CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ukrainian nobility of Galicia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c3ab543d-b702-48a9-b70d-0403bfb01916","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia","wgTitle":"Ukrainian nobility of Galicia","wgCurRevisionId":1253338043,"wgRevisionId":1253338043,"wgArticleId":35068092,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Feudalism in Europe","History of Eastern Galicia","Social history of Ukraine","Ukrainian nobility"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia", "wgRelevantArticleId":35068092,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4525548","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform" ,"platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="839"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="559"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png/640px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="447"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia rootpage-Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ukrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ukrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ukrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ukrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_Political_Activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_Political_Activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History and Political Activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_Political_Activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and Political Activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_Political_Activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_or_East_Slavic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_or_East_Slavic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ukrainian or East Slavic origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_or_East_Slavic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Polish origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>During the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Austria-Hungary_and_into_the_twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Austria-Hungary_and_into_the_twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Under Austria-Hungary and into the twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Austria-Hungary_and_into_the_twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_serfdom_and_loss_of_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_serfdom_and_loss_of_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Abolition of serfdom and loss of status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_serfdom_and_loss_of_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_from_class_to_national_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_from_class_to_national_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Evolution from class to national identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_from_class_to_national_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_and_After_the_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_and_After_the_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>During and After the First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_and_After_the_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speech_and_naming_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_and_naming_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Speech and naming traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_and_naming_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_Ukrainian_peasants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_Ukrainian_peasants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationships with Ukrainian peasants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_Ukrainian_peasants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_western_Ukrainians_with_noble_backgrounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_western_Ukrainians_with_noble_backgrounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prominent western Ukrainians with noble backgrounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_western_Ukrainians_with_noble_backgrounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ukrainian nobility of Galicia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4525548#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&oldid=1253338043" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&id=1253338043&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUkrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUkrainian_nobility_of_Galicia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4525548" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Noble class of ethnic Ukrainians in what is now western Ukraine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png/220px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png/330px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png/440px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Map of (eastern) Galicia in today's western Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>shlyakhta</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">шля́хта</span>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> that enjoyed certain legal and social privileges. Estimates of their numbers vary. According to one estimate, by the mid-19th century, there were approximately 32,000 Ukrainian nobles in the western Ukrainian territory of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, over 25% of whom lived in 21 villages near the town of <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a>. They comprised less than 2% of the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates place the number of nobles at 67,000 people at the end of the 18th century and 260,000 by the end of the 19th century, or approximately 6% of the ethnic Ukrainian population.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nobles tended to live in compact settlements either in villages populated mostly by nobles or in particular areas of larger villages.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike in the case of their Polish ethnic counterparts, the szlachta, the Ukrainian nobility in Galicia as a class played a marginal role in western Ukrainian society, which came to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_clergy_in_Ukraine" title="Eastern Catholic clergy in Ukraine">Eastern Catholic clergy families</a>, who formed a tight-knit hereditary <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> that constituted the wealthiest and most highly educated group within the Ukrainian population. There was considerable overlap between priests and nobles, however, with many priestly families also belonging to the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 19th century until the 1930s, more than half of the Ukrainian priestly families in western Ukraine had noble origins.<sup id="cite_ref-kolomyya.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolomyya.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such families tended to identify themselves primarily as priests rather than as nobles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_Political_Activity">History and Political Activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and Political Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Sas_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/POL_COA_Sas_I.svg/150px-POL_COA_Sas_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/POL_COA_Sas_I.svg/225px-POL_COA_Sas_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/POL_COA_Sas_I.svg/300px-POL_COA_Sas_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Sas coat of arms. Many Ukrainian nobles belonged to families carrying this coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of western Ukraine was part of the medieval state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. After its collapse, that state's westernmost part formed the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>. By the end of the 14th century, this territory had become part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1320-1505)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1320-1505)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. Over the following centuries, most of the wealthy native landowning nobility were eventually <a href="/wiki/Polonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonized">Polonized</a> by adopting the dominant Polish nationality and also converting to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, thus completely assimilating into Polish society. </p><p>The nobility in western Ukraine that retained its non-Polish identity was generally poorer and developed as a social class in the 14th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian_or_East_Slavic_origins">Ukrainian or East Slavic origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ukrainian or East Slavic origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></div> <p>According to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian historiography">Ukrainian historiography</a>, the western Ukrainian nobility developed out of a mixture of three groups of people: poor Rus' <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a> (East Slavic aristocrats from the medieval era), descendants of <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">princely retainers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">druzhina</a> (free soldiers in the service of the Rus' princes), and peasants who had been free during the times of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 12th and 13th centuries, fortified villages were built by Kievan Rus' and Galician princes to defend the local lucrative <a href="/wiki/Salt_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt trade">salt trade</a> and the borders with the Kingdoms of Poland and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>. </p><p>These villages were located southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> in areas such as those surrounding <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a>, which in modern times have been the heartland for Ukrainian noble settlement. These villages were populated and defended by poor or minor boyars and druzhina. After the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian</a> Poland in the 14th century as the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a>, the noble status of these poor boyars and druzhina was confirmed in exchange for military service to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Crown">Polish Crown</a>; those poor boyars who failed to confirm their noble status were reduced to the level of serfs or, more frequently, town servants and assimilated into those social groups. The Ukrainian nobility's development thus involved a process of poor Rus boyars and druzhina changing their allegiance from the defunct Galicia-Volhynia and its princes to that of the Polish state and becoming legally integrated into the Polish system as nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish_origins">Polish origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polish origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s the Polish government attempted to assimilate western Ukrainian nobles into Polish culture.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Polish researchers claimed that the Ukrainian nobles were descended from poor Polish nobles who became assimilated into Ukrainian culture by adopting the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> and Orthodox religion of the peasants among whom they lived. They noted that the period of Polish rule involved the settlement of newly acquired Ukrainian territories by Poles and that the Ukrainian nobility's speech frequently used Polish words and expressions. The Polish historians also pointed out that the early 19th-century western Ukrainian nobles tended to ally themselves with Polish rather than East Slavic or Ukrainian causes politically. This was seen as a vestige of their originally Polish roots. </p><p>Contemporary Ukrainian historians write that while it is likely that some poor Polish nobles may have assimilated into Ukrainian culture in isolated instances, the number of Ukrainian nobles was simply too large to be accounted for by assimilated Polish nobles. They also point out that those arguing in favour the Polish origins, while writing about the Polonization of wealthy landowning <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a> (nobles), completely ignore the documented existence of poor boyars and druzhina who inhabited western Ukraine before Polish rule and failed to account for what happened to this large group of people after western Ukrainian lands were absorbed by Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, given that the <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish culture">Polish culture</a> was dominant and that for centuries Poles controlled the local administration, it seems unrealistic that large numbers of Poles would assimilate to the subservient Ukrainian culture and to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a> faiths, which were at a disadvantage relative to the Polish Roman Catholic religion.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some western Ukrainian nobles lived in villages populated exclusively by nobles. Such nobles had little contact with Ukrainian peasants and thus no means to be assimilated by them. In terms of political allegiance, although Western Ukrainian nobles did side with Poles against Ukrainian peasants during much of the 19th century, the nobility's loyalty was exclusively political in nature and focused on the retention of their traditional privileges; there was little movement to adopt the Polish language or Roman Catholic religion by the Ukrainian nobles despite their political cooperation with the Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="During_the_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>During the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG/220px-Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG/330px-Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG/440px-Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki_11.PNG 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki" title="Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki">Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki</a>, a nobleman from Sambir region (1640-1694) and founder of the first Viennese coffee shop</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Ukrainian nobles enjoyed the legal rights and privileges of other nobles. They had their own court system and unlike Ukrainian peasants were not under the authority of the Polish landlords. Villages populated exclusively by nobles were typically self-governing, and nobles living in mixed towns were under the authority of their own governing bodies. The elected heads of self-governing Ukrainian noble communities were called <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a>. Noble villages tended to be older than other villages and typically carried the names of the noble families associated with them, such as Kulchytsi (Kulchytsky family), Mokhnate (Mokhnatsky family), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many Polish nobles, western Ukrainian nobles did not own serfs and instead worked their own lands. Their relative poverty served as a barrier to assimilation with the wealthy Polish landowners and helped them to retain their East Slavic identity. Nobles usually lived in compact groups occupying entire villages or parts of villages.