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<span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_and_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_and_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Succession and numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88" title="كازوكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازوكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%A1%B1" title="화족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="קזוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קזוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8F" title="華族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="華族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Кадзоку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадзоку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کازۆکو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کازۆکو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Казоку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казоку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8" title="คาโซกุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาโซกุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Кадзоку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кадзоку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kazoku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1869–1947 Japanese system of nobility</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1970 Japanese film, see <a href="/wiki/Kazoku_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazoku (film)">Kazoku (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg/300px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg/450px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg/600px-Y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Chikanobu_House_of_Peers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="House of Peers">House of Peers</a> in session with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> giving a speech. (<a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> woodblock print by <a href="/wiki/Toyohara_Chikanobu" title="Toyohara Chikanobu">Yōshū Chikanobu</a>, 1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Kazoku</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">華族</span></span>, "Magnificent/Exalted lineage")</span> was the hereditary <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords (<i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyō</a></i>) and court nobles (<i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">kuge</a></i>) into one system modelled after the <a href="/wiki/British_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="British peerage">British peerage</a>. Distinguished military officers, politicians, and scholars were occasionally ennobled until the country's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> in 1945 (新華族, <i>shin kazoku</i>, lit. "the newly ennobled").<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was abolished with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">1947 constitution</a>, which prohibited any form of aristocracy under it, but <i>kazoku</i> descendants still form the core of the traditional upper class in the country's society, distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Kazoku</b> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:華族">華族</a>) should not be confused with <i>"kazoku (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:家族">家族</a>)"</i>, which is pronounced the same in Japanese, but with a different character reading that means "immediate family" (as in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Kazoku_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazoku (film)">Kazoku</a></i> above). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg/170px-Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg/255px-Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg/340px-Prince_Tokugawa_Iesato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Prince <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Tokugawa Iesato</a>, first head of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a> after the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a>, and was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the House of Peers">President of the House of Peers</a> from 1903-1933.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868, the ancient court nobility of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">kuge</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">公家</span></span>)</span>, regained some of its lost status. Several members of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span>, such as <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Tadayasu" title="Nakayama Tadayasu">Nakayama Tadayasu</a>, played a crucial role in the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> and the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji government">Meiji government</a> nominated <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> to head all seven of the newly established administrative departments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchs</a>, as part of their Westernizing reforms, merged the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> with the former <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大名</span></span>, feudal lords)</span> into an expanded <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> class on 25 July 1869, to recognize that the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> and former <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> were a social class distinct from the other designated social classes of <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shizoku" title="Shizoku">shizoku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">士族</span></span>, former samurai)</span> and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">heimin</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平民</span></span>, commoners)</span>. They lost their territorial privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, one of the principal authors of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji constitution">Meiji constitution</a>, intended the new <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> peerage to serve as a political and social bulwark for the "restored" <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> and the Japanese imperial institution. At the time, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> (142 families) and former <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> (285 families) consisted of a group of total <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kuge_families" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kuge families">427 families</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/170px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg/255px-Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Michitsune_Koga_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Marquess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michitsune_Koga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michitsune