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<button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Immediate causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Aelia_Capitolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Aelia_Capitolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Founding of Aelia Capitolina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Aelia_Capitolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_on_circumcision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_circumcision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ban on circumcision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_circumcision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other reasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership,_organization_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership,_organization_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Leadership, organization and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership,_organization_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leadership, organization and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership,_organization_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simon_Bar_Kokhba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simon_Bar_Kokhba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Simon Bar Kokhba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simon_Bar_Kokhba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coinages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Geographic extent of the revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Foreign participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Course of events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Roman campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Betar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Betar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fall of Betar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Betar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_of_sages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_sages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Execution of sages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_sages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Conclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destruction_and_extermination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_and_extermination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Destruction and extermination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_and_extermination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_and_enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_and_enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Expulsion and enslavement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_and_enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religious and cultural suppression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Judaea_to_Syria_Palaestina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Judaea_to_Syria_Palaestina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 From Judaea to Syria Palaestina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Judaea_to_Syria_Palaestina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sharp decline of Hebrew language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_and_religious_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_and_religious_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Philosophical and religious consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_and_religious_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Roman losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Archaeology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_refuges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_refuges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Underground refuges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_refuges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiding_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiding_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Hiding complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiding_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Cliff shelters and natural caves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_legionary_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_legionary_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Roman legionary camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_legionary_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 In Rabbinic Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 In Zionism and modern Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bar Kokhba revolt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ثورة بار كوخبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة بار كوخبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Koxba_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Bar-Koxba üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bar-Koxba üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بارکوخبا عوصیانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بارکوخبا عوصیانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Паўстанне Бар-Кохбы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўстанне Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Паўстаньне Бар-Кохбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўстаньне Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Въстание на Бар Кохба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание на Бар Кохба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsavadeg_Bar-Kokhba" title="Emsavadeg Bar-Kokhba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emsavadeg Bar-Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Bar_Kokheb%C3%A0" title="Revolta de Bar Kokhebà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta de Bar Kokhebà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Bar_Kochby" title="Povstání Bar Kochby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání Bar Kochby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel_Bar_Kochba" title="Gwrthryfel Bar Kochba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel Bar Kochba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-opr%C3%B8ret" title="Bar Kokhba-oprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bar Kokhba-oprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Kochba-Aufstand" title="Bar-Kochba-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bar-Kochba-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τρίτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Bar_Kojba" title="Rebelión de Bar Kojba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de Bar Kojba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ko%C4%A5ba-ribelo" title="Bar-Koĥba-ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bar-Koĥba-ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhbaren_matxinada" title="Bar Kokhbaren matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bar Kokhbaren matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="شورش بارکوخبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش بارکوخبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Bar_Kokhba" title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%AD_Amach_Bhar_Kokhba" title="Éirí Amach Bhar Kokhba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éirí Amach Bhar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Bar_Kokhba" title="Revolta de Bar Kokhba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolta de Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%BD%94%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="바르 코크바의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르 코크바의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Bar_Kokhba" title="Perang Bar Kokhba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_guerra_giudaica" title="Terza guerra giudaica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza guerra giudaica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%90" title="מרד בר כוכבא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד בר כוכבא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_vya_tatu_vya_Kiyahudi" title="Vita vya tatu vya Kiyahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita vya tatu vya Kiyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertium_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Tertium Bellum Iudaicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tertium Bellum Iudaicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbas_sacel%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Bar Kohbas sacelšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bar Kohbas sacelšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohba-felkel%C3%A9s" title="Bar Kohba-felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bar Kohba-felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikomian%27_i_Bar_Kokhba" title="Fikomian' i Bar Kokhba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikomian' i Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ثورة بار كوخبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثورة بار كوخبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kochba-opstand" title="Bar Kochba-opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bar Kochba-opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="バル・コクバの乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バル・コクバの乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Bar Kokhba-opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bar Kokhba-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_de_Bar_Kokhb%C3%A0" title="Revòuta de Bar Kokhbà – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revòuta de Bar Kokhbà" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بر کوخبا بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بر کوخبا بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_Bar-Kochby" title="Powstanie Bar-Kochby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie Bar-Kochby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_guerra_judaico-romana" title="Terceira guerra judaico-romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira guerra judaico-romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_lui_Bar_Kohba" title="Revolta lui Bar Kohba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta lui Bar Kohba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Восстание Бар-Кохбы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbova_vstaja" title="Bar Kohbova vstaja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bar Kohbova vstaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Бар Кохбин устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бар Кохбин устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbin_ustanak" title="Bar Kohbin ustanak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bar Kohbin ustanak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_juutalaissota" title="Toinen juutalaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen juutalaissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-revolten" title="Bar Kokhba-revolten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bar Kokhba-revolten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklasan_ni_Bar_Kokhba" title="Aklasan ni Bar Kokhba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklasan ni Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohba_%C4%B0syan%C4%B1" title="Bar Kohba İsyanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bar Kohba İsyanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Повстання Бар-Кохби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повстання Бар-Кохби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بر کوخبا بغاوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بر کوخبا بغاوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_ngh%C4%A9a_Bar_Kokhba" title="Khởi nghĩa Bar Kokhba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khởi nghĩa Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="巴爾科赫巴起義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴爾科赫巴起義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian#Third_Roman–Jewish_War_(132–136)" title="Hadrian">Hadrian § Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bar Kokhba revolt <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא‎</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up view of the rebellion's leader on a large menorah sculpture in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG/260px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG/390px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="473" /></a> Detail of <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> from <a href="/wiki/Benno_Elkan" title="Benno Elkan">Benno Elkan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>132–136 CE (main phase: autumn 132 – summer 135)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory<div><ul><li>Massacre and displacement of the Jewish population in Judea</li><li>Renaming of Judaea to <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li><li>Jews banned from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and its surrounding areas</li><li>Suppression of Jewish religious practices by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li><li>Significant increase in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Destruction of the rebels' <a href="#Rebel_Judean_statehood">Jewish state</a> by the Roman army</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of Judaea</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Poblicius Marcellus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Haterius_Nepos_(consul)" title="Titus Haterius Nepos (consul)">Titus Haterius Nepos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Quintus Lollius Urbicus</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Akiva ben Joseph</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua_ben_Galgula" title="Yeshua ben Galgula">Yeshua ben Galgula</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li>Yonatan ben Bai'in</li><li>Masbelah ben Shimon</li><li>Eleazar ben Khita</li><li>Yehuda bar Menashe</li><li>Shimon ben Matanya</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Cyrenaica" title="Legio III Cyrenaica">Legio III Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">Legio II Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a> (partial)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bar Kokhba's army</li> <li>* Bar Kokhba's guard</li> <li>* Local militias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> youth bands</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 legions – 20,000 (132–133) 5 legions – 80,000 (133–134) 6–7 full legions, cohorts of 5–6 more, 30–50 auxiliary units – 120,000 (134–135)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 200,000–400,000 militiamen • 12,000 Bar Kokhba's guard force</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> possibly destroyed<a href="#cite_note-keppie-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a> possibly disbanded<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> sustained heavy casualties<a href="#cite_note-mor334-4">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 500,000–600,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Bar Kokhba revolt<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Mereḏ Bar Kōḵḇāʾ‍) was a large-scale armed rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>. It was the third and final major escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>. The revolt began in 132 CE and lasted until 135 or early 136 CE, ending in the total defeat of the short-lived Jewish state. The Romans brutally suppressed the uprising; Bar Kokhba was killed during the siege and fall of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Betar</a>, the last Jewish stronghold, in 135 CE. The Roman campaigns led to the near-depopulation of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> through widespread killings, mass enslavement, and the displacement of many Jews from the region. Roman rule in Judaea had been deeply resented, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in 70 CE during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. In its aftermath, the Romans increased their military presence and implemented unpopular changes to the province's administrative and economic systems. In 129/130 CE, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> founded the pagan colony of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> on the ruins of Jerusalem, extinguishing hopes for the Temple's restoration and fueling Jewish anger. The role of the Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a> in provoking tensions is emphasized in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">early Christian writers</a>. Additionally, it is possible that a ban on <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision</a> may have contributed to the rebellion. Bar Kokhba’s charismatic leadership is believed to have played a key role in galvanizing the people. With the outbreak of the conflict, Jewish rebel forces achieved significant victories, establishing an independent Jewish state that controlled much of the province for several years. Unlike the previous revolt, the rebels were well-prepared, employing <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla tactics">guerrilla tactics</a> and utilizing <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">underground tunnels and hiding complexes</a> embedded within their villages. Bar Kokhba was declared "<a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a> (נָשִׂיא, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'prince') of Israel", and reportedly had the support of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>, one of the most revered <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">sages</a> of the time, who identified him as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>. The new state even minted its own coinage and weights. This setback for the Romans led Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> to assemble a large army – six full <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliaries</a> and other elements from up to six additional legions, all under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> – and launch an extensive military campaign across Judea, devastating the country. In the revolt's final phase, many <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">sought refuge in</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">natural caves</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>, but Roman troops besieged these hideouts, cutting off supplies and ultimately slaughtering those who were found. The consequences for the Jewish population were catastrophic. Hundreds of thousands of Jews are estimated to have been killed, with many others sold into slavery or expelled. Judea was heavily depopulated, and the remaining Jews were largely concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. The defeat had significant religious and philosophical consequences; Jewish messianic beliefs became more abstract and spiritualized, while rabbinical political thought shifted to a more cautious and conservative approach. Judaism and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> continued to diverge more sharply. In addition to the loss of life, the Romans imposed severe religious restrictions, such as prohibitions on circumcision and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat observance</a>. Hadrian continued the construction of Aelia Capitolina, barring Jews from entering the city and its surrounding areas, while bringing in foreign populations and dedicating the city to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>. Finally, the Romans renamed the province of Judea to <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, a measure aimed at obliterating Jewish ties to the land.