CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Puerto Rico - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"15efbf59-20d9-494c-983d-888d49d65d45","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Puerto_Rico","wgTitle":"Puerto Rico","wgCurRevisionId":1258804431,"wgRevisionId":1258804431,"wgArticleId":23041,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with Spanish IPA","Pages with undetermined IPA","Articles containing Taino-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 errors: generic name", "Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from September 2024","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters","Articles to be expanded from September 2024","All articles to be expanded","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from March 2021","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Puerto Rico","Caribbean islands of the United States","Countries and territories where English is an official language","Island countries","Dependent territories in the Caribbean","Greater Antilles","Former colonies in North America","Former Spanish colonies","Insular areas of the United States","Islands of Puerto Rico","New Spain","Spanish colonization of the Americas","Spanish-speaking countries and territories","Spanish West Indies","States and territories established in 1898","1493 establishments in the Spanish West Indies","1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies", "Small Island Developing States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Puerto_Rico","wgRelevantArticleId":23041,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":18.2,"lon":-66.5},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1183","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/800px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/640px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Puerto Rico - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Puerto_Rico rootpage-Puerto_Rico skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Puerto+Rico" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Puerto+Rico" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Puerto+Rico" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Puerto+Rico" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 U.S. era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political parties and elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_and_intergovernmental_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_and_intergovernmental_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_and_intergovernmental_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fiscal debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Public finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cost of living </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sewage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sewage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Water and sewage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sewage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Telecommunications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Population makeup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Immigration and emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Education and literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philately" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philately"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Philately </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philately-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 United States government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_Declaration_on_Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Declaration_on_Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 United Nations Declaration on Puerto Rico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Declaration_on_Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Puerto Rico</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 176 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" > 176 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B6_%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AE" title="ፕዌርቶ ሪኮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕዌርቶ ሪኮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="पोर्टो रिको – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोर्टो रिको" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="بورتوريكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بورتوريكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4rto_Rico" title="Pôrto Rico – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pôrto Rico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertu_Ricu" title="Puertu Ricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Puertu Ricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rr%C3%ADko" title="Puerto Rríko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Puerto Rríko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burinkin" title="Burinkin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Burinkin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto-Riko" title="Puerto-Riko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Puerto-Riko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورتو ریکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتو ریکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%A9rto_Riko" title="Puérto Riko – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Puérto Riko" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="পুয়ের্তো রিকো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুয়ের্তো রিকো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пуэрта-Рыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пуэрта-Рыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пуэрта-Рыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пуэрта-Рыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="पोर्तो रिको – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोर्तो रिको" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуерто Рико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пуерто Рико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portu_Ricu" title="Portu Ricu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Portu Ricu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="پويرطوريكو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پويرطوريكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%AE_%DE%83%DE%A9%DE%86%DE%AF" title="ޕުއެރްތޮ ރީކޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕުއެރްތޮ ރީކޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A1%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Πουέρτο Ρίκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πουέρτο Ρίκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto-Riko" title="Porto-Riko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Porto-Riko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertu_Ricu" title="Puertu Ricu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Puertu Ricu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورتوریکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پورتوریکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Riko" title="Porto Riko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Porto Riko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3rt%C3%B3_R%C3%ADce" title="Pórtó Ríce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pórtó Ríce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phurt_Ver%C3%A7hagh" title="Yn Phurt Verçhagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Phurt Verçhagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94" title="푸에르토리코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸에르토리코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoliko" title="Pokoliko – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pokoliko" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Պուերտո Ռիկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուերտո Ռիկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="पोर्टो रीको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोर्टो रीको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto-Riko" title="Porto-Riko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Porto-Riko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="পুয়ের্তো রিকো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পুয়ের্তো রিকো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAert%C3%B3_R%C3%ADk%C3%B3" title="Púertó Ríkó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púertó Ríkó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="פוארטו ריקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוארטו ריקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%A9rto_Riko" title="Puérto Riko – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Puérto Riko" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="პუერტო-რიკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუერტო-რიკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puwerito_Riko" title="Puwerito Riko – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Puwerito Riko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2toriko" title="Pòtoriko – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòtoriko" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_R%C3%AEko" title="Porto Rîko – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Porto Rîko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portus_Dives" title="Portus Dives – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Portus Dives" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertoriko" title="Puertoriko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Puertoriko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rikas" title="Puerto Rikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puerto Rikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2rto_Ricco" title="Pòrto Ricco – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pòrto Ricco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rica" title="Porto Rica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Porto Rica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Порторико – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Порторико" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4rt%C3%B4-Rik%C3%B4" title="Pôrtô-Rikô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôrtô-Rikô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="പോർട്ടോ റിക്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോർട്ടോ റിക്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta_Riko" title="Peta Riko – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Peta Riko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="पोर्तो रिको – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तो रिको" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="პუერტო-რიკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პუერტო-რიკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="پويرتو ريكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پويرتو ريكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورتوریکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پورتوریکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто Рико – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пуэрто Рико" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပေါ်တိုရီကိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါ်တိုရီကိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="पोर्तो रिको – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोर्तो रिको" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3" title="プエルトリコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プエルトリコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Riko" title="Puerto Riko – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Puerto Riko" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto-Riko" title="Puerto-Riko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Puerto-Riko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਪੁਇਰਤੋ ਰੀਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਇਰਤੋ ਰੀਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_rico" title="Puerto rico – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Puerto rico" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورٹو ریکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پورٹو ریکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورتوريکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پورتوريکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoto_Riiko" title="Puoto Riiko – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puoto Riiko" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoryko" title="Portoryko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portoryko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto-Riko" title="Puerto-Riko – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Puerto-Riko" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinkin" title="Purinkin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purinkin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portorikoja" title="Portorikoja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Portorikoja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portu_Ricu" title="Portu Ricu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Portu Ricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D" title="පුවටෝ රිකෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුවටෝ රිකෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoryko" title="Portoryko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Portoryko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%86_%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86" title="پۆرتۆ ڕیکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆرتۆ ڕیکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Порторико – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Порторико" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoriko" title="Portoriko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portoriko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%A9rto_Riko" title="Puérto Riko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Puérto Riko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="புவேர்ட்டோ ரிக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவேர்ட்டோ ரிக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပေႃႇတူဝ်ႇရီးၵူဝ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပေႃႇတူဝ်ႇရီးၵူဝ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_rico" title="Puerto rico – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Puerto rico" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B" title="ప్యూర్టో రికో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్యూర్టో రికో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ปวยร์โตรีโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปวยร์โตรีโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуэрто-Рико – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пуэрто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%93to_Liko" title="Puēto Liko – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Puēto Liko" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Riko" title="Porto Riko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Porto Riko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto-riko" title="Puerto-riko – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Puerto-riko" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Пуерто-Рико – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пуерто-Рико" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="پورٹو ریکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پورٹو ریکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D9%88" title="پوئېرتو رىكو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پوئېرتو رىكو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertorike%C3%A4ns" title="Puertorikeäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Puertorikeäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Rico" title="Porto Rico – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Porto Rico" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poortorikoo" title="Poortorikoo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poortorikoo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波多黎各" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BA%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rt%C3%B2_R%C3%ADk%C3%B2" title="Púẹ́rtò Ríkò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Púẹ́rtò Ríkò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波多黎各" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Riko" title="Porto Riko – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Porto Riko" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Puerto Rico" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_R%C4%97ks" title="Puerto Rėks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puerto Rėks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波多黎各" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Puerto_Rico" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Puerto_Rico" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Puerto_Rico" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&oldid=1258804431" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Puerto_Rico&id=1258804431&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPuerto_Rico">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPuerto_Rico">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Puerto_Rico&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1183" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puerto_Rico&params=18.2_N_66.5_W_dim:300000_region:US-PR_type:adm1st&title=Commonwealth+of+Puerto+Rico">18°12′N 66°30′W / 18.2°N 66.5°W / 18.2; -66.5 (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Territory of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Porto Rico" and "Borinquen" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Porto_Rico_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Porto Rico (disambiguation)">Porto Rico (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borinquen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Borinquen (disambiguation)">Borinquen (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Puerto Rico (disambiguation)">Puerto Rico (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organized and Unincorporated U.S. territory in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Puerto Rico</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Organized and Unincorporated U.S. territory</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Commonwealth of Puerto Rico<a href="#cite_note-commonwealth-3">[b]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Free Associated State of Puerto Rico <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Puerto Rico"><img alt="Flag of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/125px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/188px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/250px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Puerto Rico"><img alt="Official seal of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1239" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Coat of arms of Puerto Rico">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Puerto Rico"><img alt="Official logo of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="343" /></a> Seal of Puerto Rico</div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname(s):</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">"La Isla del Encanto" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) ('The Island of Enchantment')</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto:</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">"<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Coat of arms of Puerto Rico">Joannes est nomen ejus</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) ('<a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Baptist">John</a> is his name')</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/La_Borinque%C3%B1a" title="La Borinqueña">La Borinqueña</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) ("The Song of Borinquen")<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="94" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinqueña.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/United_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/United_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_La_Borinque%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Americas map of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/280px-Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/420px-Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/560px-Puerto_Rico_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show Puerto Rico within the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Caribbean map of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg/280px-Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg/420px-Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg/560px-Puerto_Rico_-_Caribbean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2323" /></a>Show Puerto Rico within the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Municipal map of Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/280px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/420px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/560px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="325" /></a>Show <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">municipalities</a> of Puerto Rico</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before annexation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Cession from Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952">Current constitution</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puerto_Rico&params=18_27_N_66_6_W_type:city_region:US-PR">18°27′N 66°6′W / 18.450°N 66.100°W / 18.450; -66.100</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">94.3% Spanish 5.5% English 0.2% other<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Puerto_Rico" title="English language in Puerto Rico">English</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusData-6">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">By race: <ul><li>49.8% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial</a></li> <li>17.1% <a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">White</a></li> <li>7.0% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Black</a></li> <li>0.5% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Ricans" title="Asian Puerto Ricans">Asian</a></li> <li>25.5% Other</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">By origin: <ul><li>98.9% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a></li> <li>1.1% non-Hispanic or Latino</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: puertorriqueño -a) <a href="/wiki/Boricua" class="mw-redirect" title="Boricua">boricua</a> (neutral)<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> borinqueño -a borincano -a<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> puertorro -a<a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pierluisi" title="Pedro Pierluisi">Pedro Pierluisi</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">PNP</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Puerto Rico">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Secretary of State of Puerto Rico">Secretary of State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omar_J._Marrero" title="Omar J. Marrero">Omar Marrero Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">PNP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Justice_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Secretary of Justice of Puerto Rico">Secretary of Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Emanuelli" title="Domingo Emanuelli">Domingo Emanuelli Hernández</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">PNP</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Judiciary of Puerto Rico">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court of Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jenniffer_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenniffer González">Jenniffer González</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">PNP</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,792 km2 (5,325 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-area-18">[e]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Land</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,868 km2 (3,424 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,924 km2 (1,901 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">35.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Length</div></th><td class="infobox-data">177<a href="#cite_note-100x35-20">[f]</a> km (110 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Width</div></th><td class="infobox-data">65 km (40 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,338 m (4,390<a href="#cite_note-peakk-21">[g]</a> ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,205,691<a href="#cite_note-pop-22">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,285,874<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-24">[16]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">361.4/km2 (936.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $158,019 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PR-25">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">92nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $49,590<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PR-25">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $120,970 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PR-25">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $37,930<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PR-25">[17]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data">58<a href="#cite_note-26">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2015)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.845<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">40th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (US$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-04:00">UTC-04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telephone numbers in Puerto Rico">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telephone numbers in Puerto Rico">+1 (787), +1 (939)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/USPS_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS abbreviation">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code">PR</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PR" title="ISO 3166-2:PR">PR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-PR</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pr" title=".pr">.pr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Puerto Rico<a href="#cite_note-29">[i]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for 'rich port'; abbreviated PR),<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,<a href="#cite_note-commonwealth-3">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[j]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">archipelago and island</a> organized as an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the designation of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">commonwealth</a>. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, it consists of the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> main island and numerous smaller islands, including <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Mona</a>. With approximately 3.2 million <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">residents</a>, it is divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">78 municipalities</a>, of which the most populous is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, followed by those within the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Bayam%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Caguas_metropolitan_area" title="San Juan–Bayamón–Caguas metropolitan area">San Juan metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a> though Spanish predominates.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a> Puerto Rico was settled by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian peoples</a> beginning 2,000 to 4,000 years ago;<a href="#cite_note-Taus-Bolstad2004-36">[26]</a> these included the <a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_people" title="Ortoiroid people">Ortoiroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>. It was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#Second_voyage_(1493–1496)" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">arrival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1493 and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> in 1508.