Koga (page does not exist)">Michitsune Koga</a> (1842–1925), a member of the Imperial Family, descending from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Murakami" title="Emperor Murakami">Emperor Murakami</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>All members of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> without an official government appointment in the provinces were initially obliged to reside in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. By the end of 1869, a pension system was adopted, which gradually displaced the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> from their posts as provincial governors and as government leaders. The stipends promised by the government were eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">government bonds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884 the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> were reorganized and the old feudal titles were replaced with:<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>, the equivalent of a European <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:公爵">公爵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kōshaku</i></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:侯爵">侯爵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kōshaku</i></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>, the equivalent of an <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:伯爵">伯爵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hakushaku</i></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:子爵">子爵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shishaku</i></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:男爵">男爵</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Danshaku</i></span>)</span></li></ol> <p>There were several categories within the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span>. The initial rank distribution for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> houses of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> descent depended on the highest possible office to which its ancestors had been entitled in the imperial court. Thus, the heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Five_regent_houses" title="Five regent houses">five regent houses</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">go-sekke</i></span>)</span> of the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Konoe_family" title="Konoe family">Konoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_family" title="Takatsukasa family">Takatsukasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_family" title="Kujō family">Kujō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_family" title="Ichijō family">Ichijō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_family" title="Nijō family">Nijō</a>) all became princes, the equivalent of a European <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, upon the establishment of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> in 1884. </p><p>The heads of eight other families (<a href="/wiki/Daigo_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Daigo family">Daigo</a>, <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B9%A1%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:広幡家">Hirohata</a>, <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E4%BA%AD%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:菊亭家">Kikutei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koga_(kuge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koga (kuge)">Koga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saionji_family" title="Saionji family">Saionji</a>, <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BA%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:徳大寺家">Tokudaiji</a>, <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%82%8A%E5%BE%A1%E9%96%80%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:大炊御門家">Ōinomikado</a> and <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B1%B1%E9%99%A2%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:花山院家">Kasannoin</a>) all with the rank of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:清華家">seiga</a></i></span>, the second rank in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span>, became marquesses at the same time. Those family heads in the third tier of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> and with the rank of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:大臣家">daijin</a></i></span> became counts. Heads of families in the lowest three tiers (those in the ranks of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:羽林家">urin</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:名家">mei</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:半家">han</a></i></span>) typically became viscounts, but could also be ennobled as counts. </p><p>Other appointments to the two highest ranks in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span>—prince and marquess—from among the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> were also made to reward certain <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> families for their roles in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, for taking a prominent role in national affairs or for their close degree of relationship to the Imperial family. Thus the head of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiga</i></span>-ranked <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjo_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjo family (page does not exist)">Sanjo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="ja:三条家">ja</a>]</span> house became a prince in 1884. The heads of the Tokudaiji and the Saionji houses were advanced to the rank of prince from the rank of marquess in 1911 and 1920, respectively. </p><p>In recognition of his father's role in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwakura_Tomosada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwakura Tomosada (page does not exist)">Iwakura Tomosada</a>, the heir of noble <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a> and whose family had been in the fourth tier of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuge</i></span> nobility, with the rank of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">urin</i></span>, was ennobled as a prince in 1884. <a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Tadayasu" title="Nakayama Tadayasu">Nakayama Tadayasu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Emperor">Meiji Emperor</a>'s maternal grandfather and also from an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">urin</i></span>-ranked family, was ennobled as a marquess. The head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Second_Sh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Second Shō">Shō family</a>, the former royal family of