<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt1107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modi%27in_campaign_(132)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modi'in campaign (132) (page does not exist)">Modi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerusalem_campaign_(132)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerusalem campaign (132) (page does not exist)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demise_of_Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demise of Legio XXII Deiotariana">Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tel_Shalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tel Shalem (page does not exist)">Tel Shalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(134)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (134)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Betar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">Hideouts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></div> The Bar Kokhba revolt was the last of three <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish revolts against Rome</a> fought within a span of approximately 60 years. It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73 CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a> (115–117 CE). These revolts were brutally suppressed by Rome, resulting in the destruction of numerous Jewish communities, including <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the national and religious center of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201819-11">[9]</a> Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed, many others were exiled or sold into slavery, and the status of Jews and Judaism throughout the Roman Empire was significantly diminished. In 6 CE, Judaea transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">client kingdom of Rome</a> to a directly ruled <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman19871-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabba1999130-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafraiStern1974308–309-14">[12]</a> For the next six decades, aside from a brief period under another client king, <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman19872-15">[13]</a> the province was governed by successive <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Governors_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Governors of Judea">Roman officials</a>. The Jewish population grew increasingly resentful due to mismanagement, corruption, and the incompetence of these governors. Their rule was often marked by acts of brutality and religious insensitivity, which further inflamed local tensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreyne200245-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976284-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20144-18">[16]</a> Escalating tensions emerged from ethnic, religious, and territorial conflicts with neighboring populations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreyne200247-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1976297-20">[18]</a> worsened by widening economic inequalities. Meanwhile, memories of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean revolt</a> and the period of independence under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmoneans</a> fueled Jewish nationalist aspirations for liberation from Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabba1999152-21">[19]</a> In 66 CE, unrest in Caesarea, followed by clashes in Jerusalem, sparked the outbreak of an open Jewish revolt—the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. The rebellion was systematically subdued by the Romans under the command of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and later his son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. Jerusalem was razed, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was destroyed. Following the war, Judaea underwent administrative reorganization. A senatorial-rank <a href="/wiki/Legate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Legate (ancient Rome)">legate</a> was appointed as governor, overseeing the province. Under his command, <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a>—which had participated in the war—was permanently stationed in the province, establishing its main base in the ruins of Jerusalem. To further secure the region, the regions of Judea and Idumea were designated as a military zone, administered directly by officers of the legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201821–22-22">[20]</a> The province's status changed again in the 110s CE when it was placed under a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>, a higher-ranking official. Around this time, an additional legion, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a>, was stationed in the province, with its main base at <a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">Legio (Kefar Othnai)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201822-23">[21]</a> The increased military presence was accompanied by efforts to establish and reinforce a more loyal population in the province, including through the settlement of discharged soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201847-24">[22]</a> In 115 CE, during <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s reign, another large-scale Jewish insurrection, known as the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a>, erupted, spreading across Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, and continuing until 117. The final stages of this conflict, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a>, appear to have led to unrest spilling over into Judaea. Mismanagement of the province in the early 2nd century likely contributed to the conditions that set the stage for the Bar Kokhba revolt, as governors enforcing anti-Jewish policies further destabilized an already volatile region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png/200px-Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>A cluster of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> containing Bar Kokhba's orders during the last year of the revolt, found at the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a> in the Judean desert by Israeli archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Unlike the First Jewish Revolt, which was thoroughly documented by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>—a participant and later eyewitness—the Bar Kokhba revolt is more challenging to reconstruct due to the limited availability of detailed accounts from either Roman or Jewish sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">[24]</a> Researchers rely on limited literary sources with differing objectives, reliability, and dates, leaving many crucial questions unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">[24]</a> The best recognized source for the revolt is <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, a Greco-Roman statesman and historian, who described the rebellion in Roman History (Book 69).<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> However, Dio's account survives only in fragmented form, covering about two pages. It offers an overview of the rebellion's general progression and catastrophic outcomes but omits specific names and locations. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, a 4th-century Christian bishop and historian from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, included a concise account of the revolt in his work, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_(Eusebius)" title="Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a>. He identified Bar Chochebas (interpreted by Eusebius as meaning "star") as the leader of the Jewish rebels and described their final stronghold at Beththera (i.e., Betar). Though Eusebius lived a century and a half after the revolt and wrote his brief account from a Christian theological perspective, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">[26]</a> (the belief that the Church has superseded the Jewish people, assuming <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">their role as God's covenanted people</a>) his account provides important details on the revolt and its aftermath in Judea. The <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, a late Roman collection of biographies, devotes only a single sentence to the revolt, briefly addressing one of its causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> makes occasional references to the Bar Kokhba revolt, offering insights into its leader, <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>, and the aftermath of the rebellion, including Roman executions of Jewish leaders and episodes of religious persecution. Only one event—the siege and fall of Betar—is referred to with any detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a> Archaeological discoveries from 1952 onwards,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">[24]</a> particularly papyrological evidence including legal documents and correspondence between the revolt's leader and his subordinates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a> offer invaluable insights into the Bar Kokhba revolt's internal dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">[24]</a> Among the roughly 30 surviving documents, three are in Greek, while the others are split between Hebrew and Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995373-29">[27]</a> These papyri provide insights into the rebels' civil administration, army structure, religious practices, and leadership challenges,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995374-30">[28]</a> but do not offer much detail about the course of the war itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995374-30">[28]</a> Additional knowledge about the revolt can be gleaned from the coins minted by the rebels, which help to estimate the duration of the uprising and reveal its goals:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">[23]</a> the establishment of Jewish independence and the rebuilding of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012268-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_causes">Immediate causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immediate causes">edit</a>]</div> The causes of the Bar Kokhba revolt have been debated among historians, with two main ancient sources providing differing explanations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429-32">[30]</a> Cassius Dio attributes the revolt to Jewish anger over Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s decision to rebuild Jerusalem as a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">[26]</a> The Historia Augusta suggests that the immediate trigger for the uprising was a Roman ban on <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision</a>, a central Jewish practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429-32">[30]</a> Despite the differences in these ancient accounts, the prevailing scholarly consensus recognizes a combination of these causes in explaining the outbreak of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006106-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Aelia_Capitolina">Founding of Aelia Capitolina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of Aelia Capitolina">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/247px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/371px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/494px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif/123px-Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="151" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The first coin issued at the mint of Aelia Capitolina about 130/132 CE. Reverse: COL[ONIA] AEL[IA] CAPIT[OLINA] COND[ITA] ('The founding of Colonia Aelia Capitolina').</div></div></div></div> In 129–130 CE, Hadrian visited Judaea and decided to rebuild Jerusalem, which had been in ruins since its destruction by Titus in 70 CE, as a Roman colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024294–295-34">[32]</a> The city was named Aelia Capitolina, derived from Hadrian's family name (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) and in honor of Capitoline <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024296-35">[33]</a> According to Cassius Dio: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Jerusalem he founded a city to replace the one which had been destroyed and called it Aelia Capitolina, and he erected a temple to Jupiter on the site of the Temple of God. This caused a long and serious war, since the Jews objected to having gentiles settled in their city and foreign cults established there.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio, LXIX, 12, 1-2<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976432-36">[34]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Eusebius, however, depicted the establishment of a colony as a consequence of the revolt, portraying it as a punitive measure:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976433-37">[35]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">and thus, when the city [Jerusalem] had been emptied of the Jewish nation and had suffered the total destruction of its ancient inhabitants, it was colonized by a different race, and the Roman city which subsequently arose changed its name and was called Aelia, in honor of the emperor Aelius Hadrianus.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, IV, 6.3–6.4<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">[26]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Until recently, historians debated whether the foundation of Aelia Capitolina was a cause of the revolt, as depicted by Cassius Dio, or if it occurred afterward as a form of punishment, in line with Eusebius' account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976433-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The discovery of Aelia Capitolina coins struck before the revolt—found in a building abandoned prior to the revolt and in the same hoard as Bar Kokhba revolt coins from refuge caves—has since been widely accepted as evidence supporting the sequence of events that places the founding of the colony before the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006107-39">[37]</a> These discoveries helped establish Cassius Dio's version as the more plausible account, while Eusebius's explanation may reflect his <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionist</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">[26]</a> One interpretation involves the visit in 130 of Hadrian to the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a>. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the Temple, but the Jews felt betrayed when they found out that he intended to build a temple dedicated to Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a> A rabbinic version of this story, seemingly set during Hadrian's reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435-40">[38]</a> suggests that the Romans did plan to rebuild the Temple, but a malevolent <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> convinced them to abandon the idea, claiming that the Jews would rebel once their city was restored.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[c]</a> The reference to a malevolent Samaritan, however, is a common <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> in Jewish literature.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[39]</a> this account might reveal the Jewish sense of disappointment due to the Romans not rebuilding the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435-40">[38]</a> An additional legion, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">VI Ferrata</a>, arrived in the province to maintain order. Works on Aelia Capitolina commenced in 131. Consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a> performed the foundation ceremony which involved ploughing over the designated city limits.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> "Ploughing up the Temple",<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> seen as a religious offence, turned many Jews against the Roman authorities. The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> and rabbinic literature emphasize the role of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a> in provoking the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-William_David_Davies_p._35-48">[45]</a> The Romans issued a coin inscribed Aelia Capitolina.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._Mary_Smallwood" title="E. Mary Smallwood">Mary E. Smallwood</a> writes that the foundation of Aelia Capitolina was likely "an attempt to combat resurgent Jewish nationalism" by secularizing the Jewish holy capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434-52">[49]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Martin Goodman</a>, Hadrian established the colony as a "final solution for Jewish rebelliousness," aiming to permanently erase the city and prevent any future rebellion among Jews in Judaea or in diaspora communities, as had occurred under his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman200427–28-53">[50]</a> The foundation of a Roman colony—rather than a Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>—was designed to transplant foreign populations and impose Roman religious practices. While Hadrian founded many cities, this case was unique in that it was "not to flatter but to suppress the natives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman200427–28-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_circumcision">Ban on circumcision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ban on circumcision">edit</a>]</div> The biography of Hadrian in the Historia Augusta, a 4th-century work authored by pagan Roman writers, attributes the Jewish revolt to a prohibition on circumcision, referred to as mutilare genitalia<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a>—interpreted as a reference to the Jewish practice of <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> According to the text, "In their impetuosity the Jews also began a war, as they had been forbidden to mutilate their genitals."<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> However, the Historia Augusta is considered an unreliable source,<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> and it is unclear whether the prohibition preceded the revolt and caused it, or if the Historia Augusta has incorrectly reversed the cause-and-effect relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976429-60">[57]</a> If the prohibition did exist, some scholars speculate that Hadrian, as a <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Hellenist</a>, may have regarded circumcision as an undesirable form of bodily mutilation.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay-61">[58]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._Mary_Smallwood" title="E. Mary Smallwood">E. Mary Smallwood</a>, Hadrian may have instituted a universal prohibition on circumcision, which was later relaxed by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, who is known<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> to have granted Jews an exemption. Smallwood also points to two Talmudic passages that suggest the circumcision ban was enacted prior to the revolt, including one from Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a>, who authorized the concealment of circumcision knives in times of peril.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976430–431-63">[60]</a> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> and Joseph Geiger, however, reject the circumcision ban theory, questioning the reliability of the Historia Augusta and instead argue that the ban may have been a punitive measure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1976139–147-64">[61]</a> Schäfer further argues that Roman laws concerning "genital mutilation" were more likely related to the <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> of slaves, not circumcision, thus undermining the link between the ban and the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reasons">Other reasons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other reasons">edit</a>]</div> Several elements are believed to have contributed to the rebellion; changes in administrative law, the widespread presence of legally-privileged <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a>, alterations in agricultural practice with a shift from landowning to sharecropping, the impact of a possible period of economic decline, and an upsurge of nationalism, the latter influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006106-33">[31]</a> The charismatic personality of the revolt's leader, <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>, is also thought to have been a major cause of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor201611-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> Jewish leaders carefully planned the revolt to avoid the numerous mistakes that had plagued the First Jewish-Roman war, six decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> reports that:<blockquote>The Jews [...] did not dare try conclusions with the Romans in the open field, but they occupied the advantageous positions in the country and strengthened them with mines and walls, in order that they might have places of refuge whenever they should be hard pressed, and might meet together unobserved underground; and they pierced these subterranean passages from above at intervals to let in air and light.</blockquote>Dio's account has been corroborated by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">hundreds of hiding complexes</a>, created in large numbers in almost every populated area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-69">[66]</a> Hideout systems were employed in the Judean hills, the Judean desert, northern Negev, and to some degree also in Galilee, Samaria and Jordan Valley. Many houses utilized underground hideouts, where Judean rebels hoped to withstand Roman superiority by the narrowness of the passages and even ambushes from underground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012259-70">[67]</a> The cave systems were often interconnected and used as hideouts and for storage and refuge for their families.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> As of July 2015, some 350 hideout systems have been mapped within the ruins of 140 Jewish villages.