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> Puerto Rico was contested by other <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers#Early_modern_powers" title="List of modern great powers">European powers</a> into the 18th century but remained a Spanish possession for the next 400 years. The <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">decline of the indigenous population</a>, followed by an influx of <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> settlers, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">African slaves</a> vastly changed the cultural and demographic landscape of the archipelago. Within the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, Puerto Rico played a secondary but <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico#Strategic_geography" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">strategically significant role</a> compared to larger and wealthier colonies like <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[28]</a> By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, centered around a fusion of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">indigenous</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> In 1898, following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Puerto Rico was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">acquired by the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> have been <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">U.S. citizens</a> since 1917 and can move freely between the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">mainland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a> However, residents of Puerto Rico are <a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico#Disenfranchisement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">disenfranchised from federal elections</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a> and generally do not pay <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Taxation in Puerto Rico">federal income tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[k]</a> In common with four other <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>, Puerto Rico sends a <a href="/wiki/Nonvoting_members_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonvoting members of Congress">nonvoting representative</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner</a>, and participates in <a href="/wiki/2020_Puerto_Rico_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Puerto Rico presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a>; as it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, which oversees it under the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Federal_Relations_Act_of_1950" title="Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950">Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950</a>. Congress approved a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">territorial constitution</a> in 1952, allowing residents of the archipelago to elect a <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor</a> in addition to a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">house of representatives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status of Puerto Rico</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Proposed_political_status_for_Puerto_Rico" title="Proposed political status for Puerto Rico">ongoing debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[37]</a> Beginning in the mid-20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Industrial_Development_Company" title="Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company">Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company</a>, launched a series of economic projects to develop Puerto Rico into an industrial high-income economy. It is classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed jurisdiction</a> with an advanced, <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Advanced_economies-49">[38]</a> it ranks 40th on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. The major sectors of Puerto Rico's economy are <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Manufacturing in Puerto Rico">manufacturing</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Puerto Rico">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>, and electronics, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">tourism</a> and hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-manufacturing-by-pr.gov-50">[39]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Puerto Rico is Spanish for "rich port".<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Ricans</a> often call the island Borinquen, a derivation of Borikén, its <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> name, which is popularly said to mean "Land of the Valiant Lord".<a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a> The terms boricua, borinqueño, and borincano are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage,<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> and derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively.<a href="#cite_note-56">[45]</a> The island is also popularly known in Spanish as La Isla del Encanto, meaning "the island of enchantment".<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ("Rich Port City").<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city.<a href="#cite_note-59">[l]</a> The island's name was changed to Porto Rico by the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Paris of 1898">Treaty of Paris of 1898</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[48]</a> The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises (also Porto in Italian, French, and Portuguese). The name was changed back to Puerto Rico in 1931 by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_C%C3%B3rdova_D%C3%A1vila" title="Félix Córdova Dávila">Félix Córdova Dávila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[56]</a> The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ("Free <a href="/wiki/Associated_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated State">Associated State</a> of Puerto Rico"), while its official English name is <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)#Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth of Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">[21]</a> The Spanish official name was suggested by its architect <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Luis Muñoz Marín</a> and adopted by a constitutional assembly on July 25 1952. Some authorities have called it a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> and have charged that the official name in English of "Commonwealth" constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Fig_leaf" title="Fig leaf">fig leaf</a>, i.e., associated with the covering up of an act that is actually embarrassing or distasteful with something of innocuous appearance.<a href="#cite_note-70">[57]</a> Puerto Rico remains a territory of the United States, exercising substantial internal self-government, but subordinated to the U.S. Constitution in areas such as foreign affairs or defense. For this reason, it is not considered to be a full-fledged associated state under either international or U.S. domestic law.<a href="#cite_note-71">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APuerto_Rico&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Puerto+Rico">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">History of Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taino_Village.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taino_Village.JPG/220px-Taino_Village.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taino_Village.JPG/330px-Taino_Village.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taino_Village.JPG/440px-Taino_Village.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 20th-century reconstruction of an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> village, located at the <a href="/wiki/Tibes_Indigenous_Ceremonial_Center" title="Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center">spot</a> in which their remains were discovered in 1975, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Hurricane Eloise</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_people" title="Ortoiroid people">Ortoiroid people</a> before 430 BC. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s arrival in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in 1493, the dominant indigenous culture was that of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taínos">Taínos</a>. The Taíno people's numbers went dangerously low during the later half of the 16th century because of new infectious diseases carried by Europeans, exploitation by Spanish settlers, and warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Diseases_carried_by_Europeans-74">[61]</a> Located in the northeastern Caribbean, Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest and colonization of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg/290px-Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg/435px-Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg/580px-Puerto_Rico_departamentos_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Department_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (country subdivision)">departments</a> of Puerto Rico during Spanish provincial times (1886).</figcaption></figure> In 1593, Portuguese soldiers, sent from Lisbon by order of Phillip II, composed the first garrison of the San Felipe del Morro fortress in Puerto Rico. Some brought their wives, while others married Puerto Rican women, and today there are many Puerto Rican families with Portuguese last names. The smallest of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>, Puerto Rico was a stepping-stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern territories of South America. Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World; they served as Spain's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents. Realizing that it was in danger of losing its two remaining Caribbean territories, the Spanish Crown revived the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces of 1815</a>. The decree was printed in Spanish, English and French in order to attract Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers. Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graces-75">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._era">U.S. era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_(1952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg/220px-Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg/330px-Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg/440px-Mapa_de_Puerto_Rico_%281952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4610" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Map of Puerto Rico from 1952</figcaption></figure> In 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the U.S. The first years of the 20th century were marked by the struggle to obtain greater democratic rights from the U.S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a> of 1900 established a civil government, ending <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Puerto_Rico#Military_government" title="List of governors of Puerto Rico">rule by American generals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War#1898–1939" title="United States Department of War">Department of War</a>. A <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruling, Ortega v. Lara, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_202" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 202">202</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/202/339/#342">339, 342</a> (1906),<a href="#cite_note-76">[n]</a> involving the Foraker Act and referring to the island as "the acquired country", soon affirmed that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> applied within its territory and that any domestic Puerto Rican laws which did not conflict with it remained in force.<a href="#cite_note-DerechoPuertorriqueño-77">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jones-Shafroth_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones-Shafroth Act">Jones Act</a> of 1917, which made Puerto Ricans <a href="/wiki/United_States_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="United States citizenship">U.S. citizens</a>, paved the way for the drafting of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico's Constitution</a> and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Puerto Rico is one of five territories with less representation in the Federal government, along with the Federal District. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_political_status_for_Puerto_Rico" title="Proposed political status for Puerto Rico">Proposed political status for Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Task_Force_on_Puerto_Rico%27s_Status" title="President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status">President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-ISS017-E-18779_-_View_of_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Puerto Rico from space, 2008</figcaption></figure> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization</a> approved a draft resolution calling on the U.S. government to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[64]</a> In November 2012, a two-question referendum took place, simultaneous with the general elections.<a href="#cite_note-oslpr1-79">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[66]</a> The first question, voted on in August, asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution. 54% voted against the status quo, effectively approving the second question to be voted on in November. The second question posed three alternate status options: statehood, independence, or <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">free association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[67]</a> 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% for a sovereign free-associated state, and 5.49% for independence.<a href="#cite_note-82">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed into law H.R. 5278: <a href="/wiki/PROMESA" title="PROMESA">PROMESA</a>, establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rican government. This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations. In particular, the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government's constitutional power to "make all needful rules and regulations" regarding U.S. territories; The president would appoint all seven voting members of the board; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico's legislature, governor, and other public authorities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[69]</a> There would be another referendum in 2017 in Puerto Rico, in favor of statehood although it was boycotted by some political opponents of it. (see <a href="/wiki/2017_Puerto_Rican_status_referendum" title="2017 Puerto Rican status referendum">2017 Puerto Rican status referendum</a>) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg/220px-Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg/330px-Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg/440px-Puerto_Rico_Rainfall_Totals_from_Hurricane_Maria_Updated_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Rainfall totals from Hurricane Maria</figcaption></figure> In 2017, Puerto Rico suffered back-to-back large hurricanes: the Category 5 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> (September 7, 2017) and the Category 4 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> (September 20, 2017).<a href="#cite_note-rand-84">[70]</a> The storms caused an extreme amount of damage to the island, causing the following effects: all power was knocked out, 95% cell service, 43% of waste water treatment plants, 40 thousand land slides, 97% of roads blocked, 28% of health facilities damaged, leading to over 90% of the population applying for assistance after the storms.<a href="#cite_note-rand-84">[70]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Maria_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Effects of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico">Effects of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico</a> It is thought that a combination of the debt crisis and two major hurricanes in the late 2010s, caused further departures from the island. Overall the population has decreased by about half a million in the 21st century, with many seeking better opportunities on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> Puerto Rico held its <a href="/wiki/2020_Puerto_Rican_status_referendum" title="2020 Puerto Rican status referendum">statehood referendum</a> during the 3 November 2020 general elections; the ballot asked one question: "Should Puerto Rico be admitted immediately into the Union <a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">as a State</a>?" The results showed that 52 percent of Puerto Rico voters answered yes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a> In the United States in the early 2020s, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Status_Act" title="Puerto Rico Status Act">Puerto Rico Status Act</a> was being worked on by Congress, and H.R. 8393 passed the House in 2022- though it has not passed the Senate; this bill would support PR making a binding referendum. The bill does not decide PR's fate, it simply prepares the United States to respond the outcome of referendum.<a href="#cite_note-87">[73]</a> In the 5 November 2024 elections, there was three choices in a non-binding referendum which included Statehood, Independence, or Independence with Free Association on the ballot; Statehood won with 59%.<a href="#cite_note-88">[74]</a> In addition, on November 5, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Jenniffer_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Col%C3%B3n" title="Jenniffer González-Colón">Jennifer Gonzalez</a> won the office of Governor of Puerto Rico in the 2024 general election, with nearly 40% of the vote, who is pro-statehood.<a href="#cite_note-89">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Geography of Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geology of Puerto Rico">Geology of Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of islands of Puerto Rico">List of islands of Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Patillas_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Beach and coastline at <a href="/wiki/Patillas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Patillas, Puerto Rico">Patillas</a>, in southeast Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mona,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona, Puerto Rico">Mona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desecheo_Island" title="Desecheo Island">Desecheo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico">Caja de Muertos</a>. Of these five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona, which has played a key role in maritime history, is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Natural_and_Environmental_Resources_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[76]</a> There are many other even smaller <a href="/wiki/Islets" class="mw-redirect" title="Islets">islets</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Monito_Island" title="Monito Island">Monito</a>, located near Mona,<a href="#cite_note-91">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Cabras" title="Isla de Cabras">Isla de Cabras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isleta_de_San_Juan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleta de San Juan">La Isleta de San Juan</a>, both located on the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a>. The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Tierra" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerta de Tierra">Puerta de Tierra</a>, which are connected to the main island by bridges.<a href="#cite_note-92">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png/220px-NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png/330px-NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png/440px-NOAA_Bathymetry_Image_of_Puerto_Rico_%282020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>NOAA Bathymetry Image of Puerto Rico (2020)<a href="#cite_note-94">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 5,320 square miles (13,800 km2), of which 3,420 sq mi (8,900 km2) is land and 1,900 sq mi (4,900 km2) is water.<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-95">[81]</a> Puerto Rico is larger than <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> but smaller than <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 110 mi (180 km), and the maximum width from north to south is 40 mi (64 km).<a href="#cite_note-topuertorico.com-96">[82]</a> Puerto Rico is the smallest of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>. It is 80% of the size of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[83]</a> just over 18% of the size of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and 8% of the size of Cuba, the largest of the Greater Antilles.<a href="#cite_note-98">[84]</a> The topography of the island is mostly mountainous with large flat areas in the northern and southern coasts. The main mountain range that crosses the island from east to west is called the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)">Cordillera Central</a> (also known as the Central Mountain Range in English). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Cerro de Punta</a> 4,390 feet (1,340 m),<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-95">[81]</a> is located in this range. Another important peak is <a href="/wiki/El_Yunque,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="El Yunque, Puerto Rico">El Yunque</a>, one of the highest in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Luquillo" title="Sierra de Luquillo">Sierra de Luquillo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest" title="El Yunque National Forest">El Yunque National Forest</a>, with an elevation of 3,494 ft (1,065 m).<a href="#cite_note-99">[85]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Highways,_Primary,_Secondary,_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Map_of_Highways%2C_Primary%2C_Secondary%2C_Tertiary_Routes_in_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Map by USGS</figcaption></figure> Puerto Rico has 17 lakes, all man-made, and more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Puerto Rico rivers">50 rivers</a>, most of which originate in the Cordillera Central.<a href="#cite_note-100">[86]</a> Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">water flow rates</a> than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions. Puerto Rico is composed of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">plutonic</a> rocks, overlain by younger <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and more recent <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[87]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Caverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Caverns">caverns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> topography on the island occurs in the northern region. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old (<a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>) and are located at <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Bermeja" title="Sierra Bermeja">Sierra Bermeja</a> in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm. Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plates</a> and is being deformed by the <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> events, along with <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, represent some of the most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Geologic_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic hazards">geologic hazards</a> in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean. The <a href="/wiki/1918_San_Ferm%C3%ADn_earthquake" title="1918 San Fermín earthquake">1918 San Fermín earthquake</a> occurred on 11 October, 1918 and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1918_quake-102">[88]</a> It originated off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Aguadilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguadilla">Aguadilla</a>, several kilometers off the northern coast, and was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>. It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses, damaging infrastructure, especially bridges. It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage. The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a>. On 7 January 2020,<a href="#cite_note-103">[89]</a> the country experienced <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Puerto_Rico_earthquakes" title="2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes">its largest earthquake</a> since 1918,<a href="#cite_note-104">[90]</a> estimated at magnitude 6.4.<a href="#cite_note-105">[91]</a> Economic losses were estimated to be more than $3.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a>, the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about 71 mi (114 km) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.<a href="#cite_note-trench-107">[93]</a> It is 170 mi (270 km) long.<a href="#cite_note-108">[94]</a> At its deepest point, named the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Deep" title="Milwaukee Deep">Milwaukee Deep</a>, it is almost 27,600 ft (8,400 m) deep.<a href="#cite_note-trench-107">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mona_Canyon" title="Mona Canyon">Mona Canyon</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a> between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, is another prominent oceanic landform with steep walls measuring between 1.25 and 2.17 miles (2.01 and 3.49 km) in height from bottom to top.<a href="#cite_note-109">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Climate of Puerto Rico">Climate of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Climate change in Puerto Rico">Climate change in Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png/260px-Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png/390px-Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png/520px-Puerto_Rico_K%C3%B6ppen.png 2x" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="4019" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types in Puerto Rico indicating that the island primarily has rainforest and monsoon climate types</figcaption></figure> The climate of Puerto Rico in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> is mostly <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. Temperatures are warm to hot year round, averaging near 85 °F (29 °C) in lower elevations and 70 °F (21 °C) in the mountains. Easterly <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> pass across the island year round. Puerto Rico has a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a>, which stretches from April into November, and a <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> stretching from December to March. The mountains of the Cordillera Central create a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> and are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances. The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects, adding to the climatic variation. Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas. Between the dry and wet seasons, there is a temperature change of around 6 °F (3.3 °C). This change is due mainly to the warm waters of the tropical <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest. Coastal water temperatures during the year are about 75 °F (24 °C) in February and 85 °F (29 °C) in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was 110 °F (43 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Arecibo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arecibo, Puerto Rico">Arecibo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-110">[96]</a> while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 °F (4 °C) in the mountains at <a href="/wiki/Adjuntas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Adjuntas, Puerto Rico">Adjuntas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aibonito,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aibonito, Puerto Rico">Aibonito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corozal,_Puerto_Rico" title="Corozal, Puerto Rico">Corozal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-PR-111">[97]</a> The average yearly precipitation is 66 in (1,676 mm).<a href="#cite_note-Daly2003-112">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Climate change in Puerto Rico">Climate change in Puerto Rico</a> has had a large impact on the ecosystems and landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-r145-113">[99]</a> Puerto Rico experiences the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">Atlantic hurricane season</a>, similar to the rest of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, which are more prevalent during periods of <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> than <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[100]</a> A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every five years. A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every seven years. Since 1851, the <a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Okeechobee Hurricane">Lake Okeechobee Hurricane</a> (also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane in Puerto Rico) of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane.<a href="#cite_note-115">[101]</a> In 2017, Puerto Rico was affected by Category 5 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> and Category 4 <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rand2-116">[102]</a> causing widespread and devastating <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Maria_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Effects of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico">impacts</a>, particularly to the electric grid.<a href="#cite_note-rand2-116">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Fauna of Puerto Rico">Fauna of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Puerto Rico">Flora of Puerto Rico</a></div> Puerto Rico is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_moist_forests" title="Puerto Rican moist forests">Puerto Rican moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_dry_forests" title="Puerto Rican dry forests">Puerto Rican dry forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves" title="Greater Antilles mangroves">Greater Antilles mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-117">[103]</a> Puerto Rico has two biosphere reserves recognized by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a>: Luquillo Biosphere Reserve represented by <a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest" title="El Yunque National Forest">El Yunque National Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica_State_Forest" title="Guánica State Forest">Guánica Biosphere Reserve</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Coqu%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In this image there is a brown coquí. The species resembles a small frog." