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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The rebellion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_rebellion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The rebellion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mattathias_sparks_the_uprising_(167_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mattathias_sparks_the_uprising_(167_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mattathias sparks the uprising (167 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mattathias_sparks_the_uprising_(167_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerrilla_campaign_(167–164_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrilla_campaign_(167–164_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Guerrilla campaign (167–164 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrilla_campaign_(167–164_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_struggle_(163–160_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_struggle_(163–160_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Continued struggle (163–160 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_struggle_(163–160_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Elasa_(160_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Elasa_(160_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Battle of Elasa (160 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Elasa_(160_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomy_(160–138_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy_(160–138_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Autonomy (160–138 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy_(160–138_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactics and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Original histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Daniel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Related works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_analysis_and_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_analysis_and_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Later analysis and historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_analysis_and_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maccabean Revolt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabese_Opstand" title="Makkabese Opstand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Makkabese Opstand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="التمرد المكابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التمرد المكابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9" title="মাক্কাবীয় বিদ্রোহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাক্কাবীয় বিদ্রোহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Въстание на Макавеите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание на Макавеите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabeed" title="Makabeed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Makabeed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_dels_Macabeus" title="Revolta dels Macabeus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta dels Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabejsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Makabejské povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Makabejské povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkab%C3%A6iske_opr%C3%B8r" title="Makkabæiske oprør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makkabæiske oprør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabeide_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Makabeide ülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Makabeide ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Επανάσταση των Μακκαβαίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επανάσταση των Μακκαβαίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_de_los_macabeos" title="Revuelta de los macabeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revuelta de los macabeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabea_ribelo" title="Makabea ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makabea ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabearren_matxinada" title="Makabearren matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makabearren matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="شورش مکابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش مکابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Révolte des Maccabées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des Maccabées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeeske_Opst%C3%A2n" title="Makkabeeske Opstân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Makkabeeske Opstân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="마카베오 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카베오 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Makabe" title="Pemberontakan Makabe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Makabe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_maccabea" title="Rivolta maccabea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta maccabea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מרד החשמונאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד החשמונאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makabiej%C5%B3_sukilimas" title="Makabiejų sukilimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makabiejų sukilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikomian%27_ny_Makabeo" title="Fikomian' ny Makabeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikomian' ny Makabeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B3" title="മക്കാബിയൻ ലഹള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മക്കാബിയൻ ലഹള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89" title="التمرد المكابى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التمرد المكابى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Maccabea" title="Pemberontakan Maccabea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan Maccabea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="マカバイ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マカバイ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeeroppr%C3%B8ret" title="Makkabeeropprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makkabeeropprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مکابی بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مکابی بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="مکابي پاڅون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مکابي پاڅون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_Machabeusz%C3%B3w" title="Powstanie Machabeuszów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie Machabeuszów" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish rebellion against the Seleucids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Maccabean Revolt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maccabean_revolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maccabean_revolt.jpg/300px-Maccabean_revolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maccabean_revolt.jpg/450px-Maccabean_revolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maccabean_revolt.jpg/600px-Maccabean_revolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> during the revolt</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>167–141 BCE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Revolt succeeded</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Rebellion fought under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> from 167–160 BCE</li> <li>Festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> established in honor of the capture of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, cleansing of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, and rededication of the altar</li> <li>Seleucid authority in major cities reestablished from 160–152 BCE</li> <li>Judean autonomy from 152–141 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> appointed High Priest in 141 BCE, start of the independent <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> †<br /><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar Avaran</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John Gaddi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> †<br /><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a> †<br /><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a> †<br /><a href="/wiki/Lysias_(Syrian_chancellor)" title="Lysias (Syrian chancellor)">Lysias</a> †<br /><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(general)" title="Gorgias (general)">Gorgias</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Judean rebels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Maccabean_Revolt" title="Template:Campaignbox Maccabean Revolt"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Maccabean_Revolt" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Maccabean Revolt"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Maccabean_Revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Maccabean Revolt"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maccabean_Revolt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Maccabean Revolt</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ascent_of_Lebonah" title="Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah">Lebonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Maccabean Revolt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מרד החשמונאים</span>) was a Jewish rebellion led by the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and against <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic influence</a> on Jewish life. The main phase of the revolt lasted from 167 to 160 BCE and ended with the Seleucids in control of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, but conflict between the Maccabees, Hellenized Jews, and the Seleucids continued until 134 BCE, with the Maccabees eventually attaining independence. </p><p>Seleucid King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> launched a massive campaign of repression against the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religion</a> in 168 BCE. The reason he did so is not entirely clear, but it seems to have been related to the King mistaking an internal conflict among the Jewish priesthood as a full-scale rebellion. Jewish practices were banned, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was placed under direct Seleucid control, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem was made the site of a syncretic Pagan-Jewish cult. This repression triggered exactly the revolt that Antiochus IV had feared, with a group of Jewish fighters led by <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> (Judah Maccabee) and his family rebelling in 167 BCE and seeking independence. The rebels as a whole would come to be known as the Maccabees, and their actions would be chronicled later in the books of <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>. </p><p>The rebellion started as a guerrilla movement in the Judean countryside, raiding towns and terrorizing Greek officials far from direct Seleucid control, but it eventually developed a proper army capable of attacking the fortified Seleucid cities. In 164 BCE, the Maccabees captured Jerusalem, a significant early victory. The subsequent cleansing of the temple and rededication of the altar on 25 <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> is the source of the festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. The Seleucids eventually relented and unbanned Judaism, but the more radical Maccabees, not content with merely reestablishing Jewish practices under Seleucid rule, continued to fight, pushing for a more direct break with the Seleucids. Judas Maccabeus died in 160 BCE at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Battle of Elasa</a> against the Greek general <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a>, and the Seleucids reestablished direct control for a time, but remnants of the Maccabees under Judas's brother <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> continued to resist from the countryside. Eventually, internal division among the Seleucids and problems elsewhere in their empire would give the Maccabees their chance for proper independence. In 141 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> succeeded in expelling the Greeks from their <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">citadel in Jerusalem</a>. An alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> helped guarantee their independence. Simon would go on to establish an independent <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a>. </p><p>The revolt had a great impact on Jewish nationalism, as an example of a successful campaign to establish political independence and resist governmental anti-Jewish suppression. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg/220px-Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg/330px-Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Antiochus_IV-_Pollution_of_the_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century Christian work depicting Antiochus IV praying to a horned idol at the Temple. The Book of Daniel describes an "<a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">abomination of desolation</a>" being given authority over the Temple, as well as the daily offering and sacrifice ceasing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 338 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> began an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. In 333–332 BCE, Alexander's Macedonian forces conquered the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. At the time, Judea was home to many Jews who had returned from <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">exile in Babylon</a> thanks to the Persians. <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Babylon" title="Partition of Babylon">Alexander's empire was partitioned</a> in 323 BCE after Alexander's death, and after the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a>, the territory was taken by what would become <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> in 302–301 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of the Greek successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, would conquer Judea from Egypt during a series of campaigns from 235–198 BCE. During both Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule, many Jews learned <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, especially upper class Jews and Jewish minorities in towns further afield from Jerusalem and more attached to Greek trading networks.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek philosophical ideas spread through the region as well. A Greek translation of the scriptures, the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, was also created during the third century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews adopted dual names with both a Greek name and a Hebrew name, such as Jason and Joshua.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, many Jews continued to speak the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a>, the language that descended from what was spoken during the Babylonian exile.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen46_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen46-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the ruling Greek policy during this time period was to let Jews manage their own affairs and not interfere overtly with religious matters. Greek authors in the third century BCE who wrote about Judaism did so mostly positively.<sup id="cite_ref-regev17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural change did happen, but was largely driven by Jews themselves inspired by ideas from abroad; Greek rulers did not undertake explicit programs of forced <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> came to the throne of the Seleucids in 175 BCE, and did not change this policy. He appears to have done little to antagonize the region at first, and the Jews were largely content under his rule. One element that would come to later prominence was Antiochus IV replacing the high priest <a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a> with his brother <a href="/wiki/Jason_(High_Priest)" title="Jason (High Priest)">Jason</a> after Jason offered a large sum of money to Antiochus.