<a href="#cite_note-nrg-72">[69]</a> Dio also states that the Jews manufactured their own weapons in preparation for the revolt: "The Jews [...] purposely made of poor quality such weapons as they were called upon to furnish, in order that the Romans might reject them and that they themselves might thus have the use of them." However, there is no archaeological evidence to support Dio's claim that the Jews produced defective weapons. In fact, weapons found at sites controlled by the insurgents are identical to those used by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-69">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Bethar</a> was selected as the rebels' headquarters because of its strategic location near Jerusalem, abundant springs, and defensible position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a> Excavations at the site have revealed fortifications likely built by Bar Kokhba's forces, though determining whether these defenses were constructed at the beginning of the revolt or later in the conflict remains unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership,_organization_and_administration">Leadership, organization and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leadership, organization and administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simon_Bar_Kokhba">Simon Bar Kokhba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Simon Bar Kokhba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/220px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/330px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/440px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Bar Kokhba's tetradrachm overstruck on a denarius. <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temple</a> facade with the rising star. <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Reverse</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulav</a>, the text reads: "to the freedom of Jerusalem"</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JUDAEA,_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_(CNG_300483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/220px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/330px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/440px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Bar Kokhba's coin. <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: Grapes, the text reads: "year 1 to the redemption of Israel". <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Reverse</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> with two branches of <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>; "Eleazar the Priest" (in Hebrew) around</figcaption></figure>The revolt was led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">bar Kokhba</a>, a charismatic leader whose support was likely driven by his personal qualities and abilities, including his <a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charisma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016144-74">[71]</a> According to rabbinic literature, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>, a leading rabbi, recognized Bar Kokhba as the messiah. However, this claim was contested by other contemporary sages, such as <a href="/wiki/Johanan_(2nd_century_rabbi)" title="Johanan (2nd century rabbi)">Yohanan ben Torta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a><blockquote>Rabbi Aqiba, when he saw Bar-Kozebah, he said this is the king Messiah. Said to him Rabbi Yohanan ben Torta, Aqiba, grass will grow on your cheeks, and the Messiah will not yet have come!"<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016137-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976439-77">[74]</a></blockquote> The name Bar Kokhba does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> but is found in early ecclesiastical sources.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976439-77">[74]</a> Previously, historians debated whether Bar Kokhba, meaning "son of the star", was his original name, with some suggesting that the name Bar Kosiba (meaning "son of disappointment" or "son of lies"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976440-79">[76]</a> in this interpretation), found in rabbinic texts, was a later, derogatory term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a> However, documents discovered in the Judaean Desert in the 1950s revealed that his original name was Simeon ben Kosiba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a> This name is believed to be derived from his place of origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016144-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[d]</a> The title Bar Kokhba was likely bestowed upon him by Rabbi Akiva, based on the "<a href="/wiki/Star_Prophecy" title="Star Prophecy">Star Prophecy</a>" found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2024:17&version=nrsv">24:17</a>: "A star (kokhav) rises from Jacob."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">[70]</a> Seventeen letters discovered in the Judaean desert reveal some details on Bar Kokhba's personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinages">Coinages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coinages">edit</a>]</div> The new independent state minted its own coins. From the first year of the revolt, there are silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachms</a> featuring the Temple on the obverse with the word "Jerusalem." On the reverse, a <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulav</a> (palm branch) and <a href="/wiki/Ethrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethrog">ethrog</a> (citrus fruit) are depicted, along with the inscription "Year One of the Redemption of Israel."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012268-31">[29]</a> As in the Hasmonean revolt and the First Jewish–Roman war, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> underwent a resurgence, its presence on coins and documents reinforcing its role as a symbol of Jewish nationhood and independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt200661-84">[80]</a> Bar Kokhba, the leader of the revolt, is depicted on the coins as "Simeon, Prince of Israel." Coins from the first year also feature the inscription "Eleazar the priest," though the identity of this figure remains uncertain and debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372-83">[79]</a> Bar Kokhba could have been preparing for the Temple's eventual reconstruction, appointing a high priest to officiate once it was restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012270-85">[81]</a> For coins from the second year and undated coins, additional inscriptions appear, including "For the Freedom of Israel" and "For the Freedom of Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372-83">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt">Geographic extent of the revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographic extent of the revolt">edit</a>]</div> Over the years, two schools formed in the analysis of the revolt. One of them is maximalists, who claim that the revolt spread through the entire Judea Province and beyond it into neighboring provinces. The second one is that of the minimalists, who restrict the revolt to the area of the Judaean hills and immediate environs.<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-86">[82]</a> It is generally accepted that the Bar Kokhba revolt encompassed all of Judea, namely the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Judean_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean hills">Judean hills</a>, the Judean desert, and northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert. It is not known whether the revolt spread outside of Judea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016152-87">[83]</a> Until 1951, Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage was the sole archaeological evidence for dating the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-88">[84]</a> Despite the reference to Jerusalem on the coins, as of early 2000s, archaeological finds, and the lack of revolt coinage found in Jerusalem, supported the view that the revolt did not capture Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-2-89">[85]</a> In 2020, the fourth Bar Kokhba minted coin and the first inscribed with the word "Jerusalem" was found in Jerusalem Old City excavations.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Despite this discovery, the Israel Antiques Authority still maintained the opinion that Jerusalem was not taken by the rebels, because more than 22,000 coins Bar Kokhba coins had been found outside Jerusalem but only four were found within the city. The Israel Antiques Authority's archaeologists Moran Hagbi and Dr. Joe Uziel speculated "It is possible that a Roman soldier from the Tenth Legion found the coin during one of the battles across the country and brought it to their camp in Jerusalem as a souvenir."<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Among those findings are the rebel hideout systems in the Galilee, which greatly resemble the Bar Kokhba hideouts in Judea, and though they are less numerous, are nevertheless important. The fact that Galilee retained its Jewish character after the end of the revolt has been taken as an indication by some that either the revolt was never joined by Galilee or that the rebellion was crushed relatively early there compared to Judea.<a href="#cite_note-Harkabi1983-92">[88]</a> Several historians, notably W. Eck of the University of Cologne, theorized that the Tel Shalem arch depicted a major battle between Roman armies and Bar Kokhba's rebels in Bet Shean valley,<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-86">[82]</a> thus extending the battle areas some 50 km northwards from Judea. The 2013 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">military camp</a> of Legio VI Ferrata near <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> However, Eck's theory on battle in Tel Shalem is rejected by M. Mor, who considers the location implausible given Galilee's minimal (if any) participation in the Revolt and distance from the main conflict flareup in Judea proper.<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-86">[82]</a> A 2015 archaeological survey in Samaria identified some 40 hideout cave systems from the period, some containing Bar Kokhba's minted coins, suggesting that the war raged in Samaria at high intensity.<a href="#cite_note-nrg-72">[69]</a> Jews from Peraea are thought to have taken part in the revolt. This is demonstrated by a destruction layer dating from the early 2nd century at Tel Abu al-Sarbut in the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Sukkoth</a> Valley,<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> and by abandonment deposits from the same period that were discovered at al-Mukhayyat<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Callirrhoe (Jordan)">Callirrhoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> There is also evidence for Roman military presence in Perea in the middle of the century, as well as evidence of the settlement of Roman veterans in the area.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> This view is supported by a destruction layer in <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Tel Hesban</a> that dates to 130,<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> and a decline in settlement from the Early Roman to the Late Roman periods discovered in the survey of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Amir" title="Iraq al-Amir">Iraq al-Amir</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> However, it is still unclear whether this decline was caused by the First Jewish–Roman War or the Bar Kokhba revolt.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> Bowersock suggested of linking the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabateans</a> to the revolt, claiming "a greater spread of hostilities than had formerly been thought... the extension of the Jewish revolt into northern Transjordan and an additional reason to consider the spread of local support among <a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a> tribes and even at <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a>."<a href="#cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_participation">Foreign participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign participation">edit</a>]</div> According to Cassius Dio, the Jewish rebels were aided by "many outside nations," who were eager "for gain."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016384,_394–395-100">[96]</a> Menachem Mor suggests that non-Jewish populations in the region may have indeed joined the revolt alongside the Jews, though their numbers are difficult to assess. These participants likely came from the lower classes in Hellenistic cities, motivated by a desire to undermine the Roman-backed aristocracy and improve their own socio-economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016384,_394–395-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_events">Course of events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Course of events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> In 132, the revolt, led by Simon bar Kokhba and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Elasar</a>, quickly spread from <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi'in">Modi'in</a> across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Axelrod_2009_29-101">[97]</a> After Legio X and Legio VI failed to subdue the rebels, additional reinforcements were dispatched from neighbouring provinces. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Poblicius Marcellus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Legate (ancient Rome)">legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, arrived commanding <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Titus_Haterius_Nepos_(consul)" title="Titus Haterius Nepos (consul)">Titus Haterius Nepos</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Roman Arabia</a>, brought <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Cyrenaica" title="Legio III Cyrenaica">Legio III Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck199981-102">[98]</a> It is likely that <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> was destroyed during the early stages of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck199980-103">[99]</a> According to Rabbinic sources some 400,000 men were at the disposal of Bar Kokhba at the peak of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_campaign">Roman campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roman campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/300px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/450px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/600px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Territory held by the rebels in blue.</figcaption></figure>Following a series of setbacks, Hadrian called his general <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016491-105">[101]</a> and troops were brought from as far as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. In 133/4, Severus landed in Judea with three legions from Europe (including <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a> and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>), cohorts of additional legions and between 30 and 50 auxiliary units.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The size of the Roman army amassed against the rebels was much larger than that commanded by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> 60 years earlier – nearly one third of the Roman army took part in the campaign against Bar Kokhba. It is estimated that forces from at least 10 legions participated in Severus' campaign in Judea, including Legio X Fretensis, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a>, Legio III Gallica, Legio III Cyrenaica, <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">Legio II Traiana Fortis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> and cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a>, along with 30–50 auxiliary units, for a total force of 60,000–120,000 Roman soldiers facing Bar Kokhba's rebels. It is plausible that <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a> was among the legions Severus brought with him from Europe, and that its demise occurred during Severus' campaign, as its disappearance during the second century is often attributed to this war.<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-106">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] One of the crucial battles of the war took place near Tel Shalem in the <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> valley, near what is now identified as the legionary camp of Legio VI Ferrata. This theory was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a> in 1999, as part of his general maximalist work which did put the Bar Kokhba revolt as a very prominent event on the course of the Roman Empire's history.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Next to the camp, archaeologists unearthed the remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>, which featured a dedication to Hadrian, most likely referring to the defeat of Bar Kokhba's army.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Additional finds at Tel Shalem, including a bust of Hadrian, specifically link the site to the period. The theory for a major decisive battle in Tel Shalem implies a significant extension of the area of the rebellion, with Eck suggesting the war encompassed also northern valleys together with Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Betar">Fall of Betar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fall of Betar">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitar-169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/200px-Beitar-169.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/300px-Beitar-169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/400px-Beitar-169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruined walls of Betar, the last stand of Bar Kokhba</figcaption></figure> After losing many of their strongholds, Bar Kokhba and the remnants of his army withdrew to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Betar</a>, which subsequently came under siege in the summer of 135. Legio V Macedonica and Legio XI Claudia are said to have taken part in the siege.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> According to Jewish tradition, the town was breached and destroyed on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, the ninth day of the lunar month of <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a>, a day of fasting and mourning marking the anniversary of the destruction of the Second Temple.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976456-112">[108]</a> The Talmudic tradition attributes the downfall of Betar to a Samaritan who acted as a sort of "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>," sowing discord between Bar Kokhba and his maternal uncle, rabbi Elazar <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Elazar Hamuda'i</a>. Suspecting Elazar of collaborating with the enemy, Bar Kokhba killed him with a single kick, forfeiting divine protection. Shortly afterward, Betar was captured, and Bar Kokhba was killed.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Scholars, however, consider this story to be a later addition with little historical value regarding the revolt. It is thought to reflect the deterioration of relations between Jews and Samaritans in the years following the revolt. According to a Jewish tradition in <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a>, when Bar Kokhba's body was shown to Hadrian, the emperor ordered that the rest of the body be brought forward. It was discovered with a snake coiled around his neck, and Hadrian is said to have commented, "If his God had not slain him, who could have overcome him?"<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976456-112">[108]</a> According to another Talmudic legend, found in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>, Bar Kokhba was executed by the sages, although this account is not considered reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012413-115">[111]</a> The horrendous scene after the city's capture could be best described as a massacre.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The Jerusalem Talmud relates that the number of dead in Betar was enormous, and that the Romans "went about slaughtering them until a horse sunk in blood up to its nostrils, and the blood carried away boulders that weighted forty <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement#Mass_and_money" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">sela</a> until it went four miles into the sea. If you should think that it (Betar) was close to the sea, behold, it was forty miles distant from the sea."<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016469–470-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution_of_sages">Execution of sages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Execution of sages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/220px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/330px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/440px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Roman Inscription found near Battir mentioning the 5th and 11th Roman Legions</figcaption></figure> According to a rabbinic <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>, the Romans executed eight leading members of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> (the list of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a> includes two earlier rabbis): Rabbi Akiva; <a href="/wiki/Haninah_ben_Teradion" title="Haninah ben Teradion">Haninah ben Teradion</a>; the interpreter of the Sanhedrin, Rabbi Huspith; <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Shammua" title="Eleazar ben Shammua">Eleazar ben Shammua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai" title="Hanina ben Hakinai">Hanina ben Hakinai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeshbab_the_Scribe" title="Jeshbab the Scribe">Jeshbab the Scribe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Dama" title="Judah ben Dama">Judah ben Dama</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Bava" title="Judah ben Bava">Judah ben Bava</a>. The date of Akiva's execution is disputed, some dating it to the beginning of the revolt based on the midrash, while others link it to final phases. The rabbinic account describes agonizing tortures: Akiva was <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a> with iron combs, Ishmael had the skin of his head pulled off slowly, and Haninah was <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_a_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at a stake">burned at a stake</a>, with wet wool held by a <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scroll</a> wrapped around his body to prolong his death.