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<li id="toc-The_first_admirals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_admirals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The first admirals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_admirals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squadron_admirals_of_the_colour_from_1558_to_1603" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squadron_admirals_of_the_colour_from_1558_to_1603"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Squadron admirals of the colour from 1558 to 1603</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squadron_admirals_of_the_colour_from_1558_to_1603-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_vice_and_rear_admirals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_vice_and_rear_admirals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Introduction of vice and rear admirals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_vice_and_rear_admirals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_path_of_flag_officers_from_1702_to_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_path_of_flag_officers_from_1702_to_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Promotion path of flag officers from 1702 to 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_path_of_flag_officers_from_1702_to_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Interregnum to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_insignia_and_personal_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_insignia_and_personal_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rank insignia and personal flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_insignia_and_personal_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_command_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_command_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History command flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_command_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Senior rank of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Admiral (United Kingdom)" redirects here. For the singular commander, see <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the Fleet (United Kingdom)">Admiral of the Fleet (United Kingdom)</a>. For the political offices, see <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom</a> or <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Admiral<br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of an admiral, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg/150px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg/225px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg/300px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9-collected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="191" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Insignia shoulder board and Sleeve lace for Admiral</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">Adm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank group</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">Four-star</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">rank code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO_armies_officers#Officers_(OF_1–10)" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers">OF-9</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1224</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next higher rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the Fleet (United Kingdom)">Admiral of the Fleet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next lower rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Equivalent ranks</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a>; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air chief marshal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Admiral</b> is a senior rank of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which equates to the NATO rank code <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">OF-9</a>, outranked only by the rank of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">admiral of the fleet</a>. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (Royal Navy)">rear admiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)">vice admiral</a> and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in <a href="/wiki/Abeyance" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a> except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family. </p><p>The equivalent rank in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> is <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">general</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, it is <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">air chief marshal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_admirals">The first admirals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The first admirals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> was not used in Europe until the mid-13th century and did not reach England before the end of that century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, although some royal vessels are attested under <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsden1909675_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden1909675-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English long depended upon levies of their subjects' vessels for any major naval expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, historians have sometimes extended the concept of an English navy and its supposed admirals and <a href="/wiki/Lord_high_admiral_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord high admiral of England">lord high admirals</a> back as far as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, counting several kings as themselves admirals, along with various dukes and earls who commanded fleets at prominent engagements such as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh,_Earl_of_Kent" title="Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent">Hubert de Burgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1217)">off Sandwich in 1217</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lists begin their count at <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III</a>'s appointment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Lucy_(admiral)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Lucy (admiral) (page does not exist)">Sir Richard de Lucy</a> on 28 August 1223<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 29 August 1224.