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ukrainian nobles were scattered throughout western Ukraine, two regions had particularly large concentrations of them: southern Galicia, north of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and south-west of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>; and in the western parts of <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, to the east of Galicia in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used coats of arms by western Ukrainian nobles were <a href="/wiki/Sas_coat_of_arms" title="Sas coat of arms">Sas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korczak_coat_of_arms" title="Korczak coat of arms">Korczak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their obligation to serve the Polish crown, during the 15th through the 17th centuries, western Ukrainian nobles sometimes took part in anti-Polish uprisings. At this time, the Ukrainian nobles considered themselves honour-bound to defend the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a>. Due to their shared Orthodox faith, when the Moldavian <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_III_the_One-Eyed" title="Bogdan III the One-Eyed">Bogdan III the One-Eyed</a> invaded Polish-controlled Galicia in 1509, the local Ukrainian nobles joined this invasion <i>en masse.</i> After the Polish victory over Moldavian forces in 1510, many of the Ukrainian nobles' lands were confiscated by the Polish authorities, although they were returned to them after the Ukrainian nobles claimed that they had been coerced into joining the Moldavians. In 1511, the Polish king declared that Ukrainian nobles were banned from participating in religious ceremonies in Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrushevsky-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition from the western Ukrainian nobles delayed the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>, the recognition by the Orthodox Church in Ukraine of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, by several decades in Galicia. Noble resistance resulted in Galicia being the last part of Polish-ruled Ukraine to accept the Union with Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrushevsky-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several western Ukrainian nobles travelled east and joined the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>. One of them, <a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a>, became the leader of the Cossacks in the early 17th century. He remained loyal to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the times when western Ukraine was part of the Kingdom of Poland, the nobles had a duty to defend the state they were in. Accordingly, they were obligated to participate in regular military reviews where they presented themselves and their weapons. The relative poverty of the Ukrainian nobility was evident in the fact that few owned armour, very few could afford to come on horseback, and they were typically armed only with sabres, muskets or even small calibre bird-hunting rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrushevsky-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Austria-Hungary_and_into_the_twentieth_century">Under Austria-Hungary and into the twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under Austria-Hungary and into the twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abolition_of_serfdom_and_loss_of_status">Abolition of serfdom and loss of status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abolition of serfdom and loss of status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia,_Poland,_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg/220px-1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg/330px-1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg/440px-1782_Medal_Constitution_of_the_Parliament_in_Galicia%2C_Poland%2C_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Medal of 1782 commemorating the constitution of the parliament in Galicia and Lodomeria by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. It shows an allegorical depiction of imperial law (left) being handed over to the allegorical figure of Galicia with her shield showing the coat of arms of the lands</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1772, western Ukraine was annexed by Austria during the <a href="/wiki/First_partition_of_Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="First partition of Poland–Lithuania">First Partition of Poland–Lithuania</a>. The Western Ukrainian nobility, whose self-image was centred on their function of militarily defending the kingdom, found themselves without a social role within the new political circumstances and from this point defined themselves largely by their differences from and superiority to the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, serfdom was abolished. Before the abolishment of serfdom in 1848, the Ukrainian nobility enjoyed a lifestyle that was quite different from that of the Ukrainian peasants. Unlike Ukrainian peasants, Ukrainian nobles worked on their own lands and were not forced to work for the Polish nobility. They enjoyed their own court system and were not under the authority of local Polish-dominated courts. Unlike serfs, Ukrainian nobles were also not obligated to perform communal duty such as working on roads, which they considered to be humiliating.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the Polish nobles who had owned serfs, the Ukrainian nobles did not experience economic losses when serfdom was abolished. Instead, they experienced a loss in social status and standing. The Ukrainian nobles lost all of their privileges, they were placed under the same legal authority and given the same obligations as the peasants. In 1860, noble self-government was abolished and noble and peasant elected bodies were integrated. The nobility attempted to continue to unofficially elect their own leaders, traditionally known as <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a>, despite official integration with the peasant community.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple appeals to the Austrian government in the 1860s seeking to obtain separate legal standings for themselves failed, with rare exceptions such as sometimes being able to avoid having to perform compulsory roadwork. Thus, in the mid-19th century, the political and socioeconomic differences between the Ukrainian nobles and the Ukrainian peasants disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the two regions with a large concentration of Ukrainian nobles, western <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, the loss of special noble legal privileges and elimination of peasant serfdom led to the assimilation of most of the western Ukrainian nobility into the Ukrainian peasantry and to the disappearance of the nobility as a social group. In contrast, nobles from southern Galicia would retain their distinct self-identity well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution_from_class_to_national_identity">Evolution from class to national identity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution from class to national identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the Western Ukrainian nobles had not owned estates or serfs, unlike the Polish nobility they were not hated by the peasants. Conversely, because they had never been enserfed, the Ukrainian nobility did not share the peasants' animosity towards the Polish nobility and indeed felt a class solidarity with them.