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conclusion">edit</a>]</div> Following the fall of Betar, the Roman forces went on a rampage of systematic killing, eliminating all remaining Jewish villages in the region and seeking out the refugees. Legio III Cyrenaica was the main force to execute this last phase of the campaign. Historians disagree on the duration of the Roman campaign following the fall of Betar. While some claim further resistance was broken quickly, others argue that pockets of Jewish rebels continued to hide with their families into the winter months of late 135 and possibly even spring 136. By early 136 however, it is clear that the revolt was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The Babylonian Talmud (<a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 93b) says that Bar Kokhba reigned for a mere two and a half years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_and_extermination">Destruction and extermination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Destruction and extermination">edit</a>]</div> The revolt had catastrophic consequences for the Jewish population in Judaea, with profound loss of life, extensive forced displacements, and widespread enslavement. The scale of suffering surpassed even the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, leaving the region of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in a state of desolation.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[118]</a> Shimeon Applebaum estimates that about two-thirds of Judaea's Jewish population perished in the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Some scholars characterize these consequences as an act of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.il-124">[120]</a> Describing the devastating consequences of the revolt, several decades after its suppression, the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 155–235) wrote:<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. 580,000 men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out, Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio, History of Rome, 69.14.1–2</cite></div></blockquote> While several scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-schafer-1981-125">[121]</a> have argued that these figures are exaggerations, later estimates suggest that the numbers may be accurate. In 2003, Cotton described Dio's figures as highly plausible, given accurate Roman census declarations.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In 2021, an ethno-archaeological comparative analysis by Dvir Raviv and Chaim Ben David also supported the accuracy of Dio's figures, concluding that his data represent a "reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation."<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-127">[123]</a> Archaeological evidence indicates that many sites in Judea suffered damage, destruction, or abandonment following the Bar Kokhba revolt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37-128">[124]</a> to the extent that Jewish settlement in Judea was almost completely eradicated by the end of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> To date, no site in the region has revealed a continuous occupation layer throughout the 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">[125]</a> The findings show clear signs of devastation or depopulation within the first few decades of the century, followed by a period of abandonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> When some of these former Jewish settlements were reoccupied in the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE, the new inhabitants were typically non-Jews, as reflected in their distinct <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>, which differed significantly from that of the earlier Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_and_enslavement">Expulsion and enslavement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Expulsion and enslavement">edit</a>]</div> Jewish survivors faced harsh punitive measures from the Romans, who often used <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a> to stabilize conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-:43-130">[126]</a> In the aftermath of the war, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Menahem Mor notes that Jews were also expelled from the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Gophna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aqraba,_Nablus" title="Aqraba, Nablus">Aqraba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Additionally, the revolt prompted a widespread migration of Jews from Judea to coastal cities and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-127">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> writes "[...] all the families of the Jewish nation have suffered pain worthy of wailing and lamentation because God's hand has struck them, delivering their mother-city over to strange nations, laying their Temple low, and driving them from their country, to serve their enemies in a hostile land."<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> provides a similar account: "in Hadrian's reign, when Jerusalem was completely destroyed and the Jewish nation was massacred in large groups at a time, with the result that they were even expelled from the borders of Judaea."<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Roman post-war policy also involved removing and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">enslaving</a> large numbers of prisoners of war, a practice also observed after the revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a> (25 BCE), the wars with the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Raeti</a> (15 BCE), and the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Pannonian War</a> (c. 12 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-:43-130">[126]</a> Sources indicate that Jewish captives were sold into slavery and sent to various parts of the empire, and the slave market was flooded with Jewish slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016471-135">[131]</a> Jerome reports that following the war, "innumerable people of diverse ages and both sexes were sold at the marketplace of Terebinthus. For this reason it is an accursed thing among the Jews to visit this acclaimed marketplace." In another work, he notes that thousands of people were sold at this market. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, drawing on earlier sources, mentions that Hadrian sold Jewish captives "for the price of a daily portion of food for a horse."<a href="#cite_note-:43-130">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_V._Harris" title="William V. Harris">William V. Harris</a> puts the overall number of enslaved captives taken during the revolt at higher than 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Those who were not sold were transported to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> for auction. Many others were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and other regions, significantly increasing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powell,_p.8122-137">[133]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Galilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/225px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/338px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a></figcaption></figure>While Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled,<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> there was a continuous small Jewish presence, and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> became its religious center.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Some of the Judean survivors resettled in Galilee, with some rabbinical families gathering in <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Talmud</a>, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Jewish communities continued to live on the edges of Judea, including <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Eleutheropolis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a>. There were also Jewish communities along the coastal plain, in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeJudaism2-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-146">[142]</a> The maintenance of Jewish settlement in Judea became a major concern of the rabbis.<a href="#cite_note-smelik2-147">[143]</a> They endeavored to halt Jewish dispersal and even banned emigration from Judea, branding those who settled outside its borders as idolaters.<a href="#cite_note-smelik2-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_suppression">Religious and cultural suppression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious and cultural suppression">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of Hadrian. A miniature from the 15th-century manuscript "Histoire des Empereurs".</figcaption></figure>Hadrian promulgated a series of religious edicts aimed at uprooting the Jewish nationalism in Judea.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">[125]</a> He prohibited <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> law and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and executed Judaic scholars. The sacred scrolls of Judaism were ceremonially burned at the large Temple complex as an offering to Jupiter. At the Temple, he installed two statues, one of Jupiter, another of himself. These proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian's death in 138, which marked a significant relief to the surviving Jewish communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">[125]</a> This period of persecution left a lasting mark on rabbinic tradition, where it is referred to as shemad (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שְׁמָד‎; literally "destruction" or "desolation").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine2018168-148">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> records 2nd century sage <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Rabbi Ishmael">Rabbi Ishmael</a> drawing a comparison between the days of the Temple's destruction and the persecutions under Hadrian, when the Romans were "uprooting the Torah" from among the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine2018169-150">[146]</a> Hadrian's post-war policy included a prohibition against Jews living in or even approaching Jerusalem, as described by several ancient sources. Eusebius notes that "Hadrian then commanded that by a legal decree and ordinances the whole nation should be absolutely prevented from entering from thenceforth even the district round Jerusalem, so that it could not even see from a distance its ancestral home [...] Thus when the city came to be bereft of the nation of the Jews, and its ancient inhabitants had completely perished, it was settled by foreigners." Similarly, Jerome writes that Jews were only allowed to visit the city to mourn its ruins, paying for the privilege.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Under the argument to ensure the prosperity of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> of Aelia Capitolina, Jews were forbidden to enter the city, except on the day of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Judaea_to_Syria_Palaestina">From Judaea to Syria Palaestina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: From Judaea to Syria Palaestina">edit</a>]</div> A further, more lasting punishment was also implemented by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">[125]</a> In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Ancient Israel</a>, the name Judaea was dropped from the provincial name, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-99">[95]</a> Despite such name changes taking place elsewhere, rebellions have never resulted in a nation's name being expunged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">[125]</a> After Hadrian's death in 138, the Romans scaled back on their crackdown across Judea, but the ban on Jewish entry into Jerusalem remained in place, exempting only those Jews who wished to enter the city for Tisha B'Av.<a href="#cite_note-MAY84-155">[151]</a> By destroying the association of Jews with Judea and forbidding the practice of the Jewish faith, Hadrian aimed to root out a nation that had inflicted heavy casualties on the Roman Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement">Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement">edit</a>]</div> Eusebius' reference to the "enslavement" of Jewish territory after the Bar Kokhba revolt<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> suggests that, similar to the measures taken by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish Revolt</a>, land was returned to imperial ownership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463-157">[153]</a> This likely entailed the confiscation of land that had either reverted to Jewish control during the interim between the revolts or had been appropriated by the rebel state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463-157">[153]</a> Rabbinic literature mentions "Hadrian's vineyard," a vineyard in Galilee said to stretch from <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, with its boundaries marked by the bodies of Jews killed at Betar.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463-157">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._Mary_Smallwood" title="E. Mary Smallwood">E. Mary Smallwood</a> suggests that this story may symbolize extensive land confiscations and the establishment of Roman estates in the region following the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463-157">[153]</a> Artistic, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatic</a> evidence from post-revolt Judea indicates that the Roman authorities resettled the region with a diverse population. This included Roman veterans and immigrants from the western parts of the empire, who settled in Aelia Capitolina and its surroundings, administrative centers, and along main roads. Additionally, immigrants from the coastal plain and neighboring provinces such as Syria, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Phoenicia</a>, and Arabia settled in the Judean countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Klein2010-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> One of the primary beneficiaries of the decline in the Jewish population was the Samaritans. Capitalizing on the depopulation of Jewish areas, they expanded from their historical center in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> into northern Judea, the coastal plain, and the <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> Valley. This expansion is reflected in a saying attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abbahu" title="Abbahu">Abbahu</a> in the Jerusalem Talmud, according to which thirteen towns were settled by the Samaritans during the period of anti-Jewish persecutions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016383-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[e]</a> In the vicinity of Jerusalem, villages were depopulated, and arable land owned by Jews was confiscated. In the following centuries, the lack of an alternative population to fill the empty villages led Roman and later Byzantine authorities to seek a different approach to benefit the nobles, and ultimately the church, by constructing estate farms and monasteries on the empty village lands.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> The Roman legionary tomb at <a href="/wiki/Malha" title="Malha">Manahat</a>, the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a> at Ein Yael, Khirbet er-Ras, Rephaim Valley and <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Rachel" title="Ramat Rachel">Ramat Rachel</a>, and the Tenth Legion's <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> discovered near <a href="/wiki/Givat_Ram" title="Givat Ram">Giv'at Ram</a> are all indications that the rural area surrounding Aelia Capitolina underwent a romanization process, with Roman citizens and Roman veterans settling in the area during the Late Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-ZissuKlein-167">[162]</a> Indications for the settlement of Roman veterans in other parts of Judea proper includes a magnificent marble sarcophagus showing <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Turmus_Ayya" title="Turmus Ayya">Turmus Ayya</a>, Latin-inscribed stone discovered at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Khirbet Tibnah</a>, a statue of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> discovered at <a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Mafjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat al-Mafjar">Khirbat al-Mafjar</a>, a tomb of a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Beit Nattif</a> and a Roman mansion with western elements discovered at Arak el-Khala, near <a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin-Maresha_National_Park" title="Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park">Beit Guvrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klein2010-159">[155]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, a Roman military presence in the middle of the 2nd century suggests that the Jews there were also victims of the revolt. The name of a Roman veteran from the village of Meason in Perea appears on a papyrus that was signed in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 151, implying that lands there had been expropriated and given to Roman settlers. A building inscription of the Sixth Legion from the 2nd century was discovered at <a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">as-Salt</a>, which is identified as Gadara, one of the principal Jewish settlements in Perea, and provides more proof of the Roman military presence there.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language">Sharp decline of Hebrew language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sharp decline of Hebrew language">edit</a>]</div> Following the revolt, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> disappeared from daily use. Before the revolt, Hebrew was still used as a living language among a very significant part of the Jewish population in this region of the country. In the 3rd century sages no longer knew how to identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. Only a small number of sages who resided in the south still spoke Hebrew. The Jerusalem Talmud and the classic legend midrashes (in which the majority of the acts and stories are in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Aramaic</a>) both demonstrate that Hebrew was used mostly as a literary and artificial language. Hebrew is only found on a small percentage of cemeteries and synagogues.<a href="#cite_note-:3-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_and_religious_consequences">Philosophical and religious consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Philosophical and religious consequences">edit</a>]</div> Rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative, with Jewish belief in the messiah becoming abstracted and spiritualized.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Doron Mendels suggested that after the revolt, Jewish nationalism in its activist form—meaning large-scale, organized efforts to establish a Jewish state—ceased. However, a passive nationalist sentiment persisted; in rabbinic circles, the aspiration for Jewish sovereignty remained alive, but did not lead to another full-scale revolt or political military movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels19926,_386,_391-169">[164]</a> David Goodblatt argued that Jewish nationalism did not fall after the revolt, only its political and activist expressions ceased with the loss of Jewish statehood. He noted that Jewish national identity persisted through culture, law, language and religious traditions, even in the absence of a state. While institutions like the Temple, kingship and territorial control declined, they survived in Jewish thought, messianic hopes, and communal memory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt2006204–205-170">[165]</a> Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Christians</a> were killed and suffered "all kinds of persecutions" at the hands of rebel Jews when they refused to help Bar Kokhba against the Roman troops.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2018281-173">[168]</a> Although Christians regarded <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> they were barred from Jerusalem along with the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> The outcome of the Bar Kokhba revolt reinforced the Christian interpretation that the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE signified divine punishment, making it a key argument in anti-Jewish polemics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2018288-176">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_losses">Roman losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Roman losses">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem,_Israel_Museum,_Jerusalem_(15472504477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>Schematic reconstruction of the Arch of Hadrian in Tel Shalem, dedicated to the Emperor for defeating the Jewish revolt of 132–135</figcaption></figure> Roman casualties were heavy; Legio X Fretensis sustained heavy casualties during the revolt,<a href="#cite_note-mor334-4">[3]</a> and Legio XXII Deiotariana was disbanded following the revolt, perhaps because of serious losses.<a href="#cite_note-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229-177">[172]</a> Cassius Dio writes "Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore, Hadrian, in writing to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors: 'If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the army are in health.'"<a href="#cite_note-Cassius-178">[173]</a> Some argue that the exceptional number of preserved Roman veteran diplomas from the late 150s and 160s indicate an unprecedented conscription across the Roman Empire to replenish heavy losses within military legions and auxiliary units between 133 and 135, corresponding to the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Some historians argue that <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>'s disbandment in the mid-2nd century could have also been a result of this war.