarily because the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">human rights situation in Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Citizenship Amendment Act</a> were problems much larger in scale. He said that the second reason was that China has been a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">great friend of Pakistan</a> and had helped Pakistan through their toughest time with the economic crisis, so that "the way we deal with China is that when we talk about things, we talk about privately. We do not talk about things with China in public right now because they are very sensitive. That's how they deal with issues."<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li>In July 2020, Xi Jinping met with Palestinian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> to express Beijing's "full support" for the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>, saying that "<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">China and Palestine</a> are good brothers, good friends and good partners". Abbas then voiced support for China's "legitimate position on Hong Kong, Xinjiang and other matters concerning China's core interests."<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a></li> <li>After Palestinian ambassador to China <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fariz_Mehdawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fariz Mehdawi (page does not exist)">Fariz Mehdawi</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:فريز مهداوي">ar</a>] visited Xinjiang in March 2021, he remarked on Chinese state media that he was impressed by the region's infrastructure and upkeep of mosques,<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> saying "if you have to calculate it all, it's something like 2,000 inhabitants for one mosque. This ratio, we don't have it in our country. It's not available anywhere."<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> RFA journalist <a href="/wiki/Shohret_Hoshur" title="Shohret Hoshur">Shohret Hoshur</a> wrote in response that Mehdawi was neglecting the harsh reality of locals with whom he had met and who had no ability to speak the truth under the watch of officials, adding that his true motivation seemed to be a shared anti-US agenda with China.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li>On 4 February 2019, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Foreign Minister">Russian Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> said he was not aware of reports about political re-education camps in China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, though he had seen the US actively raising the issue.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a></li> <li>In July 2019, Russia signed the letter supporting China at the UN Human Rights Council.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutersletter-375">[374]</a></li> <li>On 9 October 2019, Lavrov said that "China has repeatedly given explanations concerning the accusations that you have mentioned probably citing our Western colleagues. We have no reason to take any steps other than the procedures that exist at the UN that I mentioned, such as at the Human Rights Council and its Universal Periodic Reviews."<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg/170px-Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg/255px-Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Crown_Prince_Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_-_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> has defended China's re-education camps.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-23feb-378">[377]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a> defended China's use of the camps, saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extremisation work for its national security."<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph_February_2019-379">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia was among the 24 countries (excluding China) that backed China's position at the UN Human Rights Council in July 2019, and again at the UN General Assembly in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-letterdiplomat-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-reutersletter-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-diplomat-october_2020-346">[345]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li>On 6 November 2018 during the UN Human Rights Council's <a href="/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review" title="Universal Periodic Review">Universal Periodic Review</a> of China, Switzerland called on China to close down its detention camps in Xinjiang, to grant the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights unrestricted access to Xinjiang, and to allow an independent UN investigation of the detention camps.<a href="#cite_note-govch-382">[381]</a></li> <li>On 26 November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Federal Department of Foreign Affairs</a> called on the Chinese government to address the concerns raised by many states and to allow the UN unhindered access to the region.<a href="#cite_note-govch-382">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li>In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)">Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates</a> defended China's actions in Xinjiang days after the US condemnation, stating that it is a "blatant interference by the US in the internal affairs of the People's Republic of China." The statement concluded that "Syria emphasizes the right of China to preserve its sovereignty, people, territorial integrity, and security and protect the security and property of the state and individuals."<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan (Republic of China)</a> <ul><li>On 2 October 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wu" title="Joseph Wu">Joseph Wu</a>, used the MOFA's official Twitter account to send out a <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a> article titled "Xinjiang Authorities Secretly Transferring Uyghur Detainees to Jails Throughout China" and stated that, "relocation of Uyghurs to re-education camps around China warrants the world's attention."<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a></li> <li>On 5 July 2019, Joseph Wu, again on Twitter, sent out a <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> article titled "China Muslims: Xinjiang schools used to separate children from families" and called on China to "Close the camps! Send the children home!"<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a></li> <li>On 18 November 2019, the MOFA's official Twitter sent out a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> article titled "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" saying, "This chilling NYTimes expose on the mass detention of Muslims by China is a must-read! Leaked internal documents tell the truth about the crackdown on ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, as well as the 'ruthless & extraordinary campaign' run by senior Communist Party officials."<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li>In February 2019, after Turkish media had picked up rumors of Uyghur musician <a href="/wiki/Abdurehim_Heyt" title="Abdurehim Heyt">Abdurehim Heyit</a> dying in detention, the Spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Turkish Foreign Ministry</a> denounced China for "violating the fundamental human rights of Uyghur Turks and other Muslim communities in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region."<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> In July 2019, Turkish journalists from <a href="/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet">Milliyet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k" title="Aydınlık">Aydınlık</a> interviewed Heyit in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> who denied that Uyghurs had problems in China.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a></li> <li>In July 2019, Chinese state media reported that when Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a> visited China, he said, "It is a fact that the people of all ethnicities in Xinjiang are leading a happy life amid China's development and prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> Turkish officials then claimed the paraphrase was mistranslated by the Turkish side, saying it should rather have read "hopes the peoples of China's Xinjiang live happily in peace and prosperity".<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> Erdoğan also said that some people were seeking to "abuse" the Xinjiang crisis to jeopardize the "<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkish–Chinese relationship</a>".<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> Some Uyghurs in Turkey have expressed concerns that they may face deportation back to China.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li>On 3 July 2018, at a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">U.K. Parliamentary</a> roundtable, the Rights Practice helped to organize a Parliamentary Round-table on increased repression and forced assimilation in Xinjiang. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rahima_Mahmut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rahima Mahmut (page does not exist)">Rahima Mahmut</a>, an Uyghur singer and human rights activist, gave a personal testimony about the violations suffered by the Uyghur community. Dr. Adrian Zenz, European School of Culture and Theology, (Germany), outlined the evidence of a large scale and sophisticated political re-education network designed to detain people for long periods and which the Chinese government officially denies.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a></li> <li>On 16 December 2020, the U.K. said there was credible, growing, and troubling evidence of forced labor among Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang. <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Adams" title="Nigel Adams">Nigel Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Asia">Minister of State for Asia</a> told Parliament, "Evidence of forced Uyghur labor within Xinjiang, and in other parts of China, is credible, it is growing and deeply troubling to the UK government." Adams said firms had a duty to ensure their supply chains were free of forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-reut_UKsa-400">[399]</a></li> <li>On 12 January 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a>, announced if British businesses fail to ensure their supply chains are free of slave labour could face fines. Raab appeared to be targeting China's mistreatment of internees in Xinjiang, saying it was Britain's "moral duty" to respond to the "far-reaching" evidence of human rights abuses being perpetrated in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a></li> <li>On 23 April, a group of MPs led by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Iain_Duncan_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Iain Duncan Smith">Sir Iain Duncan Smith</a> passed a motion declaring the mass detention of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang province a genocide. The United Kingdom is the fourth country in the world to make such action. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_London" title="Embassy of China, London">Chinese Embassy in London</a> said "The unwarranted accusation by a handful of British MPs that there is 'genocide' in Xinjiang is the most preposterous lie of the century..."<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg/220px-Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg/330px-Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg/440px-Uyghur_boycott_20Sept2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption>Call for boycott of products from China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province, New York, 2020. The US officially recognized the Chinese government's treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in Xinjiang as a genocide.