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite sharing the language and religion of their Ukrainian peasant neighbours, throughout the 19th century the Ukrainian nobles in western Ukraine differed from the peasants by expressing loyalty to the defunct Polish state. When collecting folklore in western Ukraine, author <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a> recorded the following saying spoken by Ukrainian nobles: "When Poland is restored again, Maria Teresa will then come out of hell," meaning that Austrian Empress Maria Theresa committed a great sin by partitioning Poland. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ukrainian nobles also tended to side with the Polish nobility during conflicts between the Polish and Ukrainian communities. In 1848, Ukrainian nobles volunteered for the Polish National Guard and in 1863 they took up donations in support of <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">Polish–Lithuanian rebels in the Russian Empire</a>. Villages populated mostly by the Ukrainian nobility tended to vote for Polish candidates and to oppose efforts to spread literacy among the peasants. The nobles were so politically preoccupied with trying to retain or win back their special rights as nobles that they did not engage in other forms of political activism.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alienation of the nobles from the Ukrainian national movement was not one-sided. The Ukrainian national movement was very peasant-focused and rejected the nobility, whose social background did not fit the nationalist narrative. The nobility were often treated as scapegoats and blamed for electoral failures; the press of the national movement accused them of greed and of selling their votes to the Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost none of the 19th-century political activists seeking to alleviate the plight of Ukrainian peasants, or to spread literacy, or to encourage Ukrainization, or to limit economic exploitation, were nobles. The nobles' consistent indifference or opposition towards Ukrainian causes resulted in some rural Ukrainian activists claiming that the nobles were not even part of the Ukrainian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Until the mid-19th century, because the Ukrainian nobles were oriented towards their class standing, they were opposed to the interests of the Ukrainian peasants. By the end of that century, however, the idea of the old multinational <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> gave way to competing modern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish nationalisms</a>. This meant that national ideas eclipsed class loyalties. At that time, most of the Ukrainian nobility in western Ukraine linked itself to the Ukrainian national movement.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nobility was represented by the Association of the Ruthenian Gentry, which allied itself with the conservative and religious elements within the Ukrainian national movement.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their allegiance to the Ukrainian national cause, these nobles maintained their separation from the peasants. For example, rather than joining the peasants in reading clubs for cultural activities, nobles participated in their own "gentry casinos." This aroused some negative feelings among the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galician_Russophilia" title="Galician Russophilia">Russophiles</a> attempted to exploit the differences between nobles and peasants, and there was a stronger tendency to support ideological Russophilia among the nobility than among the general Galician population. Indeed, the noble candidate from Sambir county in the elections of 1911, Ivan Kulchytsky, even declared </p><blockquote><p>"now we have recovered our sight and shall not allow the bastards to trick us with Ukraine…. You should know that from now on we do not give a damn for Ukraine and have returned to the historical road. From now on we are Russians."<sup id="cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>In general, however, the nobles adopted a Ukrainian national orientation. By the beginning of the 20th century, noble gatherings often concluded with the singing of the Ukrainian national anthem, <a href="/wiki/Shche_ne_vmerla_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="Shche ne vmerla Ukraina">Shche ne vmerla Ukraina</a> ("Ukraine has not yet Died").<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1912 commemoration of the 17th century Cossack leader <a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a>, a member of the petty gentry from Galicia, in 1912 served to underscore the new affiliation of the Ukrainian gentry towards the Ukrainian national movement. During these celebrations, the Cossacks were represented not only as peasant runaways but also as nobles defending the Ukrainian nation. In this way, the nobles found a place for themselves within the Ukrainian national narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_and_After_the_First_World_War">During and After the First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During and After the First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the eve of World War I, many Ukrainian nobles joined the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sich_Riflemen" title="Ukrainian Sich Riflemen">Ukrainian Sich Riflemen</a>, a patriotic Ukrainian unit within the Austro-Hungarian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Vitovsky" title="Dmytro Vitovsky">Dmytro Vitovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myron_Tarnavsky" title="Myron Tarnavsky">Myron Tarnavsky</a>, two of the supreme commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> which fought against Poland for Ukrainian independence after World War I, were noblemen.<sup id="cite_ref-chornovil_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chornovil-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> was from a family of noble priests who traced their origins to Galician boyars. In a survey given to members of the Ukrainian National Council, the legislative body of the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, although 2.4% listed their primary social origin as nobility several of those who listed their origin as clergy also came from noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of Polish rule over Western Ukraine between the world wars, efforts by the Polish government in the 1930s to split the Ukrainian nobility from other Ukrainians (through the formation of <i>Kola Szlacheckie</i>) were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such efforts backfired, resulting in many nobles rejecting and even concealing their status as nobles in order to avoid possible association with the Polish nation and to emphasize their solidarity with the Ukrainian people, most of whom were the descendants of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-kolomyya.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolomyya.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, an attempt was made to revive the Association of Ruthenian Gentry. Based in the traditional heartland of western Ukrainian nobility, the town of <a href="/wiki/Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a>, its first head was the priest Petro <a href="/wiki/Sas_coat_of_arms" title="Sas coat of arms">Sas</a>-Pohoretsky.