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Common_Coqu%C3%AD.jpg/220px-Common_Coqu%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Common_Coqu%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_coqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleutherodactylus coqui">Common coquí</a></figcaption></figure> Species <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> to the archipelago number 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.<a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a> The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the <a href="/wiki/Coqu%C3%AD" title="Coquí">coquí</a>, a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, from which it gets its name. Most coquí species (13 of 17) live in the <a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest" title="El Yunque National Forest">El Yunque National Forest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a> the only <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical rainforest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> system, located in the northeast of the island. It was previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_amazon" title="Puerto Rican amazon">Puerto Rican amazon</a>. In addition to El Yunque National Forest, the Puerto Rican moist forest ecoregion is represented by protected areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Maricao_State_Forest" title="Maricao State Forest">Maricao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toro_Negro_State_Forest" title="Toro Negro State Forest">Toro Negro</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_state_forests" title="List of Puerto Rico state forests">state forests</a>. These areas are home to endangered endemic species such as the Puerto Rican boa (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_boa" title="Puerto Rican boa">Chilabothrus inornatus</a>), the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_sharp-shinned_hawk" title="Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk">Accipiter striatus venator</a>), the Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_broad-winged_hawk" title="Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk">Buteo platypterus brunnescens</a>) and the elfin woods warbler (<a href="/wiki/Elfin_woods_warbler" title="Elfin woods warbler">Setophaga angelae</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Karst" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Karst">Northern Karst</a> country of Puerto Rico is also home to one of the remaining rainforest tracts in the island, with the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo_State_Forest" title="Río Abajo State Forest">Río Abajo State Forest</a> being the first focus for the reintroduction of the highly endangered Puerto Rican parrot outside of the Sierra de Luquillo.<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a> In the southwest, the Guánica State Forest and Biosphere Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 that are endemic to Puerto Rico, and is considered a prime example of the Puerto Rican dry forest ecoregion and the best-preserved dry forest in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a> Other protected dry forests in Puerto Rico can be formed within the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" title="Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge complex</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Rojo_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge">Cabo Rojo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desecheo_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge">Desecheo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culebra_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Culebra National Wildlife Refuge">Culebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vieques_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Vieques National Wildlife Refuge">Vieques National Wildlife Refuges</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos_Nature_Reserve" title="Caja de Muertos Nature Reserve">Caja de Muertos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mona_and_Monito_Islands_Nature_Reserve" title="Mona and Monito Islands Nature Reserve">Mona and Monito Islands Nature Reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ewel-123">[109]</a> Examples of endemic species found in this ecoregion are the higo chumbo (<a href="/wiki/Harrisia_portoricensis" title="Harrisia portoricensis">Harrisia portoricensis</a>), the Puerto Rican crested toad (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_crested_toad" title="Puerto Rican crested toad">Peltophryne lemur</a>), and the Mona ground iguana (<a href="/wiki/Mona_ground_iguana" title="Mona ground iguana">Cyclura stejnegeri</a>), the largest land animal native to Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-alberts-124">[110]</a> Puerto Rico has three of the seven year-long <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioluminescent_bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioluminescent bay (page does not exist)">bioluminescent bays</a> in the Caribbean: <a href="/wiki/Las_Cabezas_de_San_Juan_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Las Cabezas de San Juan (Puerto Rico)">Laguna Grande</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fajardo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Fajardo, Puerto Rico">Fajardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Parguera_Nature_Reserve" title="La Parguera Nature Reserve">La Parguera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lajas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lajas, Puerto Rico">Lajas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Mosquito" title="Puerto Mosquito">Puerto Mosquito</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a>. These are unique bodies of water surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> that are inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrodinium_bahamense" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrodinium bahamense">Pyrodinium bahamense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-125">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> However, tourism, pollution, and hurricanes have highly threatened these unique ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Government of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Politics of Puerto Rico</a></div> Puerto Rico has a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican form of government</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">American model</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-128">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ussd-129">[115]</a> All governmental powers are delegated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, with the head of state being the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">unincorporated territory</a>, Puerto Rico lacks full protection under the U.S. Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State-130">[116]</a> The government of Puerto Rico is composed of three branches. The executive is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pierluisi_Urrutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Pierluisi Urrutia">Pedro Pierluisi Urrutia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">legislative branch</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly</a>, made up of a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Senate</a> as its upper chamber and a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">House of Representatives</a> as its lower chamber; the Senate is headed by a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="President of the Senate of Puerto Rico">president</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Dalmau" title="José Luis Dalmau">José Luis Dalmau</a>, while the House is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">speaker of the House</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Tatito_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Tatito Hernández">Tatito Hernández</a>. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years, with <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_general_election,_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican general election, 2020">the last election held in November 2020</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Judiciary of Puerto Rico">judicial branch</a> is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">chief justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Maite_Oronoz_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Maite Oronoz Rodríguez">Maite Oronoz Rodríguez</a>. Members of the judiciary are appointed by the governor with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the Senate. Puerto Rico is represented in the U.S. Congress by a nonvoting delegate to the House of Representatives, the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">resident commissioner</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Jenniffer_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenniffer González">Jenniffer González</a>. Current congressional rules have removed the commissioner's power to vote in the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a>, but the commissioner can vote in committee.<a href="#cite_note-rhg-131">[117]</a> Puerto Rican elections are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Elections_Commission_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico">State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> Residents of Puerto Rico, including other U.S. citizens, cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but can vote in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primaries</a>. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> can vote in presidential elections. Puerto Rico has <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_senatorial_districts" title="Puerto Rico senatorial districts">eight senatorial districts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_representative_districts" title="Puerto Rico representative districts">40 representative districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">78 municipalities</a>; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government. Municipalities are subdivided into wards or <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a>, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a <a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors of Puerto Rico">mayor</a> and a municipal legislature elected for a four-year term. The municipality of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> is the oldest, founded in 1521;<a href="#cite_note-linktopr.com-134">[120]</a> the next earliest settlements are <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="San Germán">San Germán</a> in 1570, <a href="/wiki/Coamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coamo">Coamo</a> in 1579, <a href="/wiki/Arecibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo">Arecibo</a> in 1614, <a href="/wiki/Aguada,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguada, Puerto Rico">Aguada</a> in 1692 and <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> in 1692. Increased settlement in the 18th century saw 30 more communities established, following 34 in the 19th century. Six were founded in the 20th century, the most recent being <a href="/wiki/Florida,_Puerto_Rico" title="Florida, Puerto Rico">Florida</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-fundacion-135">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Political party strength in Puerto Rico">Political party strength in Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png/220px-Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png/330px-Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png/440px-Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>The difference between the incumbent party, the PPD, and its opponent, the PNP, was a mere 0.6% in the last election. This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties, with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years. The PNP, on the other hand, has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years. The other 12 years experienced a <a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">divided government</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since 1952, Puerto Rico has had three main political parties: the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Popular Democratic Party</a> (PPD in Spanish), the <a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">New Progressive Party</a> (PNP in Spanish) and the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a> (PIP). The three parties stand for different political status. The PPD, for example, seeks <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Status quo movement in Puerto Rico">to maintain the island's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth</a>, while the PNP seeks <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_statehood_movement" title="Puerto Rico statehood movement">to make Puerto Rico a U.S. state</a>. Meanwhile, the PIP seeks <a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation</a> free from U.S. authority. In terms of party strength, the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47% of the vote each while the PIP holds about 5%. After 2007, other parties emerged on the island. The first, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_for_Puerto_Rico_Party" title="Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party">Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party</a> was registered that same year. The party claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election. Four years later, the 2012 election saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Uni%C3%B3n_Soberanista" title="Movimiento Unión Soberanista">Movimiento Unión Soberanista</a> (English: Sovereign Union Movement) and the <a href="/wiki/Partido_del_Pueblo_Trabajador" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido del Pueblo Trabajador">Partido del Pueblo Trabajador</a> (English: Working People's Party) but none obtained more than 1% of the vote. Other non-registered parties include the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Movement_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Workers Movement (Puerto Rico)">Socialist Workers Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hostosian_National_Independence_Movement" title="Hostosian National Independence Movement">Hostosian National Independence Movement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_status">Political status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proposed_political_status_for_Puerto_Rico" title="Proposed political status for Puerto Rico">Proposed political status for Puerto Rico</a></div> The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico#Controversies" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">ongoing debate</a> in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Congress, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sdc-136">[122]</a> Specifically, the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain an unincorporated territory of the U.S., become a U.S. state, or become an independent country.<a href="#cite_note-137">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PR_Capitol,_south_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG/220px-PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG/330px-PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG/440px-PR_Capitol%2C_south_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Capitol_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Capitol of Puerto Rico">Capitol of Puerto Rico</a>, home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Plenary_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary powers">plenary powers</a> of the U.S. Congress under the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial clause">territorial clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Article IV of the U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal law">Laws enacted at the federal level in the U.S.</a> apply to Puerto Rico as well, regardless of its political status. Their residents <a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress</a>. Puerto Rico lacks "the full sovereignty of an independent nation", for example, the power to manage its "external relations with other nations", which is held by the U.S. federal government. The U.S. Supreme Court has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area (by Congress or the courts), its coverage is irrevocable. To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court, say "what the law is".<a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a> Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Shafroth_Act" title="Jones–Shafroth Act">Jones–Shafroth Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[126]</a> U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, though both major parties, Republican and Democratic, hold primary elections in Puerto Rico to choose delegates to vote on the parties' presidential candidates. Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory and not a U.S. state, the U.S. Constitution does not fully <a href="/wiki/Enfranchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfranchise">enfranchise</a> U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State-130">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitutional_Topic:_Citizenship-141">[127]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental rights</a> under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans. Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory draft">compulsory draft</a> when it has been in effect. Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, residents of Puerto Rico, contrary to a popular misconception, do pay U.S. federal taxes: customs taxes (which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury), import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, etc. Residents pay federal <a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">payroll taxes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes. All federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S., and some others, such as Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military, and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico also pay federal income taxes. In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments."<a href="#cite_note-142">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters2009-09-24-144">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-jct-147">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> In 2009, Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a> Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. They are excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a>, and the island receives a smaller fraction of the <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-150">[136]</a> Also, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.<a href="#cite_note-151">[137]</a> Puerto Rico's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states. Thus, individuals committing a crime can only be tried in federal or territorial court, otherwise it would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_Torres-152">[138]</a> In 1992, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations. Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico, just as in any state, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>, and others. While Puerto Rico has its own <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Judiciary of Puerto Rico">Commonwealth judicial system</a> similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent</a>, serves as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice">associate justice</a> of the U.S. Supreme Court. Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high-level federal positions, including serving as <a href="/wiki/U.S._ambassadors" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. ambassadors">U.S. ambassadors</a> to other nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/220px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/330px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg/440px-USA_Puerto_Rico_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>A map of Puerto Rico showing its 78 municipalities; the islands of Vieques and Culebra have their own municipal governments.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipalities of Puerto Rico</a></div> Unlike the vast majority of U.S. states, Puerto Rico has no first-order administrative divisions akin to <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, but has 78 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Municipio" title="Municipio">municipios</a> as the secondary unit of administration; for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census</a> purposes, the municipalities are considered <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)#County_equivalents" title="County (United States)">county equivalents</a>. Municipalities are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a>, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> and a municipal legislature elected for four-year terms, per the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Municipalities_Act_of_1991" title="Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991">Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_and_intergovernmental_relations">Foreign and intergovernmental relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_intergovernmental_relations_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico">Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico</a></div> Puerto Rico is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Clause">Territorial Clause</a> of the U.S. Constitution and is thus restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one. As is the case with state governments, it has established several trade agreements with other nations, particularly with Latin American countries such as Colombia and Panamá.<a href="#cite_note-153">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a> It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries, all Spanish-speaking, and within the U.S. itself, which now include Spain, the Dominican Republic, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, New York City and Florida, and has included in the past offices in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State; most are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the U.S. and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states. Puerto Rico hosts <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consulates</a> from 41 countries, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and Europe, with most located in San Juan.<a href="#cite_note-linktopr.com-134">[120]</a> At the local level, Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State of Puerto Rico">Department of State of Puerto Rico</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_government_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico">executive department</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Secretary of State of Puerto Rico">secretary of state of Puerto Rico</a>, who also serves as the unincorporated territory's lieutenant governor. It is also charged to liaise with general <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honorary_consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary consul">honorary consuls</a> based in Puerto Rico. The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Federal_Affairs_Administration" title="Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration">Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Office of the Resident Commissioner</a>, manages all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the U.S. (including the federal government of the U.S., local and state governments of the U.S., and public or private entities in the U.S.).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington, D.C.-based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico's foreign affairs, such as the U.S. Department of State, the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency for International Development">Agency for International Development</a>, and others. The current secretary of state is <a href="/wiki/Larry_Seilhamer_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez">Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez</a> from the New Progressive Party, while the current <a href="/wiki/List_of_Directors_of_the_Puerto_Rico_Federal_Affairs_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Directors of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration">director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration</a> is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_M._Stopiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer M. Stopiran (page does not exist)">Jennifer M. Stopiran</a> also from the NPP and a member of the Republican Party of the U.S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">resident commissioner of Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegate (United States Congress)">delegate</a> elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government, including the U.S. Congress, sits in the U.S. House of Representatives, serves and votes on congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The current resident commissioner is <a href="/wiki/Jenniffer_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenniffer González">Jenniffer González-Colón</a>, a member of the New Progressive Party and the Republican Party, elected in 2016. She received more votes than any other official elected in Puerto Rico that year.<a href="#cite_note-wines19-155">[141]</a> Many Puerto Ricans have served as U.S. ambassadors to different nations and international organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, mostly but not exclusively in Latin America. For example, Maricarmen Aponte, a Puerto Rican and now an acting assistant secretary of state, previously served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_El_Salvador" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador">U.S. ambassador to El Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Military of Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG/440px-Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG" decoding="async" width="440" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG/660px-Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG/880px-Federal_lands_in_Puerto_Rico_and_VI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>U.S. military installations and other federal lands in Puerto Rico (including the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>) throughout the 20th century</figcaption></figure> As it is an unincorporated U.S. territory, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the U.S. as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> with the president of the U.S. as its <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>. Puerto Rico has its own <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard" title="Puerto Rico National Guard">National Guard</a>, and its own <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_State_Guard" title="Puerto Rico State Guard">Puerto Rico State Guard</a>, which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of both local forces is the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor of Puerto Rico</a> who delegates his authority to the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Adjutant_General" title="Puerto Rico Adjutant General">Puerto Rico adjutant general</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_J._Reyes" title="José J. Reyes">José J. Reyes</a>. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole. U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atlantic_Command" title="United States Atlantic Command">U.S. Atlantic Command</a> (LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission until 1999, when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Joint_Forces_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Joint Forces Command">U.S. Joint Forces Command</a>. Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Northern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Northern Command">U.S. Northern Command</a>. Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean. With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities, the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico, except for the ships that steam by, and the only significant military presence in the island is the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Buchanan,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico">Ft Buchanan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Army">Puerto Rican Army</a> and Air National Guards, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a>. Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base. This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million.