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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organic Act</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organic_Act-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organic Act subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organic_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Territorial governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legislature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_delegate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_delegate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Congressional delegate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_delegate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_boom_and_the_"Big_Five"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_boom_and_the_"Big_Five""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industrial boom and the "Big Five"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_boom_and_the_"Big_Five"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pineapples_and_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pineapples_and_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pineapples and Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pineapples_and_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Race relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Race relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massie_Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massie_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Massie Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massie_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Revolution_of_1954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Democratic Revolution of 1954</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Revolution_of_1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hawaii 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Specialty studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Territory of Hawaii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territori_de_Hawaii" title="Territori de Hawaii – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Territori de Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii-Territorium" title="Hawaii-Territorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hawaii-Territorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_de_Haw%C3%A1i" title="Territorio de Hawái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorio de Hawái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قلمرو هاوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمرو هاوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_d%27Hawa%C3%AF" title="Territoire d'Hawaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire d'Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoarium_Hawa%C3%AF" title="Territoarium Hawaï – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Territoarium Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A4%80%EC%A3%BC" title="하와이 준주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하와이 준주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritori_Hawaii" title="Teritori Hawaii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teritori Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_delle_Hawaii" title="Territorio delle Hawaii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territorio delle Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="טריטוריית הוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריטוריית הוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Hawaii" title="Wilayah Hawaii – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilayah Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoriet_Hawaii" title="Territoriet Hawaii – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Territoriet Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terytorium_Hawaj%C3%B3w" title="Terytorium Hawajów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terytorium Hawajów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rio_do_Hava%C3%AD" title="Território do Havaí – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Território do Havaí" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Территория Гавайи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Территория Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaijin_territorio" title="Havaijin territorio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Havaijin territorio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiiterritoriet" title="Hawaiiterritoriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hawaiiterritoriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Територія Гаваї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Територія Гаваї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="علاقہ ہوائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علاقہ ہوائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3nh_th%E1%BB%95_Hawaii" title="Lãnh thổ Hawaii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="夏威夷領地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏威夷領地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q547795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22">"Territory of Hawaii"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Territory+of+Hawaii%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Territory of Hawaii<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">Organized incorporated territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1900–1959</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hawaii Territory"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Hawaii Territory"><img alt="Seal of Hawaii Territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Territory_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii" title="Seal of Hawaii">Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_Islands2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hawaii_Islands2.png/220px-Hawaii_Islands2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Hawaii_Islands2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="273" /></a></span><br />Main islands of the Territory of Hawaii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Regional_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional anthem">Anthem</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">"<a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB" title="Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī">Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī</a>"<br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Organized incorporated territory</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Hawaii">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">1900–1903 (first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1957–1959 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Quinn" title="William F. Quinn">William F. Quinn</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">LTG <a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941–1943 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">LTG <a href="/wiki/Delos_Emmons" class="mw-redirect" title="Delos Emmons">Delos Emmons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1943–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">LTG <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson_Jr." title="Robert C. Richardson Jr.">Robert C. Richardson Jr.