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_and_naming_traditions">Speech and naming traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Speech and naming traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_1880-%D1%82%D1%96_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_1880-%D1%82%D1%96_01.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_1880-%D1%82%D1%96_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_1880-%D1%82%D1%96_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Natalia Kobrynska (born Ozarkevych), writer born into a noble priestly family, 1880s</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest recorded observations noted that western Ukrainian nobles spoke the East Slavic Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) language, rather than Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they spoke the same language as the Ukrainian peasants, they maintained their own particular traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobles tended to be more likely to be literate than peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nobility tended to use the literary Ukrainian language rather than local village dialects. Reflecting some exposure to education, the noble speech was also differentiated from that of the peasants by the frequent use of Polish and Latin words and expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western Ukrainian nobility often used as surnames the names of the villages where they lived. For example, the nobles of Terlo adopted the name Terletsky, and those of Kulchytsi adopted the name Kulchytsky.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surnames ending in -ich (-ич) or -ik (-ик) were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually gave their children Ukrainian names but on occasion gave them Polonized Ukrainian names.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Villages populated primarily by nobles generally had no central planning, with the nobles building their homes wherever they liked on their properties. Western Ukrainian nobles typically lived in small one or two-room houses with straw roofs whose interiors were in most ways indistinguishable from those of the peasants. Noble homes differed from those of peasants primarily by their outward appearance. Noble homes had front porches, with columns, and larger windows than did peasant homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Basianovich_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those nobles who were not also priests usually worked as farmers and, after the abolition of serfdom in 1848, had lifestyles very similar to those of the Ukrainian peasants. When possible, the nobility sought to use common fields and forests that were different from those used by peasants. A minor difference between peasants and nobles was the peasants tended to use <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> for ploughing, while the nobility favoured the use of horses for such work. This tradition was likely a vestige of earlier times when the nobles' ancestors were obligated to occasionally use horses for military activities and as scouts.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nobles amused themselves by dancing and visiting each other in their homes; they tended to segregate themselves from peasants when doing so. Among their favourite dances were the same ones beloved by non-noble Ukrainians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kolomyika" title="Kolomyika">Kolomyika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kozachok" title="Kozachok">Kozak</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a>, popular among Poles, was shunned by Ukrainian nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Basianovich_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_petty_gentry_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Petty gentry family, modern Ternopil Oblast, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>The nobility avoided marriage with non-nobles despite a similar lifestyle to those of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in one village between 1785 and 1855 out of 216 marriages, 183 were between peasants, 19 were between nobles and only 3 were mixed marriages between nobles and peasants (although some unrecorded marriages could have been mixed).<sup id="cite_ref-Hrytsak_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrytsak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of nobility was conferred through the male line, so the children of noblewomen who married commoners were no longer considered to be nobles. To ensure noble spouses, if there were few nobles in the immediate area marriages were sometimes arranged with noble families from distant villages, and as late as the 19th century there were recorded cases of people being married against their will.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even into the 1980s in some villages populated by noble families, the members of the nobility avoided marrying commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few cases of marriage between nobles and commoners typically involved particularly poor nobles marrying prosperous non-nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkabook_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a> was the product of such a marriage. </p><p>The nobility was renowned for their elaborate wedding ceremonies, which by custom lasted from Saturday until Saturday and which attempted to recreate or maintain the old traditional grand celebrations of distant ancestors. Noble brides wore white for the wedding ceremony, unlike peasant brides who would wear embroidered costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of noble guests were invited, including nobles from neighbouring villages. The groom would arrive for the ceremony on horseback, while the bride would arrive in a carriage. Following the wedding ceremony, young noblemen would fire their pistols into the air as <a href="/wiki/Vive,_Viva" class="mw-redirect" title="Vive, Viva">a way of saluting</a> the new pair and wishing them a long life. Beer, wine and food were provided for an entire week of celebrations. The first three days of festivities were spent at the bride's house. Afterwards, the dowry (which could consist of items such as a cow, horse, cart, plough or land) was presented to the groom's family and the party shifted to the groom's house for the remaining four days.<sup id="cite_ref-Basianovich_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg/200px-Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg/300px-Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg/400px-Hnizdovsky_youth_Pylypche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Hnizdovsky" title="Jacques Hnizdovsky">Jacques Hnizdovsky</a> of <a href="/wiki/Korab_coat_of_arms" title="Korab coat of arms">Korab coat of arms</a> in wearing traditional Ukrainian szlachta clothing</figcaption></figure> <p>Clothing served a very important function for the nobles because after they lost their legal privileges in the early 19th century, manner of dressing was one of the few ways they could demonstrate that they were different from the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ukrainian nobility retained particular forms of clothing<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that differentiated them from both Ukrainian peasants and Polish nobility, although it was generally of the Ukrainian type.