<a href="#cite_note-157">[143]</a> A branch of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> is stationed in Puerto Rico – known as the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Army_National_Guard" title="Puerto Rico Army National Guard">Puerto Rico Army National Guard</a> – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of different U.S. states, including ground defense, disaster relief, and control of civil unrest. The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> – known as the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Air_National_Guard" title="Puerto Rico Air National Guard">Puerto Rico Air National Guard</a> – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Maryland_(SSBN-738)_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg/220px-USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg/330px-USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg/440px-USS_Maryland_%28SSBN-738%29_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine">Ohio-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a> USS Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Roads_Naval_Station" title="Roosevelt Roads Naval Station">Roosevelt Roads Naval Station</a>, 1997</figcaption></figure> At different times in the 20th century, the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-WQS-158">[144]</a> The largest of these installations were the former <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Roads_Naval_Station" title="Roosevelt Roads Naval Station">Roosevelt Roads Naval Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ceiba,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ceiba, Puerto Rico">Ceiba</a>, the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility (AFWTF) on <a href="/wiki/Vieques" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieques">Vieques</a>, the National Guard training facility at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Santiago">Camp Santiago</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Salinas, Puerto Rico">Salinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Allen,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Allen, Puerto Rico">Fort Allen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Juana_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Diaz">Juana Diaz</a>, the Army's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Buchanan,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico">Fort Buchanan</a> in San Juan, the former U.S. Air Force's Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla, and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard's <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B1iz_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Muñiz Air National Guard Base">Muñiz Air National Guard Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CD-159">[145]</a> The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads, Vieques, and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government. Other than <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities, there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico: the U.S. Army's small Ft. Buchanan (supporting local veterans and reserve units) and the PRANG (Puerto Rico Air National Guard) Muñiz Air Base (the C-130 Fleet). In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> has considered their deactivations, but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico – such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there. Puerto Ricans have participated in many U.S. military conflicts, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, when volunteers from Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> fought the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> in 1779 under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> (1746–1786).<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a> They continue to be disproportionately represented in present-day conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a> The most notable example is the <a href="/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Infantry Regiment">65th Infantry Regiment</a> of the U.S. Army, nicknamed The Borinqueneers, from the original Taíno name of the island (Borinquen). The all-<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> regiment participated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>; in 2014, it was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> for its heroism during the Korean War. A significant number of Puerto Ricans serve in the U.S. Armed Forces, largely as <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> members and civilian employees. The size of the overall military-related community is estimated to be 100,000, including retired personnel.<a href="#cite_note-CD-159">[145]</a> Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel. In addition, approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards, or the U.S. Reserve forces.<a href="#cite_note-OSD-162">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Constitution of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Law of Puerto Rico">Law of Puerto Rico</a></div> The insular legal system is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems. Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. jurisdiction whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English: namely, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. Because the <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">U.S. federal government</a> operates primarily in English, all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal courts">U.S. federal courts</a>, and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Title_48_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 48 of the United States Code">Title 48 of the United States Code</a> outlines the role of the U.S. Code to U.S. territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico. After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901, it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law, criminal procedure, and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a> to rules promulgated by the judiciary, several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a>. The judicial branch is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">chief justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Supreme Court">Puerto Rico Supreme Court</a>, which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution. All other courts are created by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Puerto_Rico" title="United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico">Federal District Court for Puerto Rico</a>, and someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court, and vice versa, since Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez_Torres-152">[138]</a> The U.S. Supreme Court held in 2016 that such a parallel accusation would constitute <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crime">Crime</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Crime in Puerto Rico">Crime in Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drugs_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico">Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico</a></div> The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a> Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80% of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related.<a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a> In 1992, the FBI made armed <a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">carjacking</a> a federal crime and rates decreased per statistics,<a href="#cite_note-169">[155]</a> but as of 2019, the problem continued in municipalities like Guaynabo and others.<a href="#cite_note-170">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a> From 1 January 2019 to 14 March 2019, thirty carjackings had occurred on the island.<a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Economy of Puerto Rico">Economy of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_government-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico government-debt crisis">Puerto Rico government-debt crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg/300px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg/450px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg/600px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita development of Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> Puerto Rico is classified as a <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">high income economy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Advanced_economies-49">[38]</a> It is considered the most competitive economy in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> and ranks highly on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a> per capita in Puerto Rico in 2020 was $21,740.<a href="#cite_note-176">[162]</a> Puerto Rico's economy is mainly driven by <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Manufacturing in Puerto Rico">manufacturing</a> (primarily pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals and electronics) followed by services (primarily finance, insurance, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Real estate in Puerto Rico">real estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">tourism</a>); agriculture represents less than 1% of GNP.<a href="#cite_note-177">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[p]</a> In recent years, it has also become a popular destination for MICE (<a href="/wiki/Meetings,_incentives,_conferencing,_exhibitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions">meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions</a>), with a modern <a href="/wiki/Isla_Verde,_Puerto_Rico" title="Isla Verde, Puerto Rico">convention center district</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_San_Juan" title="Port of San Juan">Port of San Juan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[164]</a> Responsibility for San Juan <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> inspections lies with <a href="/wiki/Plant_Protection_and_Quarantine" title="Plant Protection and Quarantine">PPQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Interceptions-181">[165]</a> So high is the volume of <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> traffic that between 1984–2000 the San Juan PPQ station recorded 7.74% of all <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_surveillance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pest surveillance (page does not exist)">interceptions</a>, #4 in the country, #2 for insects and #3 for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_pathogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultural pathogen (page does not exist)">pathogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Interceptions-181">[165]</a> Most species are originally from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> or elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> due to PR's position as an intermediary on the way to the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-Interceptions-181">[165]</a> This is one of the worst locations for <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a> and other plant parts – both in terms of number of problems and diversity of species – for insects in plant parts in <a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">baggage</a>, and for pathogens in plant parts in baggage and cargo.<a href="#cite_note-Interceptions-181">[165]</a> Pathogen interceptions were dramatically (17%) higher 1999–2000 than in 1985–1986.<a href="#cite_note-Interceptions-181">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico's geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status</a> are both determining factors for its economic prosperity, primarily due to its relatively small size; <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">lack of natural resources</a> and subsequent dependence on <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a>; and vulnerability to U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and trading restrictions, particularly concerning <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Transportation in Puerto Rico">its shipping industry</a>. Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011, interrupted by four quarters of economic growth, and entered into recession again in 2013, following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">U.S. Internal Revenue Code</a> had applied to Puerto Rico. This IRS section was critical to the economy, as it established <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemptions</a> for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. Puerto Rico has been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> per capita higher than 80% of the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png/350px-Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png/525px-Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png/700px-Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Puerto Rico's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> by <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sector</a></figcaption></figure> Academically, most of Puerto Rico's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired, have been repealed, or no longer apply to Puerto Rico; its inability to become self-sufficient and self-sustainable throughout history;<a href="#cite_note-184">[q]</a> its highly politicized public policy which tends to change <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Political party strength in Puerto Rico">whenever a political party gains power</a>;<a href="#cite_note-186">[r]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">its highly inefficient local government</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[t]</a> which has accrued a <a href="/wiki/Public_debt_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Public debt of Puerto Rico">public debt</a> equal to 68% of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> throughout time.<a href="#cite_note-191">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[v]</a> Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion (equivalent to 103% of GNP), and a government deficit of $2.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-194">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-wef-gcr-2013-195">[173]</a> By American standards, Puerto Rico is underdeveloped: It is poorer than Mississippi, the poorest state of the U.S., with 41% of its population below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[w]</a> However, it has the highest <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita in Latin America. Puerto Rico's main trading partners are the United States, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with most products coming from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Puerto Rico's dependency on oil for <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Transportation in Puerto Rico">transportation</a> and electricity generation, as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials, makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in <a href="/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">the world economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_in_Coto,_Isabela,_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Beach_in_Coto%2C_Isabela%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Beach in Coto, <a href="/wiki/Isabela,_Puerto_Rico" title="Isabela, Puerto Rico">Isabela</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">Tourism in Puerto Rico</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">Tourism in Puerto Rico</a> is also an important part of the economy. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> caused severe damage to the island and its infrastructure, disrupting tourism for many months. The damage was estimated at $100 billion. An April 2019 report indicated that by that time, only a few hotels were still closed, that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal.<a href="#cite_note-198">[175]</a> By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up to 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-199">[176]</a> A tourism campaign was launched by Discover Puerto Rico in 2018 intended to highlight the island's culture and history, branding it distinct, and different from other Caribbean destinations. In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue that campaign.<a href="#cite_note-200">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_debt">Fiscal debt</h3></div> In early 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion.<a href="#cite_note-201">[178]</a> The debt had been increasing during a decade-long recession.<a href="#cite_note-auto-202">[179]</a> The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015. With debt payments due, the governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system.<a href="#cite_note-203">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watson-204">[181]</a> "Without action before April, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened, thereby putting at risk beginning July 1, 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico", according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. They also said that "Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth."<a href="#cite_note-Watson-204">[181]</a> Initially, the oversight board created under <a href="/wiki/PROMESA" title="PROMESA">PROMESA</a> called for Puerto Rico's governor <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Rossell%C3%B3" title="Ricardo Rosselló">Ricardo Rosselló</a> to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by 28 January. Just before that deadline, the control board gave the Commonwealth government until 28 February to present a fiscal plan (including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt) to solve the problems. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to 31 May.<a href="#cite_note-auto-202">[179]</a> It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy-like process under <a href="/wiki/PROMESA" title="PROMESA">PROMESA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[182]</a> An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government, with more than 80% of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt.<a href="#cite_note-206">[183]</a> In early August 2017, the island's financial oversight board (created by PROMESA) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees, down from the original plan of four days per month; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings. Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary. Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10% reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities.<a href="#cite_note-207">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_finances">Public finances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_government-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico government-debt crisis">Puerto Rico government-debt crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico">Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_debt_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Public debt of Puerto Rico">public debt of Puerto Rico</a></div> Puerto Rico has an <a href="/wiki/Operating_budget" title="Operating budget">operating budget</a> of about U.S.$9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion, creating a structural deficit of $775 million (about 7.9% of the budget).<a href="#cite_note-el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme-208">[185]</a> The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 24 consecutive years starting in 2000. Throughout those years, including present time, all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments. This practice increased Puerto Rico's cumulative debt, as the government had already been issuing bonds <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_government_budget_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico government budget balance">to balance its actual budget</a> for four decades beginning in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-210">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png/400px-Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png/600px-Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png/800px-Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>The 2012 Budget of the government of Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued <a href="/wiki/Public_debt_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Public debt of Puerto Rico">a public debt</a> of $71B or about 70% of Puerto Rico's gross domestic product. This sparked <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_government-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico government-debt crisis">an ongoing government-debt crisis</a> after Puerto Rico's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ("junk status") by three credit-rating agencies. In terms of financial control, almost 9.6%—or about $1.5 billion—of Puerto Rico's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service.<a href="#cite_note-213">[y]</a> Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the coming years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects: a "general budget" which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Treasury_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico">Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico</a>, and the "consolidated budget" which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget, by <a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_corporations_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico's government-owned corporations</a>, by revenue expected from loans, by the sale of government bonds, by subsidies extended by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a>, and by other funds. Both budgets contrast each other drastically, with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget; currently $29B and $9.0B respectively. Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government-owned corporations compose more than 31% of the consolidated budget. The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds, which comprise 7% of the consolidated budget – a ratio that increased annually due to the government's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses. In particular, the government-owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt, as none is self-sufficient. For example, in FY2011 the government-owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3B with the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highways_and_Transportation_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority">Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority</a> (PRHTA) reporting losses of $409M, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority">Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority</a> (PREPA; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island) reporting losses of $272M, while the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Aqueducts_and_Sewers_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority">Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority</a> (PRASA; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island) reported losses of $112M.<a href="#cite_note-214">[189]</a> Losses by government-owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40% of Puerto Rico's entire public debt today.<a href="#cite_note-215">[190]</a> Holistically, from FY2000–FY2010 Puerto Rico's debt grew at a <a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">compound annual growth rate</a> (CAGR) of 9% while GDP remained stagnant.<a href="#cite_note-216">[191]</a> This has not always provided a long-term solution. In early July 2017 for example, the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt; the agency planned to seek Court protection.<a href="#cite_note-217">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_living">Cost of living</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png/350px-Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png/525px-Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png/700px-Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Jones Act</a> merchant marine shipping routes for Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-219">[z]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[200]</a> Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs, such as the high cost of electricity, which has hovered in the 24¢ to 30¢ range per kilowatt-hour, two to three times the national average, increased travel costs for longer flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers "outside the continental United States". While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories. The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 update. The report also indicates that 45.5% of individuals are below the poverty level.<a href="#cite_note-census1-227">[201]</a> The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value sits at $119,600.<a href="#cite_note-229">[aa]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Flying_into_San_Juan-Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Flying into San Juan</figcaption></figure> One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Merchant Marine Act of 1920</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Jones Act</a>, which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-erg-trade-230">[203]</a> Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors <a href="/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Break bulk cargo">break bulk</a> and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.<a href="#cite_note-erg-trade-230">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">local government of Puerto Rico</a> has requested several times to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success.<a href="#cite_note-232">[ab]</a> In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> published a report which concluded that "repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs" and that "shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs".<a href="#cite_note-joc-gao-report-repeal-quote-234">[ac]</a><a href="#cite_note-joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote-235">[ad]</a> Ultimately, the report concluded that "[the] effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain" for both Puerto Rico and the U.S., particularly for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">U.S. shipping industry</a> and the military preparedness of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-joc-gao-report-233">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-gao-report-pdf-236">[206]</a> A 2018 study by economists at Boston-based Reeve & Associates and Puerto Rico-based Estudios Tecnicos has concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">1920 Jones Act</a> has no impact on either retail prices or the cost of living on Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-237">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Transportation in Puerto Rico">Transportation in Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg/350px-Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg/525px-Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg/700px-Puerto_Rico_Interstates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of highways in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico interstate highways</a></figcaption></figure> Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a>, and patrolled by the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Police Department">Puerto Rico Police Department</a>. The island's <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan metropolitan area">San Juan metropolitan area</a> is served by a <a href="/wiki/Autoridad_Metropolitana_de_Autobuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses">public bus transit system</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro system</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tren_Urbano" title="Tren Urbano">Tren Urbano</a> ('Urban Train'). Other forms of Puerto Rican public transport include seaborne ferries that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago as well as carros públicos (<a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">private mini buses</a>). Puerto Rico has three <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn_International_Airport" title="Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport">Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedita_International_Airport" title="Mercedita International Airport">Mercedita International Airport</a> in Ponce, and the <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Hernández International Airport">Rafael Hernández International Airport</a> in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-PRPA2008-07-28-238">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_(Puerto_Rico).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/220px-Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/330px-Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/440px-Tren_Urbano_in_Bayam%C3%B3n_%28Puerto_Rico%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tren_Urbano" title="Tren Urbano">Tren Urbano</a> train at Bayamón Station</figcaption></figure> Puerto Rico has nine <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> in different cities across the main island. The <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan Port">San Juan Port</a> is the largest in Puerto Rico, and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-PRPA2008-07-28-238">[208]</a> The second largest port is the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of the Americas">Port of the Americas</a> in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty-foot containers (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEUs</a>) per year.