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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Atmospheric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_resistant_surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_resistant_surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dust resistant surfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_resistant_surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atmospheric gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_mites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_mites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dust mites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_mites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dust</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="غبار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غبار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvo" title="Polvo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polvo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%90_(%DC%A5%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܚܠܐ (ܥܦܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܠܐ (ܥܦܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toz" title="Toz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-ia" title="Eng-ia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-ia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Пыл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пыл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Пыл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пыл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpog" title="Alpog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alpog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Атмосферен прах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атмосферен прах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_(part%C3%ADcules)" title="Pols (partícules) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pols (partícules)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тусан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тусан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prach" title="Prach – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankpagbuligu" title="Tankpagbuligu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tankpagbuligu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8v" title="Støv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staub" title="Staub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolm" title="Tolm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tolm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Σκόνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκόνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lvra" title="Pólvra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pólvra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvo" title="Polvo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polvo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvo" title="Polvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts" title="Hauts – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauts" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گرد و غبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرد و غبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poussi%C3%A8re" title="Poussière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poussière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deannach" title="Deannach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Deannach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_(materia)" title="Po (materia) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Po (materia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%E1%B9%B3%CC%80n-f%C3%B4i" title="Chhṳ̀n-fôi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhṳ̀n-fôi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%BC%EC%A7%80" title="먼지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="먼지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Փոշի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոշի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="धूल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ina" title="Prašina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prašina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Debu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvere" title="Pulvere – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pulvere" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk" title="Ryk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ryk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvere" title="Polvere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polvere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7" title="אבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಧೂಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧೂಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vumbi" title="Vumbi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vumbi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pousy%C3%A8" title="Pousyè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pousyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Чаң – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чаң" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvis" title="Pulvis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pulvis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putek%C4%BCi" title="Putekļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulk%C4%97s" title="Dulkės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dulkės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polver" title="Polver – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polver" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por" title="Por – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Por" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vovoka" title="Vovoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vovoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B3" title="धूळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धूळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debu" title="Debu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Debu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACng-d%C3%ACng" title="Ŭng-dìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭng-dìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖုန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖုန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stof_(deeltjes)" title="Stof (deeltjes) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stof (deeltjes)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E5%A1%B5" title="粉塵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粉塵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8v" title="Støv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8v" title="Støv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Støv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurz" title="Kurz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeira" title="Poeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praf" title="Praf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Praf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пыль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пыль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluhuri" title="Pluhuri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pluhuri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruvulazzu" title="Pruvulazzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pruvulazzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust" title="Dust – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dust" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prach_(%C4%8Dastice_v_atmosf%C3%A9re)" title="Prach (častice v atmosfére) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prach (častice v atmosfére)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prah" title="Prah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodh" title="Boodh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boodh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прашина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прашина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ina" title="Prašina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small particles in the air and settling onto surfaces</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dust_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dust (disambiguation)">Dust (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Dust_storm_approaching_Stratford%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storm</a> blankets houses in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DustDeposition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DustDeposition.png/220px-DustDeposition.