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobles tended to decorate their clothes with black rather than red embroidery because the latter colour was considered peasant-like. Indeed, they tended to avoid colours in general and mostly dressed in shades of black and grey. In some regions, it was customary for men to wear blue cloaks with grey edges similar to Cossack <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBupan" title="Żupan">zupans</a>. Women wore coats with fox-fur collars. Nobles also wore vests with two rows instead of one row of buttons. The village nobility were often interested in wearing the same clothes that townsfolk wore. The men often wore collared shirts and even ties. Because many of the nobles were unable to afford to buy such clothes, they sewed approximations of them using the same materials that peasants used for their clothing. If a noble married a peasant, the noble was forbidden by other nobles from wearing clothes identifying themselves as a noble and if caught doing so, his or her "noble" clothes would be torn off.<sup id="cite_ref-Basianovich_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_Ukrainian_peasants">Relationships with Ukrainian peasants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationships with Ukrainian peasants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite having a similar lifestyle to the peasants, members of the nobility were noted for the proud way in which they distinguished themselves from them. The fact that their ancestors, unlike those of their peasant neighbours, had never been serfs was a source of pride for noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nobles were fond of the Polish saying, "<i>Szlachcic na zagrodzie równy wojewodzie</i>" ("The noble behind his garden wall is the province governor's equal").<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically added "nobilis" or "nobilis agrikola" (denoted their work as farmers) when signing their names, and it was said that even when herding livestock or trading in the markets they carried documents confirming their noble rank in their pockets. Members of the nobility, regardless of level of education, typically knew the distant history and exploits of their families and would pass these stories on to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As late as the late 19th century, long after the legal distinctions between western Ukrainian nobles and peasants disappeared, certain customs maintaining noble social superiority over their peasant neighbours were retained. The nobility denigrated the peasants by referring to them as "nine-skinned" (<i>дев’ятьшкірними</i>) in reference to their supposed greater weight and referred to peasant clothes as rags.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobles of any age, even youths, typically addressed all peasants, even those older or wealthier than themselves, with the informal "you" (<i>ty,</i>) while even older and wealthier peasants addressed all nobles with the formal pronoun <i>vy.</i> In villages with noble populations, taverns had separate areas set aside for the nobles, whose tables were covered in tablecloths and who used chairs rather than the crude benches used by the peasants; in such towns nobles and peasants also had separate areas in the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Basianovich_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter practice continues to survive in some western Ukrainian villages populated by the descendants of nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions on Easter, nobles typically blessed their Easter baskets within the churches while peasants' baskets were blessed outside.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other regions, the nobles were granted the right to cut folding collars from shirts worn by peasants because the peasants were deemed unworthy of wearing them.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as the 1950s, on some collective farms in Soviet-ruled western Ukraine, nobles and peasants were assigned to separate work-groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peasants had mixed feelings about the nobility. On the one hand, peasant songs mentioned noble laziness and shoddy workmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite nobles' feelings of superiority, during the late 19th century the western Ukrainian nobility had a reputation among the peasants of being poorer than peasants because they did not work as hard. Due to the nobility's material poverty, the peasants sometimes viewed the nobles' proclamations of their status and expressions of superiority as ridiculous.<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it was considered a great honour in a peasant household if someone married a noble.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Ukrainian poet <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, whose mother was a noblewoman, supported the peasants and in his writings frequently mocked the Ukrainian nobility's feelings of superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-slivka_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A western Ukrainian nobleman serves as a protagonist in the story <i>Der Don Juan von Kolomea</i> (The Don Juan of <a href="/wiki/Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kolomiya</a>) written by Austrian writer <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a>, whose mother was from the western Ukrainian nobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_western_Ukrainians_with_noble_backgrounds">Prominent western Ukrainians with noble backgrounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prominent western Ukrainians with noble backgrounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>, Ukrainian poet. His father was a village blacksmith of German ethnic origin, but his mother was from the petty noble Kulchytsky family.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrytsak_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrytsak-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Hnizdovsky" title="Jacques Hnizdovsky">Jacques Hnizdovsky</a>, Ukrainian artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a>, 16th-17th century Cossack leader, of noble origins from the Sambir region of Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-EoU_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoU-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska" title="Solomiya Krushelnytska">Solomiya Krushelnytska</a>, an early twentieth-century opera singer, was born into the family of a priest with noble origins.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Franciszek_Kulczycki" title="Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki">Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki</a>, a hero during the 1683 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>, was allegedly the first person to open a coffee house in Vienna. Nobleman from Sambir region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_Ortynsky" title="Soter Ortynsky">Soter Ortynsky</a>, first Ukrainian Catholic Bishop in the United States (1907–1916), a nobleman from Sambir region<sup id="cite_ref-himka_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, from a priestly family who traced their descent to Galician boyars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a>, an Austrian writer whose mother was from a Ukrainian noble family.