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 3 April 2018, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio and Representative <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)">Chris Smith</a> sent a letter urging Ambassador to China <a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Terry Branstad</a> to launch an investigation into the reported mass detention of Uyghurs in political re-education camps in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a></li> <li>On 26 July 2018, Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> raised the re-education camps issue at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministerial_To_Advance_Religious_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministerial To Advance Religious Freedom (page does not exist)">Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom</a>. He said that "Sadly, as we speak as well, Beijing is holding hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghur Muslims in so-called 're-education camps', where they're forced to endure around-the-clock political indoctrination and to denounce their religious beliefs and their cultural identity as the goal."<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a></li> <li>On 26 July 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a>, an independent agency of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> which monitors <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> developments in the People's Republic of China, released a report that said as many as a million people are or have been detained in what are being called "political re-education" centers, the largest mass incarceration of an ethnic minority population in the world today.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> On 27 July 2018, The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">U.S. Embassy & Consulate in China</a> released Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom Statement on China, which mentioned the detention of hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups in "political re-education camps", and called the Chinese government to release immediately all those arbitrarily detained.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a></li> <li>On 28 August 2018, U.S. senator Marco Rubio and 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the <a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act</a> against Chinese officials who are responsible for human rights abuses in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> In a letter to Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a>, they called for the sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a> who is the current <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Communist Party Secretary</a> of the Xinjiang (the highest post in an administrative unit of China) and six other Chinese officials and two businesses that make surveillance equipment in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a></li> <li>U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo criticized <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> for his refusal to condemn the Chinese government's repressions against the Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a></li> <li>On 3 May 2019, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific Security Affairs <a href="/wiki/Randall_Schriver" title="Randall Schriver">Randall Schriver</a> condemns the detention of Uyghurs as <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart190504-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph_February_2019-379">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-ind-416">[415]</a></li> <li>On 11 September 2019, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-HR-418">[417]</a> On 3 December 2019, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a stronger version of the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act by a vote of 407 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-HR-419">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ-HR-420">[419]</a> The bill was signed into law on 17 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a></li> <li>On 8 January 2020, the Congressional-Executive Commission on China released its annual report, which stated that Chinese government actions in Xinjiang may constitute <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a></li> <li>In April 2020, United States lawmakers from the <a href="/wiki/Congressional-Executive_Commission_on_China" title="Congressional-Executive Commission on China">Congressional-Executive Commission on China</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">Jim McGovern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a> that aims to prevent the importation of Chinese products tied to evidence of unfree labor.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-2020-277">[276]</a></li> <li>In June 2020, Trump's former national security adviser <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> claimed that President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> told Chinese leader Xi Jinping that China's decision to detain Uyghurs in re-education camps was "exactly the right thing to do".<a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a></li> <li>US Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Policy_Act" title="Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act">Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act</a> which was signed into law by President Trump on 17 June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> On 9 July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions" title="United States sanctions">sanctions</a> and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, including <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> The same month, sanctions under the <a href="/wiki/Global_Magnitsky_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Magnitsky Act">Global Magnitsky Act</a> were levied against the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> and related officials including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Jinlong" title="Sun Jinlong">Sun Jinlong</a> and Peng Jiarui.<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a></li> <li>On 14 September 2020, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> blocked imports to the United States of products from four entities in Xinjiang: all products made with labor from the <a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop County</a> No. 4 Vocational Skills Education and Training Center; hair products made in the Lop County Hair Product Industrial Park; apparel produced by Yili Zhuowan Garment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. and Baoding LYSZD Trade and Business Co., Ltd; and cotton produced and processed by Xinjiang Junggar Cotton and Linen Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-USDHSsept14-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDHSsept14reuters-185">[184]</a></li> <li>On 22 September 2020, the United States House of Representatives passed the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a></li> <li>On 19 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> designated China's treatment of the Uyghurs a genocide, making the United States the first country in the world to make such a designation. China responded a day later by sanctioning US officials in the outgoing Trump administration, including Pompeo, for their criticisms of China's treatment of the Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a></li> <li>On 9 July 2021 The US Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) added 14 entities, that are based in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and have enabled Beijing's campaign of repression, mass detention, and high-technology surveillance against Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and members of other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regions of China (XUAR), where the PRC continues to commit genocide and crimes against humanity, to the Entity List. The Entity List is a tool utilized by BIS to restrict the export, reexport, and transfer (in-country) of items subject to the Export Administration Regulations.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_from_China">Responses from China</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> officially legalized re-education camps in Xinjiang in October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> Prior to that, when international media had asked about the re-education camps, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that they have not heard of this situation.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a></li> <li>On 12 August 2018, a Chinese state-run <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a>, defended the crackdown in Xinjiang after a U.N. anti-discrimination committee raised concerns over China's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>. According to the Global Times, China prevented Xinjiang from becoming 'China's <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syria</a>' or 'China's <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a>', and local authorities' policies saved countless lives and avoided a 'great tragedy'.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a></li> <li>On 13 August 2018, at a UN meeting in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, the delegation from China told the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> that "There is no such thing as re-education centers in Xinjiang and it is completely untrue that China put 1 million Uyghurs into re-education camps".<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> A Chinese delegation said that "Xinjiang citizens, including the Uyghurs, enjoy equal freedom and rights." They said that "Some minor offenders of religious extremism or separatism have been taken to '<a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>' and employment training centers with a view to assisting in their rehabilitation".<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a></li> <li>On 14 August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Foreign Ministry</a> spokesman Lu Kang said "anti-China forces had made false accusations against China for political purposes and a few foreign media outlets misrepresented the committee's discussions and were smearing China's anti-terror and crime-fighting measures in Xinjiang" after a UN human rights committee raised concern over reported mass detentions of ethnic Uyghurs.<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a></li> <li>On 21 August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaoming" title="Liu Xiaoming">Liu Xiaoming</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_China_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador of China to the United Kingdom">Ambassador of China to the United Kingdom</a>, wrote an article in response to a <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> report entitled "Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?".<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> Liu's response said: "The education and training measures taken by the local government of Xinjiang have not only effectively prevented the infiltration of religious extremism and helped those lost in extremist ideas to find their way back, but also provided them with employment training in order to build a better life."<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a></li> <li>On 10 September 2018, China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Geng_Shuang" title="Geng Shuang">Geng Shuang</a> condemned a report about the re-education camps issued by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. He said: "This organisation has always been full of prejudice and distorting facts about China." Geng also added that: "Xinjiang is enjoying overall social stability, sound <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Xinjiang">economic development</a> and harmonious co-existence of different ethnic groups. The series of measures implemented in Xinjiang are meant to improve stability, development, solidarity and people's livelihood, crack down on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic separatism">ethnic separatist</a> activities and violent and terrorist crimes, safeguard national security, and protect people's life and property."