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DustDeposition.png/330px-DustDeposition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/DustDeposition.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Global oceanic distribution of dust <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dust2017.png/220px-Dust2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dust2017.png/330px-Dust2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dust2017.png/440px-Dust2017.png 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Map of dust in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laptop_dust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Laptop_dust.jpg/220px-Laptop_dust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Laptop_dust.jpg/330px-Laptop_dust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Laptop_dust.jpg/440px-Laptop_dust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Three years of use without cleaning has caused this <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> to become clogged with dust, and it can no longer be used as it may catch fire.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg/220px-Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg/330px-Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg/440px-Hausstaub_auf_einem_Finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Domestic dust on a finger</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dust</b> is made of <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">fine</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> of solid <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> that come from various sources such as <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> lifted by wind (an <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian process</a>), <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. </p><p>Dust in homes is composed of about 20–50% dead skin <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest, and in offices and other <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environments</a>, is composed of small amounts of plant <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, human <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hairs</a>, animal <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> fibers, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> fibers, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> from outdoor soil, burnt <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> particles, and many other <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a> which may be found in the local environment.<sup id="cite_ref-hesskosa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hesskosa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric">Atmospheric</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv/220px--Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="219" data-mwtitle="Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv/Imported_Dust_in_North_American_Skies.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Presentation on imported dust in North American skies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg/220px-Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg/330px-Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg/440px-Dust_storm_over_Libya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>Large dust storm over <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Atmospheric or wind-borne <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_dust" title="Fugitive dust">fugitive dust</a>, also known as <i>aeolian dust</i>, comes from dry regions where high-speed winds can remove mostly silt-sized material, abrading susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> use, and other <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human behaviors</a> have further destabilized the <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, though not all source areas have been largely affected by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dust-producing surfaces cover one-third of the global land area. These are made up of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">hyper-arid regions</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, which covers 0.9 billion hectares, and <a href="/wiki/Drylands" title="Drylands">drylands</a>, which occupy 5.2 billion hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dust in the atmosphere is produced by <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasive_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive blasting">abrasive sandblasting</a> of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>. This airborne dust is considered an <a href="/wiki/Particulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate">aerosol</a>, and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>. Saharan dust, in particular, can be transported and deposited as far as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> and may affect air <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <p>Dust in the Middle East has been a historic phenomenon. Recently, because of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the escalating process of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, the problem has worsened dramatically. As a multi-factor phenomenon, there is not yet a clear consensus on the sources or potential solutions to the problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <p>The dust in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> are migratory systems that move from west to east or east to west in the spring and have the highest intensity, concentration, and extent until mid-summer. The causes of their occurrence are the lack of humidity, dry environment, low rainfall, and annual droughts. Due to the decrease of rainfall in areas such as Iraq and Syria, most of the dust in Iran also originates from the regions of Iraq, Syria, and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-Dust_in_Iran_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dust_in_Iran-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the foreign foci, there are areas inside the country that have either formed new dust foci in recent years or were from the past and their extent has increased. Among these areas, parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Alborz_province" title="Alborz province">Alborz province</a> - which in the past were plains, riverbeds, seasonal lakes, and seasonal reservoirs - and <a href="/wiki/Gavkhouni" title="Gavkhouni">Gavkhoni wetland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan province</a> can be mentioned because they have become dry and prone to dust. Among other areas that have become dust centers, <a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom province</a>, the Qom salt lake and its surroundings can be mentioned, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Urmia lake</a>, which due to strong winds and due to the dryness of the lake and the reduction of its size, some areas of its bed which were underwater in the past are subject to wind erosion. <sup id="cite_ref-Dust_in_Iran_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dust_in_Iran-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, the dust directly affects more than 5 million people and has become a serious government issue recently. In the <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>, it has led to the severe increase of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. The amount of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> in the air has surpassed more than 50 times the normal level several times in a year. Recently, initiatives such as Project-Dust have been established to study dust in the Middle East directly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The continuation of drought has caused water scarcity or drying up of some wetlands and lakes such as <a href="/wiki/Hamun_Lake" title="Hamun Lake">Hamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urmia_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Urmia Lake">Urmia Lake</a>. This has turned them into centers of dust.