</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation of Hawaii</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Martial law </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Revolution_of_1954_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii)">Revolution of 1954</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1946–1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1959</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="border: 1px solid #CCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <b><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" title="Category:History of Hawaii">a series</a></b> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:3px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="Na mokupuni o Hawaii nei (1837)"><img alt="Na mokupuni o Hawaii nei (1837)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg/200px-Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg/300px-Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg/400px-Na_mokupuni_o_Hawaii_nei_LOC_98680907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5790" data-file-height="4163" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Early history</a> (pre-1795)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii#Discovery_and_settlement" title="History of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1219–1266</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kealakekua_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kealakekua Bay">Battle of Kealakekua Bay</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1779</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Kamehameha dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1795–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I#Conquest_of_the_islands" title="Kamehameha I">Unification of Hawaii</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Great_M%C4%81hele" title="Great Māhele">Great Māhele</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Courthouse_riot" title="Honolulu Courthouse riot">Honolulu Courthouse riot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_rebellions_(1887%E2%80%931895)" title="Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)">Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional</a> (1893–1894)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Counter-Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1898</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territory of Hawaii</a> (1898–1959)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920" title="Oahu sugar strike of 1920">Oahu sugar strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre" title="Hanapepe massacre">Hanapēpē Massacre</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1932</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States#Territory_of_Hawaii_in_World_War_II_(1941-1944)" title="Martial law in the United States">Martial law</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941-1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honouliuli_National_Historic_Site" title="Honouliuli National Historic Site">Honouliuli Internment Camp</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a> (1959–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kalama_Valley_protests" title="Kalama Valley protests">Kalama Valley protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">State Constitutional Convention</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Xerox murders</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">Occupation of Iolani Palace</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_v._Office_of_Hawaiian_Affairs" title="Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs">Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_molasses_spill" title="Honolulu molasses spill">Honolulu molasses spill</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">TMT protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">False missile alert</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lane_(2018)" title="Hurricane Lane (2018)">Hurricane Lane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii" title="George Floyd protests in Hawaii">George Floyd protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_water_crisis" title="Red Hill water crisis">Red Hill water crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">Hawaii wildfires</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Hawaii" title="Demographic history of Hawaii">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Hawaii">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Honolulu" title="Timeline of Honolulu">Timeline of Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-baseline mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/13px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Hawaii">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hawaii_sidebar" title="Template:History of Hawaii sidebar"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hawaii_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Hawaii sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hawaii_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hawaii sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Territory of Hawaii</b> or <b>Hawaii Territory</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <i>Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">organized incorporated territory</a> of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Island</a>, was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as the 50th <a href="/wiki/US_state" class="mw-redirect" title="US state">US state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a>, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 4, 1898, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a> authorizing the US <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a>, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">US territory</a>. In April 1900, Congress approved the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a> which organized the territory. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the <a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">Apology Resolution</a>), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when the islands were placed under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">154,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">191,874</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">255,881</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">368,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">422,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">499,794</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: 1900–1950;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a> in January 1893, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States. A commission, led by <a href="/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston" title="Lorrin A. Thurston">Lorrin A. Thurston</a>, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> to negotiate an annexation treaty with US President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>. A delegation led by Princess <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBiulani" title="Kaʻiulani">Victoria Kaʻiulani</a> also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> against annexation. </p><p>Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> for ratification. However, the Senate did not act before March 4, 1893, when Harrison's term ended and <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland took office</a>. The new president was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> and strongly opposed to annexation. He withdrew the treaty from consideration, and ordered a <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">congressional investigation</a> into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. After receiving <a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">the committee's first report</a>, Cleveland recommended the restoration of Queen <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>. This did not go over well even with his own party. Eventually a bipartisan congressional vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii. Further investigation by Congress led to the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a>, which established that US troops in Hawaii had been completely neutral during the overthrow, and exonerated the US military from any accusations of complicity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_(PPWD-8-3-006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/220px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/330px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/440px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg/220px-Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg/330px-Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg/440px-Raising_the_American_Flag_Over_Iolani_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">On August 12, 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">flag of Hawaii</a> over <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a> was lowered and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> was raised to signify annexation.