<sup id="cite_ref-hengel277_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hengel277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason also sought and received permission to make Jerusalem a self-governing <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>, albeit with Jason able to control the citizenship lists of who would be able to vote and hold political office. These changes did not immediately appear to rouse any particular complaint from the majority of the citizenry in Jerusalem, and presumably he still kept the basic Jewish laws and tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-hengel277_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hengel277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover170_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, a newcomer named <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a> offered an even larger bribe to Antiochus IV for the position of high priest. Jason, resentful, turned against Antiochus IV; additionally, a rumor spread that Menelaus had sold golden temple artifacts to help pay for the bribe, leading to unhappiness, especially among the city council Jason had established. This conflict was largely political rather than cultural; all sides, at this point, were "Hellenized", content with Seleucid rule, and primarily divided over Menelaus's alleged corruption and sacrilege.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen46_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen46-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 170–168 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Syrian War">Sixth Syrian War</a> between the Seleucids and the Ptolemaic Egyptians arose. Antiochus IV led an army to attack Egypt. On his way back through Jerusalem after the successful campaign, High Priest Menelaus allegedly invited Antiochus inside the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> (in violation of Jewish law), and he raided the temple treasury for 1800 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions with the Ptolemaic dynasty continued, and Antiochus rode out on campaign again in 168 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-grainger25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason heard a rumor that Antiochus had perished, and launched an attempted coup against Menelaus in Jerusalem. Hearing of this, Antiochus, who was not dead, apparently interpreted this factional infighting as a revolt against his personal authority, and sent an army to crush Jason's plotters. From 168–167 BCE, the conflict spiraled out of control, and government policy radically shifted. Thousands in Jerusalem were killed and thousands more were enslaved; the city was attacked twice; new Greek governors were sent; the government seized land and property from Jason's supporters; and the Temple in Jerusalem was made the site of a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> Greek-Jewish religious group, polluting it in the eyes of the devout Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new citadel garrisoned by Greeks and pro-Seleucid Jews, the <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a>, was built in Jerusalem. Antiochus IV issued decrees officially suppressing the Jewish religion; subjects were required to eat pork and violate <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish dietary law</a>, work on the Jewish Sabbath, cease <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcising</a> their sons, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of tolerance of Jewish worship was at an end.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe11_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen37_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen37-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 475px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 470px; height: 310px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Diadochi successor states in 188 BCE. By 167 BCE, the start of the revolt, the Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia (independent in 188 BCE) had been shattered and mostly conquered by the Roman Republic. The Kingdom of Pergamon, directly on the Seleucid border, was a close Roman ally. Rhodes would become "permanent allies" of the Romans in 164 BCE."><img alt="Map of the Diadochi successor states in 188 BCE. By 167 BCE, the start of the revolt, the Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia (independent in 188 BCE) had been shattered and mostly conquered by the Roman Republic. The Kingdom of Pergamon, directly on the Seleucid border, was a close Roman ally. Rhodes would become "permanent allies" of the Romans in 164 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg/440px-Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg/660px-Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg/880px-Asia_Minor_188_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> successor states in 188 BCE. By 167 BCE, the start of the revolt, the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedonia">Kingdom of Macedonia</a> (independent in 188 BCE) had been shattered and mostly conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Kingdom of Pergamon</a>, directly on the Seleucid border, was a close Roman ally. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes#Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> would become "permanent allies" of the Romans in 164 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 475px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 470px; height: 310px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Battles during the Maccabean Revolt. Circles mark battles against Seleucids in Judea, triangles outlying cities attacked by the Maccabees."><img alt="Battles during the Maccabean Revolt. Circles mark battles against Seleucids in Judea, triangles outlying cities attacked by the Maccabees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png/440px-Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png/660px-Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png/880px-Judea-Maccabees-Battles.png 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battles during the Maccabean Revolt. Circles mark battles against Seleucids in Judea, triangles outlying cities attacked by the Maccabees.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_rebellion">The rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Maccabean_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Maccabean Revolt">Timeline of the Maccabean Revolt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mattathias_sparks_the_uprising_(167_BCE)"><span id="Mattathias_sparks_the_uprising_.28167_BCE.29"></span>Mattathias sparks the uprising (167 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mattathias sparks the uprising (167 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif/200px-Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif/300px-Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif/400px-Plate_14_of_22_for_the_Macklin_Bible_after_Loutherbourg._Bowyer_Bible._Mattathias_Punishes_Idolatry_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Mattathias slaying the Jewish apostate, painting by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_De_Loutherbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe De Loutherbourg">Philippe De Loutherbourg</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For Antiochus the unexpected conquest of the city (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>), the looting, and the wholesale slaughter were not enough. His psychopathic tendency was exacerbated by resentment at what the siege had cost him, and he tried to force the Jews to violate their traditional codes of practice by leaving their infant sons uncircumcised and sacrificing pigs on the altar. These orders were universally ignored, and Antiochus had the most prominent recusants butchered.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, Book 1.34–35<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordwc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordwc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the aftermath of Antiochus IV issuing his decrees forbidding Jewish religious practice, a campaign of land confiscations paired with shrine and altar-building took place in the Judean countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rural Jewish priest from <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a> (Hebrew: Matityahu) of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> family, sparked the revolt against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a> at Modein's new altar. Mattathias killed a Jew who had stepped forward to take Mattathias' place in sacrificing to an idol as well as the Greek officer who was sent to enforce the sacrifice. He then destroyed the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-grainger32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he and his five sons fled to the nearby mountains, which sat directly next to Modein.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva194_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva194-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerrilla_campaign_(167–164_BCE)"><span id="Guerrilla_campaign_.28167.E2.80.93164_BCE.29"></span>Guerrilla campaign (167–164 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guerrilla campaign (167–164 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ascent_of_Lebonah" title="Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah">Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Battle of Emmaus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Battle of Beth Zur</a></div> <p>After Mattathias' death about one year later in 166 BCE, his son <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> (Hebrew: Judah Maccabee) led a band of Jewish dissidents that would eventually absorb other groups opposed to Seleucid rule and grow into an army. While unable to directly strike Seleucid power at first, Judas's forces could maraud the countryside and attack Hellenized Jews, of whom there were many. The Maccabees destroyed Greek altars in the villages, forcibly circumcised boys, burnt villages, and drove Hellenized Jews off their land.<sup id="cite_ref-hongiman282_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongiman282-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grainger32_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judas's nickname "Maccabee", now used to describe the Jewish partisans as a whole, is probably taken from the word "hammer" (Aramaic: <i>maqqaba</i>; Hebrew: <i>makebet</i>); the term "Maccabee" or "Maccabeus" would later be used as an honorific for Judas's brothers as well.<sup id="cite_ref-grainger17_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grainger17-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judas's campaign in the countryside became a full-scale revolt. Maccabean forces employed <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a> emphasizing speed and mobility. While less trained and under-equipped for pitched battles, the Maccabees could control which battles they took and retreat into the wilderness when threatened. They defeated two minor Seleucid forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ascent_of_Lebonah" title="Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah">Battle of the Ascent of Lebonah</a> in 167 BCE and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Battle of Beth Horon</a> in 166 BCE. Toward the end of summer in 165 BCE, Antiochus IV departed for Babylonia in the eastern half of his empire, and left <a href="/wiki/Lysias_(Syrian_chancellor)" title="Lysias (Syrian chancellor)">Lysias</a> in charge of the western half as regent. Shortly afterward, the Maccabees won a more substantial victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Battle of Emmaus</a>. The factions attempted to negotiate a compromise, but failed; a large Seleucid army was sent to quash the revolt. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Battle of Beth Zur</a> in 164 BCE as well as news of the death of Antiochus IV in Persia, the Seleucid troops returned to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva276_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva276-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maccabees entered Jerusalem in triumph. They ritually cleansed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, reestablishing traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Jewish worship</a> there; <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">25 Kislev</a>, the date of the cleansing in the Hebrew calendar, would later become the date when the festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> begins. Regent Lysias, preoccupied with internal Seleucid affairs, agreed to a political compromise that revoked Antiochus IV's ban on Jewish practices. This proved a wise decision: many Hellenized Jews had cautiously supported the revolt due to the suppression of their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe67_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe67-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ban retracted, their religious goals were accomplished, and the Hellenized Jews could more easily be potential Seleucid loyalists again. The Maccabees did not consider their goals complete, however, and continued their campaign for a starker break from Greek influence and full political independence. The rebels suffered a loss of support from moderates as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe67_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe67-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mendels119_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendels119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_struggle_(163–160_BCE)"><span id="Continued_struggle_.28163.E2.80.93160_BCE.29"></span>Continued struggle (163–160 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continued struggle (163–160 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BCE">Maccabee campaigns of 163 BCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Battle of Beth Zechariah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a></div> <p>With the rebels now in control of most of Jerusalem and its environs, a second phase of the revolt began. The rebellion had additional resources, but also additional responsibilities. Rather than being able to retreat to the mountains, the rebels now had territory to defend; abandoning cities would leave their loyalists open to reprisals if the pro-Seleucid forces were allowed to take control again. As such, they focused on being able to win open battles, with additional trained heavy infantry. A civil struggle of low-level violence, reprisals, and murders arose in the countryside, especially in more distant areas where Jewish people were in the minority.<sup id="cite_ref-regev273_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev273-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judas launched <a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">expeditions to these regions outlying Judea</a> to fight non-Jewish Idumeans, Ammonites, and Galileans. He recruited devout Jews and sent them into Judea to concentrate his allies where they could be protected, although this influx of refugees would soon create food scarcity issues in the land the Maccabees held.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva342_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva342-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 162 BCE, Judas began a long siege of the fortified Acra citadel in Jerusalem, still controlled by Seleucid loyalist Jews and a Greek garrison. Regent Lysias, having dealt with rivals back in Antioch, returned to Judea with an army to aid the Seleucid forces. The Seleucids besieged Beth-Zur and took it without a fight, as it was a <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> year and food supplies were meager.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva335_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva335-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They battled Judas's forces in an open fight at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Battle of Beth Zechariah</a> next, with the Seleucids defeating the Maccabees. Judas's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar Avaran</a> died in battle after bravely attacking a <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> and being crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva335_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva335-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lysias's army next besieged Jerusalem. With supplies of food short on both sides and reports of a political rival returning from the eastern provinces to Antioch, Lysias decided to sign an agreement with the rebels and confirm the repeal of the anti-Jewish decrees; the rebels, in return, abandoned their siege of the Seleucid Acra. Lysias and his army then returned to Antioch, with the province officially at peace, but neither the Hellenized Jews nor the Maccabees laid down their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva342_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva342-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point from 163–162 BCE, Lysias ordered the execution of despised High Priest Menelaus as another gesture of reconciliation to the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, both regent Lysias and 11-year old king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus V">Antiochus V</a> were executed after losing a succession struggle with <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a>, who became the new Seleucid king. In the winter of late 162 BCE to early 161 BCE, Demetrius I appointed a new high priest, <a href="/wiki/Alcimus" title="Alcimus">Alcimus</a>, to replace Menelaus and sent an army led by general <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a> to enforce Alcimus's station. Judas did not give battle, perhaps still rebuilding after his defeat at Beth Zechariah.