<a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a></li> <li>On 11 September 2018, China called for UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet to "respect its sovereignty", after she urged China to allow monitors into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-11sep-446">[445]</a> Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said: "China urges the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">U.N. human rights high commissioner</a> and office to scrupulously abide by the mission and principles of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">U.N. charter</a>, respect China's sovereignty, fairly and objectively carry out its duties, and not listen to one-sided information".<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-11sep-446">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a></li> <li>On 16 October 2018, a <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a> prime-time program aired a 15-minute episode on what was termed as Xinjiang's 'Vocational Skills Educational Training Centers', featuring the Muslim internees. Sinologist Manya Koetse documented that it received a mixture of supportive and critical responses on the <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> social media platform.<a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a></li> <li>In March 2019, against the background of the US considering imposing sanctions against <a href="/wiki/Chen_Quanguo" title="Chen Quanguo">Chen Quanguo</a>, who is the region's most senior Communist Party official, Xinjiang governor <a href="/wiki/Shohrat_Zakir" title="Shohrat Zakir">Shohrat Zakir</a> refuted international claims of concentration camps and re-education camps, instead comparing the institutions to boarding schools.<a href="#cite_note-ind-416">[415]</a></li> <li>On 18 March 2019, the Chinese government released a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> about the counter-terrorism, de-radicalization in Xinjiang. The white paper claims "A country under the rule of law, China respects and protects human rights in accordance with the principles of its Constitution." The white paper also argues that Xinjiang has not had violent terrorist cases for more than two consecutive years, extremist penetration has been effectively curbed, and social security has improved significantly.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a></li> <li>In July 2019, the Chinese government released another white paper that claims "The Uygur people adopted Islam not of their own volition ... but had it forced upon them by religious wars and the ruling class."<a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a></li> <li>In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom responded to questions about newly leaked documents on Xinjiang by calling the documents "fake news".<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-452">[451]</a></li> <li>On 6 December 2019, China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Hua_Chunying" title="Hua Chunying">Hua Chunying</a> accused the US of hypocrisy on human rights issues relating to allegations of torture at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a></li> <li>In September 2020, amid condemnation from Western countries, Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping acclaimed the success of his policies in Xinjiang in a 2-day conference expected to set the country's policy for the next years.<a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> The Chinese government published a white paper defending its "vocational training centers", claiming that the regional government organised 'employment-oriented training' and labour skills for 1.29 million workers a year from 2014 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-456">[455]</a></li> <li>On 7 January 2021, the US Chinese embassy published a tweet that said: "The minds of (Uighur) women in Xinjiang were emancipated and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> were promoted, making them no longer baby-making machines," which drew sharp criticism from human rights groups as well as <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a>, the US envoy on international religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> Subsequently, the tweet was deleted and Twitter locked the embassy's account.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a></li> <li>In March 2021, following sanctions imposed on several Chinese officials by the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, the Chinese government responded with sanctions on several individuals and groups that had criticized China over the camps, including five <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> members (among them <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Butikofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinhard Butikofer">Reinhard Butikofer</a>, the head of the European Parliament's delegation to China), German scholar <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zenz" title="Adrian Zenz">Adrian Zenz</a>, and the non-profit <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democracies_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democracies Foundation">Alliance of Democracies Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-china-sanctions-325">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a></li> <li>In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> and The New York Times documented a Chinese government-backed propaganda campaign on Twitter and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> involving more than 5000 videos analysed. They showed Uyghurs in Xinjiang denying abuses and scolding foreign officials and multinational corporations who had questioned China's human rights record in the province. Some of the videos' accounts were removed on YouTube as part of the company's efforts to combat <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spam</a> and influence operations.<a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Kao,_ProPublica,_and_Raymond_Zhong,_Paul_Mozur_and_Aaron_Krolik,_The_New_York_Times-2021-202">[201]</a></li> <li>In October 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a> documented a number of CCP-backed Uyghur influencers in Xinjiang posting propaganda videos on Chinese and Western social media which pushed back against abuse allegations. Some of the influencers' accounts were suspended on Twitter for alleged inauthenticity.<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_from_dissidents">Response from dissidents</h3></div> On 10 August 2018, about 47 Chinese intellectuals and others issued an appeal against what they describe as "shocking human rights atrocities perpetrated in Xinjiang".<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> In December 2019, during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">anti-government protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, a mixed crowd of young and elderly people, numbering around 1,000 and dressed in black and wearing masks to shield their identities, held up signs reading "Free Uyghur, Free Hong Kong" and "Fake 'autonomy' in China results in genocide". They rallied calmly, waving Uyghur flags and posters. The local riot police pepper sprayed demonstrators to disperse the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Criminal_Court's_complaint">International Criminal Court's complaint</h4></div> In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a> filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> calling for it to investigate PRC officials for crimes committed against Uyghurs, including allegations of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> In December 2020, the International Criminal Court declined to take investigative action against China on the basis of not having <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">jurisdiction over China</a> for most of the alleged crimes.<a href="#cite_note-cnnjg-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-icc-_2-466">[465]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Democracy movements of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sudworth" title="John Sudworth">John Sudworth</a>, a BBC reporter who covered the camps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a> – known as "reform through labor" in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship of Chinese issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest and dissent in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qincheng_Prison" title="Qincheng Prison">Qincheng Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education through labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_China" title="Secession in China">Secession in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_repression_by_China" title="Transnational repression by China">Transnational repression by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-faced_person" title="Two-faced person">Two-faced person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hailun" title="Zhu Hailun">Zhu Hailun</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Also called the Xinjiang re-education camps,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and informally called Xinjiang concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2020-11">[11]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 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Retrieved 2020-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+has+built+380+internment+camps+in+Xinjiang%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fsep%2F24%2Fchina-has-built-380-internment-camps-in-xinjiang-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basu-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basu_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basu_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2020" class="citation web cs1">Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang-6b29dbf5-b93c-4c70-bd4c-333e1c23471f.html">"More countries join condemnation of China over Xinjiang abuses"</a>. Axios. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+countries+join+condemnation+of+China+over+Xinjiang+abuses&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fun-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang-6b29dbf5-b93c-4c70-bd4c-333e1c23471f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shu.ac.uk/-/media/home/research/helena-kennedy-centre/projects/eu-apparel/eu-tailoring-responsibility-february-24.pdf">Tailoring Responsibility: Tracing Apparel Supply Chains from the Uyghur Region to Europe</a> (PDF). Uyghur Rights Monitor, the Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice at Sheffield Hallam University, and the Uyghur Center for Democracy and Human Rights. December 2023. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tailoring+Responsibility%3A+Tracing+Apparel+Supply+Chains+from+the+Uyghur+Region+to+Europe&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Uyghur+Rights+Monitor%2C+the+Helena+Kennedy+Centre+for+International+Justice+at+Sheffield+Hallam+University%2C+and+the+Uyghur+Center+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shu.ac.uk%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fhome%2Fresearch%2Fhelena-kennedy-centre%2Fprojects%2Feu-apparel%2Feu-tailoring-responsibility-february-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2011" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Michael E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&pg=PA16">Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82706-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82706-8"><bdi>978-1-136-82706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+and+China%27s+Rise+in+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82706-8&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRhHphtBg-QC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYBooks-54"><a href="#cite_ref-NYBooks_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Millward, James (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/02/07/reeducating-xinjiangs-muslims/">"'Reeducating' Xinjiang's Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129133538/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/02/07/reeducating-xinjiangs-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=%27Reeducating%27+Xinjiang%27s+Muslims&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F02%2F07%2Freeducating-xinjiangs-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, L. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA1">The Empire and the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860</a>. Leiden – Boston: Brill. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004145508" title="Special:BookSources/9004145508"><bdi>9004145508</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <q>Despite the imperial pronouncement that from Ili in the north to Yarkand in the south, Xinjiang should now be considered part of the interior (neidi), in the eyes of many Chinese officials and literati, it remained a distant land beyond the fringes of the Chinese cultural world. ... [I]n 1758 the court has already designated Xinjiang as a penal colony and a place of exile for disgraced officials. The decision to fully integrate the new frontier into the provincial system was, therefore, not entirely unsurprising.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+Khanate%3A+A+Political+History+of+Qing+Relations+with+Khoqand+c.+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.place=Leiden+%E2%80%93+Boston&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004145508&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-1986-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes-1986_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes-1986_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew D. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 W.</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-5514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-5514-1"><bdi>978-0-5212-5514-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+History+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949+W.&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-5212-5514-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millward-2007-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millward-2007_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward-2007_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millward-2007_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA104">Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-3924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-3924-3"><bdi>978-0-2311-3924-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-2311-3924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-2014-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon-2014_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ">Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8"><bdi>978-1-317-64721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+and+the+Expansion+of+Chinese+Communist+Power%3A+Kashgar+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64721-8&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2MtBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr-2004-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Starr-2004_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243">Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</a> (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1318-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-1318-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXj4a3gss8wC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benson-1990-4041-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Benson-1990-4041_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson1990" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Linda (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC">The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949</a>. M. E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-509-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-509-7"><bdi>978-0-87332-509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ili+Rebellion%3A+the+Moslem+Challenge+to+Chinese+Authority+in+Xinjiang%2C+1944%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-509-7&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsuuXIhetjZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140137/https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/projects/borders/exhibits/show/the-xinjiang-conflict/current-independence-movement">"Borders | Uyghurs and The Xinjiang Conflict: East Turkestan Independence Movement"</a>. apps.cndls.georgetown.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/projects/borders/exhibits/show/the-xinjiang-conflict/current-independence-movement">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.cndls.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Borders+%7C+Uyghurs+and+The+Xinjiang+Conflict%3A+East+Turkestan+Independence+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.cndls.georgetown.edu%2Fprojects%2Fborders%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fthe-xinjiang-conflict%2Fcurrent-independence-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-62"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/china0405.pdf">"Devastating Blows: Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. Vol. 17, no. 2. April 2005. Post 9/11: labeling Uighurs terrorists, p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417204133/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/china0405/china0405.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. 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Routledge. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36096-3"><bdi>978-1-134-36096-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Far+Northwest&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-36096-3&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ia-2lDtGH4C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2011" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Michael E. 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October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112153554/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Human+Rights+Concerns+in+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fasia%2Fchina-bck1017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2004" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ia-2lDtGH4C&pg=PA99">Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest</a>. Routledge. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-36096-3"><bdi>978-1-134-36096-3</bdi></a>. 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Pentagon Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8274-325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8274-325-0"><bdi>978-81-8274-325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Minorities%3A+Ethnic-religious+Separatism+in+Xinjiang&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Pentagon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8274-325-0&rft.aulast=Debata&rft.aufirst=Mahesh+Ranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Xe8CUZ0_r4C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castets-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Castets_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastets2003" class="citation journal cs1">Castets, Rémi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648#tocto1n6">"The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows"</a>. China Perspectives. 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511024214/http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648#tocto1n6">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. 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Retrieved 19 December 2019. <q>In 2009, ethnic riots there resulted in hundreds of deaths, and some radical Uighurs have carried out terrorist attacks in recent years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=China+Is+Treating+Islam+Like+a+Mental+Illness&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F08%2Fchina-pathologizing-uighur-muslims-mental-illness%2F568525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-lockdown-73"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR-lockdown_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/09/26/553463964/wary-of-unrest-among-uighur-minority-china-locks-down-xinjiang-province">"Wary Of Unrest Among Uighur Minority, China Locks Down Xinjiang Region"</a>. NPR. 26 September 2017. <q>In the years that followed, Uighur terrorists killed dozens of Han Chinese in brutal, coordinated attacks at train stations and government offices. 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Labor transfer programs, in which large numbers of Uyghurs and other predominately Muslim minorities are sent to work in other parts of Xinjiang and the rest of China, have resumed in recent weeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+Returns+to+Work%2C+but+Coronavirus+Worries+Linger+in+China&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-coronavirus-xinjiang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJumaSeytoffLipes2020" class="citation web cs1">Juma, Mamatjan; Seytoff, Alim; Lipes, Joshua (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/work-02272020160853.html">"Xinjiang Authorities Sending Uyghurs to Work in China's Factories, Despite Coronavirus Risks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. 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Retrieved 24 Oct 2020. <q>The Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) said it had identified more than 380 "suspected detention facilities" in the region, where the United Nations says more than one million Uighurs and other mostly Muslim Turkic-speaking residents have been held in recent years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=China+running+380+detention+centres+in+Xinjiang%3A+Researchers&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F9%2F24%2Fchina-running-380-detention-centres-in-xinjiang-researchers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/map/?">"Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005181458/https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/map/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 24 Oct 2020. <q>Detention Facilities (381)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxjdp.aspi.org.au%2Fmap%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AyhanMemet-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AyhanMemet_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyhanMemet_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyhanMemet_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyhanMemet_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyhanMemet_180-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohret_HoshurJoshua_Lipes2018" class="citation web cs1">Shohret Hoshur; Joshua Lipes (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/mother-07022018164214.html">"Uyghur Exile Group Leader's Mother Died in Xinjiang Detention Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. Translated by Alim Seytoff. 