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Provisional Government convened a constitutional convention to establish the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a>. Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation. The more conservative <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a>, former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Hawaii's strategic location relative to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karsten_1971_pp._585–600_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsten_1971_pp._585–600-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and fears that the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation. On July 4, 1898, the US Congress passed a <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a> to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States. The resolution, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a> (named after US Representative <a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Newlands" title="Francis G. Newlands">Francis G. Newlands</a>), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley. The Newlands Resolution states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas, the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore,<br /><br />Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-stat_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The resolution took effect on August 12, 1898, and a formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">state sovereignty</a> to the United States was held that day on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Hawaiian flag</a> was lowered and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> was raised in its place. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_Begins_(Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg/250px-School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg/375px-School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg/500px-School_Begins_%28Puck_Magazine_1-25-1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7721" data-file-height="5124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a> depicting the United States, its territories, and US-controlled regions as a classroom with belligerent Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding the management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands. Its members were Sanford B. Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F. Frear (who likewise remained Judge of the Supreme Court of Hawaii), US Senators <a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Shelby M. Cullom</a> (R-Illinois) and <a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">John T. Morgan</a> (D-Alabama), and US Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Robert R. Hitt</a> (R-Illinois). The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year. Many <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> Representatives and Senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open a pathway for the <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admission of a state</a> with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>" enforced white political control throughout the American South. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_Act">Organic Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organic Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1900, Congress passed an Act <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii</a>, which was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> on April 30, 1900. This <a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">organic act</a> established the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">governor of Hawaii</a>. Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the US Senate. They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_governors">Territorial governors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territorial governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Hawaii#Governors_of_Hawaii_Territory" title="List of governors of Hawaii">List of governors of Hawaii § Governors of Hawaii Territory</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1900–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Carter" title="George R. Carter">George R. Carter</a>, Republican (1903–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Frear" title="Walter F. Frear">Walter F. Frear</a>, Republican (1907–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_E._Pinkham" title="Lucius E. Pinkham">Lucius E. Pinkham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._McCarthy" title="Charles J. McCarthy">Charles J. McCarthy</a>, Democrat (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_R._Farrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace R. Farrington">Wallace R. Farrington</a>, Republican (1921–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Judd" title="Lawrence M. Judd">Lawrence M. Judd</a>, Republican (1929–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Poindexter" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Poindexter">Joseph B. Poindexter</a>, Democrat (1934–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingram_M._Stainback" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingram M. Stainback">Ingram M. Stainback</a>, Democrat (1942–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_E._Long" title="Oren E. Long">Oren E. Long</a>, Democrat (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilder_King" title="Samuel Wilder King">Samuel Wilder King</a>, Republican (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Quinn" title="William F. Quinn">William F. Quinn</a>, Republican (1957–1959)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Organic Act also created a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature" title="Hawaii State Legislature">Hawaii Territorial Legislature</a>. It consisted of a lower chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, and an upper chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">Senate</a>. Its members were elected by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act created the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Territorial Supreme Court</a> and additional <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a>. All judges of these courts were appointed by the President with advice and consent of the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_delegate">Congressional delegate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Congressional delegate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Hawaii Territory's at-large congressional district">Hawaii Territory's at-large congressional district</a></div> <p>The Act also provided that Hawaii, like other <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">US territories</a>, would have a <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting delegate to the US Congress</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Wilcox" title="Robert William Wilcox">Robert William Wilcox</a> (1900–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Kuhio_Kalanianaole" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole">Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Baldwin" title="Henry Alexander Baldwin">Henry Alexander Baldwin</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Jarrett" title="William Paul Jarrett">William Paul