<a href="#cite_note-239">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority">Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority">Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority</a> (PREPA, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, AEE)—is an <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power company">electric power company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_corporations_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico">government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power transmission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">power distribution</a> in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-240">[210]</a> PREPA was, by law, the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a <a href="/wiki/Government_monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Government monopoly">government monopoly</a> until 2018. The Authority is ruled by a governing board appointed by the governor with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Senate of Puerto Rico</a>, and is run by an executive director. On 20 July 2018, Puerto Rico Law 120-2018 (Ley para Transformar el Sistema Eléctrico de Puerto Rico) was signed. This law authorized PREPA to sell infrastructure and services to other providers. As a result, a contract was signed on 22 June 2020, making <a href="/wiki/LUMA_Energy" title="LUMA Energy">LUMA Energy</a> the new operator of the energy distribution and transmission infrastructure, as well as other areas of PREPA's operations, in effect partially privatizing the Puerto Rican power grid. The takeover was set for 1 June 2021, amidst protests and uncertainty from the point of view of the general public and the former-PREPA workers and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union members</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_and_sewage">Water and sewage</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Aqueducts_and_Sewers_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority">Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority</a></div> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Aqueducts_and_Sewers_Authority" title="Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority">Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority</a> (PRASA, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, AAA)—is a water company and the government-owned corporation responsible for <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">supply</a> in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-243">[213]</a> It is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a government monopoly. Its existence is designated by Law No. 40 of 1 May 1945, including the corresponding amendments.<a href="#cite_note-244">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Puerto Rico">Communications in Puerto Rico</a></div> Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">U.S. Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC).<a href="#cite_note-245">[215]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 30 TV stations, 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island. Cable TV subscription services are available, and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013-246">[216]</a> Puerto Rico also has its own <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio prefixes</a>, which differ from those of the contiguous United States in that there are two letter before the number. The most well-known prefix is KP4, but others separated for use on the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> (including Desecheo and Mona) are: KP3/KP4/NP3/NP4/WP3/WP4 (Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a>) and KP5/NP5/WP5 (<a href="/wiki/Desecheo_Island" title="Desecheo Island">Desecheo Island</a>).<a href="#cite_note-247">[217]</a> Amateur radio operators (also known as ham radio operators) are a well-known group in the island and can obtain special vehicle license plates with their callsign on them.<a href="#cite_note-248">[218]</a> They have been a key element in disaster relief.<a href="#cite_note-249">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>155,426</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>583,308</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>953,243</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>1,118,012</td><td></td><td>17.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>1,299,809</td><td></td><td>16.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>1,543,913</td><td></td><td>18.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>1,869,255</td><td></td><td>21.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>2,210,703</td><td></td><td>18.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>2,349,544</td><td></td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>2,712,033</td><td></td><td>15.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>3,196,520</td><td></td><td>17.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>3,522,037</td><td></td><td>10.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>3,808,610</td><td></td><td>8.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>3,725,789</td><td></td><td>−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>3,285,874</td><td></td><td>−11.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">1765–2020 (*1899 shown as 1900)<a href="#cite_note-250">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-24">[16]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Demographics of Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico">Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">population of Puerto Rico</a> reflects influences from initial <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian settlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">European colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, economic migration, and the archipelago's status as unincorporated territory of the United States. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> are characterized by a high degree of ethnic and cultural diversity, as well as a long history of intermarriage and <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> among different demographics; racial and ethnic identity is subsequently complex and often nebulous, shaped by the broader attitudes and policies of the Spanish colonial period, 20th century <a href="/wiki/Racial_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial politics in the United States">American racial politics</a>, and modern trends in cultural and identity in the 21st century United States.<a href="#cite_note-251">[221]</a> According to the most recent <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States Census</a>, Puerto Rico had 3,285,874 residents, an 11.8% decrease since <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-24">[16]</a> The commonwealth's population peaked in 2000, when it was 3,808,610, before declining (for the first time in census history) to 3,725,789 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Wall-252">[222]</a> Emigration due to economic difficulties and natural disasters, coupled with a low birth rate, have resulted in continued population decline into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-253">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_distribution">Population distribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Puerto Rico">List of cities in Puerto Rico</a></div> The most populous municipality is the capital, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, with 342,259 people based on the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[224]</a> Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico" title="Bayamón, Puerto Rico">Bayamón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Caguas, Puerto Rico">Caguas</a>. Of the ten most populous cities on the island, eight are located within what is considered <a href="/wiki/San_Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan's metropolitan area</a>, while the other two are located in the south (<a href="/wiki/Ponce_metropolitan_area" title="Ponce metropolitan area">Ponce</a>) and west (<a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_metropolitan_area" title="Mayagüez metropolitan area">Mayagüez</a>) of the island. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2020 Census<a href="#cite_note-255">[225]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Puerto Rico">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Puerto Rico">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Statistical Area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Puerto Rico"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Juan"><img alt="San Juan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Puerto_Rico_07.jpg/120px-Puerto_Rico_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Puerto_Rico_07.jpg/180px-Puerto_Rico_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Puerto_Rico_07.jpg/240px-Puerto_Rico_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="1476" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bayamón"><img alt="Bayamón" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg/120px-Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg/180px-Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg/240px-Bayamon_Puerto_Rico_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1050" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayamón">Bayamón</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">342,259 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Islaverdeskyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carolina"><img alt="Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Islaverdeskyline.jpg/120px-Islaverdeskyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Islaverdeskyline.jpg/180px-Islaverdeskyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Islaverdeskyline.jpg/240px-Islaverdeskyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="1319" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce,_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa,_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponce"><img alt="Ponce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/120px-Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/180px-Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/240px-Partial_view_of_the_City_of_Ponce%2C_looking_SSW_from_Cerro_El_Vig%C3%ADa%2C_Barrio_Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayamón">Bayamón</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">185,187 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ponce_metropolitan_area" title="Ponce metropolitan area">Ponce</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,491 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caguas" class="mw-redirect" title="Caguas">Caguas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guaynabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaynabo">Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arecibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo">Arecibo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toa_Baja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toa Baja">Toa Baja</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayagüez">Mayagüez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_metropolitan_area" title="Mayagüez metropolitan area">Mayagüez</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,077 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Trujillo Alto">Trujillo Alto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Caguas%E2%80%93Guaynabo_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area">San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,740 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_makeup">Population makeup</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2020 Census)<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusData-6">[4]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnicity</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">White</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:AntiqueWhite; width:17.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Black</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:7.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Ricans" title="Asian Puerto Ricans">Asian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Tan; width:49.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:0.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other races</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#9999FF; width:25.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25.5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div>As of 2020, Hispanic or Latinos made up 98.9 percent of the population, of which 95.5 percent were <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> and 3.4% were Hispanic of non-Puerto Rican origins; only 1.1 percent of the population was non-Hispanic.<a href="#cite_note-256">[226]</a> Fewer than one-fifth of people (17.1 percent) identified as "White", a decline of almost 80 percent; by contrast, nearly half of Puerto Ricans (49.8 percent) reported being <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial—</a>compared to just 3 percent in 2010<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">—</a>while roughly one-quarter chose "some other race alone" (25.5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-257">[227]</a> Censuses of Puerto Rico were completed by Spain in 1765, 1775, 1800, 1815, 1832, 1846 and 1857, yet some of the data remained untabulated and were considered reliable in a 1943 report by <a href="/wiki/Irene_Barnes_Taeuber" title="Irene Barnes Taeuber">Irene Barnes Taeuber</a>, an American demographer at the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Population_Research" title="Office of Population Research">Office of Population Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taeuber-258">[228]</a> Continuous European immigration and high <a href="/wiki/Natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural increase">natural increase</a> helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 to almost a million by the end of the 19th century. A census conducted by royal decree on 30 September 1858 gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time: 341,015 were <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free colored</a>; 300,430 were <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>; and 41,736 were <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[229]</a> A census in 1887 found a population of around 800,000, of which 320,000 were black.<a href="#cite_note-Trove-260">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/220px-Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/330px-Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/440px-Puerto_Rico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Population age pyramid</a> of Puerto Rico in 2020.</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, but also from other parts of Spain such as <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>; they were later joined by numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. There were also smaller numbers of settlers from outside Spain, including from <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Irish immigration to Puerto Rico">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italy</a>; this immigration from non-Hispanic countries was largely the result of the Real Cédula de Gracias de 1815 (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces of 1815</a>), which provided European Catholics with land allotments in the sparsely inhabited interior of the island, provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church. Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity. The <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 United States Census</a> included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico, according to which most Puerto Ricans identified as white and Latino and few identified as black or some other race. Although less than one percent of the population identifies as indigenous, a large proportion of Puerto Ricans have native ancestry: A 2003 study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[231]</a> which took genetic samples from 800 randomly selected subjects throughout the island, found that 61.1 percent of those surveyed had <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of indigenous origin; additionally, 26.4 percent had African markers and 12.5 percent showed European descent.<a href="#cite_note-:3-262">[232]</a> The study reportedly resulted in a resurgence of indigenous and Taino identity among Puerto Ricans; in the 2010 census, 19,839 respondents identified as "<a href="/wiki/American_Indian_and_Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian and Alaska Native">American Indian or Alaskan Native</a>", an increase of almost 49 percent from 2000 count.<a href="#cite_note-:3-262">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_emigration">Immigration and emigration</h3></div> <table style="float:center;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align: center;">Racial groups </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population</th> <th>White</th> <th>Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African)</th> <th>Black</th> <th>Asian</th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>3,808,610 </td> <td>80.5% (3,064,862) </td> <td>11.0% (418,426) </td> <td>8.0% (302,933) </td> <td>0.2% (7,960) </td> <td>0.4% (14,429) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>3,725,789 </td> <td>75.8% (2,824,148) </td> <td>11.1% (413,563) </td> <td>12.4% (461,998) </td> <td>0.2% (7,452) </td> <td>0.6% (22,355) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>3,195,153 </td> <td>68.9% (2,201,460) </td> <td>n/a (n/a) </td> <td>9.8% (313,125) </td> <td>0.2% (6,390) </td> <td>0.8% (25,561) </td></tr></tbody></table> The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, over half come from the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico">Dominican Republic</a>. Dominicans represent 53% of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics, about 1.8% of Puerto Rico's population.<a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-218">[193]</a> Some illegal immigrants, particularly from Haiti, Dominican Republic,<a href="#cite_note-263">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[234]</a> and Cuba[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], use Puerto Rico as a temporary stop-over point to get to the U.S. mainland. Other major sources of recent immigrants include <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-265">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[236]</a> Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the U.S. mainland, majority of which are <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">White Americans</a> and a smaller number are <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black Americans</a>. In fact, non-hispanic people represent 1.1% and majority of them are from the U.S. mainland. Smaller numbers of U.S. citizens come from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. There are also large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyoricans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">stateside Puerto Ricans</a> coming back, as many Puerto Ricans engage in 'circular migration'.<a href="#cite_note-267">[237]</a> Small numbers of non-Puerto Rican Hispanics in Puerto Rico are actually American-born migrants from the mainland U.S. and not recent immigrants. Most recent immigrants settle in and around the San Juan metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a> is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the U.S. mainland, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern states</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[238]</a> This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of "<a href="/wiki/Circular_migration" title="Circular migration">circular migration</a>", with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.<a href="#cite_note-269">[239]</a> The impact of hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma</a> in 2017, combined with the unincorporated territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago. According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. census">2020 U.S. census</a>, the number of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico in the U.S. is almost twice as many as those living in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-270">[240]</a> As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy. Based on 1 July 2019 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.<a href="#cite_note-271">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Puerto_Rico" title="English language in Puerto Rico">English language in Puerto Rico</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[242]</a> of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico<a href="#cite_note-273">[243]</a> are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. Spanish is, and has been, the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system, despite a 1902 English-only language law.<a href="#cite_note-274">[244]</a> However, all official business of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District Court</a> for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island, spoken by nearly 95% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov2-275">[245]</a> Out of people aged five and older, 94.3% speak only Spanish at home, 5.5% speak English, and 0.2% speak other languages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[2]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in 2012 based on data from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-276">[246]</a> In Puerto Rico, public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.<a href="#cite_note-277">[247]</a> English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school. The languages of the deaf community are <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> and its local variant, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Spanish of Puerto Rico</a> has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a> words, as well as English words. The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">that of the Canary Islands</a>. Taíno <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> are most often used in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena, and native musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">West African languages</a> were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans.<a href="#cite_note-278">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico (2014)<a href="#cite_note-279">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[250]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (33%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">Irreligious</a> (8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Catholic Church in Puerto Rico">Catholicism</a> was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the prevailing faith. The first <a href="/wiki/Dioceses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioceses">dioceses</a> in the Americas, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_de_Puerto_Rico" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan de Puerto Rico">that of Puerto Rico</a>, were authorized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> in 1511.<a href="#cite_note-281">[251]</a> In 1512, priests were established for the parochial churches. By 1759, there was a priest for each church.<a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rico_Office_of_Historian_1949-282">[252]</a> One Pope, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">municipalities</a> in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center, or <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plaza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Protestantism in Puerto Rico">Protestantism</a>, which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime, reemerged under U.S. rule, making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries, although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion. The first Protestant church, <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad">Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad</a>, was established in Ponce by the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Antigua" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Antigua">Diocese of Antigua</a> in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-283">[253]</a> It was the first non-Catholic church in the entire <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[255]</a> Sources differ on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominational</a> breakdown of the population. Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 percent Catholic, 28 percent Pentecostal, and 18 percent independent churches; the total number of Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people, or 46 percent of the population. Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants in 1997, finding a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent, the majority of whom are <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>; however, it estimated that Puerto Rico would become 75 percent evangelical by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-286">[256]</a> A 2014 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> report found that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic, while 33% were Protestant and 8% were unaffiliated;<a href="#cite_note-287">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-276">[246]</a> these figures are shared by the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, which further notes that Protestants are "largely Pentecostal", while other religions make up 2 percent and atheists only one percent.<a href="#cite_note-288">[258]</a> Pew Research from the year before, which surveyed Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States, found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion.<a href="#cite_note-289">[259]</a> By contrast, an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent" of Puerto Ricans identified as Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-290">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_San_Juan_Bautista_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catedral_Metropolitana_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Juan_Bautista" class="mw-redirect" title="Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista">Cathedral of San Juan</a>, built between 1535 and 1802.</figcaption></figure> There is a small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> community, centered mostly around two <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> in the territory: the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">mission</a> of Saint John Climacus in <a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Germán, Puerto Rico">San German</a> and the Saint George <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antiochian Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a>; both have services in English and Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-291">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[262]</a> There is a small <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a> Orthodox church in <a href="/wiki/Aguada,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguada, Puerto Rico">Aguada</a>, which represents the only <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> denomination in the Island. Orthodox Christians accounted for one percent of the population in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-293">[263]</a> In 2017, the first <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a> was established in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-294">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[265]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> dedicated a <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Puerto_Rico_Temple" title="San Juan Puerto Rico Temple">San Juan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[266]</a> and reported having a membership of approximately 23,000 in the commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-297">[267]</a> In 2015, the 25,832 <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> represented about 0.70% of the population, with 324 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-298">[268]</a> Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, at roughly 3,000,<a href="#cite_note-299">[269]</a> and is the only Caribbean island where <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Jews">Conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Jews">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jewish</a> movements are all represented.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-300">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-LN-301">[271]</a> The island's first <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, Sha'are Zedeck, was established in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EG-302">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-JVL-300">[270]</a> In 2007, there were about 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-304">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[275]</a> Eight <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Piedras">Río Piedras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caguas" class="mw-redirect" title="Caguas">Caguas</a>; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent.<a href="#cite_note-306">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[277]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-308">[278]</a> Buddhism in Puerto Rico is represented with <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche" title="Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche">New York Padmasambhava Buddhist Center</a> for example having a branch in San Juan.<a href="#cite_note-309">[279]</a> There are several atheist activist and educational organizations, and an atheistic parody religion called the <a href="/wiki/Pastafarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastafarian">Pastafarian</a> Church of Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-310">[280]</a> An <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a> temple in Gurabo is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, with two preaching centers in the San Juan metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno religious practices</a> have been rediscovered and reinvented to some degree by a handful of advocates.