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Retrieved 11 August 2020. <q>A guard tower and barbed wire fences are seen around a section of the Artux City Vocational Skills Education Training Service Center in Artux in western China's Xinjiang region in December. This is one of a growing number of internment camps in the Xinjiang region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Secret+documents+detail+inner+workings+of+China%27s+mass+detention+camps+for+minorities&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Bellware%2C+Kim&rft.au=Beachum%2C+Lateshia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2F11%2F24%2Fsecret-documents-detail-inner-workings-chinas-mass-detention-camps-minorities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uyghurs_for_sale-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uyghurs_for_sale_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uyghurs_for_sale_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicky_Xiuzhong_XuDanielle_CaveJames_LeiboldKelsey_Munro2020" class="citation web cs1">Vicky Xiuzhong Xu; Danielle Cave; James Leibold; Kelsey Munro; Nathan Ruser (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">"Uyghurs for sale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute" title="Australian Strategic Policy Institute">Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uyghurs+for+sale&rft.pub=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.au=Vicky+Xiuzhong+Xu&rft.au=Danielle+Cave&rft.au=James+Leibold&rft.au=Kelsey+Munro&rft.au=Nathan+Ruser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Freport%2Fuyghurs-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2019" class="citation web cs1">Kuo, Lily (11 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/if-you-enter-a-camp-you-never-come-out-inside-chinas-war-on-islam">"'If you enter a camp, you never come out': inside China's war on Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2019. <q>Luopu, a sparsely populated rural county of about 280,000 that is almost entirely Uighur, is home to eight internment camps officially labelled "vocational training centres", according to public budget documents seen by the Guardian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27If+you+enter+a+camp%2C+you+never+come+out%27%3A+inside+China%27s+war+on+Islam&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F11%2Fif-you-enter-a-camp-you-never-come-out-inside-chinas-war-on-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDHSsept14-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDHSsept14_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDHSsept14_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/09/14/dhs-cracks-down-goods-produced-china-s-state-sponsored-forced-labor">"DHS Cracks Down on Goods Produced by China's State-Sponsored Forced Labor"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 April 2020. <q>Mirza Imran Baig, 40, who trades between his home city of Lahore and Urumqui, the Xinjiang regional capital, said his wife was detained in a "re-education" camp in her native Bachu county for two months in May and June 2017 and had been unable to leave her hometown since her release.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%27China%27s+big+mistake%27%3A+Pakistanis+lobby+to+free+wives+trapped+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.au=Christian+Shepherd&rft.au=Philip+Wen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-xinjiang-pakistan%2Fchinas-big-mistake-pakistanis-lobby-to-free-wives-trapped-in-xinjiang-idUSKCN1M51R7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linette_Lopez-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linette_Lopez_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linette_Lopez_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2019" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Linette (15 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-economic-boost-surveillance-technology-uighurs-xinjiang-2019-12">"China's next gambit to save its economy will export dystopia worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. 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Scores of Pakistani men whose Muslim Uighur wives have disappeared into internment camps in China feel helpless, fighting a wall of silence as they struggle to reunite their families.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=China%27s+next+gambit+to+save+its+economy+will+export+dystopia+worldwide&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Linette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchina-economic-boost-surveillance-technology-uighurs-xinjiang-2019-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mulan-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mulan_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mulan_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohret_HoshurJoshua_Lipes2020" class="citation news cs1">Shohret Hoshur; Joshua Lipes (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/labor-09162020140608.html">"Detainees Endure Forced Labor in Xinjiang Region Where Disney Filmed Mulan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>. 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Satellite images show that Kashgar's internment centre has more than doubled in size since 2016 and Yutian's grew 269 per cent over the same period, according to a report compiled by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a think-tank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Forced+labour+being+used+in+China%27s+%27re-education%27+camps&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Feb2239aa-fc4f-11e8-aebf-99e208d3e521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2018" class="citation news cs1">Thum, Rian (15 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/opinion/china-re-education-camps.html">"What Really Happens in China's 'Re-education' Camps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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The financial situation in 2018 is very severe.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27If+you+enter+a+camp%2C+you+never+come+out%27%3A+inside+China%27s+war+on+Islam&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F11%2Fif-you-enter-a-camp-you-never-come-out-inside-chinas-war-on-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/student-06262020141646.html">"'The Price of My Studies Abroad Was Very High': Uyghur Former Al Azhar University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=%27The+Price+of+My+Studies+Abroad+Was+Very+High%27%3A+Uyghur+Former+Al+Azhar+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fstudent-06262020141646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpp-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dpp_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpp_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6Y7gN2zWOo"><bdi lang="zh">【聲援維吾爾守護台灣】</bdi></a> (in Chinese and English). <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>. 6 April 2019. 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Retrieved 2023-12-03. <q>Memet's situation came to light after the Xinjiang Victims Database tweeted last week that Memet had been sentenced to 13 years and 11 months in jail for learning the Quran between November 1964 and March 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Elderly+Uyghur+jailed+for+learning+the+Quran+as+a+child+confirmed+dead+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.au=Shohret+Hoshur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fabdurusul-memet-08032023162725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNee2023" class="citation web cs1">Nee, William (2023-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/07/china-human-rights-united-states-groupthink/">"A Nuanced Approach to China Needs Human Rights at the Core"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203181144/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/07/china-human-rights-united-states-groupthink/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-03. <q>The Xinjiang Victims Database has recorded 225 deaths in custody, likely the tip of the iceberg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=A+Nuanced+Approach+to+China+Needs+Human+Rights+at+the+Core&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft.aulast=Nee&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F04%2F07%2Fchina-human-rights-united-states-groupthink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhrp.org/report/on-the-fringe-of-society/">""On the Fringe of Society": Humanitarian Needs of the At-Risk Uyghur Diaspora"</a>. Uyghur Human Rights Project. 2023-02-01. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Bans+Imports+of+Some+Chinese+Solar+Materials+Tied+to+Forced+Labor&rft.date=2021-06-24&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Plumer%2C+Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fchina-forced-labor-solar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/solar-industry-were-in-most-serious-crisis-in-history">"Faced with the prospect of tariffs on Chinese-made solar panels in 2017, SEIA warned that the market would react badly to new duties, predicting that the price of new panels would reverse years of declines and jump back up to 2012 levels"</a>. 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faced+with+the+prospect+of+tariffs+on+Chinese-made+solar+panels+in+2017%2C+SEIA+warned+that+the+market+would+react+badly+to+new+duties%2C+predicting+that+the+price+of+new+panels+would+reverse+years+of+declines+and+jump+back+up+to+2012+levels&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Farticles%2Fsolar-industry-were-in-most-serious-crisis-in-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2021/08/u-s-solar-china-polysilicon-battle/">"The U.S. solar industry has a Chinese problem"</a>. Solar Power World. 9 August 2021. <q>Desari Strader, then-head of government affairs for SolarWorld Americas (Operator of the largest polysilicon production facility in the western world) "They were beating us on the cost of production," Strader said of Chinese suppliers at the time. "We had just finished ramping up [to mono-PERC]. Of course the Chinese could come and dump [cheap panels] in the U.S. It was super easy. Then everyone is screaming that you can't compete with [Chinese module prices.] Yeah, you're right. We can't compete with slave labor."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solar+Power+World&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+solar+industry+has+a+Chinese+problem&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarpowerworldonline.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fu-s-solar-china-polysilicon-battle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3115771/us-moves-renewable-energy-wind-turbines-xinjiang-may-get-caught">"As US moves to renewable energy, wind turbines from Xinjiang may get caught in political tempest"</a>. South China Morning Post. 30 December 2020. <q>As more information emerges about the suspected use of forced labour in the region, the US government has begun restricting trade from the area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=As+US+moves+to+renewable+energy%2C+wind+turbines+from+Xinjiang+may+get+caught+in+political+tempest&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F3115771%2Fus-moves-renewable-energy-wind-turbines-xinjiang-may-get-caught&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019">"Renewable Power Costs in 2019"</a>. IRENA. 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRENA&rft.atitle=Renewable+Power+Costs+in+2019&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2Fpublications%2F2020%2FJun%2FRenewable-Power-Costs-in-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2021/Jun/IRENA-and-China-Sign-Landmark-Cooperation-to-Address-Climate-Change">"IRENA and China agreed to strengthen co-operation on the promotion of climate finance and investment as well as the promotion of innovation, policies and technology in the area of renewable energy and climate change and facilitate enhanced international collaboration"</a>. 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The Bonn-based company noted that EU plans to let protective tariffs against Chinese imports lapse made its position untenable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Solarworld+files+for+bankruptcy+again+28.03.2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-solarworld-files-for-bankruptcy-again%2Fa-43166235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-solarworld-bankruptcy-idUSKBN1862MN">"German Sun King's SolarWorld to file for insolvency"</a>. Reuters. 10 May 2017. <q>..."overwhelmed by Chinese rivals who had long been a thorn in the side..." "Germany used to be the world's biggest market for solar panels, with demand driven by generous government support that provided business for panel makers around the world, including Asia and the United States."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=German+Sun+King%27s+SolarWorld+to+file+for+insolvency&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-solarworld-bankruptcy-idUSKBN1862MN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2021/08/u-s-solar-china-polysilicon-battle/">"The U.S. solar industry has a Chinese problem"</a>. Solar Power World. 9 August 2021. <q>Desari Strader, then-head of government affairs for SolarWorld Americas. 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Retrieved 30 December 2019. <q>Even those who enjoy local celebrity status are not immune. Ablajan, a Uighur rapper, was recently detained and sent to a re-education camp, according to his brother.