Jarrett</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Stewart_Kaleoaloha_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Stewart Kaleoaloha Houston">Victor Stewart Kaleoaloha Houston</a> (1927–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Loy_McCandless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Loy McCandless">Lincoln Loy McCandless</a> (1933–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilder_King" title="Samuel Wilder King">Samuel Wilder King</a> (1935–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rider_Farrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rider Farrington">Joseph Rider Farrington</a> (1943–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Pruett_Farrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington">Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington</a> (1954–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Burns" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony Burns">John Anthony Burns</a> (1957–1959)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_State_Archives_image_from_Matson_Lines_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Hawaii_State_Archives_image_from_Matson_Lines_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="339" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matson,_Inc." title="Matson, Inc.">Matson Navigation Company</a> advertised Hawaii as a tourist destination for the first time in the late 1890s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when <a href="/wiki/Matson,_Inc." title="Matson, Inc.">Matson Navigation Company</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Matson" title="William Matson">William Matson</a>, began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods. His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the US mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matson's fleet included the <a href="/wiki/USS_Wilhelmina_(ID-2168)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Wilhelmina (ID-2168)">SS <i>Wilhelmina</i></a>, rivaling the best <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">passenger ships</a> serving traditional <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the <a href="/wiki/SS_Mariposa_(1931)" title="SS Mariposa (1931)">SS <i>Mariposa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Monterey" title="SS Monterey">SS <i>Monterey</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Lurline_(1932)" title="SS Lurline (1932)">SS <i>Lurline</i></a> (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet. </p><p>Matson Navigation Company operated two <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first (and for a time the only) hotel on <a href="/wiki/Waikiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Waikiki">Waikīkī</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Moana_Hotel" title="Moana Hotel">Moana Hotel</a> which opened in 1901. As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī." The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and future King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII of the United Kingdom</a>, stayed as a guest. </p><p>In 1927, the luxurious <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Hotel" title="Royal Hawaiian Hotel">Royal Hawaiian Hotel</a>, informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific", opened for business. It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> when he visited Hawaii during World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_bases">Military bases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">gun</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Fort_DeRussy_Military_Reservation" title="Fort DeRussy Military Reservation">Battery Randolph</a>, is today the site of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Museum_of_Hawaii" title="U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii">U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List of territorial installations: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Camp McKinley (est. 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kamehameha" title="Fort Kamehameha">Fort Kamehameha</a> (est. 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor Naval Station</a> (est. 1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Shafter" title="Fort Shafter">Fort Shafter</a> (est. 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ruger" title="Fort Ruger">Fort Ruger</a> (est. 1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schofield_Barracks" title="Schofield Barracks">Schofield Barracks</a> (est. 1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Closson" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Closson">Battery Closson</a> (est. 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Dudley" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Dudley">Battery Dudley</a> (est. 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Randolph" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Randolph">Battery Randolph</a> (est. 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_DeRussy_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort DeRussy (Hawaii)">Fort DeRussy</a> (est. 1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Army_Airfield" title="Wheeler Army Airfield">Wheeler Army Airfield</a> (est. 1922)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_boom_and_the_"Big_Five""><span id="Industrial_boom_and_the_.22Big_Five.22"></span>Industrial boom and the "Big Five"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industrial boom and the "Big Five""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;background:#f7f8ff"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef; border-bottom:solid"><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Hawaii's Big Five</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Brewer_%26_Co." title="C. Brewer & Co.">C. Brewer & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_H._Davies_%26_Co." title="Theo H. Davies & Co.">Theo H. Davies & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfac" title="Amfac">Amfac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_%26_Cooke" title="Castle & Cooke">Castle & Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_%26_Baldwin" title="Alexander & Baldwin">Alexander & Baldwin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_Five_Hawaii" title="Template:Big Five Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_Five_Hawaii" title="Template talk:Big Five Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_Five_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big Five Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a territory of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">plantations</a> gained a new infusion of investment. By getting rid of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> imposed on sugarcane sent to the continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor. Increased capital resulted in increased production. Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Castle_%26_Cooke" title="Castle & Cooke">Castle & Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_%26_Baldwin" title="Alexander & Baldwin">Alexander & Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Brewer_%26_Co." title="C. Brewer & Co.">C. Brewer & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_H._Davies_%26_Co." title="Theo H. Davies & Co.">Theo H. Davies & Co.</a>, and American Factors (later <a href="/wiki/Amfac" title="Amfac">Amfac</a>). Together, the five companies dominated the Hawaiian economy as the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pineapples_and_Hawaii">Pineapples and Hawaii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pineapples and Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Dole" title="James Dole">James Dole</a>, also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899. He purchased land in <a href="/wiki/Wahiawa,_Hawaii" title="Wahiawa, Hawaii">Wahiawa</a> and established the first <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> plantation in Hawaii. Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901. Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole Food Company</a>, was born. With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Harbor" title="Honolulu Harbor">Honolulu Harbor</a> in 1907. The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor. The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991. Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry. In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lanai</a> and transformed the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_low_shrublands" title="Hawaiian tropical low shrublands">Hawaiian tropical low shrublands</a> into the largest pineapple plantation in the world. For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry. After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii. Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Race_relations">Race relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Race relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations. Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after. Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines, and Portugal. Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a> language was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintoism</a> grew to become large religions. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu">Catholicism</a> became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massie_Trial">Massie Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Massie Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></div> <p>Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when <a href="/wiki/Thalia_Massie" title="Thalia Massie">Thalia Massie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped. That same night, the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department" title="Honolulu Police Department">Honolulu Police Department</a> stopped a car and detained five men, all plantation workers. Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them. Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii. The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict. One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kahahawai" title="Joseph Kahahawai">Joseph Kahahawai</a>, was murdered. Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother <a href="/wiki/Grace_Fortescue" title="Grace Fortescue">Grace Fortescue</a>, and two sailors. Famed criminal lawyer <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> defended them. A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years. Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over the territory. This pressured Governor <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Judd" title="Lawrence M. Judd">Lawrence M. Judd</a> to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers. Hawaii residents were shocked<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all of the United States reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie Trial<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martial_law">Martial law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1941 to 1944, following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Poindexter" title="Joseph Poindexter">Joseph Poindexter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingram_Stainback" title="Ingram Stainback">Ingram Stainback</a> stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Major General <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps">US Army Judge Advocate General's Corps</a>, who became military Attorney General. General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a> appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a>, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a>, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor. </p><p>Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor. His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationed</a> food and gasoline, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored</a> the news and media, censored all mail, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibited alcohol</a>, assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection. The military governor's laws were called General Orders. Violations meant punishment without appeal by <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military tribunals</a>. </p><p>Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information. The "aged and weak"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat, was variously misled into surrendering his powers. Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees. </p><p>The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No. 91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and the banning of courts that required witnesses and juries. Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians. There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role. Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested the military's suspension of habeas corpus. In the second year of martial law, August 1943, US District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges. The General, according to General Order No. 31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding the implicated fall of military power. </p><p>List of military governors: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter C. Short</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos_Carleton_Emmons" title="Delos Carleton Emmons">Delos C. Emmons</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson_Jr." title="Robert C. Richardson Jr.">Robert C. Richardson Jr.</a> (1943–1944)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Democratic_Revolution_of_1954">Democratic Revolution of 1954</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Democratic Revolution of 1954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954</a></div> <p>The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">nonviolent revolution</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a>, and other acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>. The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii Republican Party</a> in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Democratic Party of Hawaii</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hawaii_7">Hawaii 7</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hawaii 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> fears brewed and the U.S. was in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare#Second_Red_Scare_(1947–57)" title="Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> employed the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> toward the <a href="/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union" title="International Longshore and Warehouse Union">ILWU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Communist Party of Hawaii">Communist Party of Hawaii</a>, arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951, in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning. They were convicted in a two-year-long trial. The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Hall_(trade_unionist)" title="Jack Hall (trade unionist)">Jack Hall</a></li> <li>John Reinecke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koji_Ariyoshi" title="Koji Ariyoshi">Koji Ariyoshi</a></li> <li>Jack Kimoto</li> <li>Jim Freeman</li> <li>Charles Fujimoto</li> <li>Eileen Fujimoto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statehood">Statehood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Kalaniana%CA%BBole" title="Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole">Kuhio Kalanianaole</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was based upon the argument that <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had proved Hawaii's loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago's rulers believed that sugar planters' interests would be better served if Hawaii remained a territory.