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva348_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcimus was accepted into Jerusalem, and proved more effective at rallying moderate Hellenists to the pro-Seleucid faction than Menelaus had been. Still, violent tensions between the Maccabees and the Hellenized Jews continued.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacchides returned to Syria, and a new general, <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">Nicanor</a>, was appointed military governor of Judea. A truce was briefly made between Nicanor and the Maccabees, but was soon broken.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover230_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover230-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicanor gained the hatred of the Maccabees after reports surfaced that he had blasphemed in the Temple and threatened to burn it. Nicanor took his forces into the field, and fought the Maccabees first at Caphar-salama, and then at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a> in late winter of 161 BCE. Nicanor was killed early in the fight, and the rest of his army fled afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva359_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva359-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judas had been negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and extracted a vague agreement of potential support. While this would be cause for caution to the Seleucid Empire in the long term, it was not a particular concern in the short term, as the Romans would be unlikely to intervene if the Judean unrest could be decisively crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva376_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva376-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Elasa_(160_BCE)"><span id="Battle_of_Elasa_.28160_BCE.29"></span>Battle of Elasa (160 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Elasa (160 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Battle of Elasa</a></div> <p>In 160 BCE, Seleucid King Demetrius I went on campaign in the east to fight the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a>. He left his general <a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(general)" title="Bacchides (general)">Bacchides</a> to govern the western part of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva376_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva376-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacchides led an army of 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry into Judea on a second expedition intending to reconquer the restive province before it grew too used to autonomy. The size of the rebel army facing them is disputed; <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> implausibly claims that Judas's army at Elasa was tiny, with 3,000 men of which only 800–1,000 would fight. Historians suspect the true numbers were larger and possibly as many as 22,000 soldiers, and the author downplayed their strength in an attempt to explain the defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva47_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seleucid army marched through Judea after carrying out a massacre in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. This tactic would force Judas to respond in open battle, lest his reputation be damaged by inaction and Alcimus's faction gain strength by claiming he was better positioned to protect the people from future killings. Bacchides advanced toward Jerusalem, while Judas encamped on the rough terrain at Elasa to intercept the Seleucid army. Judas opted to attack the right flank of the Seleucid army hoping to kill the commander, similar to the victory over Nicanor at Adasa. The elite horsemen on the right retreated, and the rebels pursued. This may have been a tactic from Bacchides, however, to feign weakness and draw the Maccabees in where they could be surrounded and defeated, their own retreat cut off. Regardless of whether it was intentional or not, the Seleucids regained their formation and trapped the rebel army with their own left flank. Judas was eventually killed and the remaining Judeans fled.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva376_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva376-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seleucids had reasserted their authority in Jerusalem. Bacchides fortified cities across the land, put allied Greek-friendly Jews in command in Jerusalem, and ensured children of leading families were held as hostages as a guarantee of good behavior. Judas's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> (Hebrew: Yonatan) became the new leader of the Maccabees. A new tragedy struck the Hasmonean family when Jonathan's brother <a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John Gaddi</a> was seized and killed while on a mission in <a href="/wiki/Nabatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a>. Jonathan fought Bacchides and his troops for a time, but the two eventually made a pact for a cease-fire. Bacchides then returned to Syria in 160 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy_(160–138_BCE)"><span id="Autonomy_.28160.E2.80.93138_BCE.29"></span>Autonomy (160–138 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Autonomy (160–138 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Dynastic_Wars" title="Seleucid Dynastic Wars">Seleucid Dynastic Wars</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/230px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG" decoding="async" width="230" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG/345px-Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Judea_Simon_Makk.PNG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Territory under Simon's control</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Maccabees had lost control of the cities, they seem to have built a rival government in the countryside from 160–153 BCE. The Maccabees avoided direct conflict with the Seleucids, but the internal Jewish civil struggle continued: the rebels harassed, exiled, and killed Jews seen as insufficiently anti-Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-schrurer239_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schrurer239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 1 Maccabees, "Thus the sword ceased from Israel. Jonathan settled in <a href="/wiki/Michmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Michmash">Michmash</a> and began to judge the people; and he destroyed the godless out of Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maccabees were handed an opportunity as the Seleucids broke into infighting in a series of civil wars, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Dynastic_Wars" title="Seleucid Dynastic Wars">Seleucid Dynastic Wars</a>. The Seleucid rival claimants to the throne needed all their troops elsewhere, and also wished to deny possible allies to other claimants, thus giving the Maccabees leverage. In 153–152 BCE, a deal was struck between Jonathan and Demetrius I. King Demetrius was fending off a challenge from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a>, and agreed to withdraw Seleucid forces from the fortified towns and garrisons in Judea, barring Beth-Zur and Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-schrurer239_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schrurer239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostages were also released. Seleucid control over Judea was weakened, and then weakened further; Jonathan promptly betrayed Demetrius I after Alexander Balas offered an even better deal. Jonathan was granted the title of both High Priest and <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> by Alexander, essentially acknowledging that the Maccabee faction was a more relevant ally to would-be Seleucid leaders than the Hellenist faction.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover230_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover230-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonathan's forces fought against Demetrius I, who would die in battle in 150 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-schrurer239_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schrurer239-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 152–141 BCE, the rebels achieved a state of informal autonomy akin to a <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover236-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land was <i>de jure</i> part of the Seleucid Empire, but continuing civil wars gave the Maccabees considerable autonomy. Jonathan was given official authority to build and maintain an army in exchange for his aid. During this period, the legitimized armies of Jonathan fought in these civil wars and border struggles to maintain the favor of allied Seleucid leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-mendels174_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendels174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seleucids did send an army back into Judea during this period, but Jonathan evaded it and refused battle until it eventually returned to the Seleucid heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 143 BCE, regent <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a>, perhaps eager to reassert control over the restive province, invited Jonathan to a conference. The conference was a trap; Jonathan was captured and executed, despite Jonathan's brother Simon raising the requested ransom and sending hostages. This betrayal led to an alliance between the new leader of the Maccabees, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> (Hebrew: Simeon), and <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a>, a rival of Diodotus Tryphon and claimant to the Seleucid throne. Demetrius II exempted Judea from payment of taxes in 142 BCE, essentially acknowledging its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover236-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seleucid settlement and garrison in Jerusalem, the Acra, finally came under Simon's control, peacefully, as did the remaining Seleucid garrison at Beth-Zur. Simon was appointed High Priest around 141 BCE, but he did so by acclamation from the Jewish people rather than appointment by the Seleucid king.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover236-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Jonathan and now Simon had maintained diplomatic contact with the Roman Republic; official recognition by Rome came in 139 BCE, as the Romans were eager to weaken and divide the Greek states. This new Hasmonean-Roman alliance was also worded more firmly than Judas Maccabeus's hazy agreement 22–23 years earlier. Continuing strife between rival Seleucid rulers made a government response to formal independence of the new state difficult. New Seleucid King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> refused an offer of help from Simon's troops while pursuing their mutual enemy Diodotus Tryphon, and made demands for both tribute and for Simon to cede control of the border towns <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazara" title="Gazara">Gazara</a>. Antiochus VII sent an army to Judea at some point between 139 and 138 BCE under command of a general named Cendebeus, but it was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-mendels174_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendels174-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hasmonean leaders did not immediately call themselves "king" or establish a monarchy; Simon called himself merely "<a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a>" (in Hebrew, "Prince" or "President") and "<a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a>" (in Koine Greek, "Governor").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiro_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regev115_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev115-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Topographic map of Palestine at the start of the Hasmonean dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palestine_during_the_time_of_the_Maccabees_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of Palestine at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></div> <p>In 135 BCE, Simon and two of his sons (Mattathias and Judas) were murdered by his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(son_of_Abubus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy (son of Abubus)">Ptolemy son of Abubus</a>, at a feast in <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>. All five sons of Mattathias were now gone with Simon joining his brothers in death, leaving leadership to the next generation. Simon's third son, <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, became High Priest of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Antiochus VII would personally invade and besiege Jerusalem in 134 BCE, but after Hyrcanus paid a ransom and ceded the cities of Joppa and Gazara, the Seleucids left peacefully. The conflict ceased, and Hyrcanus and Antiochus VII joined themselves in an alliance, with Antiochus making a respectful donation of a sacrifice at the Temple. For the reprieve and donation, Antiochus VII was referred to as "Eusebes" ("Pious") by the grateful populace.<sup id="cite_ref-rajak-rome_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajak-rome-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the suzerainty briefly re-established, Judea sent troops to aid Antiochus VII in his campaigns in Persia. After Antiochus VII's death in 129 BCE, the Hasmoneans ceased offering aid or tribute to the remnants of the declining Seleucid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Hyrcanus and his children would go on to centralize power more than Simon had done. Hyrcanus's son <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> called himself "<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a>" (king), abandoning pretensions that the High Priest managing political matters was a temporary arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-regev165_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev165-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hasmoneans exiled leaders on the council or <i><a href="/wiki/Gerusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerusia">gerusia</a></i> that they felt might threaten their power.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council of elders – which some see as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> – ceased to be an <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">independent check</a> on the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-spiro_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen123_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen123-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the success of the Maccabean Revolt, leaders of the Hasmonean dynasty continued their conquest to surrounding areas of Judea, especially under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>. The Seleucid Empire was too riven with internal unrest to stop this, and Ptolemaic Egypt maintained largely friendly relations.<sup id="cite_ref-tcherikover246_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcherikover246-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hasmonean court at Jerusalem would not make a sharp break from Hellenic culture and language, and continued with a blend of Jewish traditions and Greek ones.