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Security+spending+ramped+up+in+China%27s+restive+Xinjiang+region&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Faa4465aa-2349-11e8-ae48-60d3531b7d11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-monday-edition-1.4962248/family-fears-missing-uighur-comedian-taken-to-chinese-detention-camp-1.4962251">"Family fears missing Uighur comedian taken to Chinese detention camp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>. 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Radio&rft.atitle=Family+fears+missing+Uighur+comedian+taken+to+Chinese+detention+camp&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fasithappens%2Fas-it-happens-monday-edition-1.4962248%2Ffamily-fears-missing-uighur-comedian-taken-to-chinese-detention-camp-1.4962251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2018" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Harry (28 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uighur-muslim-china-mihrigul-tursun-torture-reeducation-camps-a8656396.html">"Muslim woman describes torture and beatings in China detention camp: 'I begged them to kill me'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uighur-muslim-china-mihrigul-tursun-torture-reeducation-camps-a8656396.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Muslim+woman+describes+torture+and+beatings+in+China+detention+camp%3A+%27I+begged+them+to+kill+me%27&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fuighur-muslim-china-mihrigul-tursun-torture-reeducation-camps-a8656396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming-Bruce2019" class="citation news cs1">Cumming-Bruce, Nick (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/world/asia/china-xinjiang-rights.html">"China Rebuked by 22 Nations Over Xinjiang Repression"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Switzerland+joins+calls+demanding+closure+of+Uighur+camps&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fforeign-affairs_switzerland-joins-calls-demanding-closure-of-uighur-camps%2F45396010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191206-syria-defends-chinas-uyghur-policy-after-us-condemnation/">"Syria defends China's Uyghur policy after US condemnation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+defends+China%27s+Uyghur+policy+after+US+condemnation&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20191206-syria-defends-chinas-uyghur-policy-after-us-condemnation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF外交部_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_ROC_(Taiwan)2018" class="citation web cs1">外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan) [@MOFA_Taiwan] (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1047309772339339264">"The relocation of #Uyghurs in #Xinjiang to re-education camps around #China warrants the world's attention. JW"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 19 December 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+relocation+of+%23Uyghurs+in+%23Xinjiang+to+re-education+camps+around+%23China+warrants+the+world%27s+attention.+JW&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.au=%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+ROC+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMOFA_Taiwan%2Fstatus%2F1047309772339339264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF外交部_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_ROC_(Taiwan)2019" class="citation web cs1">外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan) [@MOFA_Taiwan] (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1147309446919385088">"Commie elites school their children in Western democracies. But #Uyghurs get "centralized care" in #Xinjiang. What kind of government preys on its young people? Close the camps! Send the children home! JW"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 19 December 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commie+elites+school+their+children+in+Western+democracies.+But+%23Uyghurs+get+%22centralized+care%22+in+%23Xinjiang.+What+kind+of+government+preys+on+its+young+people%3F+Close+the+camps%21+Send+the+children+home%21+JW&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.au=%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+ROC+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMOFA_Taiwan%2Fstatus%2F1147309446919385088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF外交部_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_ROC_(Taiwan)2019" class="citation web cs1">外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan) [@MOFA_Taiwan] (18 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/MOFA_Taiwan/status/1196361471950639104">"This chilling @nytimes expose on the mass detention of Muslims by #China is a must-read! Leaked internal documents tell the truth about the crackdown on ethnic minorities in #Xinjiang, as well as the "ruthless & extraordinary campaign" run by senior #Communist Party officials"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 19 December 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+chilling+%40nytimes+expose+on+the+mass+detention+of+Muslims+by+%23China+is+a+must-read%21+Leaked+internal+documents+tell+the+truth+about+the+crackdown+on+ethnic+minorities+in+%23Xinjiang%2C+as+well+as+the+%22ruthless+%26+extraordinary+campaign%22+run+by+senior+%23Communist+Party+officials.&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft.au=%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+ROC+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FMOFA_Taiwan%2Fstatus%2F1196361471950639104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinjiang+internment+camps" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/why-is-turkey-breaking-its-silence-on-chinas-uyghurs/">"Why Is Turkey Breaking Its Silence on China's Uyghurs?"</a>. 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.side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Xinjiang internment camps <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xinjiang+internment+camps">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xinjiang+internment+camps&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang_reeducation_camps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang reeducation camps">Xinjiang reeducation camps</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xinjiang.sppga.ubc.ca/">Xinjiang Documentation Project at the University of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/">Xinjiang Data Project at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024080833/https://xjdp.aspi.org.au/">Archived</a> 24 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8E%BB%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" class="extiw" title="s:zh:新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例">Regulation for the Removal of Extremism in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (Wikisource, in Chinese)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_national_security" title="Template:China national security"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_national_security" title="Template talk:China national security"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_national_security" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China national security"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_security_and_law_enforcement_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">law enforcement</a> in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">NDMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">Supervisory Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Public Security PP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">provincial Public Security Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">city/county Public Security Bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Internet_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Immigration_Inspection" title="China Immigration Inspection">Inspection</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">State Security PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Judicial Administrative PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">State Secrets Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Admin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Administrative_and_Law_Enforcement_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau">Urban Admin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Committee for Safeguarding National Security">Committee for Safeguarding National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">PLA Hong Kong Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">National Security Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department" title="Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Macau">Macau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">PLA Macau Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Commission Against Corruption">Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Service (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a> (including Migration Service)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judicial_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judicial Police (page does not exist)">Judicial Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau" title="Fire Services Bureau">Fire Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Correctional Services Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Customs_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Customs Service (page does not exist)">Macau Customs Service</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:澳門海關">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a> (1950–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufan_movement" title="Sufan movement">Sufan movement</a> (1955–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> (1957–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_%22Strike_Hard%22_Anti-crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign">1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign</a> (1983–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6521_Project" title="6521 Project">6521 Project</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fox_Hunt" title="Operation Fox Hunt">Operation Fox Hunt</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_crackdown_on_dissidents_in_China" title="2011 crackdown on dissidents in China">2011 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_jails" title="Black jails">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Servant-Family_Pair_Up" title="Civil Servant-Family Pair Up">Civil Servant-Family Pair Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China" title="Grid-style social management in China">Grid-style social management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law"> Hong Kong national security law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_national_security_cases" title="List of Hong Kong national security cases">List of Hong Kong national security cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power" title="Inciting subversion of state power">Inciting subversion of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China" title="Life imprisonment in China">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_offences_in_China" title="Political offences in China">Political offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble" title="Picking quarrels and provoking trouble">Picking quarrels and provoking trouble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education through labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_detention" title="Soft detention">Soft detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-faced_person" title="Two-faced person">Two-faced person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_security_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic security concept">Holistic security concept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prisons_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_prisons" title="Template:China prisons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_prisons" title="Template talk:China