<a href="#cite_note-311">[281]</a> Similarly, some aspects of African religious traditions have persisted, as African slaves maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples; in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> or <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Palo_Mayombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Mayombe">Palo Mayombe</a>. Some indigenous and African practices and beliefs are <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with Christianity. In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Juanita_Garc%C3%ADa_Peraza" title="Juanita García Peraza">Juanita García Peraza</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Mita_Congregation" title="Mita Congregation">Mita Congregation</a>, the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.<a href="#cite_note-312">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_literacy">Education and literacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Education in Puerto Rico</a></div> The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática (Grammar School). It was established by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Manso" title="Alonso Manso">Alonso Manso</a> in 1513, in the area where the <a href="/wiki/Catedral_Metropolitana_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Juan_Bautista" class="mw-redirect" title="Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista">Cathedral of San Juan</a> was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin language</a>, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.<a href="#cite_note-313">[283]</a> Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels—Primary (elementary school grades 1–6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7–12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.<a href="#cite_note-314">[284]</a> According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher. Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools.<a href="#cite_note-315">[285]</a> The largest and oldest university system is the public <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a> (UPR) with 11 campuses. The largest private university systems on the island are the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universitario_Ana_G._Mendez" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez">Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez</a> which operates the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turabo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Turabo">Universidad del Turabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_University_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan University (Puerto Rico)">Metropolitan University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Este">Universidad del Este</a>. Other private universities include the multi-campus <a href="/wiki/Inter_American_University_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter American University of Puerto Rico">Inter American University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Puerto Rico">Pontifical Catholic University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico">Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Sacred Heart (Puerto Rico)">Universidad del Sagrado Corazón</a>. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">ABA</a>-approved Law Schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico_(IMG_2923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg/200px-Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg/300px-Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg/400px-Old_Dr._Pila_Hospital_in_Barrio_Primero%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico_%28IMG_2923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Old Hospital Doctor Pila in Barrio Primero, <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> city.</figcaption></figure> In 2017, there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-316">[286]</a> As of 2021, average life expectancy is approximately 82.1 years according to the CIA World Factbook, an improvement from 78.7 years in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-317">[287]</a> Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Health_Reform" title="Puerto Rico Health Reform">Puerto Rico Health Reform</a>) – locally referred to as La Reforma ('The Reform') – is a government-run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and <a href="/wiki/Impoverished" class="mw-redirect" title="Impoverished">impoverished</a>, by means of contracting private <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> companies, rather than employing government-owned hospitals and emergency centers. The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration.<a href="#cite_note-Form_10K-318">[288]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Culture of Puerto Rico</a></div> Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents: including European (predominantly Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Irish immigration to Puerto Rico">Irish</a>), African, and, more recently, some North American and many South Americans. Many Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades. From the Spanish, Puerto Rico received the Spanish language, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. The United States added English-language influence, the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices. On 12 March 1903, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a> was officially founded, branching out from the "Escuela Normal Industrial", a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years earlier. Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable. The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-319">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[290]</a> Puerto Rico has many symbols, but only the <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Flor de Maga</a> has been made official by the Government of Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-321">[291]</a> Other popular, traditional, or unofficial symbols of Puerto Rico are the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_spindalis" title="Puerto Rican spindalis">Puerto Rican spindalis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">kapok tree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coqu%C3%AD" title="Coquí">coquí frog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADbaro_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)">jíbaro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Las_Tetas" title="Cerro Las Tetas">Cerro Las Tetas</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Monumento_al_J%C3%ADbaro_Puertorrique%C3%B1o" title="Monumento al Jíbaro Puertorriqueño">jíbaro culture monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Architecture of Puerto Rico">Architecture of Puerto Rico</a></div> The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions, styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule, and a century of American rule. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonial architecture">Spanish colonial architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Ibero-Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-modern_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern architecture">post-modern</a>, and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island. From town to town, there are also many regional distinctions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_(28488284470).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg/220px-The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg/330px-The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg/440px-The_Colors_of_Old_San_Juan_%2828488284470%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Street-lined homes in <a href="/wiki/Old_San_Juan" title="Old San Juan">Old San Juan</a></figcaption></figure> Old San Juan is one of the two barrios, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico">Santurce</a>, that made up the <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> of San Juan from 1864 to 1951, at which time the former independent municipality of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Piedras">Río Piedras</a> was annexed. With its abundance of shops, historic places, museums, open air cafés, restaurants, gracious homes, tree-shaded plazas, and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity, Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism. The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Church" title="San José Church">San José Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catedral_Metropolitana_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_San_Juan_Bautista_(San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista (San Juan, Puerto Rico)">Cathedral of San Juan Bautista</a>, which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a>. It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico, the Colegio de Párvulos, built in 1865. The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls. Several defensive structures and notable <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">forts</a>, such as the emblematic <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_Morro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort San Felipe del Morro">Fort San Felipe del Morro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(San_Juan)" title="Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)">Fort San Cristóbal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Palacio_de_Santa_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="El Palacio de Santa Catalina">El Palacio de Santa Catalina</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a>, acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks. <a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a> continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">governor of Puerto Rico</a>. Many of the historic fortifications are part of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Historic_Site" title="San Juan National Historic Site">San Juan National Historic Site</a>. During the 1940s, sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair, and many renovation plans were suggested. There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a "small <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>". Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel, the Institute had the building declared as a historic building, and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility. This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan. The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas, particularly <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg/220px-Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg/330px-Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg/440px-Parque_de_Bombas_-_Ponce_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_Bombas" title="Parque de Bombas">Parque de Bombas</a>, a landmark of <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>, a former fire station built in 1882.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ponce_Creole" title="Ponce Creole">Ponce Creole</a> is a unique <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> created in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a>, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920. Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of France, Spain and the Caribbean vernacular to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region, and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico's <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-324">[294]</a> It is a blend of wood and masonry, incorporating architectural elements of other styles, from <a href="/wiki/Classical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical revival">Classical revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Revival">Spanish Revival</a> to <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art" title="Puerto Rican art">Puerto Rican art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_(Puerto_Rican,_1751-1809)._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez,_ca._1796..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg/340px-Jos%C3%A9_Campeche_%28Puerto_Rican%2C_1751-1809%29._Do%C3%B1a_Mar%C3%ADa_de_los_Dolores_Guti%C3%A9rrez_del_Mazo_y_P%C3%A9rez%2C_ca._1796..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>María de los Dolores Gutiérrez del Mazo, in colonial Puerto Rico, in 1796, by the mulatto Rococo painter <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Campeche" title="José Campeche">José Campeche</a>. Painting currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[296]</a></figcaption></figure> Puerto Rican art reflects many influences, much from its ethnically diverse background. A form of <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>, called santos evolved from the Catholic Church's use of <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood, clay, and stone. After shaping simple, they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors. Santos vary in size, with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall. Traditionally, santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven. As such, they occupied a special place on household <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altars</a>, where people prayed to them, asked for help, or tried to summon their protection. Also popular, caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnivals</a>. Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa, though for different purposes. The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> into returning to the church, while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented. True to their historic origins, Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs. While usually constructed of <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a>, coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well. Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_literature" title="Puerto Rican literature">Puerto Rican literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg/170px-Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Retrato_de_EMdeHostos_por_Francisco_Oller.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a></figcaption></figure> Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral story telling</a> to its present-day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write. <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Vargas" title="Diego de Torres Vargas">Diego de Torres Vargas</a> was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition and in 1647 wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ("Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico"). This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island.<a href="#cite_note-DT-327">[297]</a> Some of Puerto Rico's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cordero_(educator)" title="Rafael Cordero (educator)">Rafael Cordero</a>. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Alonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel A. Alonso">Manuel A. Alonso</a>, the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. In 1849 he published El Gíbaro, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a> wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863, which used <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> as a springboard to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change. In the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Tapia_y_Rivera" title="Alejandro Tapia y Rivera">Alejandro Tapia y Rivera</a>, also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature, ushered in a new age of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Coll_y_Toste" title="Cayetano Coll y Toste">Cayetano Coll y Toste</a> was another Puerto Rican historian and writer. His work The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taínos">Taínos</a> lived. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zeno_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Zeno Gandía">Manuel Zeno Gandía</a> in 1894 wrote La Charca and talked about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_S._Pedreira" title="Antonio S. Pedreira">Antonio S. Pedreira</a>, described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion. With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s, Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican Movement">Nuyorican Movement</a>. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish, and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors, journalists, poets, novelists, playwrights, essayists, and screenwriters. The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the U.S. and the rest of the world. Over the past fifty years, significant writers include <a href="/wiki/Ed_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Vega">Ed Vega</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Lamentable_Journey_of_Omaha_Bigelow_into_the_Impenetrable_Loisaida_Jungle" title="The Lamentable Journey of Omaha Bigelow into the Impenetrable Loisaida Jungle">Omaha Bigelow</a>), <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pi%C3%B1ero" title="Miguel Piñero">Miguel Piñero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Short_Eyes_(play)" title="Short Eyes (play)">Short Eyes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Piri_Thomas" title="Piri Thomas">Piri Thomas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Down_These_Mean_Streets" title="Down These Mean Streets">Down These Mean Streets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Boing!" title="Yo-Yo Boing!">Yo-Yo Boing!</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Rosario Ferré">Rosario Ferrer</a> (Eccentric Neighborhoods). and <a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_Santiago" title="Esmeralda Santiago">Esmeralda Santiago</a> (<a href="/wiki/When_I_was_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="When I was Puerto Rican">When I was Puerto Rican</a>).<a href="#cite_note-328">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Puerto Rico">Media in Puerto Rico</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in Puerto Rico includes local <a href="/wiki/Radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio stations">radio stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Television stations">television stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a>, the majority of which are conducted in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. There are also three stations of the <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service</a>. Newspapers with daily distribution are <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Vocero" title="El Vocero">El Vocero</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Dndice_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Índice (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Índice</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metro_(Puerto_Rico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metro (Puerto Rico) (page does not exist)">Metro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primera_Hora_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)">Primera Hora</a>. El Vocero is distributed free of charge, as are Índice and Metro. Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include <a href="/wiki/Claridad" title="Claridad">Claridad</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Perla_del_Sur" title="La Perla del Sur">La Perla del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visi%C3%B3n_(Puerto_Rico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visión (Puerto Rico) (page does not exist)">Visión</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Estrella_del_Norte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Estrella del Norte (page does not exist)">La Estrella del Norte</a>, among others. Several television channels provide local content in the island. These include <a href="/wiki/WIPR-TV" title="WIPR-TV">WIPR-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemundo_Puerto_Rico_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemundo Puerto Rico (TV channel)">Telemundo</a>, Univision affiliate <a href="/wiki/WLII-DT" title="WLII-DT">WLII-DT</a> (Teleonce), <a href="/wiki/WAPA-TV" title="WAPA-TV">WAPA-TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WKAQ-TV" title="WKAQ-TV">WKAQ-TV</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Music of Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/220px--Bomba-1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="114" data-mwtitle="Bomba-1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bomba-1.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/Bomba-1.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/Bomba-1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/Bomba-1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/Bomba-1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Bomba-1.ogv/Bomba-1.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A dancer performs typical <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> choreography.</figcaption></figure> The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources. The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa, although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and, over the last century, from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres, ranging from indigenous genres like <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_(music)" title="Aguinaldo (music)">aguinaldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">danza</a> and the popular <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a> to recent hybrids like <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>. Puerto Rico has some national instruments, like the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuatro" title="Puerto Rican cuatro">cuatro</a> (Spanish for "four"). The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the "Jibaro" or people from the mountains. Originally, the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings, hence its name, but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings. It is easily confused with a guitar, even by locals. When held upright, from right to left, the strings are G, D, A, E, B. In the realm of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, the island hosts two main orchestras, the <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Sinf%C3%B3nica_de_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico">Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico</a> and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico. The <a href="/wiki/Casals_Festival" title="Casals Festival">Casals Festival</a> takes place annually in San Juan, drawing in classical musicians from around the world. With respect to <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, the legendary Puerto Rican tenor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Paoli" title="Antonio Paoli">Antonio Paoli</a> was so celebrated, that he performed private recitals for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>. In 1907, Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera – when he participated in a performance of <a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ruggiero_Leoncavallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruggiero Leoncavallo">Ruggiero Leoncavallo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan, Italy">Milan, Italy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philately">Philately</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_on_stamps" title="Puerto Rico on stamps">Puerto Rico on stamps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Juan_1971_U.S._stamp.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/San_Juan_1971_U.S._stamp.1.jpg/170px-San_Juan_1971_U.S._stamp.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/San_Juan_1971_U.S._stamp.1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>San Juan 450th 1971 issue, depicting one of the <a href="/wiki/File:Lookout_Station.JPG" title="File:Lookout Station.JPG">garitas</a> of El Morro</figcaption></figure> Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring '<a href="/wiki/La_Fortaleza" title="La Fortaleza">La Fortaleza</a>', the Spanish Governor's Palace.<a href="#cite_note-330">[300]</a> The first free election for governor of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico was honored on 27 April 1949, at San Juan, Puerto Rico. 'Inauguration' on the 3-cent stamp refers to the election of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Luis Muñoz Marín</a>, the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rico_Election_Issue-331">[301]</a> San Juan, Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8-cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued 12 September 1971, featuring a sentry box from <a href="/wiki/Castillo_San_Felipe_del_Morro" title="Castillo San Felipe del Morro">Castillo San Felipe del Morro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[302]</a> In the "Flags of our nation series" 2008–2012, of the fifty-five, five territorial flags were featured. Forever stamps included the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico Flag</a> illustrated by a bird issued 2011.<a href="#cite_note-333">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrozcongandules2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrozcongandules2.jpg/220px-Arrozcongandules2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrozcongandules2.jpg/330px-Arrozcongandules2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrozcongandules2.jpg/440px-Arrozcongandules2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_gandules" title="Arroz con gandules">Arroz con gandules</a>, widely regarded as "Puerto Rico's national dish"<a href="#cite_note-334">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[306]</a></figcaption></figure> Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe (Spain), Africa and the native <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taínos</a>. Basic ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, starchy tropical <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, vegetables, meat and poultry, seafood and shellfish, and fruits. Main dishes include <a href="/wiki/Mofongo" title="Mofongo">mofongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_gandules" title="Arroz con gandules">arroz con gandules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteles" title="Pasteles">pasteles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig_roast" title="Pig roast">pig roast</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">lechón</a>). Beverages include <a href="/wiki/Mauby" title="Mauby">maví</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_colada" title="Piña colada">piña colada</a>. Desserts include flan, arroz con dulce (sweet <a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a>), <a href="/wiki/Piragua_(food)" title="Piragua (food)">piraguas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazo_gitano" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazo gitano">brazo gitanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembleque" title="Tembleque">tembleque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polvor%C3%B3n" title="Polvorón">polvorones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dulce_de_leche" title="Dulce de leche">dulce de leche</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Sports in Puerto Rico">Sports in Puerto Rico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg/220px-DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg/330px-DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg/440px-DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Baseball_Classic_championship" title="2013 World Baseball Classic championship">2013 World Baseball Classic championship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_baseball_team" title="Puerto Rico national baseball team">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_national_baseball_team" title="Dominican Republic national baseball team">Dominican Republic</a>, 20 March 2013</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Baseball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Baseball League">Puerto Rico Baseball League</a> serves as the only active professional league, operating as a winter league. No <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico; however, San Juan hosted the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Montreal Expos</a> for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C., and became the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Washington Nationals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_baseball_team" title="Puerto Rico national baseball team">Puerto Rico national baseball team</a> has participated in the <a href="/wiki/World_Cup_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="World Cup of Baseball">World Cup of Baseball</a> winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Series" title="Caribbean Series">Caribbean Series</a> (winning fourteen times) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic" title="World Baseball Classic">World Baseball Classic</a>. In March 2006, San Juan's <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bithorn_Stadium" title="Hiram Bithorn Stadium">Hiram Bithorn Stadium</a> hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic" title="World Baseball Classic">World Baseball Classic</a>. Puerto Rican baseball players include <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of Fame">Hall of Famers</a> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Cepeda" title="Orlando Cepeda">Orlando Cepeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alomar" title="Roberto Alomar">Roberto Alomar</a>, enshrined in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-337">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> are considered popular sports as well. <a href="/wiki/Wilfredo_G%C3%B3mez" title="Wilfredo Gómez">Wilfredo Gómez</a> and <a href="/wiki/McWilliams_Arroyo" title="McWilliams Arroyo">McWilliams Arroyo</a> have won their respective divisions at the <a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Amateur Boxing Championships">World Amateur Boxing Championships</a>. Other medalists include <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pedraza_(boxer)" title="José Pedraza (boxer)">José Pedraza</a>, who holds a silver medal, and three boxers who finished in third place, José Luis Vellón, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dieppa" title="Nelson Dieppa">Nelson Dieppa</a> and <a href="/wiki/McJoe_Arroyo" title="McJoe Arroyo">McJoe Arroyo</a>. In the professional circuit, Puerto Rico has the third-most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_boxing_world_champions" title="List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions">boxing world champions</a> and it is the global leader in champions per capita. These include <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cotto" title="Miguel Cotto">Miguel Cotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Trinidad" title="Félix Trinidad">Félix Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Wilfred Benítez">Wilfred Benítez</a> and Gómez among others. The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico national basketball team">Puerto Rico national basketball team</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Basketball_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Basketball Federation">International Basketball Federation</a> in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Americas_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Americas Championship">FIBA Americas Championships</a> and the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a> 8 August 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="United States men's national basketball team">United States</a> in an Olympic tournament since the integration of <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> organized in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-340">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baloncesto_Superior_Nacional" title="Baloncesto Superior Nacional">Baloncesto Superior Nacional</a> acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orangestarsultra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Orangestarsultra.jpg/220px-Orangestarsultra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Orangestarsultra.jpg/330px-Orangestarsultra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Orangestarsultra.jpg/440px-Orangestarsultra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Islanders" title="Puerto Rico Islanders">Puerto Rico Islanders</a> fans at a soccer game</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_football_team" title="Puerto Rico national football team">Puerto Rico</a> is also a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> and <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF" title="CONCACAF">CONCACAF</a>. In 2008, the archipelago's first unified league, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Soccer_League" title="Puerto Rico Soccer League">Puerto Rico Soccer League</a>, was established. Other sports include <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council" title="World Wrestling Council">World Wrestling Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Wrestling_Association_(Puerto_Rico)" title="International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)">International Wrestling Association</a> are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Best_10K" title="World's Best 10K">World's Best 10K</a>, held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. The "Puerto Rico All Stars" team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.