the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Kingdom">Ryūkyū Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>), was given the title of marquess. When the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> was annexed in 1910, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Yi" title="House of Yi">House of Yi</a> was <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatized</a> as an incorporated and therefore subordinate kingship<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">王</span></span>)</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peers_Club_Inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Peers_Club_Inside.jpg/220px-Peers_Club_Inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Peers_Club_Inside.jpg/330px-Peers_Club_Inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Peers_Club_Inside.jpg/440px-Peers_Club_Inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peers%27_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peers' Club (page does not exist)">Peers' Club</a>, Tokyo (1912). Unlike Western-style <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's clubs</a>, membership was also open to women.</figcaption></figure> <p>Excluding the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawas</a>, the initial <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> rank distribution for the former <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> lords depended on rice revenue: those with 150,000 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">koku</a></i></span> or more became marquesses, those with 50,000 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koku</i></span> or more become counts, and those with holdings rated below 50,000 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">koku</i></span> became viscounts. The head of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Tokugawa Iesato</a>, became a prince, the heads of primary Tokugawa branch houses (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinpan daimyō</i></span>) became marquesses, the heads of the secondary branches became counts and the heads of more distant branches became viscounts. The head of the Matsudaira (<a href="/wiki/Fukui_Domain" title="Fukui Domain">Fukui Domain</a>) branch was raised to the rank of marquess from the rank of count in 1888. In 1902, the former <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> was created a prince, and the head of the Mito <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shinpan_(daimy%C5%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinpan (daimyō)">shinpan</a></i></span> house was raised to the same rank, prince, in 1929. </p><p>Of the other former <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> clans, the heads of the Mōri (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domain</a>) and Shimazu (<a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a>) clans were both ennobled as princes in 1884 for their role in the Meiji Restoration; the Yamauchi (<a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa Domain</a>) clan was given the rank of marquess. The heads of the main Asano (<a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Domain" title="Hiroshima Domain">Hiroshima Domain</a>), Ikeda (<a href="/wiki/Okayama_Domain" title="Okayama Domain">Okayama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tottori_Domain" title="Tottori Domain">Tottori Domains</a>), Kuroda (<a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Domain" title="Fukuoka Domain">Fukuoka Domain</a>), Satake (<a href="/wiki/Kubota_Domain" title="Kubota Domain">Kubota Domain</a>), Nabeshima (<a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga Domain</a>), Hachisuka (<a href="/wiki/Tokushima_Domain" title="Tokushima Domain">Tokushima Domain</a>), Hosokawa (<a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Domain" title="Kumamoto Domain">Kumamoto Domain</a>) and Maeda (<a href="/wiki/Kaga_Domain" title="Kaga Domain">Kaga Domain</a>) clans became marquesses in 1884. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/170px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/255px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg/340px-IT%C5%8C_Hirobumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Japan's first Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, despite being born the son of an impoverished farmer, he was ennobled as prince.</figcaption></figure> <p>Notably, the head of the main family line of the <a href="/wiki/Date_clan" title="Date clan">Date clan</a>, which had formerly ruled the extensive <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Domain" title="Sendai Domain">Sendai Domain</a>, was only ennobled as a count and was thus denied a hereditary seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>; this was likely due to the domain's prominent role as the leader of a coalition against the Imperial forces during the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>. In 1891, the head of the Date-Uwajima family (<a href="/wiki/Uwajima_Domain" title="Uwajima Domain">Uwajima Domain</a>), a cadet branch of the clan which had remained loyal to the Emperor during the conflict, was raised to the rank of marquess, having been ennobled as a count in 1884. </p><p>Many of those who had significant roles in the Meiji Restoration, or their heirs, were ennobled. <a href="/wiki/Ito_Hirobumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> were ennobled as counts in 1884, promoted to marquesses in 1895 and finally became princes in 1907. The heirs of <a href="/wiki/Okubo_Toshimichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okubo Toshimichi">Okubo Toshimichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kido_Takayoshi" title="Kido Takayoshi">Kido Takayoshi</a>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Three_great_nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Three great nobles">three great nobles</a> of the Meiji Restoration, were ennobled as marquesses in 1884, followed by the heirs of samurai general-politician <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> in 1902. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_and_numbers">Succession and numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Succession and numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png/220px-Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png/330px-Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png/440px-Kazoku-Japanese-Nobility-Group.