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar commission was given to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Moulton_(admiral)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Moulton (admiral) (page does not exist)">Sir Thomas Moulton</a> in 1264,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who held the formal title of Keeper of the Sea and the Sea Ports. </p><p>On 8 March 1287, <a href="/wiki/William_de_Leybourne" title="William de Leybourne">Sir William de Leybourne</a> was specifically commissioned as the Admiral of the Seas of England (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Admirallus Maris Angliae</i>) and, in 1294, captain of all sailors and mariners of the king's dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_de_Botetourt,_1st_Baron_Botetourt" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt">Sir John de Botetourt</a> served under him as warden at sea from the <a href="/wiki/Thames_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames River">Thames</a> to Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of an effort by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> to establish a permanent official staff, even if a permanent naval force was not yet considered necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leybourne's immediate purview was subsequently divided into the roles of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_West" title="Admiral of the West">Admiral of the West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_South" title="Admiral of the South">Admiral of the South</a> while Botetourt's became the <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_North" title="Admiral of the North">Admiral of the North</a>; the first and last merged as the <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_North_and_West" title="Admiral of the North and West">Admiral of the North and West</a> in 1364; and from 1408–1414 they were all reunited as the <a href="/wiki/High_Admiral_of_England,_Ireland,_and_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="High Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine">High Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine</a>, the forerunner to the present <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (During this process, the short-lived post of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Admiral of the Narrow Seas">Admiral of the Narrow Seas</a> was used in 1412 and 1413. It was subsequently revived from 1523 to 1688.) </p><p>The first royal commission as Admiral to a <a href="/wiki/Naval_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval officer">naval officer</a> was granted in 1303<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Gervase_Alard" title="Gervase Alard">Gervase Alard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryde_&_al.1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzcgxEvGAK_kCpgPA134_134]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryde_&_al.1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzcgxEvGAK_kCpgPA134_134]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1344, it was only used as a rank at sea for a captain in charge of one or more fleets.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squadron_admirals_of_the_colour_from_1558_to_1603">Squadron admirals of the colour from 1558 to 1603</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Squadron admirals of the colour from 1558 to 1603"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coloured_squadrons_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy">Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> times the fleet grew large enough to be organised into <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadrons</a>. The squadron's admiral flew a <a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign" title="Red Ensign">red ensign</a>, the vice admirals <a href="/wiki/White_Ensign" title="White Ensign">white</a>, and the rear admirals <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ensign" title="Blue Ensign">blue</a> on the aft mast of his ship. As the squadrons grew, each was eventually commanded by an admiral (with vice admirals and rear admirals commanding sections) and the official ranks became admiral of the white and so forth, however each <a href="/wiki/List_of_command_flags_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of command flags of the Royal Navy">admiral's command flags</a> were different and changed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_vice_and_rear_admirals">Introduction of vice and rear admirals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction of vice and rear admirals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Navy has had vice and rear admirals regularly appointed to the post since at least the 16th century. When in command of the fleet, the admiral would be in either the lead or the middle portion of the fleet. When the admiral commanded from the middle portion of the fleet his deputy, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)">vice admiral</a>, would be in the leading portion or <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">van</a>. Below him was another admiral at the rear of the fleet, called <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (Royal Navy)">rear admiral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Naval_Ranks_and_Rates-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Yellow_admiral"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_path_of_flag_officers_from_1702_to_1864">Promotion path of flag officers from 1702 to 1864</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Promotion path of flag officers from 1702 to 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coloured_squadrons_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy">Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy</a></div> <p>Promotion up the ladder was in accordance with seniority in the rank of <a href="/wiki/Post-captain" title="Post-captain">post-captain</a>, and rank was held for life, so the only way to be promoted was for the person above on the list to die or resign. In 1747 the Admiralty restored an element of merit selection to this process by introducing the concept of <i>yellow admirals</i> (formally known as granting an officer the position of "Rear-Admiral without distinction of squadron"), being captains promoted to flag rank on the understanding that they would immediately retire on <a href="/wiki/Half-pay" title="Half-pay">half-pay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the navy's first attempt at <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">superannuating</a> older officers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interregnum_to_the_present">Interregnum to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interregnum to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, the rank of admiral was replaced by that of <a href="/wiki/General_at_sea" title="General at sea">general at sea</a>. In the 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one man per rank, although the rank of admiral of the red was always filled by only one man and was known as <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805 the rank of admiral of the red was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of officers holding each rank steadily increased throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1769 there were 29 admirals of various grades; by the close of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1816 there were 190 admirals in service. Thereafter the number of admirals was reduced and in 1853 there were 79 admirals. </p><p>Although admirals were promoted according to strict seniority, appointments to command were made at the discretion of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty" title="Board of Admiralty">Board of Admiralty</a>. As there were invariably more admirals in service than there were postings, many admirals remained unemployed, especially in peacetime. </p><p>The organisation of the fleet into coloured squadrons was finally abandoned in 1864. The Red Ensign was allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a>, the White Ensign became the flag of the Royal Navy, and the Blue Ensign was allocated to the naval reserve and naval auxiliary vessels. </p><p>The 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy also maintained a positional rank known as <a