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Costigan_amendment" title="Jones–Costigan amendment">Jones–Costigan amendment</a>, another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilder_King" title="Samuel Wilder King">Samuel Wilder King</a> but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>" Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing the statehood question on the ballot. Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states. The reasons for the support of statehood were clear: </p> <ul><li>Hawaii wanted the ability to elect its own governor</li> <li>Hawaii wanted the ability to elect the president</li> <li>Hawaii wanted an end to taxation without voting representation in Congress</li> <li>Hawaii suffered the first blow of the war</li> <li>Hawaii's non-white ethnic populations, especially the Japanese, proved their loyalty by having served on the European frontlines</li> <li>Hawaii consisted of 90% United States citizens, most born within the U.S.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiivotesinset.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hawaiivotesinset.JPG/220px-Hawaiivotesinset.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hawaiivotesinset.JPG/330px-Hawaiivotesinset.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hawaiivotesinset.JPG/440px-Hawaiivotesinset.JPG 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>All islands voted at least 93 percent in favor of Admission acts. Ballot (inset) and referendum results for the Admission Act of 1959.</figcaption></figure> <p>A former officer of the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department" title="Honolulu Police Department">Honolulu Police Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Burns" title="John A. Burns">John A. Burns</a>, was elected Hawaii's delegate to Congress in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Democrat</a>, Burns won without the white vote but rather with the overwhelming support of Japanese and Filipinos in Hawaii. His election proved pivotal to the statehood movement. Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., Burns began making key political maneuvers by winning over allies among Congressional leaders and state governors. Burns' most important accomplishment was convincing <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (D-Texas) that Hawaii was ready to become a state, despite the continuing opposition of such <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep Southerners</a> as <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a>. </p><p>In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> and US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed it into law. On June 27, 1959, a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscite</a> was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill. The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94.3% voting in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally a US state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Hawai'i">Hawai'i portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/geomagnetism/docs/publications/1906/Bauer_1906_44.pdf">"Department of Commerce and Labor, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Terrestrial magnetism results of magnetic observations made by the coast and geodetic survey between July 1, 1905, and June 30, 1906"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Commerce+and+Labor%2C+Coast+and+Geodetic+Survey%2C+Terrestrial+magnetism+results+of+magnetic+observations+made+by+the+coast+and+geodetic+survey+between+July+1%2C+1905%2C+and+June+30%2C+1906&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fwdc%2Fgeomagnetism%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2F1906%2FBauer_1906_44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1933-02.pdf">"Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, page 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Commerce%2C+Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%2C+page+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprod2%2Fstatcomp%2Fdocuments%2F1933-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-13.pdf">https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-13.pdf</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, 2003, page III-1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">31 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-31-141">141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/04-ADM/ADM-.htm">"An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union"</a>. Hawaii State Legislature. March 18, 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+to+Provide+for+the+Admission+of+the+State+of+Hawaii+into+the+Union&rft.pub=Hawaii+State+Legislature&rft.date=1959-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitol.hawaii.gov%2Fhrscurrent%2FVol01_Ch0001-0042F%2F04-ADM%2FADM-.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Public_Law_103-150">"Public Law 103-150 – Wikisource, the free online library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Law+103-150+%E2%80%93+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPublic_Law_103-150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForstall" class="citation report cs1">Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/PopulationofStatesandCountiesoftheUnitedStates1790-1990.pdf">Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+States+and+Counties+of+the+United+States%3A+1790%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcensusdata%2FPopulationofStatesandCountiesoftheUnitedStates1790-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niklaus R. Schweizer, <i>His Hawaiian Excellency: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Annexation of Hawaii</i> (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helena G. Allen, <i>Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844–1926</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsten_1971_pp._585–600-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karsten_1971_pp._585–600_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarsten1971" class="citation cs2">Karsten, Peter (1971), "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan, and the Concept of Sea Power", <i>American Quarterly</i>, <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>600, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711707">10.2307/2711707</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711707">2711707</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545561348">5545561348</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+%27Influence%27%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Mahan%2C+and+the+Concept+of+Sea+Power&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E600&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5545561348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711707&rft.aulast=Karsten&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">30 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-30-750">750</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Skwiot, <i>The purposes of paradise: US tourism and empire in Cuba and Hawai'i</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Mak, "Creating 'Paradise of the Pacific': How Tourism Began in Hawaii" (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/workingpapers/WP_15-3.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Cragg, <i>Guide to military installations</i> (U of Illinois Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand M. Roehner, "Relations Between US Military Forces and the Population of Hawaii" <i>Laboratoire de physique théorique et hautes énergies</i> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parthe.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/och.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Flynn_Siler2012" class="citation book cs1">Julia Flynn Siler (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BA-TSRWOnIcC&pg=PT292"><i>Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure</i></a>. Grove/Atlantic. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802194886" title="Special:BookSources/9780802194886"><bdi>9780802194886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdom%3A+Hawaii%27s+Last+Queen%2C+the+Sugar+Kings+and+America%27s+First+Imperial+Adventure&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780802194886&rft.au=Julia+Flynn+Siler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBA-TSRWOnIcC%26pg%3DPT292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helena G. Allen, <i>Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844–1926</i> (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duane P. Bartholomew, Richard A. Hawkins, and Johnny A. Lopez. "Hawaii pineapple: the rise and fall of an industry." <i>HortScience</i> 47#10 (2012): 1390–1398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret A. Parkman and Jack Sawyer. "Dimensions of ethnic intermarriage in Hawaii." <i>American Sociological Review</i> (1967): 593–607. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2091027">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence H. Fuchs, <i>Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History</i> (1961), pp 83. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kpbs.org/news/2018/apr/10/american-experience-island-murder/">"AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: Island Murder"</a>. <i>KPBS Public Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KPBS+Public+Media&rft.atitle=AMERICAN+EXPERIENCE%3A+Island+Murder&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpbs.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fapr%2F10%2Famerican-experience-island-murder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honolulumagazine.com/core/pagetools.php?pageid=7463&url=/Honolulu-Magazine/April-2005/The-Crime-That-Changed-the-Islands/&mode=print">"| The Crime That Changed the Islands"</a>. <i>www.honolulumagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.honolulumagazine.com&rft.atitle=%7C+The+Crime+That+Changed+the+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.honolulumagazine.com%2Fcore%2Fpagetools.php%3Fpageid%3D7463%26url%3D%2FHonolulu-Magazine%2FApril-2005%2FThe-Crime-That-Changed-the-Islands%2F%26mode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoong2014" class="citation book cs1">Soong, Micheline (August 19, 2014). <i>Asian American Society : An Encyclopedia</i>. Gale Virtual Reference Library. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-8189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-8189-6"><bdi>978-1-4522-8189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+American+Society+%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Gale+Virtual+Reference+Library&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-8189-6&rft.aulast=Soong&rft.aufirst=Micheline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/static/greg-robinson-interview">Interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116141445/http://www.cup.columbia.edu/static/greg-robinson-interview">Archived</a> November 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> about his book, <i>A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America</i>. CUP. n.d. Retrieved March 9, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1955" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, J. Garner (1955). <i>Hawaii Under Army Rule</i>. California: Stanford University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9"><bdi>0-8248-0377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Under+Army+Rule&rft.place=California&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8248-0377-9&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=J.+Garner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1955" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, J. Garner (1955). <i>Hawaii Under army Rule</i>. california: Stanford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9"><bdi>0-8248-0377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Under+army+Rule&rft.place=california&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8248-0377-9&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=J.+Garner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1955" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, J. Garner (1955). <i>Hawaii Under Army Rule</i>. California: Stanford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9"><bdi>0-8248-0377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Under+Army+Rule&rft.place=California&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8248-0377-9&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=J.+Garner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1955" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, J. Garner (1955). <i>Hawaii Under Army Rule</i>. California: Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0377-9"><bdi>0-8248-0377-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Under+Army+Rule&rft.place=California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8248-0377-9&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=J.+Garner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDan_Boylan,_T._Michael_Holmes2000" class="citation book cs1">Dan Boylan, T. Michael Holmes (2000). <i>John A. Burns</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 104. 9780824822774.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+A.+Burns&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dan+Boylan%2C+T.+Michael+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Holmes1994" class="citation book cs1">Michael Holmes (1994). <i>The specter of Communism in Hawaii</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 104. 9780824815509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+specter+of+Communism+in+Hawaii&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Michael+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Quarterly Incorporated (1965); <i>Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964</i>, p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabrah, Ruth M. <i>Hawaii: A History</i>, pp. 135–136 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393243699" title="Special:BookSources/0393243699">0393243699</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogawa, Dennis M. and Grant, Glen; <i>Kodomo no tame ni = for the sake of the children: the Japanese American experience in Hawaii</i>; p. 234 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824807308" title="Special:BookSources/0824807308">0824807308</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitehead, John S.; <i>Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai‘i, and the Battle for Statehood</i>, p. 30 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082633637X" title="Special:BookSources/082633637X">082633637X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, G. Scott; <i>The Pursuit of the White House: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics and History</i>, p. 396 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313257957" title="Special:BookSources/0313257957">0313257957</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hawaii Votes To Petition For Statehood: Plebiscite Shows 39,413 in Favor And 19,911 Opposed". <i>The Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. November 7, 1940. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/151232424">151232424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hawaii+Votes+To+Petition+For+Statehood%3A+Plebiscite+Shows+39%2C413+in+Favor+And+19%2C911+Opposed&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1940-11-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Democrats Win Hawaii Delegate". <i>The Washington Post</i>. November 8, 1956. p. A25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/148714128">148714128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Democrats+Win+Hawaii+Delegate&rft.pages=A25&rft.date=1956-11-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Roger; <i>Last Among Equals: Hawaiian Statehood and American Politics</i>; pp. 134, 256 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824808479" title="Special:BookSources/0824808479">0824808479</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321081230/http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood">"Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood"</a>. <i>archive.lingle.hawaii.gov</i>. State of Hawaii. March 18, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood">the original</a> on March 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2014</span>. <q>On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held to allow Hawai`i residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood. The 'yes for statehood' garnered 94.3 percent (132,773 votes) while the 'no' ballots totaled 5.7 percent (7,971 votes).