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to be known by Greek names, would use both Hebrew and Greek on their coinage, and hired Greek mercenaries, but also restored Judaism to a place of primacy in Judea and fostered the new sense of Jewish nationalism that had sprouted during the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-regev17_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynasty would last until 37 BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, making use of heavy Roman support, defeated the last Hasmonean ruler to become a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Client king">client king</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics_and_technology">Tactics and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tactics and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Eleazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/260px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/390px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Death_of_Eleazer.jpg/520px-Death_of_Eleazer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4915" data-file-height="6068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar Avaran</a> trampled by a war elephant (illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> in 1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both sides were influenced by Hellenistic army composition and tactics. The basic Hellenistic battle deployment consisted of heavy infantry in the center, mounted cavalry on the flanks, and mobile skirmishers in the vanguard. The most common infantry weapon used was the <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a>, the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a>. The sarissa was a powerful weapon; it was held in two hands and had great reach (approximately ~6 meters), making it difficult for opponents to approach a <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a> of sarissa-wielding infantry safely. Hellenistic cavalry also used pikes, albeit slightly shorter ones.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seleucids also had access to trained <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> imported from India, who sported natural armor in their thick hides and could terrify opposing soldiers and their horses.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva16_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva16-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, they also made use of <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythed chariots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva16_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva16-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of army size, the respected historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> reports that in 165 BCE, a military parade near the Seleucid capital <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> held by Antiochus IV consisted of 41,000 foot soldiers and 4,500 cavalrymen. These soldiers were preparing to fight in an expedition to the east, not in Judea, but give a rough estimate to the total size of the Seleucid forces in the Western part of their empire capable of being deployed wherever the ruler needed them, not including local <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliaries</a> and garrisons. Antiochus IV appears to have augmented the size of his army by hiring additional <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>, at cost to the Seleucid treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva30_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva30-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the forces at that parade would be deployed on matters more important to the Seleucid leadership than suppressing the Judean rebellion, however, and as such only a portion of them likely participated in the battles of the rebellion. They may have been supplemented by local Seleucid-allied militias and garrisons, however.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva40_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva40-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maccabees started as a guerrilla force that likely used the traditional weapons effective in small unit combat in mountainous terrain: <a href="/wiki/Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer">archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slingers</a>, and light infantry <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a> armed with sword and shield. Later writers would romantically portray the Maccabees as ordinary people fighting as <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregulars</a>, but the Maccabees did eventually train a standing army similar to the Seleucids, complete with Hellenic-style heavy infantry phalanxes, horse-mounted cavalry, and siege weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe67_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe67-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barkochva68_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva68-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while manufacturing the mostly wooden sarissa would have been easy for the rebels, their body armor was lower quality. They likely used simple <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">leather armor</a> due to a paucity of metals and craftsmen capable of making Greek-style metal armor.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva85_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva85-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that diaspora Jews in countries hostile to the Seleucids, such as Ptolemaic Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, may have joined the cause as volunteers, bringing their own local talents to the rebel army.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva85_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva85-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebel forces grew with time. There were 6,000 men in Judas's army near the start of the revolt, 10,000 men at the Battle of Beth Zur, and possibly as many as 22,000 soldiers by the time of the defeat at Elasa.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva47_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several battles, the rebels may have had numerical superiority to compensate for shortfalls in training and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva63_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva63-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jonathan was legitimized as high priest and governor by the Seleucid rulers, the Hasmoneans had easier access to recruitment; 20,000 soldiers are reported as repulsing Cendebeus in 139 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the combat in the revolt took place in hilly and mountainous terrain, which complicated warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seleucid phalanxes trained for mountain combat would fight at somewhat greater distance from each other compared to packed lowland formations, and used slightly shorter but more maneuverable <a href="/wiki/Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">Roman-style pikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_histories">Original histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Original histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most detailed contemporaneous writings that survived were the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> books of <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">First Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">Second Maccabees</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> and Book XII and XIII of <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors were not disinterested parties; the authors of the books of Maccabees were favorable to the Maccabees, portraying the conflict as a divinely sanctioned holy war and elevating the stature of Judas and his brothers to heroic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe67_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe67-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, Josephus did not want to offend Greek pagan readers of his work, and is ambivalent toward the Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-regev25_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bickerman22_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickerman22-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book of 1 Maccabees is considered mostly reliable, as it was seemingly written by an eyewitness early in the reign of the Hasmoneans, most likely during John Hyrcanus's reign. Its depictions of battles are detailed and seemingly accurate, although it portrays implausibly large numbers of Seleucid soldiers, to better emphasize God's aid and Judas's talents.<sup id="cite_ref-barkochva63_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkochva63-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book also acts as Hasmonean dynasty propaganda in its editorial slant on events.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington57_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington57-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bickerman17_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickerman17-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new rule of the Hasmoneans was not without its own internal enemies; the office of High Priest had been occupied for generations by a descendant of the High Priest <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>. The Hasmoneans, while of the priestly line (<a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohens</a>), were seen by some as usurpers, did not descend from Zadok, and had taken the office originally only via a deal with a Seleucid king. As such, the book emphasizes that the Hasmoneans' actions were in line with heroes of older scripture; they were God's new chosen and righteous rulers. For example, it dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harrington57_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington57-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2 Maccabees is an abridgment by an unknown Egyptian Jew of a lost five-volume work by an author named Jason of Cyrene. It is a separate work from 1 Maccabees and not a continuation of it. 2 Maccabees has a more directly religious focus than 1 Maccabees, crediting God and divine intervention for events more prominently than 1 Maccabees; it also focuses personally on Judas rather than other Hasmoneans. It has a special focus on the Second Temple: the controversies over the position of High Priest, its pollution by Menelaus into a Greek-Jewish mix, its eventual cleansing, and the threats by Nicanor at the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington36_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington36-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 Maccabees also represents an attempt to take the cause of the Maccabees outside Judea, as it encourages Egyptian Jews and other diaspora Jews to celebrate the cleansing of the temple (Hanukkah) and revere Judas Maccabeus.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington36_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington36-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bickerman22_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickerman22-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, 2 Maccabees portrays the prospects of peace and cooperation more positively than 1 Maccabees. In 1 Maccabees, the only way for the Jews to honorably make a deal with the Seleucids involved first defeating them militarily and attaining functional independence. In 2 Maccabees, intended for an audience of Egyptian Jews who still lived under Greek rule, peaceful coexistence was possible, but misunderstandings or troublemakers forced the Jews into defensive action.<sup id="cite_ref-doran_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doran-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus wrote over two centuries after the revolt, but his friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> Roman emperors meant he had access to resources undreamt of by other scholars. Josephus appears to have used 1 Maccabees as one of his main sources for his histories, but supplements it with knowledge of events of the Seleucid Empire from Greek histories as well as unknown other sources. Josephus seems to be familiar with the work of historians <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, as well as the mostly lost works of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington109_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington109-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rajak-rome_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajak-rome-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniel">Daniel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> appears to have been written during the early stages of the revolt around 165 BCE, and would eventually be included in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the setting of the book is 400 years earlier in Babylon, the book is a literary response to the situation in Judea during the revolt (<i><a href="/wiki/Sitz_im_Leben" title="Sitz im Leben">Sitz im Leben</a></i>); the writer chose to move the setting either for esoteric reasons or to evade scrutiny from would-be censors. It urges its readers to remain steadfast in the face of persecution. For example, Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar orders his court to eat the king's rich food; the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">prophet Daniel</a> and his companions keep kosher and eat a diet of vegetables and water, yet emerge healthier than all the king's courtiers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The message is clear: defy Antiochus's decree and keep Jewish dietary law. Daniel predicts the king will go insane; Antiochus's title, "Epiphanes" ("Chosen of God"), was mocked by his enemies as "Epimanes" ("Madman"), and he was known to keep odd habits. When Daniel and the Jews are threatened with death, they face it calmly, and are saved in the end, a relevant message among Jewish opposition to Antiochus IV.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington17_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington17-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final chapters of the book of Daniel include <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> visions of the future. One of the motives for the author was to give heart to devout Jews that their victory was foreseen by prophecy 400 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel%27s_final_vision" title="Daniel's final vision">Daniel's final vision</a> refers to Antiochus Epiphanes as the "king of the north" and describes his earlier actions, such as being repelled and humiliated by the Romans in his second campaign in Egypt, but also that the king of the north would "meet his end".<sup id="cite_ref-harrington17_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington17-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, all those who had died under the king of the north would be revived, with those who suffered rewarded while those who had prospered would be subjected to shame and contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe11_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main historical items taken away from Daniel is in its depiction of the king of the north desecrating the temple with an <a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">abomination of desolation</a>, and stopping the <a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">tamid</a>, the daily sacrifice at the Temple; these agree with the depictions in 1 and 2 Maccabees of the changes at the Second Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington17_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington17-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_works">Related works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other works appear to have at least been influenced by the Maccabean Revolt include the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Moses">Testament of Moses</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. The Book of Judith is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> that describes Jewish resistance against an overwhelming military threat. While the parallels are not as stark as Daniel, some of its depictions of oppression seem influenced by Antiochus's persecution, such as General <a href="/wiki/Holofernes" title="Holofernes">Holofernes</a> demolishing shrines, cutting down sacred groves, and attempting to destroy all worship other than of the king. Judith, the story's heroine, also bears the feminine form of the name "Judas".<sup id="cite_ref-harrington114_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington114-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Testament of Moses, similar to the Book of Daniel, provides a witness to Jewish attitudes leading up to the revolt: it describes persecution, denounces impious leaders and priests as collaborators, praises the virtues of martyrdom, and predicts God's retribution upon the oppressors. The Testament is usually considered to have been written in the first century CE, but it is at least possible it was written much earlier, in the Maccabean or Hasmonean era, and then appended onto with first century CE updates. Even if it was entirely written in the first century CE, it was still likely influenced by the experience of Antiochus IV's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington110_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington110-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Enoch's early chapters were written around 300–200 BCE, but new sections were appended over time invoking the authority of <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>, the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>. One section, the "Apocalypse of Weeks", is hypothesized to have been written around 167 BCE, just after Antiochus's persecution began.