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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in Indonesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="قاچاق انسان در اندونزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاچاق انسان در اندونزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_manusia_di_Indonesia" title="Perdagangan manusia di Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan manusia di Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is a source, transit, and destination country for women, children, and men <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a> for the purposes of commercial <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual exploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>. The greatest threat of trafficking facing Indonesian men and women is that posed by conditions of forced labor and <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> in more developed <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> countries and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_in_2008">Overview in 2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview in 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government stopped permitting Indonesian women to travel to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> as “cultural performers,” to curtail a practice that led to victims being trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. However, in 2007 traffickers increasingly used <a href="/wiki/False_documents" class="mw-redirect" title="False documents">false documents</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>, to obtain <a href="/wiki/Tourist_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist visa">tourist visas</a> for women and girls who are subsequently forced into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> in Japan, through the unlawful exploitation of recruitment debts as high as $20,000 each. Trafficking of young girls to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as brides, mainly from <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, persisted. Traffickers use false <a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">marriage licenses</a> and other false documentation in order to obtain visas and subsequently force the women and girls into prostitution. Women from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> are trafficked to Indonesia for commercial sexual exploitation, although the numbers are small compared with the number of Indonesians trafficked for this purpose. </p><p>A significant number of Indonesian men and women who migrate overseas each year to work in the <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic service">domestic service</a> sectors are subjected to conditions of forced labor or debt bondage in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> are the top destinations for legal and illegal Indonesian migrant workers who are trafficked for domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, and forced labor. </p><p>Some labor recruitment companies, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=PJTKI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PJTKI (page does not exist)">PJTKIs</a>, operated similarly to trafficking rings, luring both male and female workers into debt bondage, involuntary servitude, and other trafficking situations. Some workers, often women intending to migrate, entered trafficking and trafficking-like situations during their attempt to find work abroad through licensed and unlicensed PJTKIs. These labor recruiters charged workers high commission fees - up to $3,000 - which are not regulated under Indonesian law and often require workers to incur debt to pay, leaving them vulnerable in some instances to situations of debt bondage. PJTKIs also reportedly withheld the documents of some workers, and confined them in holding centers, sometimes for periods of many months. Some PJTKIs also used threats of violence to maintain control over prospective migrant workers. Recruitment agencies routinely falsified birth dates, including for children, in order to apply for passports and migrant worker documents. </p><p>Internal trafficking is a significant problem in Indonesia with women and children exploited in domestic servitude, commercial sexual exploitation, rural agriculture, mining, fishing, and cottage industries. Women and girls are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation in Malaysia, Singapore, and throughout Indonesia. Indonesians are recruited with offers of jobs in restaurants, factories, or as domestics and then forced into the sex trade. Young women and girls are trafficked throughout Indonesia and via the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> to Malaysia and Singapore. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian people">Malaysians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean people">Singaporeans</a> constitute the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex tourists">sex tourists</a>, and the Riau Islands and surrounding areas operate a “prostitution economy,” according to local officials. Sex tourism is rampant in most urban areas and tourist destinations. </p><p>A 2006 bilateral MOU between the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian government">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian government">Malaysian governments</a>, governing the employment of an estimated one million Indonesian domestic workers in Malaysia, failed to provide adequate protection to Indonesian migrant workers and explicitly endorsed a practice that is widely seen as a potential facilitator of forced labor - the right of Malaysian employers to hold the passports of Indonesian workers. This agreement has not been amended to offer protections from forced labor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Indonesia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. While the government made clear progress in bringing sex trafficking offenders to justice, in part through use of its new anti-trafficking law, a pronounced weakness shown was the failure to curb the large-scale trafficking practices of licensed and unlicensed Indonesian labor agencies. Indonesia has the region’s largest trafficking problem, with hundreds of thousands of trafficking victims, and has a largely unchecked problem of trafficking-related complicity by public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia ratified the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children"> 2000 UN TIP Protocol</a> in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. State Department's <a href="/wiki/Office_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons</a> placed the country in <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report#Ranking_System" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">"Tier 2"</a> in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-US2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave the country a score of 7.5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting an increase in the scale of the crime, and the particular vulnerability of Myanmars living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_trafficking">Sex trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sex trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Sex trafficking in Indonesia">Sex trafficking in Indonesia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Sex trafficking in Indonesia">Sex trafficking in Indonesia</a> is a common problem. Indonesian and foreign women and girls have been forced into prostitution in brothels and homes and been physically and psychologically abused.