href="/wiki/Port_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Admiral (Royal Navy)">port admiral</a>. A port admiral was typically a veteran captain who served as the shore commander of a British naval port and was in charge of supplying, refitting, and maintaining the ships docked at harbour. </p><p>The problem of promoting strictly by seniority was well illustrated by the case of <a href="/wiki/Provo_Wallis" title="Provo Wallis">Provo Wallis</a> who served (including time being carried on the books while still a child) for 96 years. When he died in 1892 four admirals under him could immediately be promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By request of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edmund_Commerell" title="John Edmund Commerell">John Edmund Commerell</a> became Admiral of the Fleet rather than <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Frederick_Rous_de_Horsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey">Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey</a>, who as senior active admiral nearing the age limit would customarily have received the promotion; <a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Baird (Royal Navy officer)">John Baird</a> became an Admiral; <a href="/wiki/James_Erskine_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Erskine (Royal Navy officer)">James Erskine</a> a vice-admiral; and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Rawson" title="Harry Rawson">Harry Rawson</a> a rear-admiral. Ironically, all these younger men would die at least a decade before de Horsey. In the time before squadron distinctions were removed or age limits instituted, the death of <a href="/wiki/James_Hawkins-Whitshed" title="James Hawkins-Whitshed">James Hawkins-Whitshed</a> resulted in <i>ten</i> men moving up to higher ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the rank of admiral of the fleet was put in abeyance in peacetime, except for members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">Royal family</a> but was resurrected on an honorary basis in 2014 for the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Boyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Boyce">Lord Boyce</a>. Admirals of the fleet continue to hold their rank on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Active list (page does not exist)">active list</a> for life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rank_insignia_and_personal_flag">Rank insignia and personal flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rank insignia and personal flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of the fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>, are entitled to fly a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime flags">personal flag</a>. An admiral of the fleet flies a <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> at the masthead, while an admiral flies a <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's cross">St George's cross</a> (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George's cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively. </p><p>The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by a broad band with three narrower bands. In 2001 the number of stars on the shoulder board was increased to four, reflecting the equivalence to the OF-9 <a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">four-star ranks</a> of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-MOD-sleeve&board_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOD-sleeve&board-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4star_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4star-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sleeve lace"><img alt="Sleeve lace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg/47px-British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg/70px-British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg/94px-British_Royal_Navy_%28sleeves%29_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sleeve lace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoulder board"><img alt="Shoulder board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg/47px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg/70px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg/94px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoulder board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoulder board prior to 2001"><img alt="Shoulder board prior to 2001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg/47px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg/70px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg/94px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoulder board prior to 2001</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War II admiral's shoulder board"><img alt="World War II admiral's shoulder board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg/65px-World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg/97px-World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg/130px-World_War_II_Royal_Navy_admiral%27s_shoulder_board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="2864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World War II admiral's shoulder board</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Command flag for an admiral from 1864."><img alt="Command flag for an admiral from 1864." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg/240px-Flag_of_Admiral_-_Royal_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Command flag for an admiral from 1864.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_command_flags">History command flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History command flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_command_flags_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of command flags of the Royal Navy">List of command flags of the Royal Navy</a></div> <p>Prior to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined his career path. The command flags flown by an Admiral changed a number of times during this period, there was no <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the red">Admiral of the Red</a> rank until that post was introduced in 1805 prior to this the highest rank an admiral could attain to was <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the white">Admiral of the White</a> who then flew the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Cross of St George</a>. The next promotion step up from that was to Admiral of the Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Blue" title="Admiral of the Blue">Admiral of the Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the white">Admiral of the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral of the red">Admiral of the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_ensigns" class="mw-redirect" title="British ensigns">British ensigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_U.S._military_ranks_compared" class="mw-redirect" title="British and U.S. military ranks compared">British and U.S. military ranks compared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_squadrons_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy">Coloured squadrons of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative military ranks">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="Royal Navy officer rank insignia">Royal Navy officer rank insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_admirals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Royal Navy admirals">List of Royal Navy admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"admiral, <i>n.