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to Daniel, after the Apocalypse of Weeks recounts world history up to the point of the persecution, it predicts that the righteous will eventually triumph, and encourages resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another section of Enoch, the "Book of Dreams", was likely written after the Revolt had at least partially succeeded; it portrays the events of the revolt in the form of prophetic dream visions.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more uncertain work that has nevertheless attracted much interest is the Qumran <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> religious community was not on good terms with the Hasmonean religious establishment in Jerusalem, and is believed to have favored the Zadokite line of succession to the High Priesthood. The commentary (<i><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">pesher</a></i>) describes a situation wherein a "<a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Righteous Teacher</a>" is unfairly driven from their post and into exile by a "<a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a>" and a "Man of the Lie" (possibly the same person). Many figures have been proposed as the identity of the people behind these titles; one theory goes that the Righteous Teacher was whoever held the High Priest position after Alcimus's death in 159 BCE, perhaps a Zadokite. If this person even existed, they lost their position after Jonathan Apphus, backed by his Maccabee army and his new alliance with Seleucid royal claimant Alexander Balas, took over the High Priest position in 152 BCE. Thus, the Wicked Priest would be Jonathan, and the Qumran community of the era would have consisted of religious opposition to the Hasmonean takeover: the first <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>. The date of the work is unknown, and others scholars have proposed different candidates as possible identities of the Wicked Priest, so the identification with Jonathan is only a possibility, yet an intriguing and plausible one.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harrington119_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington119-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_analysis_and_historiography">Later analysis and historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later analysis and historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the First and Second Books of the Maccabees, the Maccabean Revolt is described as a collective response to cultural oppression and national resistance to a foreign power. Written after the revolt was complete, the books urged unity among the Jews; they describe little of the Hellenizing faction other than to call them lawless and corrupt, and downplay their relevance and power in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-bickerman17_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bickerman17-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many scholars still accept this basic framework, that the Hellenists were weak and dependent on Seleucid aid to hold influence, this view has since been challenged. In the revisionist view, the heroes and villains were both Jews: a majority of the Jews cautiously supported Hellenizing High Priest Menelaus; Antiochus IV's edicts only came about due to pressure from Hellenist Jews; and the revolt was best understood as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> between traditionalist Jews in the countryside and Hellenized Jews in the cities, with only occasional Seleucid intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="Elias Joseph Bickerman">Elias Bickerman</a> is generally credited as popularizing this alternative viewpoint in 1937, and other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a> have continued the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Josephus's account directly blames Menelaus for convincing Antiochus IV to issue his anti-Jewish decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendels119_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendels119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcimus, Menelaus's replacement as High Priest, is blamed for instigating a massacre of devout Jews in 1 Maccabees, rather than the Seleucids directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendels119_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendels119-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maccabees themselves fight and exile Hellenists as well, most clearly in the final expulsion from the Acra, but also in the earlier countryside struggles against the <a href="/wiki/Tobiads" title="Tobiads">Tobiad</a> clan of Hellenist-friendly Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-hongiman282_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hongiman282-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, scholarly opinion is that Hellenistic historians were biased, but also that the bias did not result in excessive distortion or fabrication of facts, and they are mostly reliable sources once the bias is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendels4_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendels4-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exist revisionist scholars who are inclined to discount the reliability of the primary histories more aggressively, however.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Daniel R. Schwartz</a> argues that Antiochus IV's initial attacks on Jerusalem from 168–167 BCE were not out of pure malice, as 1 Maccabees depicts, or a misunderstanding as 2 Maccabees depicts (and most scholars accept), but rather suppressing an authentic rebellion whose members were lost to history, as the Hasmoneans wished to show only themselves as capable of bringing victory.<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz2001_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Honigman" title="Sylvie Honigman">Sylvie Honigman</a> argues that the depictions of Seleucid religious oppression are misleading and likely false. She advances the view that the loss of civil rights by the Jews in 168 BCE was an administrative punishment in the aftermath of local unrest over increased taxes; that the struggle was fundamentally economic, and merely interpreted as religiously driven in retrospect.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also argues that the moralistic slant of the sources means that their depictions of impious acts by Hellenists cannot be trusted as historical. For example, the claim that Menelaus stole temple vessels to pay for a bribe to Antiochus is merely aimed at delegitimizing them both.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ma_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ma (classicist) (page does not exist)">John Ma</a> argues that the Temple was restored in 164 BCE upon petition by Menelaus to Antiochus, not liberated and rededicated by the Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-doran_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doran-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These views have attracted partial support, but have not become a new consensus themselves. Modern defenders of more direct readings of the sources cite that evidence of such an unrecorded popular rebellion is thin-to-nonexistent. Assuming that Antiochus IV would not have started an ethno-religious persecution for irrational reasons is an ahistorical position in this criticism, as many leaders both ancient and modern clearly were motivated by religious concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mendels-ohota_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendels-ohota-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later scholars and archaeologists have found and preserved various artifacts from the time period and analyzed them, which have informed historians on the plausibility of various elements in the books.<sup id="cite_ref-regev25_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For recent examples, a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(minister)#Heliodorus_stele" title="Heliodorus (minister)">Helidorus stele</a>") was discovered and deciphered in 2007 that dated from around 178 BCE, and gives insight to Seleucid government appointments and policy in the era immediately preceding the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Givati_Parking_Lot_dig" title="Givati Parking Lot dig">Givati Parking Lot dig</a> in Jerusalem from 2007–2015 has found possible evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a>; it might resolve a seeming contradiction between Josephus's account of the Acra's fate (he claimed it was torn down) and 1 Maccabees's account (it was merely occupied) in favor of the 1 Maccabees version.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maccabi-zion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maccabi-zion.jpg/170px-Maccabi-zion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maccabi-zion.jpg/255px-Maccabi-zion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Maccabi-zion.jpg/340px-Maccabi-zion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> stamp (1938) invoking the Maccabees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makkabies22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makkabies22.jpg/170px-Makkabies22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makkabies22.jpg/255px-Makkabies22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Makkabies22.jpg/340px-Makkabies22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture commemorating the Maccabean revolt by <a href="/wiki/Benno_Elkan" title="Benno Elkan">Benno Elkan</a>; part of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> celebrates the rededication of the Temple following Judas Maccabeus's victory over the Seleucids.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic tradition">rabbinic tradition</a>, the victorious Maccabees could only find a small jug of oil that had remained pure and uncontaminated by virtue of a seal, and although it only contained enough oil to sustain the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> for one day, it miraculously lasted for eight days, by which time further oil had been procured. During the era of the Hasmonean kingdom, Hanukkah was observed prominently; it acted as a "Hasmonean <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a>" to commemorate the success of the revolt and the legitimacy of the Hasmonean rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-regev50_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev50-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#Pre-Roman_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora Jews</a> celebrated it as well, fostering a sense of Jewish collective identity: it was a liberation day for all Jews, not merely Judean Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regev278_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regev278-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Hanukkah outlasted Hasmonean rule, although its importance receded as time passed. Hanukkah would gain new prominence in the 20th century and rekindle interest in its origins in the Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington131_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington131-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Battle of Adasa</a> led to an annual festival as well, albeit one less prominent and remembered than Hanukkah. The defeat of Seleucid general Nicanor is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">13 Adar</a> as <i>Yom Nicanor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traumatic time period helped define the genre of the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> and heightened <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism#Judaism" title="Apocalypticism">Jewish apocalypticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-portier-young3_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portier-young3-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrayal of an evil tyrant like Antiochus IV attacking the holy city of Jerusalem in the Book of Daniel became a common theme during later Roman rule of Judea, and would contribute to Christian conceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hengel306_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hengel306-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persecution of the Jews under Antiochus, and the Maccabees response, would influence and create new trends in Jewish strains of thought with regard to divine rewards and punishments. In earlier Jewish works, devotion to God and adherence to the law led to rewards and punishments in life: the observant would prosper, and disobedience would result in disaster. The persecution of Antiochus IV directly contradicted this teaching: for the first time, Jews were suffering precisely because they refused to violate Jewish law, and thus the most devout and observant Jews were the ones suffering the most. This resulted in literature suggesting that those who suffered in their earthly life would be rewarded afterward, such as the Book of Daniel describing a future resurrection of the dead, or 2 Maccabees describing in detail the martyrdom of a <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman and her seven sons</a> under Antiochus, but who would be rewarded after their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen105_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen105-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a victory of the "few over the many", the revolt served as inspiration for future Jewish resistance movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of these later revolts are the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66–73 CE (also called the "Great Revolt") and the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba revolt">Bar Kochba revolt</a> from 132 to 136 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-hengel306_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hengel306-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of these revolts, Jewish interpretation of the Maccabean Revolt became more spiritual; it instead focused on stories of Hanukkah and God's miracle of the oil, rather than practical plans for an independent Jewish polity backed by armed might. The Maccabees were also discussed less as time went on; they appear only rarely in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">mishnah</a>, the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a>, after these Jewish defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinical displeasure with the later rule of the Hasmoneans after the revolt also contributed to this; even when stories were explicitly set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">books of Maccabees</a> were downplayed and relegated in the Jewish tradition and not included in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (Hebrew Bible); it would be Christians who would produce more art and literature referencing the Maccabees during the medieval era, as the books of Maccabees were included in the Catholic and Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington131_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington131-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Christians during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian era</a> esteemed the Maccabees as early examples of chivalry and knighthood, and the Maccabees were invoked in the later Middle Ages as holy warriors to emulate during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, Judas Maccabeus was included in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Nine Worthies">Nine Worthies</a>, medieval exemplars of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> for knights to model their conduct on. </p><p>The Jewish downplaying of the Maccabees would be challenged centuries later in the 19th century and early 20th century, as Jewish writers and artists held up the Maccabees as examples of independence and victory.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of Jewish nationalism of that era saw past events, such as the Maccabees, as a hopeful suggestion to what was possible, influencing the nascent <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> movement. A British Zionist organization formed in 1896 is named the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ancient_Maccabeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Ancient Maccabeans">Order of Ancient Maccabeans</a>, and the Jewish sporting organization <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_World_Union" title="Maccabi World Union">Maccabi World Union</a> names itself after them.