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecution_(2008)"><span id="Prosecution_.282008.29"></span>Prosecution (2008)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prosecution (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian government demonstrated increased efforts to combat <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking in persons">trafficking in persons</a> for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sexual exploitation">commercial sexual exploitation</a> in 2007 and implement its April 2007 comprehensive anti-trafficking law. Through that new law, Indonesia prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons, prescribing penalties of three to 15 years’ imprisonment. These penalties are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other grave crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>. Police and prosecutors began using the new anti-trafficking law during the reporting period; however, other laws were still used in cases pending widespread implementation of the new law. For the second year in a row, law enforcement efforts against traffickers increased in 2007 over 2006: arrests increased 77 percent from 142 to 252, prosecutions increased 94 percent from 56 to 109, and convictions increased 27 percent from 36 to 46. These law enforcement actions were mainly against traffickers for commercial sexual exploitation. The average sentence given to convicted trafficking offenders was 45 months. </p><p>Police in late 2007 cooperated with the Manpower Ministry to shut down a manpower company that was trafficking workers, rescuing over a hundred persons, including children, and arresting staff on charges of document falsification. The 21-man national police anti-trafficking task force worked with local police, the Ministry of Manpower, the Migrant Workers Protection Agency, Immigration, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> to shut down several large trafficking syndicates. The ongoing two-part “Operation Flower,” which began in March 2007, targeted trafficked children, primarily in commercial sexual exploitation. This operation shut down large operations in <a href="/wiki/Red-light_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-light districts">red-light districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Riau_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Riau Islands">the Riau Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, and elsewhere, arresting dozens of <a href="/wiki/Pimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimps">pimps</a> and rescuing dozens of children. Separately, local police in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, and West Kalimantan broke up trafficking syndicates. Some individual members of the security forces reportedly engaged in or facilitated trafficking, particularly by providing protection to brothels and prostitution fronts in discos, karaoke bars, and hotels, or by receiving bribes to turn a blind eye. In <a href="/wiki/Sorong,_Papua" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorong, Papua">Sorong, Papua</a>, local police reportedly honored the debt bondage of underage girls prostituted in local brothels as legitimate work contracts, and they pledged to enforce these terms. Although police in other areas of the country were often aware of children in commercial sexual exploitation or other trafficking situations, they frequently did not intervene to protect victims or arrest probable traffickers without specific complaints submitted by third parties. </p><p>In 2007, several senior law enforcement officials complicit in trafficking were investigated for corruption, reprimanded, or transferred to less sensitive positions. There were no reports of Indonesian security forces prosecuting or disciplining their own members for involvement in prostitution or other activities related to trafficking. National Police reported arresting and prosecuting at least three immigration officials at key transit points. In May 2007, a former consul general in <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, Malaysia, was found guilty of graft for overcharging for passport fees and sentenced to two years in prison. In January 2008, a former <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_ambassador_to_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian ambassador to Malaysia">Indonesian ambassador to Malaysia</a> was sentenced to 30 months in jail for corruption in the collection of migration document fees. The Corruption Eradication Commission’s prosecution team indicted a former senior Manpower Ministry official and a current Manpower official on corruption in relation to an audit of funds for foreign workers in Indonesia; both face 20-year jail terms.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection_(2008)"><span id="Protection_.282008.29"></span>Protection (2008)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protection (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesia demonstrated measured improvement at national and local levels to protect victims of trafficking in Indonesia and abroad; however, available victim services remain overwhelmed by the large number of victims. Indonesia’s policy is not to detain or imprison trafficking victims. Police implementation of this policy varies in practice. Local police often arrested women and children in prostitution, including trafficking victims, who operated outside recognized prostitution zones on charges of violating public order. The Government encourages victims to assist in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking cases. Authorities continued to round up and deport a small number of foreign women in prostitution without determining whether they were victims of trafficking. The Foreign Ministry operated shelters for trafficking victims and migrant workers at its embassies and consulates abroad. In 2007, these diplomatic establishments sheltered thousands of Indonesian citizens, including trafficking victims. The Social Affairs Ministry Directorate of Social Assistance for Victims of Violence and Migrant Workers assisted victims returning from overseas by providing medical care, return and rehabilitation services. The Government provides some assistance, including limited medical aid, shelter, and financial help to its repatriated nationals who were trafficking victims. The Indonesian government provided some funding to domestic NGOs and civil society groups that supported services for trafficking victims. Work on finishing national guidelines for services to trafficked persons, through another revision of the Standard Operating Procedures for Return, Recovery and Reintegration of Trafficking Victims and a new regulation on standard minimum services met with little progress following passage of the anti-trafficking law.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_(2008)"><span id="Prevention_.282008.29"></span>Prevention (2008)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevention (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian government continued efforts to promote awareness and prevent trafficking in persons. The government continued collaboration with numerous NGO and international organization efforts to raise awareness and prevent trafficking in persons. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/East_Java_provincial_government" class="mw-redirect" title="East Java provincial government">East Java provincial government</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> to formulate guidance on how to deal with trafficking cases. The Nusa Tenggara Barat province’s Legal Aid Association provided legal assistance to five villages in East Lombok to help formulate village regulations regarding the recruitment of migrant workers. The North Sulawesi Department of Religious Affairs established a counseling center in 2007 to provide religious counseling to victims of trafficking and those at risk. Media coverage of trafficking, both domestic and international, expanded with national television, radio and print media, and local newspapers routinely covering trafficking cases. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a> had not yet formed a national task force on trafficking, although this is mandated. The Government also failed to develop a second National Plan of Action to combat trafficking in persons, despite the fact that Indonesia’s first National Plan of Action expired at the end of December 2007. Apart from occasional raids on brothels or fronts for prostitution, there were no reported activities to reduce demand for commercial sex acts. There were no public awareness campaigns on reducing demand for commercial sex acts or sex tourism. However, Indonesia cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in the investigations of <a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">Australian nationals</a> victimizing children for <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">child sex tourism</a> in Bali. Indonesian police similarly cooperated actively with U.S. law enforcement to arrest and expel <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedophile">pedophiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexually_abusing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually abusing">sexually abusing</a> children. Indonesian security forces participating in peacekeeping initiatives abroad received training on sexual exploitation and trafficking in persons prior to deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-dos_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Slavery in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. 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June 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nexus+Institute&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+In+Indonesia%3A+The+Difficult+Road+Home&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnexusinstitute.net%2F2017%2F06%2F16%2Fhuman-trafficking-in-indonesia-the-difficult-road-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729003036/https://www.standard.net/nation-world/world/facebook-used-to-kidnap-girls-for-sex-slaves/article_53358eb6-2ac7-5103-8f5d-08143cfdb29f.html">"Facebook used to kidnap girls for sex slaves"</a>. <i>Standard-Examiner</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard-Examiner&rft.atitle=Facebook+used+to+kidnap+girls+for+sex+slaves&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.net%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Ffacebook-used-to-kidnap-girls-for-sex-slaves%2Farticle_53358eb6-2ac7-5103-8f5d-08143cfdb29f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+trafficking+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_trafficking_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_trafficking_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Human trafficking in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Afghanistan" title="Human trafficking in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Armenia" title="Human trafficking in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human trafficking in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bahrain" title="Human trafficking in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficking in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Brunei" title="Human trafficking in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Human trafficking in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_China" title="Human trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cyprus" title="Human trafficking in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_East_Timor" title="Human trafficking in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Human trafficking in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Iran" title="Human trafficking in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Iraq" title="Human trafficking in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Israel" title="Human trafficking in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Human trafficking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Jordan" title="Human trafficking in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human trafficking in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_North_Korea" title="Human trafficking in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_South_Korea" title="Human trafficking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kuwait" title="Human trafficking in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human trafficking in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Human trafficking in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Lebanon" title="Human trafficking in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Maldives" title="Human trafficking in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Human trafficking in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Human trafficking in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Oman" title="Human trafficking in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Pakistan" title="Human trafficking in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Qatar" title="Human trafficking in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Russia" title="Human trafficking in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Human trafficking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human trafficking in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Syria" title="Human trafficking in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Tajikistan" title="Human trafficking in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Human trafficking in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Turkey" title="Human trafficking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human trafficking in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human trafficking in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Human trafficking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Yemen" title="Human trafficking in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human trafficking in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Human trafficking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human trafficking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Macau" title="Human trafficking in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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