<a href="#cite_note-341">[311]</a> Organized <a href="/wiki/Streetball" title="Streetball">Streetball</a> has gathered some exposition, with teams like "Puerto Rico Street Ball" competing against established organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Captains" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo Captains">Capitanes de Arecibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/AND1" title="AND1">AND1</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AND1_Mixtape_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="AND1 Mixtape Tour">Mixtape Tour Team</a>. Six years after the first visit, AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour, losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers.<a href="#cite_note-342">[312]</a> Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Melendez" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Melendez">Orlando "El Gato" Meléndez</a>, who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters" title="Harlem Globetrotters">Harlem Globetrotters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[313]</a> Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_World_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean World Series">Caribbean World Series</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a>. Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 (officially in San Juan), and The <a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a> were hosted in <a href="/wiki/1993_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="1993 Central American and Caribbean Games">1993</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2010_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="2010 Central American and Caribbean Games">2010</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayagüez">Mayagüez</a>. Puerto Rican athletes have won ten medals in Olympic competition (two gold, two silver, six bronze), the first one in 1948 by boxer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Evangelista_Venegas" title="Juan Evangelista Venegas">Juan Evangelista Venegas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monica_Puig" title="Monica Puig">Monica Puig</a> won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics#Medal_events" title="Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Women's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Puerto_Rico-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Puerto Rico-related articles">Index of Puerto Rico-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Outline of Puerto Rico">Outline of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Stateside Puerto Ricans</a>, living on mainland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of islands of Puerto Rico">List of islands of Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Despite being under the sovereignty of the United States since 1898, Puerto Rico has not been fully <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">incorporated</a> into the country for constitutional purposes.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> See the page for the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases#Background" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a> for more information. </li> <li id="cite_note-commonwealth-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commonwealth_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-commonwealth_3-1">b</a> The definition of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> according to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> policy (as codified in the department's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Manual" title="Foreign Affairs Manual">Foreign Affairs Manual</a>) reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship."<a href="#cite_note-31">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The term boricua is gender-neutral, whereas the terms puertorriqueño, borinqueño, borincano, and puertorro are male-specific when ending in «o» and female-specific when ending in «a». </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The term puertorro -a is used <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popularly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">spontaneously</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">politely</a> to refer to Puerto Ricans or Puerto Rico. It is occasionally mistaken for a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, but the term is not considered offensive by Puerto Ricans. It has been most famously used by Puerto Rican musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Valent%C3%ADn" title="Bobby Valentín">Bobby Valentín</a> in his song Soy Boricua (1972), <a href="/wiki/Andy_Monta%C3%B1ez" title="Andy Montañez">Andy Montañez</a> in En Mi Puertorro (2006), and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Bunny" title="Bad Bunny">Bad Bunny</a> in ACHO PR (2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-area-18"><a href="#cite_ref-area_18-0">^</a> The area of the island of Puerto Rico, the main island of the archipelago of the same name, is 5,325 m² (13,792 km²). The <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_waters" title="Internal waters">internal costal water</a> area of the island is 3,513 m² (9,100 km²), with land covering 3,424 m² (8,868 km²) and internal costal waters 89 m² (232 km²). The <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters#Territorial_sea" title="Territorial waters"> territorial sea</a> of the island stretches for 1,812 m² (4,692 km²).<a href="#cite_note-Geography-11">[7]</a> Including the islands of Vieques with a land area of 51 m² (132 km²),<a href="#cite_note-Geography23-12">[8]</a> Mona with 22 m² (56 km²),<a href="#cite_note-Geography24-13">[9]</a> Culebra with 12 m² (31 km²),<a href="#cite_note-Geography25-14">[10]</a> Caja de Muertos with 0.62 m² (1.62 km²),<a href="#cite_note-Geography26-15">[11]</a> and Desecheo with 0.56 m² (1.45 km²),<a href="#cite_note-Geography27-16">[12]</a> the entire archipelago of Puerto Rico has a land area of at least 3,510 m² (9,090 km²). The <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone#United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> of the archipelago covers 68,605 m² (177,327 km²).<a href="#cite_note-Geography22-17">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100x35-20"><a href="#cite_ref-100x35_20-0">^</a> Puerto Rico, the main island of the archipelago of the same name, is 178 kilometers long (110 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">statute miles</a>; 96 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>) and 65 kilometers wide (40 statute miles; 35 nautical miles). Boricuas often refer to Puerto Rico as 100x35 (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: 100por35), a direct reference to the island's size in nautical miles. Various Puerto Rican singers have used the term, including <a href="/wiki/Farruko" title="Farruko">Farruko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cap%C3%B3" title="Pedro Capó">Pedro Capó</a> in their song Jíbaro (2021).<a href="#cite_note-Geographic-19">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-peakk-21"><a href="#cite_ref-peakk_21-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Cerro de Punta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)">Cordillera Central</a> mountain range is the highest elevation in Puerto Rico. </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-22"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_22-0">^</a> Puerto Rico is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population#Table" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">4th most populated</a> island in the Caribbean, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Islas_por_superficie_y_poblaci%C3%B3n#Mayores_islas_del_mundo" class="extiw" title="es:Anexo:Islas por superficie y población">27th most populated</a> island in the world, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population#Sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">136th most populated</a> country or dependency in the world. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Pronunciation: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ, ˌpwɛərtə -, -toʊ -/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">POR-tə REE-koh, PWAIR-tə -⁠, -⁠toh -⁠</a>;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈpweɾto ˈriko]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally (in rural areas) <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈpwelto ˈχiko, - ˈʀ̥iko]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>: Borikén or Borinquen</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Free Associated State of Puerto Rico' </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> See the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status of Puerto Rico</a> article for more information. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish) "Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista y a la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Con los años, Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan, y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico."<a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> In 1932, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> officially back-corrected the former <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">Anglicization</a> of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the archipelago. Patricia Gherovici states that both Porto Rico and Puerto Rico were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898. The Porto spelling, for instance, was used in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, but Puerto was used by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that "a curious oversight in the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a> caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled".<a href="#cite_note-64">[52]</a> However, Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a> article from 1899, after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English-speaking citizens of the American mainland.<a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Text of Ortega v. Lara, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_202" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 202">202</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 339, 342 (1906) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/202/339">Cornell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/202/339.html">Findlaw</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/202/339/">Justia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/202/us/339">OpenJurist</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> pr.gov (in Spanish) "La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico."<a href="#cite_note-manufacturing-by-pr.gov-50">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> pr.gov (in Spanish) "Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son: las farmacéuticas, los textiles, los petroquímicos, las computadoras, la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos, entre otros."<a href="#cite_note-manufacturing-by-pr.gov-50">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Torrech San Inocencio (2011; in Spanish) "Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico."<a href="#cite_note-183">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Millán Rodriguez (2013; in Spanish) "Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica [...] denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo.."<a href="#cite_note-185">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Vera Rosa (2013; in Spanish) "Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud, las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo."<a href="#cite_note-el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013-187">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Vera Rosado (2013; in Spanish) "Para mejorar la calidad de servicio, que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero[...]"<a href="#cite_note-el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013-187">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> González (2012; in Spanish) "[...] al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), se ubicaría en una relación deuda/PIB de 68% aproximadamente."<a href="#cite_note-190">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Bauzá (2013; in Spanish) "La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción. Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad, innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía. Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936, debimos ser proactivos, y no lo fuimos."<a href="#cite_note-192">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Quintero (2013; in Spanish) "Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo (13.5%), los altos niveles de pobreza (41.7%), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional."<a href="#cite_note-196">[174]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Walsh (2013) "In each of the last six years, Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older, outstanding bonds – a red flag. It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system – a risky practice – and it sold still more long-term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits."<a href="#cite_note-209">[186]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> PRGDB "Financial Information and Operating Data Report to 18 October 2013" p. 142<a href="#cite_note-gdb-report-2013-212">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> MRGI (2008) "Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico."<a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-218">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> FRBNY (2011) "...home values vary considerably across municipios: for the metro area overall, the median value of owner-occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 (based on data for 2007–09), but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios. The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000."<a href="#cite_note-228">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Santiago (2021) "Local detractors of the Jones Act [...] for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law's provisions[...]"<a href="#cite_note-231">[204]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-joc-gao-report-repeal-quote-234"><a href="#cite_ref-joc-gao-report-repeal-quote_234-0">^</a> JOC (2013) "Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs"<a href="#cite_note-joc-gao-report-233">[205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote-235"><a href="#cite_ref-joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote_235-0">^</a> JOC (2013) "The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they [...] believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs."<a href="#cite_note-joc-gao-report-233">[205]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-130/us-territories-introduction/">"U.S. Territories - Developments in the Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=U.S.+Territories+-+Developments+in+the+Law&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2Fprint%2Fvol-130%2Fus-territories-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02PR&g=0400000US72&hidePreview=true">"Puerto Rico 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. US Census. Department of Commerce. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184353/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02PR&g=0400000US72&hidePreview=true">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+2015-2019+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Ftid%3DACSDP5Y2019.DP02PR%26g%3D0400000US72%26hidePreview%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090937/https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/p-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language/50000263-2704154">"P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language"</a>. Agencia EFE. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 4 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/p-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language/50000263-2704154">the original</a> on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agencia+EFE&rft.atitle=P.+Rico+Senate+declares+Spanish+over+English+as+first+official+language&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efe.com%2Fefe%2Fenglish%2Flife%2Fp-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language%2F50000263-2704154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusData-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusData_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusData_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US72">"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country: Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021091045/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Illuminates+Racial+and+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Country%3A+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALPL2020.P1%3Fg%3D040XX00US72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/puertorrique%C3%B1o#D2Prb5S">"puertorriqueño"</a>. Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diccionario+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola+por+la+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=puertorrique%C3%B1o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fpuertorrique%25C3%25B1o%23D2Prb5S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asale.org/damer/puertorro">"puertorro"</a>. Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española: Diccionario de Americanismos (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Academias+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola%3A+Diccionario+de+Americanismos&rft.atitle=puertorro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asale.org%2Fdamer%2Fpuertorro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html">"State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=State+Area+Measurements+and+Internal+Point+Coordinates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2F2010%2Fgeo%2Fstate-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography23-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography23_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/profile/Vieques_Municipio,_Puerto_Rico?g=050XX00US72147">"Vieques Municipio, Puerto Rico"</a>. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Vieques+Municipio%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fprofile%2FVieques_Municipio%2C_Puerto_Rico%3Fg%3D050XX00US72147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography24-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography24_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/87589/mona-island">"Mona Island"</a>. Earth Observatory. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Mona+Island&rft.date=2016-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F87589%2Fmona-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography25-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography25_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/profile/Culebra_Municipio,_Puerto_Rico?g=050XX00US72049">"Culebra Municipio, Puerto Rico"</a>. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Culebra+Municipio%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fprofile%2FCulebra_Municipio%2C_Puerto_Rico%3Fg%3D050XX00US72049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography26-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography26_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drna.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PlanManejoRNICM_septiembre2010.pdf">"Plan de Manejo Reserva Natural Isla Caja de Muertos"</a> (PDF). Gobierno de Puerto Rico: Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gobierno+de+Puerto+Rico%3A+Departamento+de+Recursos+Naturales+y+Ambientales&rft.atitle=Plan+de+Manejo+Reserva+Natural+Isla+Caja+de+Muertos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drna.pr.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FPlanManejoRNICM_septiembre2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography27-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography27_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/desecheo/about-us">"Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge"</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft.atitle=Desecheo+National+Wildlife+Refuge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Frefuge%2Fdesecheo%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography22-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography22_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/630?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10">"Catches by Taxon in the waters of Puerto Rico (USA)"</a>. Sea Around Us. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sea+Around+Us&rft.atitle=Catches+by+Taxon+in+the+waters+of+Puerto+Rico+%28USA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez%2F630%3Fchart%3Dcatch-chart%26dimension%3Dtaxon%26measure%3Dtonnage%26limit%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographic-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Geographic_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.pr.gov/Pages/Geografia_PR.aspx">"Geografía de Puerto Rico"</a>. Sistemas de Información Geográfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sistemas+de+Informaci%C3%B3n+Geogr%C3%A1fica&rft.atitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.pr.gov%2FPages%2FGeografia_PR.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR">"Quick Facts Puerto Rico: Population Estimates, July 1, 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 1 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330054937/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Facts+Puerto+Rico%3A+Population+Estimates%2C+July+1%2C+2023&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2FPR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2020-Tab2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020-Tab2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020-Tab2_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2020-Tab2_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf">"Table 2. Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 26 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194205/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+2.+Resident+Population+for+the+50+States%2C+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2020+Census&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-table02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.PR-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PR_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PR_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PR_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PR_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PRI">"IMF DataMapper - Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 3 November 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+DataMapper+-+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FPRI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/outlook/co/socioeconomic-indicators/puerto-rico#economic-inequality">"Socioeconomic Indicators - Puerto Rico | Market Forecast"</a>. August 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socioeconomic+Indicators+-+Puerto+Rico+%26%23124%3B+Market+Forecast&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Foutlook%2Fco%2Fsocioeconomic-indicators%2Fpuerto-rico%23economic-inequality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes-Ramírez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fuentes-Ramírez, Ricardo R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013711/https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/">"Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010–2015"</a>. Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ceteris+Paribus%3A+Journal+of+Socio-Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+Trends+and+Inequality+in+Puerto+Rico+2010%E2%80%932015&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fuentes-Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceterisparibusuprm.org%2Fvolumen-actual%2Fhuman-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaral,_PatríciaAna_Maria_Carvalho2014" class="citation book cs1">Amaral, Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9jLBAAAQBAJ&q=pwelto&pg=PT113">Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact</a>. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5800-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5800-7"><bdi>978-90-272-5800-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese-Spanish+Interfaces%3A+Diachrony%2C+synchrony%2C+and+contact&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5800-7&rft.au=Amaral%2C+Patr%C3%ADcia&rft.au=Ana+Maria+Carvalho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9jLBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpwelto%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_-_Puerto_Rico_30-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"CIA World Factbook – Puerto Rico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105163943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1">"7 fam 1120 acquisition of u.s. nationality in u.s. territories and possessions"</a>. U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7- Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. 3 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State+Foreign+Affairs+Manual+Volume+7-+Consular+Affairs&rft.atitle=7+fam+1120+acquisition+of+u.s.+nationality+in+u.s.+territories+and+possessions&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffam.state.gov%2FFAM%2F07FAM%2F07FAM1120.html%23M1121_2_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/3-duplicados/1-1993.pdf">"Ley de los Idiomas Oficiales del Gobierno de Puerto Rico"</a> (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual de OGP “Miguel J. Rodríguez Fernández” Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 8 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Virtual+de+OGP+%E2%80%9CMiguel+J.