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt is featured in plays of the playwrights <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="אהרן אשמן (page does not exist)">Aharon Ashman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:אהרן אשמן">he</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Cahan" title="Ya'akov Cahan">Ya'akov Cahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shamir" title="Moshe Shamir">Moshe Shamir</a>. Various organizations in the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> name themselves after the Maccabees and the Hasmoneans or otherwise honor them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of the treasury raid is disputed. 1 Maccabees suggests the Temple treasury was raided in 169 BCE after the first expedition to Egypt. 2 Maccabees suggests the treasury was raided in 168 BCE after the second expedition to Egypt. Possibly, the Book of Daniel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%2011:28–30&version=nrsv">Daniel 11:28–11:30</a>) suggests Antiochus IV raided Jerusalem twice, after each trip. Josephus says Antiochus IV visited Jerusalem twice and looted the city the first time, the Temple the second time.<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> are both sources heavily slanted against the Seleucids and in favor of the Maccabees, so historians such as <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> caution that the outrages described within them should be taken with some skepticism. Nevertheless, it is clear enough that whatever actions the Seleucids did take were sufficient to enrage the populace, even if they were later exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-grabbe11_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bezalel Bar-Kochva</a> propounds the view that the Seleucid army was a small but elite force that largely consisted of high-morale Greeks devoted to maintaining "their" empire, hence his writings that the rebels likely outnumbered the Seleucids despite the Books of Maccabees claiming otherwise. That said, the matter is not settled; other scholars such as Israel Shatzman keep to the older view that the Seleucids deployed a larger but less disciplined force with many non-Greek soldiers with low morale, fighting only for money and with little care for the Seleucid cause.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The nature of Chapters 1–6 of Daniel is contested; some scholars believe that these chapters existed prior to the Revolt and were lightly modified at most, while others suggest that such reliance on pre-existing legends of Daniel was minor.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The degree to which diaspora Jews celebrated Hanukkah in the centuries after the revolt but before the medieval age is unclear and disputed, however. The main surviving somewhat contemporary Jewish source mentioning Hanukkah outside Judea is Josephus, who as a distant relation to the Hasmonean family line and who grew up in Jerusalem, would be more inclined to play up its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Maccabi World Union organizes the <a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a>, first held in 1932. Commentators have noted the irony of naming an Olympics-style sporting competition, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">whose origin was from ancient Greece</a>, after a group that explicitly fought Greek influence.<sup id="cite_ref-spiro_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiro-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2008, p. 278-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grabbe11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe11_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe11_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe11_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2010, p. 10–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2008, p. 65-68; 305-306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel 1973, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2008, p. 144-146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen46-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohen46_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohen46_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen 1988, p. 46–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regev17_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regev17_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 17–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (2010). <i>The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature: The Hellenistic Period</i>. University of California Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520290846" title="Special:BookSources/9780520290846"><bdi>9780520290846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Jews+in+Greek+Literature%3A+The+Hellenistic+Period&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520290846&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hengel277-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hengel277_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hengel277_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel 1973, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover170-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover170_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tcherikover 1959, p. 170–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwartz2001_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwartz2001_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Schwartz, Daniel R.</a> (2001). "Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Jerusalem". <i>Historical Perspectives: From the Hasmoneans to Bar Kokhba in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 45–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12007-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12007-6"><bdi>90-04-12007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+IV+Epiphanes+in+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Historical+Perspectives%3A+From+the+Hasmoneans+to+Bar+Kokhba+in+Light+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=45-57&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12007-6&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grainger25-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grainger25_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grainger 2012, p. 25–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel 1973 p. 280–281; 286–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen37-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen37_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen 1988, p. 37–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordwc-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordwc_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a> (2017) [c. 75]. <i>The Jewish War</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hammond" title="Martin Hammond">Hammond, Martin</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964602-9"><bdi>978-0-19-964602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964602-9&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honigman 2014, p. 388–389. Honigman downplays strongly the claims of actual religious persecution, however.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grainger32-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grainger32_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grainger32_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grainger 2012, p. 32–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva194-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva194_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 194–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hongiman282-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hongiman282_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hongiman282_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Honigman 2014, p. 282–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grainger17-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grainger17_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grainger 2012, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva276-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva276_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 276–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grabbe67-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe67_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe67_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe67_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grabbe67_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2010, p. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendels119-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendels119_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendels119_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendels119_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 119–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev273-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regev273_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 273–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva342-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva342_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva342_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 342–346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva335-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva335_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva335_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 335–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva348-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva348_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 348–350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scolnic 2004, p. 12–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover230-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover230_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover230_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tcherikover 1959, p. 230–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva359-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva359_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 359–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva376-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva376_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva376_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva376_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 376–402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva47-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva47_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva47_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 47–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer 1896, p. 235–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schrurer239-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schrurer239_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schrurer239_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schrurer239_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer 1896, p. 239–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%209:73&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 9:73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover236-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover236_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tcherikover 1959, p. 236–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendels174-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mendels174_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mendels174_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 174–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer 1896, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honigman 2014, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer 1896, p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiro-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiro_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiro_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiro_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2001" class="citation web cs1">Spiro, Ken (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/h/c/t/h/48942121.html">"History Crash Course #29: Revolt of the Maccabees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aish_HaTorah" title="Aish HaTorah">Aish HaTorah</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish+HaTorah&rft.atitle=History+Crash+Course+%2329%3A+Revolt+of+the+Maccabees&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2Fc%2Ft%2Fh%2F48942121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev115-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regev115_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 115–117. Regev translates "Nasi" as "King", however, and credits Simon with less restraint than other authors, though he acknowledges the different terms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schürer 1896, p. 271–273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajak-rome-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rajak-rome_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rajak-rome_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajak1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Rajak" title="Tessa Rajak">Rajak, Tessa</a> (1980). "Roman Intervention in a Seleucid Siege of Jerusalem?". <i>The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 81–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047400196_010">10.1163/9789047400196_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40019-6"><bdi>978-90-47-40019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Intervention+in+a+Seleucid+Siege+of+Jerusalem%3F&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Dialogue+with+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=81-98&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047400196_010&rft.isbn=978-90-47-40019-6&rft.aulast=Rajak&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> Alternate location: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajak1981" class="citation journal cs1">Rajak, Tessa (March 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/6701">"Roman Intervention in a Seleucid Siege of Jerusalem?"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 65–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Roman+Intervention+in+a+Seleucid+Siege+of+Jerusalem%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-81&rft.date=1981-03&rft.aulast=Rajak&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Findex.php%2Fgrbs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> Rajak hypothesizes a Roman intervention to explain Antiochus VII's seeming change of heart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendel 1997, p. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev165-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regev165_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 165–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6633-gerusia">"GERUSIA - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=GERUSIA+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6633-gerusia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4627-constitution">"GOVERNMENT - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=GOVERNMENT+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4627-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen123-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen123_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen 1988, p. 123–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantel1961" class="citation book cs1">Mantel, Hugo (1961). <i>Studies in the History of the Sanhedrin</i>. Harvard Semitic Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 49–50, 62–63. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61-7391">61-7391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Sanhedrin&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard+Semitic+Series&rft.pages=49-50%2C+62-63&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61-7391&rft.aulast=Mantel&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> Note that Mantel himself is skeptical of the claimed connection between the <i>gerusia</i> and the Sanhedrin, and attributes it to <a href="/wiki/Salomo_Sachs" title="Salomo Sachs">Salomo Sachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elias_Bickerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Bickerman">Elias Bickerman</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover246-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover246_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tcherikover 1959, p. 246–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1980) [1976]. <i>Jews, Greeks and Barbarians: Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the pre-Christian Period</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bowden_(theologian)" title="John Bowden (theologian)">Bowden, John</a>. Fortress Press. p. 114–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-0647-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-0647-7"><bdi>0-8006-0647-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Greeks+and+Barbarians%3A+Aspects+of+the+Hellenization+of+Judaism+in+the+pre-Christian+Period&rft.pages=114-117&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8006-0647-7&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Schwartz" title="Seth Schwartz">Schwartz, Seth</a> (2001). <i>Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E</i>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08850-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08850-0"><bdi>0-691-08850-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Jewish+Society%2C+200+B.C.E.+to+640+C.E.&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08850-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 8–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva16-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva16_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva16_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 16–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva30-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva30_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 30–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva40-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva40_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 40–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva68-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkochva68_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 68–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva85-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva85_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva85_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 85–89. Note that historian <a href="/wiki/Israel_Shatzman" title="Israel Shatzman">Israel Shatzman</a> directly doubts Bar-Kochva's suggestion of diaspora Jews providing training to the Maccabees, suspecting Jews trained as mercenaries abroad would have been more likely to aid the Seleucids instead (Shatzman 1991, p. 19).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkochva63-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva63_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barkochva63_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 63–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shatzman 1991, p. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shatzman 1991, p. 12, 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 116-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman 1937, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev25-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regev25_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regev25_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 25–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bickerman22-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bickerman22_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bickerman22_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman 1937, p. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shatzman 1991, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington57-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrington57_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrington57_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 57–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bickerman17-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bickerman17_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bickerman17_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman 1937, p.17–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honigman 2014, p. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%205:60–62&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 5:60–5:62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington36-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrington36_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrington36_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 36–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doran-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doran_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doran_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Doran_(born_1940)" title="Robert Doran (born 1940)">Doran, Robert</a> (2016). "Resistance and Revolt. The Case of the Maccabees.". In <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Manning_(historian)" title="Joseph Manning (historian)">Manning, J. G.</a> (eds.). <i>Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire</i>. Brill. pp. 175–178, 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33017-7"><bdi>978-90-04-33017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resistance+and+Revolt.+The+Case+of+the+Maccabees.&rft.btitle=Revolt+and+Resistance+in+the+Ancient+Classical+World+and+the+Near+East%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+Empire&rft.pages=175-178%2C+186-187&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33017-7&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz 2008, p. 48–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington109-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrington109_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2020, p. 88–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 211–212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington17-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrington17_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrington17_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrington17_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 17–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 258–262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (2016). "Temple or Taxes: What Sparked the Maccabean Revolt?". In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Manning_(historian)" title="Joseph Manning (historian)">Manning, J. G.</a> (ed.). <i>Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire</i>. Brill. pp. 189–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004330184_013">10.1163/9789004330184_013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33017-7"><bdi>978-90-04-33017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple+or+Taxes%3A+What+Sparked+the+Maccabean+Revolt%3F&rft.btitle=Revolt+and+Resistance+in+the+Ancient+Classical+World+and+the+Near+East%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+Empire&rft.pages=189-201&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004330184_013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33017-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington114-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrington114_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 114–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington110-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrington110_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 110–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 317–319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 314–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 346–352. Portier-Young suggests 165–160 BCE for a more specific guess as to the date of authorship of the Book of Dreams on p. 388, but the matter is disputed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Eshel, Hanan</a> (February 2008). <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company. p. 27–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862853" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862853"><bdi>9780802862853</bdi></a>. <q>Appointed high priest in 152 BCE, he [Jonathan] was probably the figure designated by the Qumran authors as 'the wicked priest.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+Hasmonean+State&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=27-61&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdsmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=9780802862853&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington119-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrington119_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 119–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel 1973, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). <i>Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-1707-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-1707-7"><bdi>0-8386-1707-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+the+Gentile+Faiths%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Religion&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8386-1707-7&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honigman 2014, p. 383–385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scolnic 2004, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus, Flavius</a> (1943) [c. 93]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/L365JosephusJewishAntiquitiesIX1213/page/n209/mode/2up">"Book XII, 12.383-385"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Marcus" title="Ralph Marcus">Marcus, Ralph</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 199–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99577-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99577-5"><bdi>0-674-99577-5</bdi></a>. <q>For Lysias had advised the king to slay Menelaus, if he wished the Jews to remain quiet and not give him any trouble; it was this man, he said, who had been the cause of the mischief by persuading the king's father to compel the Jews to abandon their father's religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XII%2C+12.383-385&rft.btitle=Jewish+Antiquities&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=199-201&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=0-674-99577-5&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FL365JosephusJewishAntiquitiesIX1213%2Fpage%2Fn209%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendels4-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendels4_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Zollschan, "Review of Sylvie Honigman, 'Tales of High Priests and Taxes'", in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015-08-07.html">Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a>,</i> 2015.08.07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hongiman 2014, p. 3–4; 20–21; 91–93; 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mendels-ohota-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mendels-ohota_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendels2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doron_Mendels" title="Doron Mendels">Mendels, Doron</a> (2021). "1 Maccabees". In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.9">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689643.013.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-068966-7"><bdi>978-0-19-068966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=150-168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.9&rft.isbn=978-0-19-068966-7&rft.aulast=Mendels&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> Mendels also cites:<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (2016). "The Religious Persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes as a Historical Reality". <i><a href="/wiki/Tarbiz" title="Tarbiz">Tarbiz</a></i> (in Hebrew). <b>84</b> (3): 295–344. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24904720">24904720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarbiz&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Persecutions+of+Antiochus+Epiphanes+as+a+Historical+Reality&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-344&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24904720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkat2007" class="citation news cs1">Barkat, Amiram (May 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4819548">"Ancient Greek Inscription, Dating to 178 B.C.E., Goes on Display at Israel Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+Inscription%2C+Dating+to+178+B.C.E.%2C+Goes+on+Display+at+Israel+Museum&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft.aulast=Barkat&rft.aufirst=Amiram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4819548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, p. 80–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Lawler, Andrew (April 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513144130/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/160422-israel-jerusalem-hellenistic-archaeology-passover-hanukkah">"Jerusalem Dig Uncovers Ancient Greek Citadel"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/160422-israel-jerusalem-hellenistic-archaeology-passover-hanukkah">the original</a> on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+Dig+Uncovers+Ancient+Greek+Citadel&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fadventure%2Farticle%2F160422-israel-jerusalem-hellenistic-archaeology-passover-hanukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wusmEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Middle Maccabees: Archaeology, History, and the Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom</i></a>. The Society of Biblical Literature. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884145042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884145042"><bdi>978-0884145042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Maccabees%3A+Archaeology%2C+History%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Hasmonean+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0884145042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwusmEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farmer 1956, p. 132–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev50-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regev50_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 50–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz 2008, p. 37, 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regev278-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regev278_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regev 2013, p. 278–279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrington131-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrington131_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrington131_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington 1988, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Kochva 1989, p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farmer 1956, p. 145–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portier-young3-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-portier-young3_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portier-Young 2011, xxi–xxiii; 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hengel306-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hengel306_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hengel306_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel 1973, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen105-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen105_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen 1988, p. 105–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2010, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (2020). <i>Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 142–146; 151–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501136757" title="Special:BookSources/9781501136757"><bdi>9781501136757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell%3A+A+History+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pages=142-146%3B+151-158&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781501136757&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farmer 1956, p. 175–179; 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendels 1997, p. 371–376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStemberger1992" class="citation book cs1">Stemberger, Günter (1992). "The Maccabees in Rabbinic Tradition". <i>The Scriptures and the Scrolls: Studies in Honour of A.S. van der Woude on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday</i>. E. J. Brill. p. 192–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maccabees+in+Rabbinic+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Scriptures+and+the+Scrolls%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+A.S.