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sas-Kuilovsky" title="Julian Sas-Kuilovsky">Julian Sas-Kuilovsky</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> 1899–1900; nobleman from Sambir region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Vitovsky" title="Dmytro Vitovsky">Dmytro Vitovsky</a>, first commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> and organizer of the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lwów (1918)">takeover of Lviv in October 1918</a>; of noble origin from the <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a> region .<sup id="cite_ref-chornovil_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chornovil-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Yavorsky" title="Stefan Yavorsky">Stefan Yavorsky</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>; nobleman from Lviv region, heraldric sign Sas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Zubrytsky" title="Denis Zubrytsky">Denis Zubrytsky</a>, first Ukrainian historian in Galicia and major figure in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Russophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Russophiles">Galician Russophile movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack nobility">Cossack nobility</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-himka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-himka_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John-Paul Himka. (1988). <i>Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century.</i> Edmonton: MacMillan Press in association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. pp. 213-215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slivka-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivka_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Slivka. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/Vknlu/Ief/2008_14/3.pdf">УКРАЇНСЬКА ШЛЯХЕТСЬКА ЕЛІТА: ПРОЯВИ САМОСВІДОМОСТІ ДРІБНОЇ ШЛЯХТИ ГАЛИЧИНИ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVIII – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст.</a> The Ukrainian Noble Elite: View of self-image of the Galician Petty Gentry from the end of the 18th until the beginning of the 20th centuries. (Ukrainian) Ivano-Frankivsk: Ivano-Frankivsk State Medical University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHimka1988" class="citation book cs1">Himka, J.P. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgOxCwAAQBAJ"><i>Galician Villagers And The Ukrainian National Movement In The</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19386-8"><bdi>978-1-349-19386-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galician+Villagers+And+The+Ukrainian+National+Movement+In+The&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19386-8&rft.aulast=Himka&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgOxCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kolomyya.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolomyya.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolomyya.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kolomyya.org/se/sites/pb/33715/">Шляхетська свідомість збереглася в багатьох галичан</a> 2010 12-04. Interview with Liubov Slivka by Vazyl Moroz, newspaper <i>Galicia</i> (Ukrainian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPettygentry.htm">Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Entry: Petty Gentry, written by Yaroslav Isaievych</a> Volume 3 (1993). Published by University of Toronto.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slivkabook-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkabook_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubov Slivka. (2009). Галицька Дрібна Шляхта в Австро-Угорщині (Ukrainian: Galician Petty Nobility in Austria-Hungary) Ivano-Frankivsk, Golden Griffin series</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slivkadissertation-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slivkadissertation_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Slivka. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librar.org.ua/sections_load.php?s=history&id=482&start=4">Етносоціальний розвиток дрібної шляхти в Галичині (1772 - 1914 рр.)</a> Ethnosocial flowering of the petty gentry in Galicia, 1772-1914. Dissertation for the Completion of the doctoral Degree at the Prykarpattia National University of Vasyl Stefanyk in <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrushevsky-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrushevsky_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hrushevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hrushevsky">Michael Hrushevsky</a>. (1908).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dobra.org/history/hrusz_eng.htm">Ukrainian nobility at the break of the 16th and 17th centuries</a> A part of vol. 6 "History of Ukraine-Ruthenia", chapter 3 "Cultural and national relations: national composition and national element". Translation reviewed and corrected by the author (applies to Polish translation -sp). Printed in: History of Ukraine, Commemorative Volume, edited by W. Lipinski, Kiev</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2018). <i>Ivan Franko and His Community.</i> Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies and Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University: Brookline, Massachusetts. pg. 117 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zayarnyuk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zayarnyuk_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andriy Zayarnyuk. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3763276/The_Greek_Catholic_Rustic_Gentry_and_the_Ukrainian_National_Movement_in_Habsburg-Ruled_Galicia">The Greek Catholic Rustic Gentry and the Ukrainian National Movement in Habsburg-ruled Galicia </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034844/http://www.academia.edu/3763276/The_Greek_Catholic_Rustic_Gentry_and_the_Ukrainian_National_Movement_in_Habsburg-Ruled_Galicia">Archived</a> 2018-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Journal of Ukrainian Studies, vol. 35-35, pp.91-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chornovil-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chornovil_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chornovil_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sd.org.ua/news.php?id=5319">The Hero of the November <i>Snatch</i> Dmytro Vitovsky. Lvivska Hazeta. By Ihor Chornovil.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franko.lviv.ua/Subdivisions/um/um4-5/Statti/8-PAVLYSHYN%20Oleh.htm">Social-Political Portrait of the Ukrainian Leadership of Galicia and Bokovyna during the Reovlutionary Years of 1918-1919</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618230737/http://www.franko.lviv.ua/Subdivisions/um/um4-5/Statti/8-PAVLYSHYN%20Oleh.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oleh Pavlyshyn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uamoderna.com/arkhiv/52-menuprochasopys/archivzhurnalu/sparenyy45/40-sparenyy45"><i>Modern Ukraine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227054418/http://www.uamoderna.com/arkhiv/52-menuprochasopys/archivzhurnalu/sparenyy45/40-sparenyy45">Archived</a> 2013-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, volume 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zik.ua/ua/news/2007/11/07/98653">У Самборі хочуть відродити "Руську шляхту Галичини"</a> "In Sambir they are trying to recreate the Association of Ruthenian Gentry in Galicia" ZIK News Agency, November 7, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basianovich-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basianovich_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basianovich_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basianovich_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basianovich_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basianovich_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Basianovich. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/20255/15-Vasyanovich.pdf?sequence=1">ТРАДИЦІЙНО -ПОБУТОВА КУЛЬТУРА ГАЛИЦЬКОЇ ДРІБНОЇ ШЛЯХТИ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ С Т. У Т ВОРЧОСТІ АНДРІЯ ЧАЙКОВСЬКОГО </a> НАРОДНА ТВОРЧІСТЬ ТА ЕТНОГРАФІЯ (Native Creations and Ethnography), Volume 5. pp.99-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrytsak-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hrytsak_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrytsak_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/files/23/510Hrycak.pdf">Ivan Franko - Peasant son?</a> Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність vol. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion.in.ua/zmi/ukrainian_zmi/17733-nashhadki-shlyaxtichiv-ne-piddavalisya-rusifikaciyi-i-trimalisya-ukrayinskoyi-movi.html">Нащадки шляхтичів не піддавалися русифікації і трималися української мови</a> <i>Descendents of Nobles Did Not succumb to Russification and Held on the Ukrainian Language</i> written by Vasyl Balyshok, <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">candidate</a> of historical science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoU-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoU_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynarZhukovsky,_A" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wynar, L.; Zhukovsky, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages%5CK%5CO%5CKonashevych6SahaidachnyPetro.htm">"Konashevych-Sahaidachny, Petro"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Konashevych-Sahaidachny%2C+Petro&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Wynar&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Zhukovsky%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpages%255CK%255CO%255CKonashevych6SahaidachnyPetro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkrainian+nobility+of+Galicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John-Paul Himka. (1988).<i>Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century.</i> MacMillan Press in Association with the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, pg. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20044/70">The cultural legacy of Sacher-Masoch</a> Nataliya Kosmolinska and Yury Okhrimenko</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages/Z/U/ZubrytskyDenys.htm">Denys Zubrytsky, Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a> (1993). Volume 5. Published by University of Toronto. Article written by Roman Senkus</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io.ua/vbc542e03a3ffe90301d9efc8f8aedeae">Video from Ukrainian News (Channel 1+1) about marking the 100th Anniversary of the Association of Ruthenian Gentry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204091724/http://io.ua/vbc542e03a3ffe90301d9efc8f8aedeae">Archived</a> 2013-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ukrainian-Language. Originally aired April 11, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-franko.name/uk/Folklore/1882/ZnadobyDoMovyIEtnographii/DeschoProShljaxtuXodachkovu.html">Ivan Franko writing about the western Ukrainian nobility</a>. Ukrainian-language.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobility_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_nobility" title="Template:European nobility"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_nobility" title="Template talk:European nobility"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_nobility" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European nobility"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobility_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="European nobility">Nobility of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Present monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nobility" title="Danish nobility">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_Norway" title="Aristocracy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">Former monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austria and Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nobility" title="Czech nobility">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bosnian_noble_families" title="Template:Bosnian noble families">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nobility" title="Croatian nobility">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Estonia and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nobility" title="Finnish nobility">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Germany</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupatridae" title="Eupatridae">Attica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Early Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Hungary and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nobility" title="Irish nobility">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nobility" title="Maltese nobility">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nobility" title="Montenegrin nobility">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyars_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility" title="Serbian nobility">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nobility" title="Swiss nobility">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&oldid=1253338043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&oldid=1253338043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feudalism_in_Europe" title="Category:Feudalism in Europe">Feudalism in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Eastern_Galicia" title="Category:History of Eastern Galicia">History of Eastern Galicia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Social history of Ukraine">Social history of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_nobility" title="Category:Ukrainian nobility">Ukrainian nobility</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 13:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-4m2sp","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.364","walltime":"0.434","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1283,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":15871,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":748,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":44488,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 363.793 1 -total"," 27.96% 101.703 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.32% 88.475 2 Template:Langx"," 18.76% 68.260 1 Template:European_nobility"," 18.25% 66.400 1 Template:Cite_book"," 17.93% 65.237 1 Template:Navbox"," 15.10% 54.931 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.65% 31.477 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.12% 18.640 2 Template:See_also"," 3.89% 14.170 3 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.220","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13381391,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-zmfbt","timestamp":"20241127202508","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ukrainian nobility of Galicia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4525548","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4525548","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-03-14T14:13:31Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T13:13:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Map_of_Ukraine_political_Galicia.png","headline":"noble class of ethnic Ukrainians in what is now western Ukraine"}</script> </body> </html>