</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=admiral%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden1909675-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsden1909675_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsden1909">Marsden (1909)</a>, p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingsford192897_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingsford1928">Kingsford (1928)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeatson1788[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnjYJAAAAQAAJpgPA260_260]_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeatson1788">Beatson (1788)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA260">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken_&_al.1747[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW5FcAAAAcAAJpgPA270_270]_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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(1996)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcgxEvGAK_kC&pg=PA134">134</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108050804/https://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Squadron%20colours.pdf">"Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk</i>. The National Museum Royal Navy. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Squadron%20colours.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk&rft.atitle=Information+sheet+no+055%3A+Squadron+Colours&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSquadron%2520colours.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2008" class="citation web cs1">Millar, Stephen (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Britain/Navy/c_flagranks.html">"Promotion in the flag ranks of the Royal Navy During the Napoleonic Wars"</a>. <i>The Napoleon Series</i>. The Waterloo Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Napoleon+Series&rft.atitle=Promotion+in+the+flag+ranks+of+the+Royal+Navy+During+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary%2Forganization%2FBritain%2FNavy%2Fc_flagranks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodger, N. (1986) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zj8hAQAAIAAJ&q=the%20wooden%20world%20rodger">The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy</a></i>, Collins, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.A.M. Rodger (2004) <i>The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815</i> London, Allen Lane, 325-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/Britain/Navy/c_flagranks.html">"Promotion in the Flag Ranks in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars"</a>. <i>www.napoleon-series.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.napoleon-series.org&rft.atitle=Promotion+in+the+Flag+Ranks+in+the+Royal+Navy+during+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary%2Forganization%2FBritain%2FNavy%2Fc_flagranks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warof1812.ca/wallis.htm">"The Amazing Career of Lieutenant Wallis, Royal Navy – War of 1812"</a>. <i>www.warof1812.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.warof1812.ca&rft.atitle=The+Amazing+Career+of+Lieutenant+Wallis%2C+Royal+Navy+%E2%80%93+War+of+1812&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warof1812.ca%2Fwallis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21037/page/3387">"<i>London Gazette</i>, "The following promotions have taken place, dated the 30th ultimo, consequent on the death of Admiral of the Fleet, Sir James Hawkins Whitshed..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Gazette%2C+%22The+following+promotions+have+taken+place%2C+dated+the+30th+ultimo%2C+consequent+on+the+death+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet%2C+Sir+James+Hawkins+Whitshed...%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21037%2Fpage%2F3387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOD-sleeve&board-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOD-sleeve&board_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.21093">royalnavy.mod.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191636/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.21093">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Uniforms and Badges of Rank: Admiral</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4star-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4star_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Admiral is a four-star rank in NATO, Commonwealth and, since 2001, the Royal Navy (Refer UK DCI (Joint Service) 125/2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1922" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, W. G. (William Gordon) (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishflagsthei00perrrich/page/n11">"IV:Flags of Command"</a>. <i>British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge : The University Press. pp. 73–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV%3AFlags+of+Command&rft.btitle=British+flags%2C+their+early+history%2C+and+their+development+at+sea%3B+with+an+account+of+the+origin+of+the+flag+as+a+national+device&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=73-109&rft.pub=Cambridge+%3A+The+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=W.+G.+%28William+Gordon%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishflagsthei00perrrich%2Fpage%2Fn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary</i>, London: National Archives, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+Ancestors%2C+Glossary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatson1788" class="citation cs2">Beatson, Robert (1788), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njYJAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland...</i></a>, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: G.G.J. & J. Robinson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Index+to+the+Histories+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland...&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=G.G.J.+%26+J.+Robinson&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Beatson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjYJAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2004" class="citation cs2">Bothwell, James (2004), <i>Edward III and the English Peerage: Royal Patronage, Social Mobility, and Political Control in Fourteenth-Century England</i>, Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830474" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830474"><bdi>9781843830474</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+III+and+the+English+Peerage%3A+Royal+Patronage%2C+Social+Mobility%2C+and+Political+Control+in+Fourteenth-Century+England&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781843830474&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoubraken_&_al.1747" class="citation cs2">Houbraken, Jacobus; Paul de Rapin Thoyras; George Vertue (1747), "A List of Admirals of England, 1224–1745", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5FcAAAAcAAJ"><i>The History of England</i></a>, J. & P. Knapton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+List+of+Admirals+of+England%2C+1224%E2%80%931745&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England&rft.pub=J.+%26+P.