prisons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_prisons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China prisons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prisons_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Prisons in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons" title="Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons">Beijing Municipal Administration of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Municipal_Administration_of_Prisons" title="Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons">Chongqing Municipal Administration of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Prison_Administrative_Bureau" title="Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau">Guangdong Prison Administrative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Prison_Administration" title="Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration">Shanghai Municipal Prison Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Province_Prison_Administrative_Bureau" title="Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau">Sichuan Province Prison Administrative Bureau</a></li></ul> SARs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Hong Kong Correctional Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Macao Correctional Services Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anqing_Prison" title="Anqing Prison">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihu_Prison" title="Baihu Prison">Baihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Women%27s_Prison" title="Beijing Women's Prison">Beijing Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal Prison">Beijing Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_No._1_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal No. 1 Prison">Beijing Municipal No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_No._2_Prison" title="Beijing Municipal No. 2 Prison">Beijing Municipal No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Office_for_Criminal_Deportation" title="Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation">Beijing Office for Criminal Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu_Prison" title="Bengbu Prison">Bengbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu_Prison" title="Chaohu Prison">Chaohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishan_Prison" title="Chishan Prison">Chishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan_Prison" title="Dongguan Prison"> Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapchi_Prison" title="Drapchi Prison">Drapchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang_Prison" title="Fuyang Prison">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan_Prison" title="Foshan Prison">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoming_Prison" title="Gaoming Prison">Gaoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Prison" title="Lanzhou Prison">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujiang_Prison" title="Lujiang Prison">Lujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangxiang_Prison" title="Liangxiang Prison">Liangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianping_Prison" title="Lianping Prison">Lianping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen_Prison" title="Jiangmen Prison">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoling_Prison" title="Jiaoling Prison">Jiaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang_Prison" title="Jieyang Prison">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong_Prison" title="Jinzhong Prison">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiucheng_Administration_Branch" title="Jiucheng Administration Branch">Jiucheng Administration Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiulong_Prison" title="Jiulong Prison">Jiulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan_Prison" title="Ma'anshan Prison">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyu_Prison" title="Panyu Prison">Panyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingshi_Prison" title="Pingshi Prison">Pingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingpu_Prison" title="Qingpu Prison">Qingpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingshan_Prison" title="Qingshan Prison">Qingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qincheng_Prison" title="Qincheng Prison">Qincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Detention_Center" title="Shanghai Detention Center">Shanghai Detention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Provincial_Women%27s_Prison" title="Sichuan Provincial Women's Prison">Sichuan Provincial Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Prison" title="Suzhou Prison">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Women%27s_Prison" title="Shanghai Women's Prison">Shanghai Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushan_Prison" title="Shushan Prison">Shushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilanqiao_Prison" title="Tilanqiao Prison">Tilanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu_Prison" title="Wuhu Prison">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchuan_Prison" title="Yongchuan Prison">Yongchuan</a> </li></ul> SARs: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prisons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Wu_Correctional_Institution" title="Lo Wu Correctional Institution">Lo Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shek_Pik_Prison" title="Shek Pik Prison">Shek Pik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prison" title="Stanley Prison">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lam_Centre_for_Women" title="Tai Lam Centre for Women">Tai Lam for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tam_Gap_Correctional_Institution" title="Tai Tam Gap Correctional Institution">Tai Tam Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Bureau" title="Correctional Services Bureau">Macau</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Prison" title="Victoria Prison">Victoria</a> (Hong Kong)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">Re-education through labor</a> camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqing_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Daqing re-education through labor camp">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masanjia_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Masanjia re-education through labor camp">Masanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanjia_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Wanjia re-education through labor camp">Wanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibalihe_women%27s_re-education_through_labor_camp" title="Shibalihe women's re-education through labor camp">Shibalihe women's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Juvenile facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment" title="Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment">Beijing Juvenile Offender Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Juvenile_Offender_Detachment" title="Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment">Chongqing Juvenile Offender Detachment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_jails" title="Black jails">Black jails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_China" title="Life imprisonment in China">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_Surveillance_at_a_Designated_Location" title="Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location">Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_detention" title="Soft detention">Soft detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xi_Jinping" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping" title="Template:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping" title="Template talk:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xi_Jinping" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_under_Xi_Jinping" title="China under Xi Jinping">China under Xi Jinping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">leadership core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Government</a> (2023–present)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">Li Keqiang Government</a> (2013–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_waters_and_green_mountains" title="Clear waters and green mountains">Clear waters and green mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-style_modernization" title="Chinese-style modernization">Chinese-style modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Number_Nine" title="Document Number Nine">Document Number Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Musts" title="Eight Musts">Eight Musts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation" title="Eight-point Regulation">Eight-point Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Confidences" title="Four Confidences">Four Confidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_changes_unseen_in_a_century" title="Great changes unseen in a century">Great changes unseen in a century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_productive_forces" title="New productive forces">New productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party%27s_last_name" title="Party media takes the party's last name">Party media takes the party's last name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_security_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic security concept">Holistic security concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests" title="Three Stricts and Three Honests">Three Stricts and Three Honests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century" title="Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century">Historical resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Upholds" title="Two Establishes and Two Upholds">Two Establishes and Two Upholds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Xi_Jinping_with_Macron_and_Von_der_Leyen_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2012 election as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Internet_Conference" title="World Internet Conference">World Internet Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">2015 China Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">Xi–Chu Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2017 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">2019 China 70th National Day grand parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests" title="2020 Inner Mongolia protests">2020 Inner Mongolia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020-2021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">2022 Hong Kong visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping" title="Foreign policy of Xi Jinping">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Policies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation" title="Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation">2017 BRI Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Development_Initiative" title="Global Development Initiative">Global Development Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Security_Initiative" title="Global Security Initiative">Global Security Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping" title="List of international trips made by Xi Jinping">Meetings and trips</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia,_Tanzania,_South_Africa_and_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa and Congo">2013 Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, Congo visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Pakistan" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to Pakistan">2015 Pakistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States">2015 United States visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom">2015 United Kingdom visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam_and_Laos" title="2017 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam and Laos">2017 Vietnam and Laos visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim%E2%80%93Xi_meetings" title="Kim–Xi meetings">Kim–Xi meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Italy_and_France" title="State visits by Xi Jinping to Italy and France">2019 Italy and France visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit" title="CPC and World Political Parties Summit">CPC and World Political Parties Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan" title="2022 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan">2022 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_China-Arab_States_Summit" title="2022 China-Arab States Summit">2022 China-Arab States Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia" title="2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia">2023 Russia visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Central_Asia_Summit" title="China-Central Asia Summit">China-Central Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam" title="2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam">2023 Vietnam visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 visit by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary">2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Tajikistan" title="2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Tajikistan">2024 Kazakhstan and Tajikistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Peru_and_Brazil" title="2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Peru and Brazil">2024 Peru and Brazil visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Min%27er" title="Chen Min'er">Chen Min'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Yangsheng" title="Lou Yangsheng">Lou Yangsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayanqolu" title="Bayanqolu">Bayanqolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping_important_speech_series" title="General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series">General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hopes_of_President_Xi" title="The Hopes of President Xi">The Hopes of President Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu" title="Zhijiang Xinyu">Zhijiang Xinyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xin" title="Qi Xin">Qi Xin</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Lingling" title="Ke Lingling">Ke Lingling</a> (1st wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a> (2nd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao" title="Qi Qiaoqiao">Qi Qiaoqiao</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Yuanping" title="Xi Yuanping">Xi Yuanping</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Mingze" title="Xi Mingze">Xi Mingze</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_China" title="Amazing China">Amazing China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator-in-Chief" title="Accelerator-in-Chief">Accelerator-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_in_China" title="Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China">Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Xi Jinping's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deng_Jiagui" title="Deng Jiagui">Deng Jiagui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_asking_Xi_Jinping_to_Resign" title="Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign">Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyzodiastes_xii" title="Rhyzodiastes xii">Rhyzodiastes xii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping%27s_Kindness_We_Never_Forget" title="General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget">General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuexi_Qiangguo" title="Xuexi Qiangguo">Xuexi Qiangguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Xi_Jinping" title="Category:Xi Jinping">Category:Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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[\"CITEREFBuckley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckleyRamzy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastets2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_ShepherdPhilip_Wen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirilli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCoca2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColum_LynchRobbie_Gramer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-Bruce2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumming-Bruce2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebata2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeif2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenyer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondAsat2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmottBrunnstrom2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmont2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmont2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeng2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFFerris-RotmanToleukhanRauhalaFifield2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFifeChase2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFifield2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlounders2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFran_Lu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiordano2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Harrison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreitensLeeYazici2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsWestcott2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaqiqatnezhad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiatt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoshur2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInes_Pohl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_KaoRaymond_ZhongPaul_MozurAaron_Krolik2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Feng2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJumaSeytoffLipes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKangWang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanBuckleyPlumer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashgarianHussein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyPaul2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatchadourian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowlesBellwareBeachum2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoetse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumenov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuo2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKuo2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKuo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehrBechrakis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibold2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipes2019\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFLipes2020\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFLong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLulu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinaBlanchardSpring2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieu_von_Rohr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Hill,_David_Campanale_and_Joel_Gunter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMimi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirovalev\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathanScobell2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNebehay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville-Hadley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewenhuis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuddington2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutz2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPutz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopalan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopalanKillingBuschek2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzyBuckley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRappeportWong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReedRaschke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichburg,_Keith_B.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanCaveRuser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanImpiombatoPai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaito2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShih2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShihKang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohret_Hoshur2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohret_HoshurJoshua_Lipes2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShohret_HoshurJoshua_Lipes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohret_HoshurJoshua_Lipes2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith_Finley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroup2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudworth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudworth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwain2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSytas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Guardian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThumHarrisLeiboldBatke2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTung,_Li-Wen(董立文)2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderKlippe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderKlippe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderklippe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicky_Xiuzhong_XuDanielle_CaveJames_LeiboldKelsey_Munro2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerMartin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenAuyezov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcottByrd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcottRoth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcottWhiteman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestcottXiong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemyns2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithnall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYackleyShepherd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanan_WangDake_Kang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYellinek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZand2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZenz2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZenz2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFZenz2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZenz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZenz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZenzLeibold2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhou,_L.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF中华人民共和国_国务院新闻办公室2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF外交部_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_ROC_(Taiwan)2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF外交部_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_ROC_(Taiwan)2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREF张悦\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF鄭秀珠2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"CNY\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 9,\n [\"China national security\"] = 1,\n [\"China prisons\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 173,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 243,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"D-N\"] = 4,\n [\"Dynamic list\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 28,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox concentration camp\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 5,\n [\"Longlisted\"] = 123,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Rarely\"] = 211,\n [\"Redirects here\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use\"] = 1,\n [\"Uyghur people\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Xi Jinping\"] = 1,\n [\"Xi Jinping sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Xinjiang topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","13.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","13.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","8.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.4"],["[others]","920","36.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb4bcc5b5-hktwg","timestamp":"20241127133547","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Xinjiang internment 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