<sup id="cite_ref-Dust_in_Iran_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dust_in_Iran-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Director General of the Office of Desert Affairs of Iran's Natural Resources and Watershed Organization stated that according to the data of the 2018 studies, 30 million hectares of land in the country are affected by wind erosion, and 14 million hectares of this area are considered to be the focal points of wind erosion, which causes serious damage to infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></div> <p>Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a> is a significant source of harmful air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle and industrial <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>, particles from <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">brake</a> wear, <a href="/wiki/Construction_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction dust">dust</a> from paved roads or <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">potholes</a>, and dust from <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> sites. Road dust is a significant contributor to the generation and release of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of road dust is a significant challenge in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>. </p><p>Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like <a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">street sweeper</a>, vehicles equipped with <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaners</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> sprays,<sup id="cite_ref-usroads.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usroads.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with water sprayers. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride#Road_surfacing" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a> can be used. Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineering</a> have reduced the amount of <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Size,_shape_and_solubility_matter" title="Particulates">PM<sub>10</sub>s</a> produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coal">Coal</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ADust&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Dust">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a> is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">coal worker's pneumoconiosis</a> disease that occurs among <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_miners" title="History of coal miners">coal miners</a>. The danger of coal dust resulted in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> regulating workplace air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, in very rare circumstances, it can cause a <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">dust explosion</a>. These circumstances are typically within confined spaces. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Dust_control"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_2">Atmospheric</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris_netting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/220px-Debris_netting.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/330px-Debris_netting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Debris_netting.JPG/440px-Debris_netting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from <a href="/wiki/Construction_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction site">construction sites</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most governmental Environmental Protection Agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) mandate that facilities that generate fugitive dust, minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States federal law requires that construction sites obtain <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permissions</a> to conduct earth moving and clearing of areas, so that plans to control dust emissions while the work is being carried out are specified. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a> sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads. </p><p>Some of the issues include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Some of these require support (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Reducing dust related health risks that include <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> reactions, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthmatic</a> attacks.</li> <li>Improving <a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">visibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic safety</a>.</li> <li>Providing cleaner air, cleaner vehicles and cleaner homes and promoting better health.</li> <li>Improving <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How does controlling dust improve productivity?date=October 2015 (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reducing vehicle maintenance costs by lowering the levels of dust that clog filters, bearings and machinery.</li> <li>Reducing driver fatigue, maintenance on <a href="/wiki/Car_suspension" title="Car suspension">car suspension</a> systems and improving <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy in automobiles</a>.</li> <li>Increasing <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_effects_(environment)" title="Cumulative effects (environment)">cumulative effects</a>—each new application builds on previous progress.</li></ul> <p>US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">dirt roads</a>. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including paving or laying down <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils<sup id="cite_ref-usroads.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usroads.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other <a href="/wiki/Dust_abatement" title="Dust abatement">dust suppressants</a>, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microscopic_House_Dust_(14218567080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg/220px-Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg/330px-Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg/440px-Microscopic_House_Dust_%2814218567080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>House dust under a microscope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domesticdustonaribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Domesticdustonaribbon.png/220px-Domesticdustonaribbon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Domesticdustonaribbon.png/330px-Domesticdustonaribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Domesticdustonaribbon.png/440px-Domesticdustonaribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Domestic dust on a ribbon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/220px--Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="411" data-mwtitle="Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm/Reducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AReducing_Dust_inside_Enclosed_Cabs.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A video on reducing dust exposure in the workplace</figcaption></figure> <p>Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500<span class="nowrap"> </span>micrometers (<i>i.e.