+Knapton&rft.date=1747&rft.aulast=Houbraken&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft.au=Paul+de+Rapin+Thoyras&rft.au=George+Vertue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5FcAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsford1928" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lethbridge_Kingsford" title="Charles Lethbridge Kingsford">Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge</a> (1928), "The Beginnings of English Maritime Enterprise", <i>History</i>, vol. 13, Wiley, pp. 97–106, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24400638">24400638</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+English+Maritime+Enterprise&rft.btitle=History&rft.pages=97-106&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24400638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kingsford&rft.aufirst=Charles+Lethbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1909" class="citation cs2">Marsden, R.G. (October 1909), "Early Prize Jurisdiction and Prize Law in England", <i>English Historical Review</i>, vol. 24, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 675–697, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/550441">550441</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Prize+Jurisdiction+and+Prize+Law+in+England&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=675-697&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1909-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F550441%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1922" class="citation cs2">Perrin, William Gordon (1922), "Flags of Command", <i>British Flags...</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flags+of+Command&rft.btitle=British+Flags...&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=William+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryde_&_al.1996" class="citation cs2">Pryde, E.B.; et al. (1996), <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563505" title="Special:BookSources/9780521563505"><bdi>9780521563505</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521563505&rft.aulast=Pryde&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rft.au=D.E.+Greenway&rft.au=S.+Porter&rft.au=I.+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdmiral+%28Royal+Navy%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_(Royal_Navy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Admirals_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Admirals of the United Kingdom">Admirals of the United Kingdom</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716235203/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheet_squadron_colours.htm">Squadronal colours factsheet</a> from the Royal Naval museum.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="_Commissioned_officer_ranks_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">  <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Commissioned</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">ranks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>  </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:10%"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO">NATO rank code</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branch</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet#United_Kingdom" title="Officer cadet">OF(D)</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:11%" colspan="2">OF-1 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:4%">OF-2 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-3 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-4 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:6%">OF-5 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#One-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-6<br />★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Two-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-7<br />★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:7%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Three-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-8<br />★★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:9%"><a href="/wiki/Military_star_ranking#Four-star" title="Military star ranking">OF-9<br />★★★★</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#DCDCDC; width:11%"><a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">OF-10<br />★★★★★</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="Royal Navy officer rank insignia">Royal Navy</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)">Lt Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">Cdre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">RAdm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice-admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)">VAdm</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Admiral</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Adm of the Fleet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OCdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_Royal_Marines" title="Captain General Royal Marines">Capt Gen RM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/British_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="British Army officer rank insignia">British Army</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">OCdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">2Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lt Col</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Maj Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lt Gen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/RAF_officer_ranks" title="RAF officer ranks">Royal Air Force</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">Off Cdt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acting_pilot_officer" title="Acting pilot officer">APO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">Plt Off</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">Fg Off</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">Flt Lt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">Sqn Ldr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">Wg Cdr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">Gp Capt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">Air Cdre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">AVM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Mshl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chf Mshl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Air Force">Mshl of the RAF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; background-color:#DCDCDC">lists </th> <th colspan="12" style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_rear_admirals" title="List of Royal Navy rear admirals">rear admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_vice_admirals" title="List of Royal Navy vice admirals">vice admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_admirals_(1707%E2%80%93current)" title="List of Royal Navy admirals (1707–current)">admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Marines_full_generals" title="List of Royal Marines full generals">RM full generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Army_full_generals" title="List of British Army full generals">Army full generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_air_chief_marshals" title="List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals">air chief marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_senior_female_officers_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" title="List of senior female officers of the British Armed Forces">female senior officers </a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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