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href="#Ghana's_struggle_for_independence_before_the_national_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ghana's struggle for independence before the national flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana's_struggle_for_independence_before_the_national_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosia_Okoh_(The_national_flag's_designer)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosia_Okoh_(The_national_flag's_designer)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theodosia Okoh (The national flag's designer)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosia_Okoh_(The_national_flag's_designer)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_and_use_of_the_Ghanaian_national_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_and_use_of_the_Ghanaian_national_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Purpose and use of the Ghanaian national flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_and_use_of_the_Ghanaian_national_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_ensign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_ensign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National ensign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_ensign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_force_ensign_and_civil_air_ensign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_force_ensign_and_civil_air_ensign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Air force ensign and civil air ensign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_force_ensign_and_civil_air_ensign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Ghana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Ghana" title="Vlag van Ghana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Ghana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%85_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B" title="የጋና ሰንደቅ ዓላማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጋና ሰንደቅ ዓላማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="علم غانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم غانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Ghana" title="Bandera de Ghana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera de Ghana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Qana bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qana bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A9r_Ghana" title="Kobér Ghana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobér Ghana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сцяг Ганы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг Ганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сьцяг Ганы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяг Ганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Национално знаме на Гана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национално знаме на Гана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Gane" title="Zastava Gane – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastava Gane" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banniel_Ghana" title="Banniel Ghana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banniel Ghana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Ghana" title="Bandera de Ghana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera de Ghana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghansk%C3%A1_vlajka" title="Ghanská vlajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ghanská vlajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_Ghana" title="Baner Ghana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner Ghana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanas_flag" title="Ghanas flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ghanas flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Ghanas" title="Flagge Ghanas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Ghanas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_lipp" title="Ghana lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ghana lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σημαία της Γκάνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία της Γκάνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Ghana" title="Bandera de Ghana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de Ghana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Ganao" title="Flago de Ganao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Ganao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="پرچم غنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم غنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_du_Ghana" title="Drapeau du Ghana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau du Ghana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_de_Ghana" title="Bandeira de Ghana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira de Ghana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%9C" title="ઘાનાનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘાનાનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="가나의 국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가나의 국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Գանայի դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գանայի դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="घाना का ध्वज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घाना का ध्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Gane" title="Zastava Gane – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastava Gane" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%8Dt%E1%BB%8D_nke_Ghana" title="Ọkọlọtọ nke Ghana – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọkọlọtọ nke Ghana" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ঘানার ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ঘানার ফিরালহান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Ghana" title="Bendera Ghana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Ghana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_Gana" title="Fáni Gana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fáni Gana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_del_Ghana" title="Bandiera del Ghana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera del Ghana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="דגל גאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל גאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend%C3%A9ra_Ghana" title="Gendéra Ghana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gendéra Ghana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="განის დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განის დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_ya_Ghana" title="Bendera ya Ghana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bendera ya Ghana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganos_v%C4%97liava" title="Ganos vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ganos vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Ghana" title="Bandera del Ghana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera del Ghana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C3%A1na_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Ghána zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ghána zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Знаме на Гана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаме на Гана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="علم جانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم جانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Ghana" title="Bendera Ghana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera Ghana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Ghana" title="Vlag van Ghana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Ghana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="ガーナの国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガーナの国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanas_flagg" title="Ghanas flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ghanas flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="Gana bayrogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gana bayrogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Ghany" title="Flaga Ghany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Ghany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Gana" title="Bandeira do Gana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira do Gana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul_Ghanei" title="Drapelul Ghanei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapelul Ghanei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Флаг Ганы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Ганы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of Ghana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Ghany" title="Vlajka Ghany – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlajka Ghany" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Застава Гане – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Застава Гане" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Gane" title="Zastava Gane – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zastava Gane" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanan_lippu" title="Ghanan lippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ghanan lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanas_flagga" title="Ghanas flagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ghanas flagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ธงชาติกานา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติกานา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Gana bayrağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gana bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaana_Frankaa" title="Gaana Frankaa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Gaana Frankaa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Прапор Гани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Гани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_k%E1%BB%B3_Ghana" title="Quốc kỳ Ghana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc kỳ Ghana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="加纳国旗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加纳国旗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80s%C3%AC%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Gh%C3%A1n%C3%A0" title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Ghánà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Ghánà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="加纳国旗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加纳国旗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a 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10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Republic of Ghana</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/255px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/383px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/510px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">National flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="State ensign">state ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National flag, civil and state ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/23px-FIAV_111110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/35px-FIAV_111110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/46px-FIAV_111110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Equal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is congruent with obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is congruent with obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/21px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/32px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IFIS_Equal.svg/42px-IFIS_Equal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1957<span class="noprint">; 67 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1957-03-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A horizontal <a href="/wiki/Triband_(flag)" title="Triband (flag)">triband</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colors</a> of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_Okoh" title="Theodosia Okoh">Theodosia Okoh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/158px-Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/237px-Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/315px-Civil_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">Civil ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000100.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/23px-FIAV_000100.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/35px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/46px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Mirror.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/21px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/32px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/42px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/158px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/237px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/315px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">Naval ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Mirror.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side"><img alt="Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/21px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/32px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/IFIS_Mirror.svg/42px-IFIS_Mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="15" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">Red <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Cross">St. George's Cross</a> on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton.</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> consists of a horizontal triband of red, yellow, and green. It was designed in replacement of the <a href="/wiki/British_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gold Coast">British Gold Coast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ensign#Defaced_Blue_Ensign" title="Blue Ensign">Blue Ensign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag, which was adopted upon the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Dominion of Ghana</a> on 6 March 1957, was designed that same year by <a href="/wiki/Theodosia_Okoh" title="Theodosia Okoh">Theodosia Okoh</a>, a renowned Ghanaian artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Okoh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okoh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag was flown from the time of Ghana's independence until 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then reinstated in 1966 after Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown by coup d'état. in February 1966. The flag of Ghana consists of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a> of red, gold, and green in horizontal stripes with <a href="/wiki/Black_star_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Black star of Africa">a black five-pointed star</a> in the centre of the gold stripe. The Ghanaian flag was the second <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> flag after the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia#Colors" title="Flag of Ethiopia">flag of the Ethiopian Empire</a> to feature the red, gold, and green colours, although these colours are inverted. The design of the Ghanaian flag influenced the designs of the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Flag of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> (1975). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ghanaian flag was designed as a tricolour of red, gold and green with a black star in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red colour of the flag represents the blood of forefathers who led the struggle of independence from <a href="/wiki/British_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="British Gold Coast">British colonial rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claimed the lives of the 'big six', Ghanaian leaders Edward Akufo Addo, Dr. Ako Adjei, William Ofori Atta, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi Lamptey, and later Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who formed the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonialist</a> political party.