</i> half a millimeter). Dust poses a health risk to children,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> older people, and those with respiratory diseases. </p><p>House dust can become airborne easily. Care is required when removing dust to avoid causing the dust to become airborne. A <a href="/wiki/Feather_duster" title="Feather duster">feather duster</a> tends to agitate the dust so it lands elsewhere<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Certified <a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a> (tested to MIL STD 282) can effectively trap 99.97% of dust at 0.3 micrometers. Not all HEPA filters can effectively stop dust; while vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, water, or cyclones may filter more effectively than without, they may still exhaust millions of particles per cubic foot of air circulated. <a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">Central vacuum cleaners</a> can be effective in removing dust, especially if they are exhausted directly to the outdoors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filters</a> differ greatly in their <a href="/wiki/Effectiveness" title="Effectiveness">effectiveness</a>. Laser particle counters are an effective way to measure filter effectiveness; medical grade instruments can test for particles as small as 0.3 micrometers. In order to test for dust in the air, there are several options available. Pre-weighed filter and matched weight filters made from <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> or mixed <a href="/wiki/Cellulose#Cellulose_esters_and_ethers" title="Cellulose">cellulose ester</a> are suitable for respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_resistant_surfaces">Dust resistant surfaces</h3></div> <p>A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials and items in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> or through a repair process <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. A reduced <a href="/wiki/Tacticity" title="Tacticity">tacticity</a> of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces and release small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel, container or enclosure with <a href="/wiki/Hemming_and_seaming" title="Hemming and seaming">seams</a> may feature types of strengthened <a href="/wiki/Structural_rigidity" title="Structural rigidity">structural rigidity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealant</a> to vulnerable <a href="/wiki/Edge_(geometry)" title="Edge (geometry)">edges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Join_(topology)" title="Join (topology)">joins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outer_space">Outer space</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a> is widely present in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, where gas and dust clouds are the primary precursors for <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">zodiacal light</a>, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. The tails of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> can occur on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> which cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, and high concentrations produce <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">diffuse nebulae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_nebula" title="Reflection nebula">reflection nebulae</a>. </p><p>Dust is widely present in the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>. Ambient <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> heats dust and re-emits radiation into the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> band, which may distort the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a complicated <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectrum</a> and includes both thermal dust emission and <a href="/wiki/Spinning_dust" title="Spinning dust">spinning dust</a> emission.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dust samples returned from outer space have provided information about conditions of the early <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">solar system</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> have sought to gather samples of dust and other materials. Among these craft was <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a>, which flew past <a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> in 2004, and returned a capsule of the comet's remains to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i> spacecraft returned samples of dust from the surface of an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_gallery">Atmospheric gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry, windy weather sends clouds of dust across south-eastern Australia."><img alt="Dry, windy weather sends clouds of dust across south-eastern Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg/94px-Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg/141px-Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg/188px-Dust_over_Southeast_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry, windy weather sends clouds of dust across south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pale brown plume of dust sweeps out of Argentina's Pampas."><img alt="A pale brown plume of dust sweeps out of Argentina's Pampas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg/92px-Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg/138px-Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg/184px-Spring_Bloom_and_Dust_off_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pale brown plume of dust sweeps out of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampa">Pampas</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A thick dust plume over Kuwait and the north-western tip of the Persian Gulf"><img alt="A thick dust plume over Kuwait and the north-western tip of the Persian Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg/156px-Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg/234px-Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg/312px-Dust_Extends_from_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7689" data-file-height="5916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A thick dust plume over <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and the north-western tip of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dust_mites">Dust mites</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dust_mite_allergy" title="Dust mite allergy">Dust mite allergy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">House dust mites</a> are present indoors wherever humans live.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> whose primary food is dead human skin cells, but they do not live on living people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They and their feces and other <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not suspended for long in the air. They are generally found on the floor and other surfaces until disturbed (by walking, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could take between twenty minutes and two hours for dust mites to settle back out of the air. </p><p>Dust mites are a nesting species that prefer a dark, warm, and humid <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. They flourish in <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">bedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upholstered" class="mw-redirect" title="Upholstered">upholstered</a> furniture, and <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their feces include <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> that are released upon contact with a moist surface, which can happen when a person inhales, and these enzymes can kill cells within the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_dust" title="Mineral dust">Mineral dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondust" class="mw-redirect" title="Moondust">Moondust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesion_force_measurement_of_powders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhesion force measurement of powders (page does not exist)">Adhesion force measurement of powders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_geology" title="Medical geology">Medical geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">Nephelometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_dust_exposure" title="Occupational dust exposure">Occupational dust exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_bunny" title="Dust bunny">Dust bunny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lint_(material)" title="Lint (material)">Lint (material)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Hanānā">Hanānā</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bronswijk1981" class="citation book cs1">van Bronswijk, J. E. M. H. (1981). <i>House Dust Biology for Allergists, Acarologists and Mycologists</i>. J. 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Bentham Science Publishers. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60805-473-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60805-473-2"><bdi>978-1-60805-473-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224031239/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmriAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrobiology+The+Search+for+Life+in+the+Universe&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bentham+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.isbn=978-1-60805-473-2&rft.aulast=Hanslmeier&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmriAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath2018" class="citation book cs1">Ridpath, Ian (2018-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497"><i>A Dictionary of Astronomy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254261-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-254261-8"><bdi>978-0-19-254261-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224031238/https://books.google.com/books?id=VmZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT497">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Astronomy&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-254261-8&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmZaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/dust-mites">"Dust Mites"</a>. <i>American Lung Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131312/https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/dust-mites">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Lung+Association&rft.atitle=Dust+Mites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Fclean-air%2Fat-home%2Findoor-air-pollutants%2Fdust-mites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralia2021" class="citation web cs1">Australia, Healthdirect (2021-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dust-mites">"Dust mites"</a>. <i>www.healthdirect.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131314/https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dust-mites">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.healthdirect.gov.au&rft.atitle=Dust+mites&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Australia&rft.aufirst=Healthdirect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthdirect.gov.au%2Fdust-mites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryman2020" class="citation web cs1">Perryman, Oliver (December 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dehumidifiercritic.com/how-to-get-rid-of-dust-floating-in-the-air/">"How to Get Rid of Dust Floating in the Air using a Air Purifier?"</a>. <i>Dehumidifier Critic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517182244/https://dehumidifiercritic.com/how-to-get-rid-of-dust-floating-in-the-air/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dehumidifier+Critic&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+Rid+of+Dust+Floating+in+the+Air+using+a+Air+Purifier%3F&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Perryman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdehumidifiercritic.com%2Fhow-to-get-rid-of-dust-floating-in-the-air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbadi2009" class="citation web cs1">Abadi, Sara (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aolhealth.com/healthy-living/good-hygiene">"Hygiene Habits"</a>. <i>AOL Health</i>. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128225114/http://www.aolhealth.com/healthy-living/good-hygiene">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AOL+Health&rft.atitle=Hygiene+Habits&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Abadi&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aolhealth.com%2Fhealthy-living%2Fgood-hygiene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColloff2009" class="citation book cs1">Colloff, Matthew J (2009). <i>Dust Mites</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2224-0">10.1007/978-90-481-2224-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2224-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2224-0"><bdi>978-90-481-2224-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664094692">664094692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+Mites&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664094692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-2224-0&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2224-0&rft.aulast=Colloff&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADust" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Amato, Joseph A (2001). <i>Dust: A History of the Small and the Invisible</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23195-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23195-3">0-520-23195-3</a></li> <li>Holmes, Hannah (2001). <i>The Secret Life of Dust</i>. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-37743-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-37743-0">0-471-37743-0</a></li> <li>Steedman, Carolyn (2002). <i>Dust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6015-1">978-0-7190-6015-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Aerosol_terminology" title="Template:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aerosol_terminology" title="Template talk:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aerosol_terminology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aerosol_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_bioaerosol" title="Indoor bioaerosol">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cloud</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fume</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)" title="Spray (liquid drop)">Spray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_impaction" title="Aerosol impaction">Aerosol impaction</a></li> <li>Agglomerate <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary particle (page does not exist)">Primary particle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_aerosol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary aerosol (page does not exist)">Primary aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_aerosol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary aerosol (page does not exist)">Secondary aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(aerosol_physics)" title="Deposition (aerosol physics)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersity" title="Dispersity">Dispersity</a> <ul><li>Monodisperse</li> <li>Polydisperse</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Particle_counter" title="Particle counter">Particle counters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensation_particle_counter" title="Condensation particle counter">Condensation particle counter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_particle_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser particle counter (page does not exist)">Laser particle counter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_particle_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical particle counter (page does not exist)">Optical particle counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particle sizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanning_electrical_mobility_spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (page does not exist)">Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diffusion_battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diffusion battery (page does not exist)">Diffusion battery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_classifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inertial classifier (page does not exist)">Inertial classifier</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-of-flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometer">Time-of-flight mass spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-of-flight_particle_sizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time-of-flight particle sizer (page does not exist)">Time-of-flight particle sizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cascade_impactor" title="Cascade impactor">Cascade impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_pressure_impactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low pressure impactor (page does not exist)">Low pressure impactor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microorifice_imapctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microorifice imapctor (page does not exist)">Microorifice imapctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andersen_sampler" title="Andersen sampler">Andersen 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