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Group photo of <i>Kazoku</i> members<i>,</i> including Japan's prime minister before the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> (1st row, far left)</figcaption></figure> <p>As in the <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">British peerage</a>, only the actual holder of a title and his consort were considered members of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span>. The holders of the top two ranks, prince and marquess, automatically became members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Diet of Japan</a> upon their succession or upon majority (in the case of peers who were minors). Counts, viscounts and barons elected up to 150 representatives from their ranks to sit in the House of Peers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg/220px-Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg/330px-Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg/440px-Fumimaro_Konoe_President_of_the_House_of_Peers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Konoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Konoe">Prince Konoe</a> reading an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_rescript" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial rescript">imperial rescript</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_House_of_Peers" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the House of Peers">President of the House of Peers</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peerage_Act_of_7_July_1884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peerage Act of 7 July 1884 (page does not exist)">Peerage Act of 7 July 1884</a>, pushed through by Home Minister and future first Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> after visiting <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the Meiji government expanded the hereditary peerage with the award of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> status to persons regarded as having performed distinguished public services to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also divided the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> into five ranks explicitly based on the <a href="/wiki/British_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="British peerage">British peerage</a>, but with titles deriving from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Chinese nobility</a>. </p><p>Usually, though not always, titles and hereditary financial stipends passed according to <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. Unlike in European peerage systems, but following traditional Japanese custom, illegitimate sons could succeed to titles and estates. To prevent their lineages from dying out, heads of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> houses could (and frequently did) adopt sons from collateral branches of their own houses, whether in the male or female lines of descent, and from other <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> houses whether related or not. </p><p>Unlike European custom, the adopted heir of a peer could succeed to a title ahead of a more senior heir in terms of primogeniture. A 1904 amendment to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1889_Imperial_Household_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1889 Imperial Household Law (page does not exist)">1889 Imperial Household Law</a> allowed minor princes (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cke" title="Ōke">ō</a></i></span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">imperial family</a> to renounce their imperial status and become peers (in their own right) or heirs to childless peers. </p><p>Initially there were 11 non-imperial princes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts, 324 viscounts and 74 barons, for a total of 509 peers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 391">: 391 </span></sup> By 1928, through promotions and new creations, there were a total of 954 peers: 18 non-imperial princes, 40 marquesses, 108 counts, 379 viscounts and 409 barons. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> reached a peak of 1016 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_family" title="Japanese family">families</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1194">: 1194 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a> abolished the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> and ended the use of all titles of nobility or rank outside the immediate Imperial Family. Since the end of the war, many descendants of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kazoku</i></span> families continue to occupy prominent roles in Japanese society and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kazoku Kaikan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">華族会館</span></span>)</span>, or Peers' Club, was the association of the high nobility. It had its headquarters in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rokumeikan" title="Rokumeikan">Rokumeikan</a></i></span> building. After 1947 it was renamed the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasumi_Kaikan" title="Kasumi Kaikan">Kasumi Kaikan</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">霞会館</span></span>)</span> and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Building" title="Kasumigaseki Building">Kasumigaseki Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki" title="Kasumigaseki">Kasumigaseki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg/220px-Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg/330px-Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg/440px-Mitsui_Tsunamachi_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Guest house of the <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_family" title="Mitsui family">Mitsui</a> Barony (<a href="/wiki/Mita,_Minato,_Tokyo" title="Mita, Minato, Tokyo">Mita, Tokyo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <i>kazoku</i> families were supposed to live in a style that matched their status, living standards varied significantly from family to family. <i>Kuge</i> families, long having been seen as a spent force since the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai class</a> became the de facto ruling class in the 11th century, tended to be significantly worse off than <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i> families. The <i>Nara kazoku</i> (奈良華族), consisting of 26 monk families from <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kofukuji</a>, who descended from kuge families (22 of which belonged to the Fujiwara clan), were all made barons under the <i>kazoku</i> system. They were regarded as the poorest and received extra stipends to support their living.