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red is also interpreted to stands for the love of the Ghanaian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gold colour represents the wealth imbued by mineral resources mostly found in Obuasi in Ashanti Region and Tarkwa in the Western Region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold in Ghana led to the initial name of the Gold Coast, which was later changed to Ghana upon independence in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_Warren_Howe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_Warren_Howe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana's other mineral resources are diamond, bauxite, and manganese.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The green symbolises Ghana's forests and natural wealth<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provide the nation with oil, food, and crops such as cocoa, timber, Shea Butter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Ghana's crops are exported to overseas countries in exchange for physical cash which is used for the country's development of roads, schools, water, sanitation and industries for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The black star of the Ghanaian national flag is a symbol for the emancipation of Africa and unity against colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black star was adopted from the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Star_Line" title="Black Star Line">Black Star Line</a>, a shipping line incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> which operated from 1919 to 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became also known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a>. It is also where the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">Ghana national football team</a> derived their nickname, the "Black Stars". </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/80px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />Colour scheme </th> <th width="100px" style="background:#CF0921; color:white">Red </th> <th width="100px" style="background:#FCD20F">Yellow </th> <th width="100px" style="background:#006B3D; color:white">Green </th> <th width="100px" style="background:#000000; color:white">Black </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></td> <td>0-96-84-19</td> <td>0-17-94-1</td> <td>100-0-43-58</td> <td>100-100-100-99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">HEX</a> </td> <td>#CF0921 </td> <td>#FCD20F </td> <td>#006B3D </td> <td>#000000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> </td> <td>207-9-33 </td> <td>252-210-15 </td> <td>0-107-61 </td> <td>0-0-0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana_(construction_sheet).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg/675px-Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg/900px-Flag_of_Ghana_%28construction_sheet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Flag construction sheet</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghana's_struggle_for_independence_before_the_national_flag"><span id="Ghana.27s_struggle_for_independence_before_the_national_flag"></span>Ghana's struggle for independence before the national flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ghana's struggle for independence before the national flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghana was one of the countries counted among the West African regions under colonial government rule from the 15th to 19th centuries on the Gold Coast. The history of Ghana can therefore be traced back to the 15th century when Europeans arrived in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese navigators sailed their way down the West African coast and to the shores of the Gold Coast in 1471, where they built a castle for themselves at Elmina in 1482.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Other Europeans followed in 1492 to include the sailor from France.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which sailor from France? (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Europeans brought gold cargo to the shores of the Gold Coast where they traded in gold with the Akwamus and Denkyira who controlled an extensive part of the coast and the forest belt in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> of Kumasi took over the gold trade with the British, Dutch and Danes who were the main European traders at the Tano and Volta rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most valuable commodity for exports at the time changed from gold to slaves. Slaves were traded for muskets besides other Western commodities. The <a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashantes</a> by then were locally empowered to take control with the <a href="/wiki/Asantehene" class="mw-redirect" title="Asantehene">Asantehene</a> enthroned on a golden stool as a tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashantes</a>. Between 1804 and 1814, the British, Dutch and Danes subsequently outlawed the slave trade, which proved to be a major blow to the Ashanti economy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the situation, wars were fought in 1820, 1824 and 1870, they were subsequently defeated by British forces who shortly thereafter occupied the region of Kumasi in 1874. The British gradually emerged in the coastal regions as the main European power.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonial period started from 1902 to 1957. The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Kingdom">Ashante Kingdom</a> in 1902 was declared a British crown colony and became the protectorate of the northern territory of the Gold Coast. The colonial government ruled the colony without the involvement of the African populace in the political process. After World War II, the Gold Coast colony became prominent among the Sub-Saharan African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was when Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast in 1947 after twelve years of political study in the US and Great Britain. The return to the Gold Coast was an invitation for Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah to lead the <a href="/wiki/United_Gold_Coast_Convention" title="United Gold Coast Convention">United Gold Coast Convention</a> (UGCC) as the General Secretary to lead the campaign for self-government. The UGCC at the time had won the right of the African majority in the British legislative colony. With the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah, a widespread riot began in February 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_Was_Who_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the same year, the founding leaders of the UGCC arrested Secretary General Dr. Kwame Nkrumah for an alert of thoughts against Nkrumah's leadership plans. The incident brought a split of the UGCC leadership with Kwame Nkrumah having to found his own <a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a> (CPP) in June 1949 for the aim of self-governance for the African people, dubbed "Self-government now". A non-violent campaign of protest and strikes was organised by Kwame Nkrumah in 1950 to achieve his goal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the riot led to the second arrest of Kwame Nkrumah.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony's general election brought a big win to the Convention People's Party in the absence of Kwame Nkrumah, leading to the release of Kwame Nkrumah from prison to join in the governance of the country. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah then became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_the_Gold_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Minister of the Gold Coast (page does not exist)">Prime Minister of the Gold Coast</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_Was_Who_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a vote of the 1956 direct vote of all the electorate members, the <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> voted to join the Gold Coast in the campaign for preparations towards independence.