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.lingle.hawaii.gov&rft.atitle=Commemorating+50+Years+of+Statehood&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lingle.hawaii.gov%2Fgovgallery%2Fnews%2Ffiles%2F2009%2Fmarch%2Fcelebrating-50-years-of-statehood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Craig, Robert D. <i>Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaiʻi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Scarecrow Press</a>, 1998).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaws1968" class="citation book cs1">Daws, Gavan (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofprincea00kame"><i>Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0324-8"><bdi>0-8248-0324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoal+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+the+Hawaiian+Islands&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-8248-0324-8&rft.aulast=Daws&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofprincea00kame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerritory+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fuchs, Lawrence H. <i>Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History.</i>(1961).</li> <li>Haley, James L. <i>Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii</i> (St. Martin's Press, 2014).</li> <li>Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson, and Arthur Grove Day. <i>Hawaii: a history, from Polynesian kingdom to American state</i> (Prentice Hall, 1961).</li> <li>Wyndette, Olive. <i>Islands of Destiny: A History of Hawaii</i> (1968).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_studies">Specialty studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specialty studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Helena G. <i>Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844–1926</i> (1988).</li> <li>Bartholomew, Duane P., Richard A. Hawkins, and Johnny A. Lopez. "Hawaii pineapple: the rise and fall of an industry." <i>HortScience</i> 47#10 (2012): 1390–1398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full">online</a></li> <li>Beechert, Edward D. <i>Working in Hawaii: A Labor History</i> (U of Hawaii Press, 1985) 401pp</li> <li>Brown, DeSoto and Anne Ellett. <i>Hawaii goes to war: life in Hawaii from Pearl Harbor to peace</i> (1989).</li> <li>Chapin, Helen. <i>Shaping history: The role of newspapers in Hawai'i</i> (University of Hawaii Press, 1996).</li> <li>Forbes, David W. <i>Encounters with paradise: views of Hawaii and its people, 1778–1941</i> (Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992).</li> <li>Hartwell, Alfred S. <i>The Organization of a Territorial Government for Hawaii.</i> The Yale Law Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, 1899, pp. 107–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/780752">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hawkins, Richard A. "James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company," <i>The Hawaiian Journal of History</i> (2007) vol. 41, pp. 149–170.</li> <li>Imai, Shiho. <i>Creating the Nisei Market: Race & Citizenship in Hawai'i's Japanese American Consumer Culture</i> (2010)</li> <li>Jung, Moon-Kie. <i><a href="/wiki/Reworking_Race" title="Reworking Race">Reworking Race: the making of Hawaii's interracial labor movement</a></i> (Columbia University Press, 2006).</li> <li>MacLennan, Carol A. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_Sugar,_Industry_and_Environment_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sovereign Sugar, Industry and Environment in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Sovereign Sugar, Industry and Environment in Hawaii</a></i> (2014).</li> <li>Melendy, Howard Brett, and Rhoda E.A. Hackler. <i>Hawaii, America's Sugar Territory, 1898–1959</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1999).</li> <li>Melendy, Howard Brett. <i>Walter Francis Dillingham, 1875–1963: Hawaiian Entrepreneur and Statesman</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1996).</li> <li>Melendy, H. Brett. "The Controversial Appointment of Lucius Eugene Pinkham, Hawaii's First Democratic Governor," <i>Hawaiian Journal of History</i> (1983(, Vol. 17, pp 185–208.</li> <li>Parkman, Margaret A., and Jack Sawyer. "Dimensions of ethnic intermarriage in Hawaii." <i>American Sociological Review</i> (1967): 593–607. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2091027">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Poblete, JoAnne. <i>Islanders in the Empire: Filipino and Puerto Rican Laborers in Hawai‘i</i> (University of Illinois Press, 2014).</li> <li>Rohrer, Judy. <i>Haoles in Hawai'i</i> (2010) 124pp; scholarly survey</li> <li>Sumida, Stephen H. <i>And the View from the Shore: Literary Traditions of Hawai'i</i> (University of Washington Press, 2015).</li> <li>Williams Jr., Ronald. "Race, Power, and the Dilemma of Democracy: Hawaii's First Territorial Legislature, 1901." <i>Hawaiian Journal of History</i> (2015) 49#1 pp 1–45.</li> <li>Whitehead, John S. <i>Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai`i, and the Battle for Statehood</i> (2004).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thomas H. Green, <i>The Papers of Major General Thomas H. Green, Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army</i>, University Publications of America, 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hawaii_Territory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hawaii Territory">Hawaii Territory</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiarmymuseumsoc.org/">Hawaii Army Museum Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morganreport.org/">Morgan Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/organic.html">Congressional Debates On Hawaiian Organic Act</a> ... Matters Concerning the Hawaiian Islands in the 56th Congress, First Session, December 4, 1899 – June 7, 1900. Photostatic Reproductions from the Congressional Record, Vol. 33, Parts 1–8.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable seealso">See also the preceding <a href="/wiki/Category:Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Category:Republic of Hawaii">Category:Republic of Hawaii</a> and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Category:Hawaii" title="Category:Hawaii">Category:Hawaii</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_of_the_United_States310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_of_the_United_States310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Zone</a>) (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subdivisions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Hawaii441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaii" title="Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaii" title="Template talk:Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Hawaii441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Governance" title="Hawaii">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Demographics" title="Hawaii">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Economy" title="Hawaii">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern <br /> Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territory_of_Hawaii&params=21.3_N_157.8_W_region:US-HI_dim:500km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">157°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.3°N 157.8°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span 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