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1915 survey found that a kazoku family had around 13 servants on average, while the grandest families had hundreds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281,_Berlin,_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg/197px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg/296px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg/395px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10281%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz_Takamatsu_mit_seiner_Gattin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kikuko,_Princess_Takamatsu" title="Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu">Princess Takamatsu</a> at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Hotel Adlon</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all kazoku heirs raised in Japan attended <a href="/wiki/Gakush%C5%ABin" title="Gakushūin">Gakushuin</a> for their primary and secondary education. For higher education, the most preferred institutions included the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> (called Tokyo Imperial University 1897-1947) (e.g., Prince <a href="/wiki/Iemasa_Tokugawa" title="Iemasa Tokugawa">Iemasa Tokugawa</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Yoriyasu_Arima" title="Yoriyasu Arima">Yoriyasu Arima</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Naval_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Naval Academy">naval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Army Academy">army academies</a> (e.g., Viscount <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara_Naganari" title="Ogasawara Naganari">Naganari Ogasawara</a>, Marquess <a href="/wiki/Toshinari_Maeda" title="Toshinari Maeda">Toshinari Maeda</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some opted to be educated overseas, such as at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> (e.g., Prince <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Iesato Tokugawa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> (e.g., Marquess <a href="/wiki/Masauji_Hachisuka" title="Masauji Hachisuka">Masauji Hachisuka</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Koyata_Iwasaki" title="Koyata Iwasaki">Koayata Iwasaki</a>). After completing their education, they pursued varied careers such as statesmen at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>, diplomats (e.g., Prince <a href="/wiki/Iemasa_Tokugawa" title="Iemasa Tokugawa">Iemasa Tokugawa</a>, Marquess <a href="/wiki/Nabeshima_Naohiro_(Saga)" title="Nabeshima Naohiro (Saga)">Naohiro Nabeshima</a>), and scholars (e.g., Marquess <a href="/wiki/Yoshichika_Tokugawa" title="Yoshichika Tokugawa">Yoshichika Tokugawa</a>, Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomohide_Iwakura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomohide Iwakura (page does not exist)">Tomohide Iwakura</a>). Those who followed rather unusual career paths included Marquess <a href="/wiki/Yoshi_Hijikata" title="Yoshi Hijikata">Hijikata Yoshi</a>, who became a communist and fled to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meiho_Ogasawara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meiho Ogasawara (page does not exist)">Meiho Ogasawara</a>, an heir to a viscountcy who pursued his passion for films and was disinherited in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><i>Kazoku</i> usually married within their class. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a> of 1889 prohibited Imperial Princes from marrying commoners, hence their options were limited to Princesses and daughters of <i>kazoku</i> families. <i>Kazoku</i> daughters who married into the Imperial family include <a href="/wiki/Kikuko,_Princess_Takamatsu" title="Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu">Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu</a> (née <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yuriko,_Princess_Mikasa" title="Yuriko, Princess Mikasa">Yuriko, Princess Mikasa</a> (née <a href="/wiki/Tannan_Domain" title="Tannan Domain">Takagi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Setsuko,_Princess_Chichibu" title="Setsuko, Princess Chichibu">Setsuko, Princess Chichibu</a> (née <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_clan" title="Matsudaira clan">Matsudaira</a>).</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiyokan_(Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tokyo house of Marquess Naohiro Nabeshima"><img alt="Tokyo house of Marquess Naohiro Nabeshima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg/272px-Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg/407px-Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg/543px-Seiyokan_%28Nabeshima_residence_in_Tokyo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tokyo house of Marquess <a href="/wiki/Nabeshima_Naohiro_(Saga)" title="Nabeshima Naohiro (Saga)">Naohiro Nabeshima</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Country house of Viscount Mototoshi Mori (now Mori Museum)"><img alt="Country house of Viscount Mototoshi Mori (now Mori Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG/240px-Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG/360px-Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG/480px-Hofu_Mouri_Residence_and_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Country house of Viscount <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mototoshi_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mototoshi Mori (page does not exist)">Mototoshi Mori</a> (now <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Museum" title="Mōri Museum">Mori Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former residence of Marquess Toshinari Maeda (now Komaba Park)"><img alt="Former residence of Marquess Toshinari Maeda (now Komaba Park)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg/225px-Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg/338px-Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg/450px-Former_Maeda_Estate_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former residence of Marquess <a href="/wiki/Toshinari_Maeda" title="Toshinari Maeda">Toshinari Maeda</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Komaba_Park" title="Komaba Park">Komaba Park</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Kyoto House of Prince Aritomo Yamagata"><img alt="Former Kyoto House of Prince Aritomo Yamagata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg/270px-View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg/405px-View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg/540px-View_of_Murin-an_garden_from_main_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Kyoto House of Prince <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Aritomo Yamagata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazoku Girls' School (Gakushuin Girls' School) in 1889"><img alt="Kazoku Girls' School (Gakushuin Girls' School) in 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG/246px-Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG/369px-Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Kazoku-Jogakko.JPG 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kazoku Girls' School (<a href="/wiki/Gakush%C5%ABin" title="Gakushūin">Gakushuin</a> Girls' School) in 1889</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodblock print of "Enlightened Nobles", depicting prominent noble politicians and military commanders of the Meiji era, 1877"><img alt="Woodblock print by [[Kobayashi Toshimitsu]], "Table of Enlightened Aristocrats", 1877. Depicts [[Prince Arisugawa Taruhito]], [[Enomoto Takeaki]], [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]], [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]], [[Saigō Takamori]], [[Yamagata Aritomo]], [[Iwakura Tomomi]], [[Sanjō Sanetomi]], [[Ōkubo Toshimichi]], [[Kido Takayoshi]], [[Shimazu Hisamitsu]], [[Katsu Kaishū]], [[Itō Hirobumi]], [[Kusumoto Masataka]], [[Itagaki Taisuke]], [[Gotō Shōjirō]] and [[Prince Komatsu Akihito]]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg/360px-Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg/540px-Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg/720px-Kaimei_kizokuhy%C5%8D_by_Shinsai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woodblock print of "Enlightened Nobles", depicting prominent noble politicians and military commanders of the Meiji era, 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A0287992_2392942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Itsuko, Princess of Nashimoto (née Nabeshima)"><img alt="Itsuko, Princess of Nashimoto (née Nabeshima)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A0287992_2392942.jpg/118px-A0287992_2392942.