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Togo and Gold Coast territories attained independence from colonial rule in 1957 under the supreme willpower of Kwame Nkrumah. The name for the country Ghana was then adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years of independence of the Gold Coast started in 1957 with the new name of the country of Ghana emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_Warren_Howe_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_Warren_Howe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independence was granted and announced by the then Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah who led the struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_Was_Who_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_Was_Who-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>, Ghana became a <a href="/wiki/Republic_within_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations">Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations</a> on 1 July 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theodosia_Okoh_(The_national_flag's_designer)"><span id="Theodosia_Okoh_.28The_national_flag.27s_designer.29"></span>Theodosia Okoh (The national flag's designer)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theodosia Okoh (The national flag's designer)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_Okoh" title="Theodosia Okoh">Theodosia Salome Abena Kumea Okoh</a> was a renowned Ghanaian artist who has contested and showcased her artistic internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She joined the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Hockey_Association" title="Ghana Hockey Association">Ghana Hockey Association</a> (GHA) and worked in the role of a chairperson. She was also a patron of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_Writer%27s_Association_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports Writer's Association of Ghana (page does not exist)">Sports Writer's Association of Ghana</a> (SWAG).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Okoh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okoh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_and_use_of_the_Ghanaian_national_flag">Purpose and use of the Ghanaian national flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purpose and use of the Ghanaian national flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of the Ghanaian national flag was to be a symbol of jubilation during the post-independence era.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many flags ensembled for Ghana's use. Notably, the Ghanaian national flag described which has been used for many purposes in national and international celebrations, such as the Independence Day Celebration, commemoration of Ghana's Big Six and past leaders of the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag is raised up flying in the sky to grace glorious occasions while it is usually lowered to fly halfway to show some kind of misfortune that may have hit on the country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_ensign">National ensign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National ensign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under terms of section 183 of Ghana's Merchant Shipping Act of 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil ensign</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign" title="Red Ensign">red flag</a> with the national flag in a black-<a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">fimbriated</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag terminology">canton</a>. In 2003, a new merchant shipping act was enacted, however, and this simply provides that "the National Flag of Ghana" is the proper national colours for Ghanaian ships. No mention is made of other flags or other possible flags.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> is a red <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Cross">St. George's Cross</a> on <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a>, with the national flag in canton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_force_ensign_and_civil_air_ensign">Air force ensign and civil air ensign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Air force ensign and civil air ensign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ensign of the Ghana Air Force"><img alt="The ensign of the Ghana Air Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/180px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/270px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/360px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ensign of the Ghana Air Force <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ghanaian civil air ensign"><img alt="The Ghanaian civil air ensign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/180px-Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/270px-Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg/360px-Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ghanaian civil air ensign <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Air_Force" title="Ghana Air Force">Ghana Air Force</a> has its own ensign that incorporates the flag of Ghana. Civil aviation in Ghana is represented by the national civil air ensign. It is a standard light-blue field with the Ghanaian flag in the canton. It is charged in the fly with either a red, yellow and green roundel (in the case of the military ensign) or black five-pointed star (in the case of the civil ensign). Both have been used since Independence in 1957, and the subsequent founding of the Ghana Air Force in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_(1877%E2%80%931957).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Gold Coast, the forerunner to Ghana. Used until 1957."><img alt="Flag of the Gold Coast, the forerunner to Ghana. Used until 1957." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Gold_Coast_%281877%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, the forerunner to Ghana. Used until 1957.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1958-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="First flag of the Union of African States with Guinea, used between 1958 and 1961."><img alt="First flag of the Union of African States with Guinea, used between 1958 and 1961." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> First flag of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> with <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, used between 1958 and 1961.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1961%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second flag of the Union of African States, used between 1961 and 1963 (after Mali joined)."><img alt="Second flag of the Union of African States, used between 1961 and 1963 (after Mali joined)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Second flag of the Union of African States, used between 1961 and 1963 (after <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> joined).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana_(1964%E2%80%931966).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghana national flag (1964–66)."><img alt="Ghana national flag (1964–66)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_Ghana_%281964%E2%80%931966%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Ghana national flag (1964–66).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966. Presidential Standard of Ghana; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim."><img alt="Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966. Presidential Standard of Ghana; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg/171px-Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg/256px-Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg/341px-Presidential_Standard_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966. Presidential Standard of Ghana; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_(Ghana).