+van+der+Woude+on+the+Occasion+of+his+65th+Birthday&rft.pages=192-203&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Stemberger&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickerman 1937, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farmer 1956, p. 126–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoam2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vered_Noam" title="Vered Noam">Noam, Vered</a> (2018). <i>Shifting Images of the Hasmoneans: Second Temple Legends and Their Reception in Josephus and Rabbinic literature</i>. Translated by Ordan, Dena. Oxford University Press. p. 219–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881138-1"><bdi>978-0-19-881138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+Images+of+the+Hasmoneans%3A+Second+Temple+Legends+and+Their+Reception+in+Josephus+and+Rabbinic+literature&rft.pages=219-221&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881138-1&rft.aulast=Noam&rft.aufirst=Vered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignori2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Signori" title="Gabriela Signori">Signori, Gabriela</a> (2012). <i>Dying for the Faith, Killing for the Faith: Old-Testament Faith-Warriors (1 and 2 Maccabees) in Historical Perspective</i>. Brill. p. 12–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21104-9"><bdi>978-90-04-21104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+for+the+Faith%2C+Killing+for+the+Faith%3A+Old-Testament+Faith-Warriors+%281+and+2+Maccabees%29+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=12-20&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21104-9&rft.aulast=Signori&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin" title="Jean Dunbabin">Dunbabin, Jean</a> (1985). "The Maccabees as Exemplars in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries". <i>Studies in Church History: Subsidia</i>. <b>4</b>: 31–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0143045900003549">10.1017/S0143045900003549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History%3A+Subsidia&rft.atitle=The+Maccabees+as+Exemplars+in+the+Tenth+and+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=31-41&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0143045900003549&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkush2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Arkush, Allan (December 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/uncategorized/4832/in-memory-of-judah-maccabee/">"In Memory of Judah Maccabee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Review of Books">The Jewish Review of Books</a></i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=In+Memory+of+Judah+Maccabee&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft.aulast=Arkush&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishreviewofbooks.com%2Funcategorized%2F4832%2Fin-memory-of-judah-maccabee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ej2-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ej2_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, ed. (2007). "Maccabi World Union; Order of Ancient Maccabaeans". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maccabi+World+Union%3B+Order+of+Ancient+Maccabaeans&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Bar-Kochva" title="Bezalel Bar-Kochva">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel</a> (1989). <i>Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521323525" title="Special:BookSources/0521323525"><bdi>0521323525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judas+Maccabaeus%3A+The+Jewish+Struggle+Against+the+Seleucids&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0521323525&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="Elias Joseph Bickerman">Bickerman, Elias</a> (1979) [1937]. <i>The God of the Maccabees: Studies on the Meaning and Origin of the Maccabean Revolt</i>. Translated by Moehring, Horst R. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05947-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05947-4"><bdi>90-04-05947-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+of+the+Maccabees%3A+Studies+on+the+Meaning+and+Origin+of+the+Maccabean+Revolt&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-04-05947-4&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Cohen, Shaye J. D.</a> (November 2014) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z651BwAAQBAJ"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Third Edition</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6"><bdi>978-0-664-23904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014-11&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23904-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ651BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Farmer" title="William R. Farmer">Farmer, William Rueben</a> (1956). <i>Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus: An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman period</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/56-7364">56-7364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maccabees%2C+Zealots%2C+and+Josephus%3A+An+Inquiry+into+Jewish+Nationalism+in+the+Greco-Roman+period.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F56-7364&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=William+Rueben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2008). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335–175 BCE)</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies 68. Vol. 2. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03396-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03396-3"><bdi>978-0-567-03396-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+The+Coming+of+the+Greeks%3A+The+Early+Hellenistic+Period+%28335%26ndash%3B175+BCE%29&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies+68&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03396-3&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2010). <i>An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567552488" title="Special:BookSources/9780567552488"><bdi>9780567552488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism%3A+History+and+Religion+of+the+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Nehemiah%2C+the+Maccabees%2C+Hillel%2C+and+Jesus&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567552488&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2020). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonaean Rule, and Herod the Great (174–4 BCE)</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 95. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-9294-8"><bdi>978-0-5676-9294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+The+Maccabean+Revolt%2C+Hasmonaean+Rule%2C+and+Herod+the+Great+%28174%26ndash%3B4+BCE%29&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-9294-8&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2012" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2012). <i>The Wars of the Maccabees</i>. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781599464" title="Special:BookSources/9781781599464"><bdi>9781781599464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781781599464&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (2009) [1988]. <i>The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-113-6"><bdi>978-1-60899-113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maccabean+Revolt%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Biblical+Revolution&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-113-6&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1974) [1973]. <i>Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period</i> (1st English ed.). London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0334007887" title="Special:BookSources/0334007887"><bdi>0334007887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hellenism%3A+Studies+in+Their+Encounter+in+Palestine+During+the+Early+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0334007887&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigman2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Honigman" title="Sylvie Honigman">Honigman, Sylvie</a> (2014). <i>Tales of High Priests and Taxes: The Books of the Maccabees and the Judean Rebellion against Antiochos IV</i>. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520958180" title="Special:BookSources/9780520958180"><bdi>9780520958180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+High+Priests+and+Taxes%3A+The+Books+of+the+Maccabees+and+the+Judean+Rebellion+against+Antiochos+IV&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520958180&rft.aulast=Honigman&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendels1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doron_Mendels" title="Doron Mendels">Mendels, Doron</a> (1997) [1992]. <i>The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism. Jewish and Christian Ethnicity in Ancient Palestine</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4329-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4329-8"><bdi>0-8028-4329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Jewish+Nationalism.+Jewish+and+Christian+Ethnicity+in+Ancient+Palestine&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8028-4329-8&rft.aulast=Mendels&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortier-Young2011" class="citation book cs1">Portier-Young, Anathea (2011). <i>Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802870834" title="Special:BookSources/9780802870834"><bdi>9780802870834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Against+Empire%3A+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802870834&rft.aulast=Portier-Young&rft.aufirst=Anathea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegev2013" class="citation book cs1">Regev, Eyal (2013). <i>The Hasmoneans: Ideology, Archaeology, Identity</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55043-4"><bdi>978-3-525-55043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hasmoneans%3A+Ideology%2C+Archaeology%2C+Identity&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55043-4&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürer1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Schürer, Emil</a> (1896) [1890]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMPbZz90EeoC"><i>A History of the Jewish People in the Times of Jesus Christ</i></a>. Translated by MacPherson, John. Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565630491" title="Special:BookSources/1565630491"><bdi>1565630491</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People+in+the+Times+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=1565630491&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrer&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMPbZz90EeoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Schwartz" title="Daniel R. Schwartz">Schwartz, Daniel R.</a> (2008). <i>2 Maccabees</i>. Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019118-9"><bdi>978-3-11-019118-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Maccabees&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Commentaries+on+Early+Jewish+Literature&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019118-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScolnic2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Scolnic" title="Benjamin Scolnic">Scolnic, Benjamin</a> (2004). <i>Alcimus, Enemy of the Maccabees</i>. University Press America, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-3044-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-3044-8"><bdi>0-7618-3044-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcimus%2C+Enemy+of+the+Maccabees&rft.pub=University+Press+America%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7618-3044-8&rft.aulast=Scolnic&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShatzman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Shatzman" title="Israel Shatzman">Shatzman, Israel</a> (1991). <i>The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks</i>. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 25. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-145617-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-145617-3"><bdi>3-16-145617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+Hasmonaeans+and+Herod%3A+From+Hellenistic+to+Roman+Frameworks&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Texts+and+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-16-145617-3&rft.aulast=Shatzman&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTcherikover1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Tcherikover" title="Victor Tcherikover">Tcherikover, Victor</a> (1959). <i>Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews</i>. Translated by Applebaum, S. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilization+and+the+Jews&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Tcherikover&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaccabean+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maccabean_Revolt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maccabean_Revolt" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Maccabean Revolt"><b><i>Maccabean Revolt</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XII" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XII">Book XII</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XIII" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XIII">Book XIII</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_I" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book I">Book I</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1_Maccabees" class="extiw" title="s:1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2_Maccabees" class="extiw" title="s:2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Template:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Ancient Greek wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Messenian_War" title="First Messenian War">First Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelantine_War" title="Lelantine War">Lelantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Messenian_War" title="Second Messenian War">Second Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian%E2%80%93Milesian_War" title="Lydian–Milesian War">Lydian–Milesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sacred_War" title="First Sacred War">First Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wars" title="Sicilian Wars">Sicilian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeginetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeginetan War">Aeginetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Messenian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Messenian War">Third Messenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sacred_War" title="Second Sacred War">Second Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_War" title="Samian War">Samian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Second Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyle_Campaign" title="Phyle Campaign">Phyle Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_War" title="Boeotian War">Boeotian War</a></li> <li>Wars of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban%E2%80%93Spartan_War" title="Theban–Spartan War">Theban–Spartan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(357%E2%80%93355_BC)" title="Social War (357–355 BC)">Social War <span style="font-size:85%;">(357–355 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_War" title="Foreign War">Foreign War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Expansion of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamian_War" title="Lamian War">Lamian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the <i>Diadochi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid%E2%80%93Nabataean_confrontations" title="Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations">Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus%27_invasion_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese">Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomenean_War" title="Cleomenean War">Cleomenean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyttian_War" title="Lyttian War">Lyttian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(220%E2%80%93217_BC)" title="Social War (220–217 BC)">Social War <span style="font-size:85%;">(220–217 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(205%E2%80%93200_BC)" title="Cretan War (205–200 BC)">Cretan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Seleucid War">Roman–Seleucid War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetolian War">Aetolian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Nabis" title="War against Nabis">War against Nabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Dynastic_Wars" title="Seleucid Dynastic Wars">Seleucid Dynastic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Epiphanes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_BC_rebellions" title="Category:2nd-century BC rebellions">2nd-century BC rebellions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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