<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-106">[102]</a> Previously it had generally been accepted that the Ninth disappeared around 108 CE, possibly suffering its demise in Britain, according to German historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>; but archaeological findings in 2015 from <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> dated to 121 contain the known inscriptions of two senior officers who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in 120 and lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers. It was concluded that the legion was disbanded between 120 and 197, either as a result of fighting the Bar Kokhba revolt, or in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> (161), or at the Danube (162).<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire">Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></div> Relations between the Jews in the region and the Roman Empire continued to be complicated. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Judaism" title="Constantine the Great and Judaism">Constantine I</a> allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation annually on Tisha B'Av at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>. In 351–352 the Jews of Galilee launched <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">yet another revolt</a>, provoking heavy retribution.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a>. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who, unlike his predecessors, defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sassanian Persia, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt in his effort to foster religions other than Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic <a href="/wiki/363_Galilee_earthquake" title="363 Galilee earthquake">Galilee earthquake of 363</a>, and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">project</a>. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire, though Christian historians of the time ascribed it to divine intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-183">[178]</a> Julian's support of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> caused Jews to call him "Julian the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes (religion)">Hellene</a>".<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> In 438, when the Empress <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Eudocia</a> removed the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site, the heads of the community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city saw this as a threat to their primacy, and a riot erupted which chased Jews from the city.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> During the 5th and 6th centuries, a series of <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a> broke out across <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in near annihilation of the Samaritan community.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> It is likely that the Samaritan revolt of 556 was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered brutal suppression of their religion under Emperor Justinian.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jews made an alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, joining the invasion of Palaestina Prima in 614 to overwhelm the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> garrison, and briefly gained autonomy in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Phoenicia-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses">Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses">edit</a>]</div> Several archaeological excavations have been performed during the 20th and 21st centuries in ruins of Roman-period Jewish villages across Judea and Samaria, as well in the Roman-dominated cities on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a>. Most of the villages in Judea's larger region show signs of devastation or abandonment that dates to the Bar Kokhba revolt. Buildings and underground installations carved out beneath or close to towns, such as hiding complexes, burial caves, storage facilities, and field towers, have both been found to have <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layers</a> and abandonment deposits. Furthermore, there is a gap in settlement above these levels. Fragmentary material from <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> and the Galilee adds to the discoveries from Judea.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/220px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/330px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/440px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Ethri" title="Horvat 'Ethri">Horvat 'Ethri</a>/Itri display a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a> dating to the revolt, along with a mass grave containing the remains of 15 individuals, including one with signs of beheading<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> Excavations at archaeological sites such as Horvat Ethri and <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit#Khirbet_Badd_‘Isa" title="Modi'in Illit">Khirbet Badd ‘Isa</a> have demonstrated that these Jewish villages were destroyed in the revolt, and were only resettled by pagan populations in the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> Discoveries from towns like Gophna, known to be Jewish before the revolt, demonstrate that pagans of Hellenistic and Roman culture lived there during the Late Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> was excavated by archaeologist Ehud Netzer in the 1980s, publishing results in 1985. According to findings, during the later Bar-Kokhba revolt, complex tunnels were dug, connecting the earlier cisterns with one another.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> These led from the Herodium fortress to hidden openings, which allowed surprise attacks on Roman units besieging the hill. The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Betar</a>, the last standing stronghold of Bar Kokhba, can be found at Khirbet al-Yahud, an archeological site located in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Battir" title="Battir">Battir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>. A stone inscription bearing Latin characters and discovered near the site shows that the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Fifth Macedonian Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Eleventh Claudian Legion</a> took part in the siege.<a href="#cite_note-C._Clermont-Ganneau,_1899,_pp._263-270-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_refuges">Underground refuges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Underground refuges">edit</a>]</div> There were three categories of underground refuges: man-made hiding complexes with living spaces connected by tunnels, cliff shelters carved into steep cliff faces, and natural caves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hiding_complexes">Hiding complexes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hiding complexes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">Bar Kokhba hiding complexes</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/200px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/300px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/400px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to a hiding complex dating from the revolt which was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Adullam_Grove_Nature_Reserve#Archaeology" title="Adullam Grove Nature Reserve">Hurvat Midras</a></figcaption></figure> The Bar Kokhba revolt has been better understood thanks to the discovery of artificially carved hiding complexes under many sites across Judea, and on a lesser level in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a>. Their discovery is consistent with Cassius Dio's writings, which reported that the rebels used underground networks as part of their tactics to avoid direct confrontations with the Romans. Many were hewn in earlier times and were utilized by rebels during the revolt as indicated by the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt_coinage" title="Bar Kokhba revolt coinage">coinage produced by Bar Kokhba</a> and other archaeological findings.<a href="#cite_note-:1-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Hiding complexes were found at more than 130 archaeological sites in Judea; most of them in the <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Judaean Lowlands</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>, and some also in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-:1-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Examples include: <a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Midras" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurvat Midras">Hurvat Midras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_ej-Judeideh" title="Tell ej-Judeideh">Tel Goded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Maresha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aboud" title="Aboud">Aboud</a> and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves">Cliff shelters and natural caves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cliff shelters and natural caves">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">Bar Kokhba refuge caves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_of_Letters_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/220px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/330px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/440px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a>, where several documents of the period, including letters from Simeon bar Kokhba to the people of <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, were discovered</figcaption></figure> Near the end of the uprising, many Jews fleeing for their life sought asylum in refuge caves, the most of which are found in Israel's <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> on high cliffs overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>. The majority of these caves are large natural caverns (with few man-made modifications) that are situated in nearly inaccessible vertical cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-199">[194]</a> They carried luxury goods, cash, arms, papers and deeds, and even the keys to their homes as a hint that they intended to return there once the fighting was over. These items were frequently discovered with their owners' bones in caverns, which is evidence of their tragic fate. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hever" title="Nahal Hever">Nahal Hever</a> and the caverns in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a>, which yielded a plethora of written records from the time of the revolt, are among the best-known refuge caves.<a href="#cite_note-:1-199">[194]</a> The Cave of Letters was surveyed in explorations conducted in 1960–1961, when letters and fragments of papyri were found dating back to the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Horror">Cave of Horror</a> is the name given to Cave 8, where the skeletons of 40 Jewish refugees from the Bar Kokhba revolt, including men, women and children, were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Three potsherds with the names of three of the deceased were also found alongside the skeletons in the cave. The discovery of the Cave of Letters in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> area, dubbed as "Bar Kokhba archive",<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> which contained letters actually written by Bar Kokhba and his followers, has added much new primary source data, indicating among other things that either a pronounced part of the Jewish population spoke only Greek or there was a foreign contingent among Bar Kokhba's forces, accounted for by the fact that his military correspondence was, in part, conducted in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> The Cave of Horror also contained fragments of letters and writings. Several briefer sources have been uncovered in the area over the past century, including references to the revolt from Nabatea and Roman Syria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BabathaScroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/BabathaScroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="385" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>A scroll found in the cave, part of the <a href="/wiki/Babatha" title="Babatha">Babatha</a> archive</figcaption></figure> In 2023, archaeologists discovered a cache consisting of four Roman swords and a <a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a> concealed within a crevice in a cave located within the <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a> nature reserve. Analysis of the sword types and the discovery of a Bar Kokhba revolt coin within the cave strongly support the hypothesis put forth by archaeologists, which suggests that these items were concealed by Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba revolt, serving as a precautionary measure to elude detection by Roman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Coinage">edit</a>]</div> As of 2023, 24 coins from the Bar Kokhba revolt have been discovered outside of Judaea in various parts of Europe, including what was then the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>. Most of the coins were discovered near Roman military locations, including multiple legionary and auxiliary camps, though not necessarily in a strict military context. It has been suggested to attribute these findings to Roman soldiers who took part in the uprising and brought the coins as souvenirs or commemorative relics, or to Jewish captives, slaves or immigrants who arrived in those areas in the aftermath of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-EZB2009-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grull2023-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-CFK2018-209">[204]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">Baraita</a> contains a rabbinic depiction of a widespread archeological phenomenon: the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoards</a> of Bar Kokhba coinage all over Judea. The Jews who hid those hoards were unable to collect them due to the presence of Roman garrisons, or because they were killed during the revolt's suppression. It is reasonable to believe that the extensive destruction played a part in the loss of the hiding locations as well. Thirty hoards from this era have been found, more than any other decade.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_legionary_camps">Roman legionary camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Roman legionary camps">edit</a>]</div> A number of locations have been identified with Roman Legionary camps in the time of the Bar Kokhba War, including in Tel Shalem, Jerusalem, Lajjun and more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)">Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130)">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, one half of a Latin inscription was discovered in Jerusalem during excavations near the Damascus Gate.<a href="#cite_note-i24news-211">[206]</a> It was identified as the right half of a complete inscription, the other part of which was discovered nearby in the late 19th century and is currently on display in the courtyard of Jerusalem's Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum. The complete inscription was translated as follows: <blockquote>To the Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, son of the deified Traianus Parthicus, grandson of the deified Nerva, high priest, invested with tribunician power for the 14th time, consul for the third time, father of the country (dedicated by) the 10th legion Fretensis Antoniniana.</blockquote> The inscription was dedicated by Legio X Fretensis to Hadrian in 129/130. The inscription is considered to greatly strengthen the claim that indeed the emperor visited Jerusalem that year, supporting the traditional claim that Hadrian's visit was among the main causes of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, and not the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-i24news-211">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue">Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue">edit</a>]</div> The location was identified as a Roman military post during the 20th century, with archaeological excavation performed in the late 20th century following an accidental discovery of Hadrian's bronze statue in the vicinity of the site in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Remains of a large Roman military camp and fragments of a triumphal arc dedicated to Hadrian were consequently discovered at the site. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Rabbinic_Judaism">In Rabbinic Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In Rabbinic Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_stance_on_Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt">Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div> The disastrous end of the revolt occasioned major changes in Jewish religious thought. Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba", a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a false Messiah. The deeply ambivalent rabbinical position regarding Messianism, as expressed most famously in <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' "Epistle to Yemen," would seem to have its origins in the attempt to deal with the trauma of a failed Messianic uprising.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel">In Zionism and modern Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In Zionism and modern Israel">edit</a>]</div> In the post-rabbinical era, the Bar Kokhba Revolt became a symbol of valiant national resistance. The <a href="/wiki/Zionist_youth_movement" title="Zionist youth movement">Zionist youth movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> took its name from Bar Kokhba's traditional last stronghold, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, Israel's first prime minister, took his Hebrew last name from one of Bar Kokhba's generals.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> A popular children's song, included in the curriculum of Israeli kindergartens, has the refrain "Bar Kokhba was a Hero/He fought for Liberty," and its words describe Bar Kokhba as being captured and thrown into a lion's den, but managing to escape riding on the lion's back.<a href="#cite_note-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society-215">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a>, 614–617/625</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">List of conflicts in the Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon_(Jewish_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicaricon (Jewish law)">Sicaricon (Jewish law)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Legion was also possibly disbanded as a result of the campaigns in Brittania or <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Other names include the Third Jewish–Roman War, the Third Jewish Revolt, and the Second Jewish Revolt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaney1984122-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20145-9">[8]</a> when not counting the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a> (115–117), which appears to have been <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">only marginally fought</a> in Judaea. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> According to the story, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a>, a sage who died just before the revolt, intervened and prevented the situation from escalating into an armed revolt.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435-40">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> One option is <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kuwayzibah" title="Khirbet Kuwayzibah">Kosiba</a>, located 8 kilometers north of Hebron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016144-74">[71]</a> Another alternative is Khirbet En el-Kizbe, a ruin in the Judaean Foothills near the <a href="/wiki/Te%27omim_Cave" title="Te'omim Cave">Te'omim Cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012417–418-80">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> According to Mor, the expansion of the Samaritans into formerly Jewish areas also resulted in increased proximity and economic competition between the two populations. Consequently, the Jewish sages altered their perception of the Samaritans, classifying them as strangers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016383–384-164">[160]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-keppie-1"><a href="#cite_ref-keppie_1-0">^</a> L. J. F. Keppie (2000). Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971–2000. Franz Steiner Verlag. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8">3-515-07744-8</a>. pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachem" class="citation cs2">Menachem, Mor, Two Legions: The Same Fate?, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186341">20186341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Legions%3A+The+Same+Fate%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20186341%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Menachem&rft.aufirst=Mor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mor334-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mor334_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mor334_4-1">b</a> Mor, M. The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE. Brill, 2016. p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Translation by <a href="/wiki/Earnest_Cary" title="Earnest Cary">Earnest Cary</a>. Roman History, book 69, 12.1–14.3. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. Online in <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#12">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] and livius.org:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813220152/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">Archived</a> 2016-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Book scan in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/446/mode/2up">[3]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-raviv2021-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavivBen_David2021" class="citation journal cs1">Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"</a>. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">10.1017/S1047759421000271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236389017">236389017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio%27s+figures+for+the+demographic+consequences+of+the+Bar+Kokhba+War%3A+Exaggeration+or+reliable+account%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E607&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236389017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759421000271&rft.aulast=Raviv&rft.aufirst=Dvir&rft.au=Ben+David%2C+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1047759421000271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. i–xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaney1984122-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaney1984122_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeaney1984">Leaney 1984</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20145-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20145_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2014">Cohen 2014</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201819-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201819_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman19871-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman19871_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodman1987">Goodman 1987</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabba1999130-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabba1999130_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabba1999">Gabba 1999</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESafraiStern1974308–309-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafraiStern1974308–309_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSafraiStern1974">Safrai & Stern 1974</a>, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman19872-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman19872_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodman1987">Goodman 1987</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreyne200245-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreyne200245_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreyne2002">Freyne 2002</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976284-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976284_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20144-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20144_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2014">Cohen 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreyne200247-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreyne200247_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreyne2002">Freyne 2002</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1976297-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1976297_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern1976">Stern 1976</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabba1999152-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabba1999152_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabba1999">Gabba 1999</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201821–22-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201821–22_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201822-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201822_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201847-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201847_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428_25-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_26-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 105, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Mordechai, Gihon. New insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12–13. University of Pennsylvania Press. The Jewish Quarterly Review Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 15-43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454444">10.2307/1454444</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024307_28-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2024">Magness 2024</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995373-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995373_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar1995">Millar 1995</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995374-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995374_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995374_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar1995">Millar 1995</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012268-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2012268_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2012268_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2012">Magness 2012</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976428–429_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, pp. 428–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006106-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006106_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006106_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024294–295-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024294–295_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2024">Magness 2024</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2024296-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2024296_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2024">Magness 2024</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976432-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976432_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976433-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976433_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976433_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "Jerusalem and the Bar Kokhba Revolt Again: A Note" by Eran Almagor, Electrum, Vol. 26 (2019): 141–157, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15133/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15133/</a> (abstract with link to full pdf article) which suggests Aelia Capitolina was founded during the last stage of the revolt which halted earlier reconstruction <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/</a> and "Eusebius and Hadrian's Founding of Aelia Capitolina in Jerusalem" by Miriam Ben Zeev Hofman, Electrum, Vol. 26 (2019): 119–128 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006107-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006107_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434–435_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, pp. 434–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Translated by David Chowcat. Routledge. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World%3A+The+Jews+of+Palestine+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+Arab+Conquest&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a>, LXIV, 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatner1929" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ball_Platner" title="Samuel Ball Platner">Platner, Samuel Ball</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pomerium.html">"Pomerium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Topographical_Dictionary_of_Ancient_Rome" title="A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome">A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</a> – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pomerium&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Platner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FItaly%2FLazio%2FRoma%2FRome%2F_Texts%2FPLATOP%2A%2FPomerium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2011" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136823282" title="Special:BookSources/9781136823282"><bdi>9781136823282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136823282&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> has a segment: "[O]n the 9th of Ab...and the city was ploughed up." on mas. Taanith, Chapter 4, Mishnah no. 6. See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blackman, Philip, ed. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=9670&st=&pgnum=432&hilite=">Mishnayoth, Vol. II, Order Moed</a> (in Hebrew and English). New York: Judaica. p. 432 – via HebrewBooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnayoth%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Order+Moed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Judaica&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D9670%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D432%26hilite%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenup1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_William_Greenup" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert William Greenup">Greenup, Albert William</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mishnatractateta00greeiala#page/32/mode/2up">The Mishna tractate Taanith (On the public fasts)</a>. London: [Palestine House]. p. 32 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishna+tractate+Taanith+%28On+the+public+fasts%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=%5BPalestine+House%5D&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Greenup&rft.aufirst=Albert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmishnatractateta00greeiala%23page%2F32%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolaRaphall1843" class="citation book cs1">Sola, D. A.; Raphall, M. J., eds. (1843). "XX. Treatise Taanith, chapter IV, §6.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/etm/etm093.htm">Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX.+Treatise+Taanith%2C+chapter+IV%2C+%C2%A76.&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Treatises+from+the+Mishna&rft.date=1843&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fetm%2Fetm093.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> both explicate the segment refers to Rufus: Babylonian: mas. Taanith 29a. See <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209130750/http://dtorah.com/otzar/shas_soncino.php?ms=Taanith&df=29a">"Shas Soncino: Taanith 29a"</a>. dTorah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtorah.com/otzar/shas_soncino.php?ms=Taanith&df=29a">the original</a> on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2014-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dTorah.com&rft.atitle=Shas+Soncino%3A+Taanith+29a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtorah.com%2Fotzar%2Fshas_soncino.php%3Fms%3DTaanith%26df%3D29a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/RabbinicTraditions/EngText.php?StandardRef=Taan.29a&GotoRef=b.Taan.29a&Words1UC=&Words2UC=&&Words1HA=&Words2HA=&Resource=b.EngSoncino&Reference=#b.Taan.29a">"Bab. Taanith; ch.4.1–8, 26a–31a"</a>. RabbinicTraditions. Retrieved 2014-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bab.+Taanith%3B+ch.4.1%E2%80%938%2C+26a%E2%80%9331a&rft.pub=RabbinicTraditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FRabbinicTraditions%2FEngText.php%3FStandardRef%3DTaan.29a%26GotoRef%3Db.Taan.29a%26Words1UC%3D%26Words2UC%3D%26%26Words1HA%3D%26Words2HA%3D%26Resource%3Db.EngSoncino%26Reference%3D%23b.Taan.29a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halakhah.com/rst/moed/19%20-%20Ta%27anis%20-%202a-31a.pdf">"Ta'anis 2a-31a"</a> (PDF). Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Translated by I Epstein. Halakhah.com. pp. 92–93. Retrieved 2014-06-27. <q>And the City Was Ploughed Up. It has been taught: When Turnus Rufus the wicked destroyed [note 20: Var lec.: 'ploughed'.] the Temple,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soncino+Babylonian+Talmud&rft.atitle=Ta%27anis+2a-31a&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalakhah.com%2Frst%2Fmoed%2F19%2520-%2520Ta%2527anis%2520-%25202a-31a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> See notes on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022855/http://halakhah.com/rst/moed/19%20-%20Ta%27anis%20-%202a-31a.pdf">"Ta'anit 29a–b"</a> (PDF). Daf Yomi series. The Aleph Society/<a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinsaltz.org/learning.php?pg=Daf_Yomi&articleId=530">the original</a> on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2014-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daf+Yomi+series&rft.atitle=Ta%27anit+29a%E2%80%93b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinsaltz.org%2Flearning.php%3Fpg%3DDaf_Yomi%26articleId%3D530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The Jerusalem Talmud relates it to the Temple, Taanith 25b: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223942/https://mechon-mamre.org/b/r/r2904.htm">"דף כה,ב פרק ד"</a>. Mechon Mamre (in Hebrew). הלכה ה גמרא. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/r/r2904.htm">the original</a> on 2023-10-06. Retrieved 2014-07-08. <q>ונחרשה העיר. חרש רופוס שחיק עצמות את ההיכל</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechon+Mamre&rft.atitle=%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%9B%D7%94%2C%D7%91+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7+%D7%93&rft.pages=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%94+%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fb%2Fr%2Fr2904.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A3_%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91">ירושלמי תענית דף כה ב </a> (in Hebrew) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_David_Davies_p._35-48"><a href="#cite_ref-William_David_Davies_p._35_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2006" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Steven T. (2006). The Cambridge history of Judaism. Cambridge University press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140702134337/http://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/08502/99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA">"Roman provincial coin of Hadrian [image]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/08502/99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA">the original</a> on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-01 – via <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+provincial+coin+of+Hadrian+%5Bimage%5D&rft.pub=Israel+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fresolve%2Frecord%2F08502%2F99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2003" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro (2003). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691094934" title="Special:BookSources/0691094934"><bdi>0691094934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+Cities+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0691094934&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2012" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William (2012-02-23). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305746" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305746"><bdi>9780195305746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.isbn=9780195305746&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976434_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman200427–28-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman200427–28_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman200427–28_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodman2004">Goodman 2004</a>, p. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Craig A. Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA185">Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies,</a> Brill, 2001, p. 185: 'moverunt ea tempestate et Iudaei bellum, quod vetabantur mutilare genitalia.' </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Aharon Oppenheimer, ‘The Ban on Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,’ Aharon Oppenheimer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPkfQl2iDx8C&pg=PA243">Between Rome and Babylon,</a> Mohr Siebeck, 2005, pp. 243–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIhYBwkO80C">Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674043213" title="Special:BookSources/9780674043213"><bdi>9780674043213</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-01. <q>[...] Hadrian's ban on circumcision, allegedly imposed sometime between 128 and 132 CE [...]. The only proof for Hadrian's ban on circumcision is the short note in the Historia Augusta: 'At this time also the Jews began war, because they were forbidden to mutilate their genitals (quot vetabantur mutilare genitalia). [...] The historical credibility of this remark is controversial [...] The earliest evidence for circumcision in Roman legislation is an edict by Antoninus Pius (138–161 CE), Hadrian's successor [...] [I]t is not utterly impossible that Hadrian [...] indeed considered circumcision as a 'barbarous mutilation' and tried to prohibit it. [...] However, this proposal cannot be more than a conjecture, and, of course, it does not solve the questions of when Hadrian issued the decree (before or during/after the Bar Kokhba war) and whether it was directed solely against Jews or also against other peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judeophobia%3A+Attitudes+Toward+the+Jews+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674043213&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jIhYBwkO80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Historia Augusta, Vita Hadriani, 14.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Benjamin H. Isaac, Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Revolt of Bar Kochba:Ideology and Modern Scholarship,' in <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Benjamin H. Isaac</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjcPG5UInzgC&pg=PA227">The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers ,</a> Brill (Vol. 177 of Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. 177: Supplementum), 1998 pp. 220–252, 226–227 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban on Circumcision as a cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,' in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA55">The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,</a> Mohr Siebeck, 2003 pp. 55–69 [55f]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976429-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976429_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_61-0">^</a> Christopher Mackay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rLDy6qqi0UC&pg=PA230">Ancient Rome a Military and Political History</a> Cambridge University Press 2007 p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Modestinus" title="Herennius Modestinus">Modestinus</a>, Rules, 48.8.11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976430–431-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976430–431_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, pp. 430–431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1976139–147-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1976139–147_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeiger1976">Geiger 1976</a>, pp. 139–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Peter Schäfer (2003), The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Mohr Siebeck, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Peter Schäfer (2003), The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor201611-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor201611_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilad2015" class="citation web cs1">Gilad, Elon (6 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-bar-kochba-revolt-utter-disaster-1.5358629">"The Bar Kochba Revolt: A Disaster Celebrated by Zionists on Lag Ba'Omer"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kochba+Revolt%3A+A+Disaster+Celebrated+by+Zionists+on+Lag+Ba%27Omer&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.aulast=Gilad&rft.aufirst=Elon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-bar-kochba-revolt-utter-disaster-1.5358629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012259-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2012259_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2012">Magness 2012</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&dq=bar+kokhba+hideout+systems&pg=PA184">The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome</a>. Isd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26dq%3Dbar%2Bkokhba%2Bhideout%2Bsystems%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrg-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_72-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: התגלית שהוכיחה: מרד בר כוכבא חל גם בשומרון <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/709/420.html">[4]</a> NRG. 15 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_73-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016144-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016144_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016144_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016144_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit, IV, 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016137-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016137_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976439-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976439_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976439_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krauss, S. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2464-bar-cochba-bar-cochbah">"Bar Kokba and Bar Kokba War"</a>. In Singer, Isidore (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 2. pp. 506–507. <q>Bar Kokba, the hero of the third war against Rome, appears under this name only among ecclesiastical writers: heathen authors do not mention him; and Jewish sources call him Ben (or Bar) Koziba or Kozba...