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A0287992_2392942.jpg/177px-A0287992_2392942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A0287992_2392942.jpg/236px-A0287992_2392942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itsuko,_Princess_of_Nashimoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itsuko, Princess of Nashimoto (page does not exist)">Itsuko, Princess of Nashimoto</a> (née Nabeshima)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_(Hirohito)_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsuneo Matsudaira and Emperor Hirohito on Musashi"><img alt="Tsuneo Matsudaira and Emperor Hirohito on Musashi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg/170px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg/255px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg/340px-Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dwa_%28Hirohito%29_and_Tsuneo_Matsudaira_aboard_Battleship_Musashi_-_24_June_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsuneo_Matsudaira" title="Tsuneo Matsudaira">Tsuneo Matsudaira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa with a tiger he hunted in Malaya"><img alt="Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa with a tiger he hunted in Malaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg/131px-Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg/196px-Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg/261px-Tokugawa_Yoshichika_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marquess <a href="/wiki/Yoshichika_Tokugawa" title="Yoshichika Tokugawa">Yoshichika Tokugawa</a> with a tiger he hunted in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuriko, Princess Mikasa, one of the last living members of the Imperial family who were born as kazoku"><img alt="Yuriko, Princess Mikasa, one of the last living members of the Imperial family who were born as kazoku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg/135px-Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg/202px-Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg/270px-Princess_Mikasa_2012-1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yuriko,_Princess_Mikasa" title="Yuriko, Princess Mikasa">Yuriko, Princess Mikasa</a>, one of the last living members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial family</a> who were born as <i>kazoku</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara,_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baron Kijuro Shidehara (later Prime Minister), Viscount Tomosaburo Kato and Prince Iesato Tokugawa at Washington Naval Conference"><img alt="Baron Kijuro Shidehara (later Prime Minister), Viscount Tomosaburo Kato and Prince Iesato Tokugawa at Washington Naval Conference" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg/245px-Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg/367px-Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg/489px-Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara%2C_Tomosabur%C5%8D_Kat%C5%8D_and_Iesato_Tokugawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baron <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijuro Shidehara</a> (later Prime Minister), Viscount <a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">Tomosaburo Kato</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato" title="Tokugawa Iesato">Iesato Tokugawa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Monbatsu" title="Monbatsu">Monbatsu</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831130049if_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/kazoku">"Kazoku - Japanese nobility"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dec 21, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/kazoku">the original</a> on August 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazoku+-+Japanese+nobility&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fkazoku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF日本国語大辞典" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">日本国語大辞典, デジタル大辞泉,精選版. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8F-536810">"新華族(シンカゾク)とは？意味や使い方"</a>. <i>コトバンク</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E6%97%8F%28%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BE%E3%82%AF%29%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%EF%BC%9F+%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3%E3%82%84%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E6%96%B9&rft.aulast=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.aufirst=%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%B3%89%2C%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8%E7%89%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%2596%25B0%25E8%258F%25AF%25E6%2597%258F-536810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509083044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/05/21/the-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility/8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd/">"THE LAST RETREAT OF JAPAN'S NOBILITY - The Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 2019-05-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/05/21/the-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility/8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd/">the original</a> on 2019-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=THE+LAST+RETREAT+OF+JAPAN%27S+NOBILITY+-+The+Washington+Post&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1997%2F05%2F21%2Fthe-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility%2F8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Francis_Kornicki1998" class="citation book cs1">Peter Francis Kornicki (1998). <i>The emergence of the Meiji state</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+the+Meiji+state&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Peter+Francis+Kornicki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, <i>The Making of Modern Japan</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kodansha_Encyclopedia_of_Japan" title="Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan">Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebra, <i>Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1997" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Mary (May 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509083044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/05/21/the-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility/8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd/">"The Last Retreat of Japan's Nobility"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/05/21/the-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility/8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd/">the original</a> on May 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2020</span> – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Last+Retreat+of+Japan%27s+Nobility&rft.date=1997-05-21&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1997%2F05%2F21%2Fthe-last-retreat-of-japans-nobility%2F8fa34c94-e808-43eb-916d-3806924759bd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">刑部芳則. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1521417756191974656">幕末・維新の青年群像 (第 3 回) 奈良華族の苦しい立場.</a>" <i>青少年問題</i> 60.春季 (2013): 52-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">小田部雄次『華族近代日本貴族の虚像と実像』中央公論新社〈中公新書1836〉、2006年（平成18年）ISBN 978-4121018366, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">サトウユウキ, and 佐藤雄基. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rikkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/21252/files/AA11649321_20_08.pdf">卒業論文題目からみた近代歴史学の歩み: 東京帝国大学国史学科 1905-1944 の事例報告.</a>" <i>立教大学日本学研究所年報</i> 20 (2021): 49-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">入倉友紀. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eizogaku/108/0/108_010809/_article/-char/ja/">松竹蒲田撮影所における女性の映画製作への参画――女優兼脚本家, 松井千枝子の活動を通して.</a>" <i>映像学</i> 108 (2022): 144-163.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen,_Marius_B.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans"><i>The Making of Modern Japan</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00334-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600">44090600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44090600&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00334-7&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernja00jans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebra1993" class="citation book cs1">Lebra, Sugiyama Takie (1993). <i>Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07602-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Above+the+Clouds%3A+Status+Culture+of+the+Modern+Japanese+Nobility&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07602-0&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=Sugiyama+Takie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakabayashi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). "In Name Only: Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan". <i>The Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 25–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132906">10.2307/132906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132906">132906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Name+Only%3A+Imperial+Sovereignty+in+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-57&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wakabayashi&rft.aufirst=Bob+Tadashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazoku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unterstein.net/or/docs/JapanPeers.pdf">Some Information on Nobility, Peerage and Ranks in Ancient and Meiji Japan—Information on Japanese nobility with additional sources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_by_nation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobility_by_nation" title="Template talk:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobility by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_by_nation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> by nation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(*) : state where <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> still exists</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib-ul-Ma%27ali" title="Sahib-ul-Ma'ali">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Mamluk titles and appellations">Mamluks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">Eswatini</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Rulers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_royal_family" title="Zulu royal family">South Africa (Zulu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">Morocco</a>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_Hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/70px-Princely_Hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/105px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Princely_Hat.svg/140px-Princely_Hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets" title="Canadian peers and baronets">Canada</a>*</li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipiltin" title="Pipiltin">pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nobility" title="Mexican nobility">post-Columbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban nobility">Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nobility" title="Lebanese nobility">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_families" title="Template:Ottoman families">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolia</a></li> <li>Japan* <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Daimyō</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meiji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nobility" title="Korean nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peers_and_baronets" title="Indian peers and baronets">Indo-European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Kshatriya" title="Balinese Kshatriya">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabang_Atas" title="Cabang Atas">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malaysia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Brunei</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nobility" title="Khmer nobility">Cambodia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nobility" title="Thai nobility">Thailand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nobility" title="Vietnamese nobility">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a>*</li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">The Netherlands</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Holy See</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern<br />and Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria</a></li> <li>Baltic countries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Ritterschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_peers_and_baronets" title="Australian peers and baronets">Australia</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Fiji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nobles" title="Tongan nobles">Tonga</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">Hawai‘i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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