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="House flag of Ghana's former national shipping carrier, the Black Star Line"><img alt="House flag of Ghana's former national shipping carrier, the Black Star Line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg/180px-House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg/270px-House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg/360px-House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_%28Ghana%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>House flag of Ghana's former national shipping carrier, the Black Star Line</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Ghanaian government flag, adopted in 1957, was flown until 1962. Similarly, when the country formed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a>, the flag of the Union was modeled on <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">Bolivia's flag</a>, but with two black stars, representing the nations. In May 1959, a third star was added.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_constitutional_referendum,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian constitutional referendum, 1964">January 1964 constitutional referendum</a>, Ghana adopted a variant of the 1957 tricolour with white in the place of yellow, after the colours of <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>'s ruling and then-sole legal party <a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a>, making it similar to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">flag of Hungary</a>. The original 1957 flag was reinstated in February 1966 following Nkrumah's overthrow in <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Council" title="National Liberation Council">the February 1966 <i>coup d'état</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the flag was changed in 1964, popular public demand upon the remembrance of Ghana's rich history agitated for the nation to revert to its use of the original Ghanaian national flag with the red, gold and green colour.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Ghana national flag which was used in 1957 upon Ghana's independence was reinstated for use in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana was then one of the first countries to adopt the Pan African colours originally used in the Ethiopian flag.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ghana_flags" title="List of Ghana flags">List of Ghana flags </a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"Flag sequence (flag, FLAG, FLAG tag)", <i>The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics</i>, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, p. 1, 2015-12-18, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527678679.dg04454">10.1002/9783527678679.dg04454</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-67867-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-67867-9"><bdi>978-3-527-67867-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dictionary+of+Genomics%2C+Transcriptomics+and+Proteomics&rft.atitle=Flag+sequence+%28flag%2C+FLAG%2C+FLAG+tag%29&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783527678679.dg04454&rft.isbn=978-3-527-67867-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okoh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okoh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okoh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Theodosia-Salome-Okoh-190">"Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh"</a>. <i>GhanaWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GhanaWeb&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Theodosia+Salome+Okoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2Fperson%2FTheodosia-Salome-Okoh-190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelebs2018" class="citation web cs1">Celebs, African (2018-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africancelebs.com/theodosia-okoh-the-woman-who-designed-the-ghanaian-flag/">"Mrs Theodosia Okoh: The Woman Who Designed The Ghanaian Flag – African Celebs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mrs+Theodosia+Okoh%3A+The+Woman+Who+Designed+The+Ghanaian+Flag+%E2%80%93+African+Celebs&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Celebs&rft.aufirst=African&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africancelebs.com%2Ftheodosia-okoh-the-woman-who-designed-the-ghanaian-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2011" class="citation cs2">Rich, Jeremy (2011-12-08), "Okoh, Theodosia Salome", <i>African American Studies Center</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.49700">10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49700</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530173-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530173-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+American+Studies+Center&rft.atitle=Okoh%2C+Theodosia+Salome&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.49700&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530173-1&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economy+of+Ghana+Sixty+Years+after+Independence&rft.atitle=Health+and+Healthcare+in+Ghana%2C+1957%E2%80%932017&rft.pages=365-384&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198753438.003.0022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875343-8&rft.aulast=Aikins&rft.aufirst=Ama+de-Graft&rft.au=Koram%2C+Kwadwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghanamissionun.org/ghana-flag/">"Ghana Flag & Coat of Arms"</a>.</cite><span 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"A Shared Legacy: Atlantic Dimensions of Gold Coast (Ghana) History in the Nineteenth Century". <i>Ghana Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 41–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fghs.2018.0003">10.1353/ghs.2018.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2333-7168">2333-7168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166055920">166055920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ghana+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Shared+Legacy%3A+Atlantic+Dimensions+of+Gold+Coast+%28Ghana%29+History+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-62&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166055920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2333-7168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fghs.2018.0003&rft.aulast=Shumway&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2011" class="citation cs2">Horton, James Africanus Beale (2011), "Self-Government of the Gold Coast", <i>West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–123, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511983146.010">10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-98314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-98314-6"><bdi>978-0-511-98314-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+African+Countries+and+Peoples%2C+British+and+Native&rft.atitle=Self-Government+of+the+Gold+Coast&rft.pages=104-123&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511983146.010&rft.isbn=978-0-511-98314-6&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=James+Africanus+Beale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Exits from Elmina Castle", <i>Tender</i>, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 5–10, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qh875.5">10.2307/j.ctt9qh875.5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7852-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-7852-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tender&rft.atitle=Exits+from+Elmina+Castle&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qh875.5&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7852-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1900" class="citation journal cs1">Chalmers, AlbertJ. 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"Kwame Nkrumah: The Conakry Years: His Life and Letters". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219836">10.2307/219836</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7882">0361-7882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/219836">219836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Kwame+Nkrumah%3A+The+Conakry+Years%3A+His+Life+and+Letters&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=471&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0361-7882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F219836%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F219836&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Nkrumah%2C+Kwame&rft.au=Milne%2C+June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoh2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Amoh, Emmanuella (2019). <i>Kwame Nkrumah, His Afro-American Network and the Pursuit of an African Personality</i> (Thesis). Illinois State University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30707%2Fetd2019.amoh.e">10.30707/etd2019.amoh.e</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Kwame+Nkrumah%2C+His+Afro-American+Network+and+the+Pursuit+of+an+African+Personality&rft.inst=Illinois+State+University&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30707%2Fetd2019.amoh.e&rft.aulast=Amoh&rft.aufirst=Emmanuella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayeedNkrumah1959" class="citation journal cs1">Sayeed, Khalid Bin; Nkrumah, Kwame (1959). "The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah". <i>International Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40198684">10.2307/40198684</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020">0020-7020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40198684">40198684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Autobiography+of+Kwame+Nkrumah&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=324&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40198684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40198684&rft.aulast=Sayeed&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Bin&rft.au=Nkrumah%2C+Kwame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedollaMichelson2012" class="citation cs2">Bedolla, Lisa García; Michelson, Melissa R. (2012-10-09), "Calling All Voters: Phone Banks and Getting Out the Vote", <i>Mobilizing Inclusion</i>, Yale University Press, pp. 55–85, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2Fyale%2F9780300166781.003.0003">10.12987/yale/9780300166781.003.0003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16678-1"><bdi>978-0-300-16678-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobilizing+Inclusion&rft.atitle=Calling+All+Voters%3A+Phone+Banks+and+Getting+Out+the+Vote&rft.pages=55-85&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2Fyale%2F9780300166781.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16678-1&rft.aulast=Bedolla&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Michelson%2C+Melissa+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Prime Minister 1957–60", <i>Kwame Nkrumah. 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The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah". <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2605549">10.2307/2605549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2346">1468-2346</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2605549">2605549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ghana.+The+Autobiography+of+Kwame+Nkrumah&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383&rft.date=1957-07&rft.issn=1468-2346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2605549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2605549&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbone2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rathbone, Richard (2004-09-23). 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"Politics in Ghana Since 1957: The Quest for Freedom, National Unity, and Prosperity". <i>Ghana Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 107–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fghs.2007.0004">10.1353/ghs.2007.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2333-7168">2333-7168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ghana+Studies&rft.atitle=Politics+in+Ghana+Since+1957%3A+The+Quest+for+Freedom%2C+National+Unity%2C+and+Prosperity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-143&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fghs.2007.0004&rft.issn=2333-7168&rft.aulast=Gyimah-Boadi&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Ghana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Chapter One. Recognizing the Ethiopian Flag", <i>Black Land</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 21–50, 2019-12-31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691194134-004">10.1515/9780691194134-004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19413-4"><bdi>978-0-691-19413-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243396385">243396385</a></cite><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Africa" title="Flags of Africa">Flags of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Angola" title="Flag of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benin" title="Flag of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Botswana" title="Flag of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Flag of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burundi" title="Flag of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cape_Verde" title="Flag of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Flag of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Comoros" title="Flag of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Djibouti" title="Flag of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Flag of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eritrea" title="Flag of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eswatini" title="Flag of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gabon" title="Flag of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Gambia" title="Flag of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea" title="Flag of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Flag of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Flag of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lesotho" title="Flag of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia" title="Flag of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Libya" title="Flag of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Madagascar" title="Flag of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malawi" title="Flag of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mauritania" title="Flag of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mauritius" title="Flag of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mozambique" title="Flag of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Namibia" title="Flag of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Niger" title="Flag of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Seychelles" title="Flag of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Flag of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa" title="Flag of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Sudan" title="Flag of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan" title="Flag of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tanzania" title="Flag of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tunisia" title="Flag of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uganda" title="Flag of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zambia" title="Flag of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zimbabwe" title="Flag of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somaliland" title="Flag of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Flag of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ceuta" title="Flag of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Melilla" title="Flag of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Madeira" title="Flag of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Flag of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Flag of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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