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bar+Kokba+and+Bar+Kokba+War&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2464-bar-cochba-bar-cochbah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976440-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976440_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012417–418-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012417–418_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissuGass2012">Zissu & Gass 2012</a>, pp. 417–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar1995372_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar1995">Millar 1995</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt200661-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt200661_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodblatt2006">Goodblatt 2006</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagness2012270-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagness2012270_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagness2012">Magness 2012</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-menahem2013-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_86-2">c</a> M. Menahem. WHAT DOES TEL SHALEM HAVE TO DO WITH THE BAR KOKHBA REVOLT?. U-ty of Haifa / U-ty of Denver. SCRIPTA JUDAICA CRACOVIENSIA. Vol. 11 (2013) pp. 79–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016152-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016152_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_88-1">b</a> Hanan Eshel,<a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n1082" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082"> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,'</a> in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, pp. 105–127 [105]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-2-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Eshel-2_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2003">Eshel 2003</a>, pp. 95–96: "Returning to the Bar Kokhba revolt, we should note that up until the discovery of the first Bar Kokhba documents in Wadi Murabba'at in 1951, Bar Kokhba coins were the sole archaeological evidence available for dating the revolt. Based on coins overstock by the Bar Kokhba administration, scholars dated the beginning of the Bar Kokhba regime to the conquest of Jerusalem by the rebels. The coins in question bear the following inscriptions: "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". Up until 1948 some scholars argued that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins predated the others, based upon their assumption that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the rebel capture Jerusalem." L. Mildenberg's study of the dies of the Bar Kokhba definitely established that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins were struck later than the ones inscribed "Year Two of the freedom of Israel". He dated them to the third year of the revolt.' Thus, the view that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the conquest of Jerusalem is untenable. lndeed, archeological finds from the past quarter-century, and the absence of Bar Kokhba coins in Jerusalem in particular, support the view that the rebels failed to take Jerusalem at all." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/05/11/rare-bar-kochba-era-coin-discovered-at-foot-of-temple-mount/">"Rare Bar Kochba-Era Coin Discovered at Foot of Temple Mount"</a>. www.israelhayom.com. May 11, 2020. Retrieved 2024-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.israelhayom.com&rft.atitle=Rare+Bar+Kochba-Era+Coin+Discovered+at+Foot+of+Temple+Mount&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2F2020%2F05%2F11%2Frare-bar-kochba-era-coin-discovered-at-foot-of-temple-mount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/year-2-of-freedom-ancient-coin-from-bar-kochba-revolt-found-near-temple-mount/">"'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=%27Year+2+of+freedom%27%3A+Ancient+coin+from+Bar+Kochba+revolt+found+near+Temple+Mount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fyear-2-of-freedom-ancient-coin-from-bar-kochba-revolt-found-near-temple-mount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkabi1983-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Harkabi1983_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYehoshafat_Harkabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Yehoshafat Harkabi (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rb00WGipKCIC&pg=RA1-PA37">The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in International Politics</a>. SP Books. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8"><bdi>978-0-940646-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+Syndrome%3A+Risk+and+Realism+in+International+Politics&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=SP+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-940646-01-8&rft.au=Yehoshafat+Harkabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drb00WGipKCIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/197910#.VdAs6vmqqko">"Roman Legion Camp Unearthed in Megiddo – Inside Israel – News"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Roman+Legion+Camp+Unearthed+in+Megiddo+%E2%80%93+Inside+Israel+%E2%80%93+News&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F197910%23.VdAs6vmqqko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Steiner, M., Mulder-Hymans, N., and Boertien, J.. 2013. “Een joods huishouden in Perea? De resultaten van de eerste opgravingscampagne op Tell Abu Sarbut in 2012.” Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie 50: 38–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sagiv, N. 2013. “Jewish Finds from Peraea (Transjordan) from the Second Temple Period until the Bar-Kokhba Revolt.” Jerusalem and Eretz-Israel 8–9: 191–210. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Gerber, Y. 1998. Review of Fouilles archéologiques de ʿAïn ez-Zâra/Callirrhoé, villégiature hérodienne, by C. Clamer. BASOR 312: 86–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Mitchel, L. A. 1992. Hesban 7: Hellenistic and Roman Strata. Berrien Springs, MI: Institute of Archaeology. p. 62–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ji, C. C., and Lee, J. K.. 2002. “The survey in the regions of 'Iraq al-Amir and Wadi al-Kafrayn, 2000.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 46: 179–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered_99-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&dq=intentionally+suppressed+jewish+national+Aelia+Capitolina+Palaestina&pg=PA33">The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered</a> by Peter Schäfer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7">3-16-148076-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016384,_394–395-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016384,_394–395_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016384,_394–395_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 384, 394–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod_2009_29-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_2009_29_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2009" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC&pg=PA29">Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact</a>. Fair Winds Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592333752" title="Special:BookSources/9781592333752"><bdi>9781592333752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little-Known+Wars+of+Great+and+Lasting+Impact&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Fair+Winds+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781592333752&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8x322-89x3MC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck199981-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck199981_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1999">Eck 1999</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck199980-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEck199980_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1999">Eck 1999</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/The_Jewish_Spiritual_Heroes%2C_Volume_I%3B_The_Creators_of_the_Mishna%2C_Rabbi_Akiba_ben_Joseph.32?ven=The_Jewish_spiritual_heroes,_by_Gershom_Bader._New_York,_N.Y._1940&lang=he&with=all&lang2=he">"The Creators of the Mishna, Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph"</a>. www.sefaria.org.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org.il&rft.atitle=The+Creators+of+the+Mishna%2C+Rabbi+Akiba+ben+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FThe_Jewish_Spiritual_Heroes%252C_Volume_I%253B_The_Creators_of_the_Mishna%252C_Rabbi_Akiba_ben_Joseph.32%3Fven%3DThe_Jewish_spiritual_heroes%2C_by_Gershom_Bader._New_York%2C_N.Y._1940%26lang%3Dhe%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Dhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016491-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016491_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius.org-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-viiii-hispana/">"Legio VIIII Hispana"</a>. livius.org. Retrieved 2014-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legio+VIIII+Hispana&rft.pub=livius.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Flegion%2Flegio-viiii-hispana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 12, 1999, pp. 294–313 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400018043">10.1017/S1047759400018043</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mor, Menahem (September 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=81536">"What Does Tel Shalem Have To Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?"</a>. Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia (11) – via www.ceeol.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Judaica+Cracoviensia&rft.atitle=What+Does+Tel+Shalem+Have+To+Do+with+the+Bar+Kokhba+Revolt%3F&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D81536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873–1874, London 1899, pp. 463–470 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Mishnah, Ta'anit, IV, 6; Babylonian Talmud, Ta'anit, 29a </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976456-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976456_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976456_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a> IV, 68d; <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a>, II, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a>, II, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012413-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissuGass2012413_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissuGass2012">Zissu & Gass 2012</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a); Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016469–470-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016469–470_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 469–470. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "10447-martyrs-the-ten". <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <q>The fourth martyr was Hananiah ben Teradion, who was wrapped in a scroll of the Law and placed on a pyre of green brushwood; to prolong his agony, wet wool was placed on his chest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10447-martyrs-the-ten&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered. 2003. p. 160. "Thus it is very likely that the revolt ended only in early 136." </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243">The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199554485" title="Special:BookSources/9780199554485"><bdi>9780199554485</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tell us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199554485&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-122"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1971" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1971). The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 277. <q>This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cities+of+the+Eastern+Roman+Provinces&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum1989" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum, Shimon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004666641/B9789004666641_s017.xml">"Romanization and Indigenism in Judaea"</a>. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times (vol. 40). Brill. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004666641_017">10.1163/9789004666641_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66664-1"><bdi>978-90-04-66664-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2024-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+Indigenism+in+Judaea&rft.btitle=Judaea+in+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Times&rft.series=Judaea+in+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Times+%28vol.+40%29&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004666641_017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-66664-1&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004666641%2FB9789004666641_s017.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.co.il-124"><a href="#cite_ref-google.co.il_124-0">^</a> Totten, S. Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&pg=PA23">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer-1981-125"><a href="#cite_ref-schafer-1981_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer1981" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, P. (1981). Der Bar Kochba-Aufstand. Tübingen. pp. 131ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Bar+Kochba-Aufstand&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=131ff&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonLevy1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Donald; Levy, Thomas Evan (1995). The Impact of Rome on the Periphery: The Case of Palestina – Roman Period (63 BCE – 324 CE). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. p. 449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Rome+on+the+Periphery%3A+The+Case+of+Palestina+%E2%80%93+Roman+Period+%2863+BCE+%E2%80%93+324+CE%29&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Donald&rft.au=Levy%2C+Thomas+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201828–29,_37_128-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, pp. 28–29, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_129-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 105–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDennis2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Lindsay; Dennis, Peter (2017). The Bar Kokhba War AD 132–136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-1798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+AD+132%E2%80%93136%3A+the+last+Jewish+revolt+against+imperial+Rome&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1798-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Doron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine"</a>. The Harvard Theological Review. 98 (1): 49–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816005000854">10.1017/S0017816005000854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">4125284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162644246">162644246</a>. <q>The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132–135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. [...] This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Rural+Monasticism+as+a+Key+Element+in+the+Christianization+of+Byzantine+Palestine&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162644246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816005000854&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the <a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">sikarikon laws</a> were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it." </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Eusebius of Caesarea, Demonstratio Evangelica, VIII, 4, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (translation by Gleason L. Archer), III, ix, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016471-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016471_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1980" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, William V. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700">"Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade"</a>. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238700">10.2307/4238700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6801">0065-6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700">4238700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Study+of+the+Roman+Slave+Trade&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0065-6801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238700&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell,_p.8122-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell,_p.8122_137-0">^</a> Powell, The Bar Kokhba War AD 132–136, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8"><bdi>978-0-415-08800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jewish+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08800-8&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2007" class="citation web cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130407005423/http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">"Palestine"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunburst.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fpalestin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Miller, 1984, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132">132</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorçöl2006">Morçöl 2006</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Zissu, B., Ecker, A., and Klein, E, 2017, "Archaeological Explorations North of Bet Guvrin (Eleutheropolis)", in: Speleology and Spelestology, Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific Conference. Nabereznye Chelny, pp. 183–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Hirschfeld, Y. (2004). Ein Gedi: A Large Jewish Village1. Qadmoniot, 37, 62–87. "The consequences of the Second Revolt were infinitely more catastrophic for the Jewish population than were those of the First Revolt. The chilling evidence found in the caves of Nahal Hever illustrates the scale of the killing and suffering. However, the Jewish settlement at Ein Gedi survived. As suggested above, relatives of refugees who had fled to the caves traveled to those sites at some point after the revolt to give the deceased a proper burial. The results of the excavations at Ein Gedi indicate a continuity of settlement during the transition from the Late Roman (Stratum III) to the Byzantine (II) period." </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeJudaism2-145"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeJudaism2_145-0">^</a> David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n437" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n437"> The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp. 404–430 [406]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it." </li> <li id="cite_note-smelik2-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smelik2_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smelik2_147-1">b</a> Willem F. Smelik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tju-IreyEDMC&pg=PA434">The Targum of Judges,</a> Brill, 1995, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine2018168-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine2018168_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2018">Levine 2018</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>, Sotah 15:10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine2018169-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine2018169_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2018">Levine 2018</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 473 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, p. 334: "Jews were forbidden to live in the city and were allowed to visit it only once a year, on the Ninth of Ab, to mourn on the ruins of their holy Temple." </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-153"><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_153-0">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, p. 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_154-0">^</a> Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4">0-89236-800-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAY84-155"><a href="#cite_ref-MAY84_155-0">^</a> M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Ecclesiastical History, IV, 6, 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood1976463_157-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood1976">Smallwood 1976</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Lamentations Rabbah II, 2, § 4; Jerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit, IV, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2010-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2010_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2010_159-1">b</a> Klein, E. (2010), “The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period”, In: E. Baruch., A. Levy-Reifer and A. Faust (eds.), New Studies on Jerusalem, Vol. 16, Ramat-Gan, pp. 321–350 (Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> קליין, א' (2011). היבטים בתרבות החומרית של יהודה הכפרית בתקופה הרומית המאוחרת (135–324 לסה"נ). עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 314–315. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> שדמן, ע' (2016). בין נחל רבה לנחל שילה: תפרוסת היישוב הכפרי בתקופות ההלניסטית, הרומית והביזנטית לאור חפירות וסקרים. עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 271–275. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Kiddushin, 4, 65c; Yevamot, 8, 9d </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016383-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016383_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016383–384-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016383–384_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 383–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Seligman, J. (2019). Were There Villages in Jerusalem's Hinterland During the Byzantine Period? In. Peleg- Barkat O. et.al. (Eds.) Between Sea and Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks. Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich. Jerusalem; Tzemach. pp. 167–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-ZissuKlein-167"><a href="#cite_ref-ZissuKlein_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissuKlein2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:בועז זיסו">Zissu, Boaz</a> [in Hebrew]; Klein, Eitan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223801/http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">"A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a>. 61 (2): 196–216. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rock-Cut+Burial+Cave+from+the+Roman+Period+at+Beit+Nattif%2C+Judaean+Foothills&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft.au=Klein%2C+Eitan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisa.biu.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Flisa%2Fshared%2FZissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-168"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFהר2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים [Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 218–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4"><bdi>978-965-217-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94%3A+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.place=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-965-217-444-4&rft.aulast=%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendels19926,_386,_391-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendels19926,_386,_391_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendels1992">Mendels 1992</a>, pp. 6, 386, 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt2006204–205-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodblatt2006204–205_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodblatt2006">Goodblatt 2006</a>, pp. 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Eusebius, Chronicle of Hadrian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007011417/https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk03.html#Justin.">XVII</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Bourgel, Jonathan, ″The Jewish-Christians in the storm of the Bar Kokhba Revolt″, in: From One Identity to Another: The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66–135/6 EC). Paris: Éditions du Cerf, collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive, (French), pp. 127–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2018281-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget2018281_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaget2018">Paget 2018</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." cx; Eusebius "Hist. Eccl." iv.6, §2; Orosius "Hist." vii. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA279">Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576070042" title="Special:BookSources/1576070042"><bdi>1576070042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%3A+From+the+Ganges+to+Graceland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1576070042&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVYkrNhPMQkC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2018288-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget2018288_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaget2018">Paget 2018</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229-177"><a href="#cite_ref-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229_177-0">^</a> L. J. F. Keppie (2000) Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000 Franz Steiner Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8">3-515-07744-8</a> pp. 228–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassius-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Cassius_178-0">^</a> Cassius Dio, Roman History </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> E. Werner. "The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View." The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 89 (1999), pp. 76–89. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300735">300735</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-viiii-hispana/">"Legio VIIII Hispana – Livius"</a>. www.livius.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Legio+VIIII+Hispana+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Flegion%2Flegio-viiii-hispana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp. 46–47. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 23.1.2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_183-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html">"Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html">"Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews, <a href="/wiki/Avner_Falk" title="Avner Falk">Avner Falk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Avraham Yaari, Igrot Eretz Yisrael (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Andrew S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&dq=eudocia+jews+temple+mount&pg=PA157">Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804747059" title="Special:BookSources/9780804747059"><bdi>9780804747059</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remains+of+the+Jews%3A+The+Holy+Land+and+Christian+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780804747059&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8O95ErDSZQgC%26dq%3Deudocia%2Bjews%2Btemple%2Bmount%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Shalev-Hurvitz, V. 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American Journal of Archaeology. 95 (2): 231–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F505724">10.2307/505724</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/505724">505724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193092889">193092889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Tel+Shalem+Hadrian+Reconsidered&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193092889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F505724&rft.aulast=Gergel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Wikisource: "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Epistle to Yemen">Epistle to Yemen</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/vip/BenGurion/eng/BenGurion_Bio_eng.html">[6]</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society-215"><a href="#cite_ref-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society_215-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRwTElL0pKcC&dq=%22Bar+Kokhba+was+a+Hero%22&pg=PA150">The military and militarism in Israeli society</a> by Edna Lomsky-Feder, Eyal Ben-Ari]." Retrieved on September 3, 2010 </li> </ol></div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. 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Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6"><bdi>978-0-664-23904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Maccabees+To+Mishnah&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23904-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrom-maccabees-to-mishnah-shaye-j.-d.-cohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eck, Werner (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300735">"The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View"</a>. 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Mohr Siebeck. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dates+used+during+the+Bar+Kokhba+Revolt&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2006" class="citation book cs1">Eshel, Hanan (2006). 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Biblical Archaeology Review. 27 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407183723/http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=When+Palestine+Meant+Israel&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fwhen_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaney1984" class="citation book cs1">Leaney, Alfred Robert Clare (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/jewish-and-christian-world-200-bc-to-ad-200/9B859CC4D8F41305AD8AA1F4156AE07A">The Jewish and Christian World 200 BC to AD 200</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-01383-3"><bdi>978-1-139-01383-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Holy+Land%3A+From+the+Destruction+of+Solomon%27s+Temple+to+the+Muslim+Conquest&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-01383-3&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Farchaeology-of-the-holy-land%2F22D828E7C9A290BCB132BF5234F02332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagness2024" class="citation book cs1">Magness, Jodi (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jerusalem-through-the-ages-9780190937805">Jerusalem Through The Ages: From Its Beginnings To The Crusades</a>. 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The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism: Jewish and Christian Ethnicity in Ancient Palestine. Anchor Bible Reference Library. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4"><bdi>978-90-04-31463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jewish+Revolt%3A+The+Bar+Kokhba+War%2C+132%E2%80%93136+CE&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31463-4&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8wJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget2018" class="citation book cs1">Paget, James Carleton (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_011">"Jewish Revolts and Jewish-Christian Relations"</a>. In Schwartz, Joshua J.; Tomson, Peter J. (eds.). Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Vol. 15. 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Vol. 1. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-27500-3"><bdi>978-9-004-27500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+People+in+the+First+Century&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-9-004-27500-3&rft.aulast=Safrai&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Stern%2C+Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F17300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004502048_023">10.1163/9789004502048_023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50204-8"><bdi>978-90-04-50204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+under+Roman+Rule+from+Pompey+to+Diocletian&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004502048_023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50204-8&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=E.+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004502048_023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1976" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Menachem (1976). "The Period of the Second Temple". A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 185–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2"><bdi>0-674-39731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Period+of+the+Second+Temple&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-674-39731-2&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissu2018" class="citation book cs1">Zissu, Boaz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_003">"Interbellum Judea 70–132 ce: An Archaeological Perspective"</a>. In Schwartz, Joshua J.; Tomson, Peter J. (eds.). Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Vol. 15. Brill. pp. 19–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004352971_011">10.1163/9789004352971_011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interbellum+Judea+70%E2%80%93132+ce%3A+An+Archaeological+Perspective&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.series=Compendia+Rerum+Iudaicarum+ad+Novum+Testamentum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004352971_011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35297-1&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004352971_003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, The MacMillan Bible Atlas, Revised Edition, pp. 164–165 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.)</li> <li>The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (Judean Desert studies). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1963–2002. <ul><li>Vol. 2, "Greek Papyri", edited by <a href="/wiki/Naphtali_Lewis" title="Naphtali Lewis">Naphtali Lewis</a>; "Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions", edited by <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_C._Greenfield" title="Jonas C. Greenfield">Jonas C. Greenfield</a>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652210099" title="Special:BookSources/9652210099">9652210099</a>).</li> <li>Vol. 3, "Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean–Aramaic Papyri", edited Yigael Yadin, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BaruchA._Levine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BaruchA. Levine (page does not exist)">BaruchA. Levine</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652210463" title="Special:BookSources/9652210463">9652210463</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>W. Eck, 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: the Roman point of view' in the Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999) 76ff.</li> <li>Peter Schäfer (editor), Bar Kokhba reconsidered, Tübingen: Mohr: 2003</li> <li>Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban of Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration', in Bar Kokhba reconsidered, Peter Schäfer (editor), Tübingen: Mohr: 2003</li> <li>Faulkner, Neil. Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2004 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2573-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2573-0">0-7524-2573-0</a>).</li> <li>Goodman, Martin. The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33401-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33401-2">0-521-33401-2</a>); 1993 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44782-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44782-8">0-521-44782-8</a>).</li> <li>Richard Marks: The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature: False Messiah and National Hero: University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press: 1994: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00939-X">0-271-00939-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorçöl2006" class="citation book cs1">Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). Handbook of Decision Making. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-548-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-548-0"><bdi>978-1-57444-548-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Decision+Making&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57444-548-0&rft.aulast=Mor%C3%A7%C3%B6l&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ktu%C4%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li>David Ussishkin: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 20 (1993) 66ff.</li> <li>Yadin, Yigael. Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome. New York: Random House, 1971 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-47184-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-47184-9">0-394-47184-9</a>); London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00345-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00345-3">0-297-00345-3</a>).</li> <li>Mildenberg, Leo. The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War. Switzerland: Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Zurich, 1984 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7941-2634-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7941-2634-3">3-7941-2634-3</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissuGass2012" class="citation book cs1">Zissu, Boaz; Gass, Erasmus (2012). "The Identification of Biblical Achzib at Khirbet ʿĒn el-Kizbe in the Judean Shephelah, and the Origins of Shimon Bar Kokhba". In Maeir, Aren M.; Magness, Jodi; Schiffman, Lawrence (eds.). 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2): Archaeological, Historical and Textual Studies in Honor of Hanan Eshel. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism. Vol. 148. Brill. pp. 377–426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21413-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21413-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Identification+of+Biblical+Achzib+at+Khirbet+%CA%BF%C4%92n+el-Kizbe+in+the+Judean+Shephelah%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Shimon+Bar+Kokhba&rft.btitle=%27Go+Out+and+Study+the+Land%27+%28Judges+18%3A2%29%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Textual+Studies+in+Honor+of+Hanan+Eshel&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E426&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21413-2&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft.au=Gass%2C+Erasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-8/">Wars between the Jews and Romans: Simon ben Kosiba (130–136 CE)</a>, with English translations of sources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117142713/http://www.yadinproductions.com/yadin_archeology.html">Photographs from Yadin's book Bar Kokhba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4895760">Archaeologists find tunnels from Jewish revolt against Romans</a> by the Associated Press. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, March 13, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B&search=Bar%20Kokba">"Bar Kokba and Bar Kokba War"</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0qjv3nP3Ig">Sam Aronow – The Bar Kochba Revolt | 132–136</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bar_Kokhba_revolt3353" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Template:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Template talk:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt3353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Zuz,_argent,_H%C3%A9rodion,_Jud%C3%A9e,_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem"><img alt="Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/100px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/150px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/200px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="2835" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Betar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Betar">Siege of Betar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bar Kokhba state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua_ben_Galgula" title="Yeshua ben Galgula">Yeshua ben Galgula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">Bar Kokhba hiding complexes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Almit" title="Khirbet Almit">Khirbet Almit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Kelafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Kelafa (page does not exist)">Khirbet Kelafa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiryat_Arbaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiryat Arbaya (page does not exist)">Kiryat Arbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Jamjum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Jamjum (page does not exist)">Khirbet Jamjum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qutt" title="Khirbet el-Qutt">Khirbet el-Qutt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazan_caves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazan caves (page does not exist)">Hazan caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_Burgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Horvat Burgin">Horvat Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Eqed" title="Horvat 'Eqed">Horvat 'Eqed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Ethri" title="Horvat 'Ethri">Horvat 'Ethri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adullam_Grove_Nature_Reserve" title="Adullam Grove Nature Reserve">Horvat Midras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Goded" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Goded">Tel Goded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lavnin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Lavnin">Tel Lavnin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">Bar Kokhba refuge caves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Horror">Cave of Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Jai_cave" title="El-Jai cave">El-Jai cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27omim_Cave" title="Te'omim Cave">Te'omim Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Small findings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt_coinage" title="Bar Kokhba revolt coinage">Bar Kokhba revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_weight" title="Bar Kokhba weight">Bar Kokhba weights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuz_(Jewish_coin)" title="Zuz (Jewish coin)">Zuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatha" title="Babatha">Archive of Babatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">Legio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kuwayzibah" title="Khirbet Kuwayzibah">Koseiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Shimon" title="Tur Shimon">Tur Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_stance_on_Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt">Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Category:Bar Kokhba revolt">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bar Kokhba revolt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history289" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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