+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Fern%C3%A1ndez%E2%80%9D+Viejo+San+Juan%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Ley+de+los+Idiomas+Oficiales+del+Gobierno+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbvirtualogp.pr.gov%2Fogp%2FBvirtual%2Fleyesreferencia%2FPDF%2F3-duplicados%2F1-1993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912144331/http://prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp">"Puerto Rico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp">the original</a> on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prfaa.pr.gov%2Fpuertoricond2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studypuertorico.pr.gov/sobre-puerto-rico">"SOBRE PUERTO RICO"</a>. www.studypuertorico.pr.gov (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.studypuertorico.pr.gov&rft.atitle=SOBRE+PUERTO+RICO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studypuertorico.pr.gov%2Fsobre-puerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taus-Bolstad2004-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Taus-Bolstad2004_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacy_Taus-Bolstad2004" class="citation book cs1">Stacy Taus-Bolstad (1 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZG9k5LqlCoC&pg=PA7">Puerto Ricans in America</a>. Lerner Publications. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3953-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3953-7"><bdi>978-0-8225-3953-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245779085">1245779085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puerto+Ricans+in+America&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245779085&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3953-7&rft.au=Stacy+Taus-Bolstad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZG9k5LqlCoC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaban2009" class="citation book cs1">Caban, Pedro A. (2009). Constructing a Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898–1932. Westview Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4817-4"><bdi>978-0-7867-4817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+Colonial+People%3A+Puerto+Rico+and+the+United+States%2C+1898%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-4817-4&rft.aulast=Caban&rft.aufirst=Pedro+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago-Valles1994" class="citation book cs1">Santiago-Valles, Kelvin A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fb2PmghQ-DsC">Subject People and Colonial Discourses: Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898–1947</a>. SUNY Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1589-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subject+People+and+Colonial+Discourses%3A+Economic+Transformation+and+Social+Disorder+in+Puerto+Rico%2C+1898%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1589-4&rft.aulast=Santiago-Valles&rft.aufirst=Kelvin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfb2PmghQ-DsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipski2005" class="citation book cs1">Lipski, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjkhAwAAQBAJ">A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32037-6"><bdi>978-1-107-32037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Afro-Hispanic+Language%3A+Five+Centuries%2C+Five+Continents&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-107-32037-6&rft.aulast=Lipski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjkhAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/documenting-puerto-rican-identity/">"Documenting a Puerto Rican Identity | In Search of a National Identity: Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico | Articles and Essays | Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives"</a>. Digital Collections, Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411210607/https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/documenting-puerto-rican-identity/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+a+Puerto+Rican+Identity+%7C+In+Search+of+a+National+Identity%3A+Nineteenth+and+Early-Twentieth-Century+Puerto+Rico+%7C+Articles+and+Essays+%7C+Puerto+Rico+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Modern+Age%3A+Nineteenth-+and+Early-Twentieth-Century+Perspectives&rft.pub=Digital+Collections%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fpuerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fnineteenth-century-puerto-rico%2Fdocumenting-puerto-rican-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> José Trías Monge. Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1999. p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1402">8 U.S. Code § 1402 – Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after 11 April 1899</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708100919/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1402">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1941) Retrieved: 14 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf">Igartúa–de la Rosa v. United States (Igartúa III)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316075619/http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf">Archived</a> 16 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html">GREGORIO IGARTÚA, ET AL., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ET AL., Defendants, Appellees. No. 09-2186</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905103026/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (24 November 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/trauma-puerto-ricos-maria-generation/story?id=60980466">The trauma of Puerto Rico's 'Maria Generation' .</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924204813/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/trauma-puerto-ricos-maria-generation/story?id=60980466">Archived</a> 24 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Robin Ortiz. ABC News. 17 February 2019. Accessed 24 September 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541">PUERTO RICO: Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726055556/http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> General Accounting Office publication number GAO-06-541. US Gen. Acctg. Office, Washington, DC. 19 May 2006. Public Release: 23 June 2006. (Note: All residents of Puerto Rico pay federal taxes, with the exception of federal income taxes which only some residents of Puerto Rico must still pay). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf">"Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions"</a> (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 25 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175716/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016 – via fas.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+Political+Status+and+the+2012+Plebiscite%3A+Background+and+Key+Questions&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FR42765.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/">"El Nuevo Día"</a>. Elnuevodia.com. 18 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827085437/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elnuevodia.com&rft.atitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fnoticias%2Fpolitica%2Fnota%2Felsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advanced_economies-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Advanced_economies_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advanced_economies_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=110&sg=All+countries+%2f+Advanced+economies">"Advanced economies"</a>. IMF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617091701/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=110&sg=All+countries+%2f+Advanced+economies">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+economies&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D110%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BAdvanced%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-manufacturing-by-pr.gov-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manufacturing-by-pr.gov_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manufacturing-by-pr.gov_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manufacturing-by-pr.gov_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150143/http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx">"Manufactura"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Government of Puerto Rico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx">the original</a> on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufactura&rft.pub=Government+of+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.pr.gov%2FGobiernoEmpresas%2FSectoresInversion%2FPages%2FManufactura.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Allatson, Paul (2007). Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0250-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-0250-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Terms+in+Latino%2Fa+Cultural+and+Literary+Studies&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0250-6&rft.aulast=Allatson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayetano_Coll_y_Toste1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cayetano Coll y Toste, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032642/http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm">"Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean"</a>. Clásicos de Puerto Rico (2nd ed.). Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taino+Indigenous+Peoples+of+the+Caribbean&rft.btitle=Cl%C3%A1sicos+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ediciones+Latinoamericanas%2C+S.A.&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taino-tribe.org%2Fterms1.htm%23anchor250018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrose1910" class="citation book cs1">Grose, Howard Benjamin (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advanceinantill00grosgoog">H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910</a>. Literature Dept., Presbyterian Home Missions. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+B.+Grose%2C+Advance+in+the+Antilles%3A+the+new+era+in+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico%2C+Presbyterian+Home+Missions%2C+1910&rft.pub=Literature+Dept.%2C+Presbyterian+Home+Missions&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Grose&rft.aufirst=Howard+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvanceinantill00grosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Boricua">Boricua.</a> Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Accessed 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210030451/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Boricua">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/borincano">Borincano.</a> Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Accessed 9 February 2022.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210030619/https://dle.rae.es/borincano">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Julian Granberry and Gary Vescelius. Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. The University of Alabama Press. 2004. p.92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8191-2">978-0-8173-8191-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter2012" class="citation book cs1">Schechter, Patricia A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">"¡Adelante Hermanas de la Raza!, Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women's Feminismo. – The New York's World Fair: 1939–1940"</a>. Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary: Four Transnational Lives. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01284-5"><bdi>978-1-137-01284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A1Adelante+Hermanas+de+la+Raza%21%2C+Josefina+Silva+de+Cintron+and+Puerto+Rican+Women%27s+Feminismo.+%E2%80%93+The+New+York%27s+World+Fair%3A+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Decolonial+Imaginary%3A+Four+Transnational+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01284-5&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drc7FAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> Note: The phase "The Island of Enchantment" has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr">Theodore Roosevelt Jr</a>. offered in <a href="/wiki/House_%26_Garden_(magazine)" title="House & Garden (magazine)">House & Garden</a> magazine in 1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm">"Historia de Puerto Rico"</a>. Proyectosalonhogar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430045127/http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/Enciclopedia_Ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Proyectosalonhogar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proyectosalonhogar.com%2Fenciclopedia_ilustrada%2FHistoriaPR1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898"</a>. The Avalon Project. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708063629/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+Between+the+United+States+and+Spain%3B+December+10%2C+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fsp1898.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/">"Crafting an Identity"</a>. History, Art & Archives. Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819122410/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=Crafting+an+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FHAIC%2FHistorical-Essays%2FForeign-Domestic%2FCrafting-Identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedro_A._Malavet2004" class="citation book cs1">Pedro A. Malavet (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC">America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico</a>. NYU Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA43">43</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA181">181 note 76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5680-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-5680-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215202/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+colony%3A+the+political+and+cultural+conflict+between+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico&rft.pages=43%2C+181+note+76&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5&rft.au=Pedro+A.+Malavet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKqVpqGVsJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> To change the name of the island of Porto Rico to Puerto Rico, S.J. Res 36, 72nd Congress, enacted 1932. (47 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-47-158">158</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Gherovici2003" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Gherovici (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC">The Puerto Rican syndrome</a>. Other Press, LLC. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&pg=PA140">140–141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892746-75-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892746-75-7"><bdi>978-1-892746-75-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215157/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puerto+Rican+syndrome&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=Other+Press%2C+LLC&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-892746-75-7&rft.au=Patricia+Gherovici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jSsxVWxu2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorian2013" class="citation book cs1">Historian, Office of the (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC">Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822–2012</a>. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-092068-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-092068-4"><bdi>978-0-16-092068-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispanic+Americans+in+Congress%2C+1822%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-16-092068-4&rft.aulast=Historian&rft.aufirst=Office+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw2ZjkgjchkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecretary'sOffice1903" class="citation book cs1">Secretary's, Puerto Rico; Office, Puerto Rico Secretary's (1 January 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/registerportori03ricogoog">Register of Porto Rico</a>. Office of the Secretary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+Porto+Rico&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary&rft.date=1903-01-01&rft.aulast=Secretary%27s&rft.aufirst=Puerto+Rico&rft.au=Office%2C+Puerto+Rico+Secretary%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregisterportori03ricogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DeusenVan_Deusen1931" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Richard James; Van Deusen, Elizabeth Kneipple (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ">Porto Rico: A Caribbean Isle</a>. Henry Holt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208215040/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porto+Rico%3A+A+Caribbean+Isle&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft.au=Van+Deusen%2C+Elizabeth+Kneipple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWczAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciences1922" class="citation book cs1">Sciences, New York Academy of (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGhNAAAAYAAJ">Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands</a>. New York Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+survey+of+Porto+Rico+and+the+Virgin+Islands&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Sciences&rft.aufirst=New+York+Academy+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGhNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5mB2mY-ac4C&pg=PT380">Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society.</a> Francisco H. Vazquez. Page 380. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2009. Accessed 25 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rozenbergquarterly.com/extended-statehood-in-the-caribbean-fifty-years-of-commonwealth-the-contradictions-of-free-associated-statehood-in-puerto-rico/">Extended Statehood in the Caribbean ~ Fifty Years of Commonwealth ~ The Contradictions Of Free Associated Statehood in Puerto Rico.</a> Rozenberg Quarterly. Accessed 15 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/law/workingpapers-archive/documents/lawsong_and_sloaner040809rev.pdf">The Constitutionality of Decolonization by Associated Statehood: Puerto Rico's Legal Status Reconsidered.</a> Gary Lawson and Robert D. Sloane. Boston University School of Law. Working Paper Number 09-11. 3 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018000656/http://www.bu.edu/law/workingpapers-archive/documents/lawsong_and_sloaner040809rev.pdf">Archived</a> on 18 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Carmelo Rosario Natal. Ponce En Su Historia Moderna: 1945–2002. Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2003. p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diseases_carried_by_Europeans-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Diseases_carried_by_Europeans_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/how-europeans-brought-sickness-new-world-rev2">"How Europeans Brought Sickness to the New World"</a>. www.sciencemag.org. 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencemag.org&rft.atitle=How+Europeans+Brought+Sickness+to+the+New+World&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fhow-europeans-brought-sickness-new-world-rev2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graces-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Graces_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm">"Teoría, Crítica e Historia: La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano"</a>. Ensayistas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensayistas&rft.atitle=Teor%C3%ADa%2C+Cr%C3%ADtica+e+Historia%3A+La+abolici%C3%B3n+de+la+esclavitud+y+el+mundo+hispano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensayistas.org%2Fantologia%2FXIXE%2Fcastelar%2Fesclavitud%2Fcedula.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DerechoPuertorriqueño-77"><a href="#cite_ref-DerechoPuertorriqueño_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoselló1963" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roselló, Pedro Luis Perea (April–June 1963). Santiago, Maria García; Vega, Pedro Malavey; González, José M. Novoa; Goyco, Edwin Toro (eds.). "Res communes omnium". Doctrina. Revista de Derecho Puertorriqueño. Printed in Spain: Imprenta vda. de Daniel Cochs—Cros. 23.—Barcelona (in Spanish). 2 (8). <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico_School_of_Law" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law">Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law</a>: 7–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-7930">0034-7930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Derecho+Puertorrique%C3%B1o&rft.atitle=Res+communes+omnium&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=1963-04%2F1963-06&rft.issn=0034-7930&rft.aulast=Rosell%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Luis+Perea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm">"Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association"</a>. General Assembly of the United Nations. 15 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409222101/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+Hear+Petitioners+Speak+up+for+Independence%2C+Statehood%2C+Free+Association&rft.pub=General+Assembly+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2009%2Fgacol3193.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oslpr1-79"><a href="#cite_ref-oslpr1_79-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslpr.org/2009-2012/leyes/pdf/ley-283-28-Dic-2011.pdf">Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412031116/http://www.oslpr.org/2009-2012/leyes/pdf/ley-283-28-Dic-2011.pdf">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1">Fortuño calls for status vote next August.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1">Archived</a> 24 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> John Marino. Caribbean Business. Released on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcasiano_communications2011" class="citation web cs1">casiano communications (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1">"Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012"</a>. Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1">the original</a> on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortu%C3%B1o+calls+for+status%2C+legislative+reform+votes+on+12+August+2012&rft.pub=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.au=casiano+communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanbusinesspr.com%2Fnews03.php%3Fnt_id%3D62931%26ct_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/">"Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US, elects governor and legislators"</a>. Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/puerto-rico-votes-on-whether-to-change-relationship-with-us-elects-governor-and-legislators/2012/11/06/d87278ae-288b-11e2-aaa5-ac786110c486_story.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+votes+on+whether+to+change+relationship+with+US%2C+elects+governor+and+legislators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpuerto-rico-votes-on-whether-to-change-relationship-with-us-elects-governor-and-legislators%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fd87278ae-288b-11e2-aaa5-ac786110c486_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125905/https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa">"H.R. 5278, Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA)"</a>. Policy.house.gov. 6 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy.house.gov&rft.atitle=H.R.+5278%2C+Puerto+Rico+Oversight%2C+Management+and+Economic+Stability+Act+of+2016+%28PROMESA%29&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicy.house.gov%2Flegislative%2Fbills%2Fhr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rand-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rand_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rand_84-1">b</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rand.org/hsrd/hsoac/projects/puerto-rico-recovery/hurricanes-irma-and-maria.html">https://www.rand.org/hsrd/hsoac/projects/puerto-rico-recovery/hurricanes-irma-and-maria.html</a> RAND - Hurricanes Irma and Maria: Impact and Aftermath] </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/mass-exodus-puerto-rico-feared-after-historic-hurricane-debt-crisis-n804856">"Mass exodus from Puerto Rico feared after historic hurricane, debt crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Mass+exodus+from+Puerto+Rico+feared+after+historic+hurricane%2C+debt+crisis&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fmass-exodus-puerto-rico-feared-after-historic-hurricane-debt-crisis-n804856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elecciones2020.ceepur.org/Noche_del_Evento_92/index.html#en/default/PLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml">"2020 Puerto Rican status referendum"</a>. elecciones2020.ceepur.org. 5 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103191716/https://elecciones2020.ceepur.org/Noche_del_Evento_92/index.html#en/default/PLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Puerto+Rican+status+referendum&rft.pub=elecciones2020.ceepur.org&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felecciones2020.ceepur.org%2FNoche_del_Evento_92%2Findex.html%23en%2Fdefault%2FPLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6242054/house-passes-bill-that-would-allow-puerto-rico-to-vote-on-its-statehood-or-independence/">"Puerto Rico Independence Bill Passes in the House"</a>. 17 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+Independence+Bill+Passes+in+the+House&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6242054%2Fhouse-passes-bill-that-would-allow-puerto-rico-to-vote-on-its-statehood-or-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/jenniffer-gonzalez-of-puerto-ricos-pro-statehood-party-edges-ahead-in-gubernatorial-election">"Jenniffer González of Puerto Rico's pro-statehood party edges ahead in gubernatorial election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 6 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Jenniffer+Gonz%C3%A1lez+of+Puerto+Rico%27s+pro-statehood+party+edges+ahead+in+gubernatorial+election&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Fjenniffer-gonzalez-of-puerto-ricos-pro-statehood-party-edges-ahead-in-gubernatorial-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2024" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, Alexander C. (6 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/puerto-rico-governor-jenniffer-gonzalez-colon-wins_n_671ffc6fe4b0a4f117c7df65/amp">"Jenniffer González-Colón, A Pro-Statehood Trump Ally, Wins Puerto Rico Governor's Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffpost" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffpost">Huffpost</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffpost&rft.atitle=Jenniffer+Gonz%C3%A1lez-Col%C3%B3n%2C+A+Pro-Statehood+Trump+Ally%2C+Wins+Puerto+Rico+Governor%27s+Race&rft.date=2024-11-06&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Alexander+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fpuerto-rico-governor-jenniffer-gonzalez-colon-wins_n_671ffc6fe4b0a4f117c7df65%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés_ZavalaMaría_TeresaJosé_Alfredo_Uribe_Salas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cortés Zavala; María Teresa & José Alfredo Uribe Salas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14482%2Fmemor.22.5948">"Ciencia y economía del guano: La isla mona en puerto rico, siglo XIX"</a>. Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología Desde el Caribe. 11 (22): 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14482%2Fmemor.22.5948">10.14482/memor.22.5948</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1794-8886">1794-8886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memorias%3A+Revista+Digital+de+Historia+y+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Desde+el+Caribe&rft.atitle=Ciencia+y+econom%C3%ADa+del+guano%3A+La+isla+mona+en+puerto+rico%2C+siglo+XIX&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14482%2Fmemor.22.5948&rft.issn=1794-8886&rft.au=Cort%C3%A9s+Zavala&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Alfredo+Uribe+Salas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14482%252Fmemor.22.5948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchärer-Umpierre,_Michelle_T.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle T.; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0">"Marine Managed Areas and Associated Fisheries in the US Caribbean"</a>. Marine Managed Areas and Fisheries. Advances in Marine Biology. 69: 140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800214-8.00004-9">10.1016/B978-0-12-800214-8.00004-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800214-8"><bdi>978-0-12-800214-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25358299">25358299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043246/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0/view?usp=drive_open">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Managed+Areas+and+Fisheries&rft.atitle=Marine+Managed+Areas+and+Associated+Fisheries+in+the+US+Caribbean&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25358299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800214-8.00004-9&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800214-8&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4rer-Umpierre%2C+Michelle+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmer,_Etienne2011" class="citation journal cs1">Helmer, Etienne (2011). "La ciudad contemporanea, una polis sin politica?". Boletin Cientifico Sapiens Research. 1 (2): 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boletin+Cientifico+Sapiens+Research&rft.atitle=La+ciudad+contemporanea%2C+una+polis+sin+politica%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Helmer%2C+Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsterrich,_Carmelo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Esterrich, Carmelo (2009). "Edenes insostenibles: El campo de la ciudad en la intentona cultural de los cincuenta". CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies. 21 (1): 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CENTRO%3A+Journal+of+the+Center+for+Puerto+Rican+Studies&rft.atitle=Edenes+insostenibles%3A+El+campo+de+la+ciudad+en+la+intentona+cultural+de+los+cincuenta&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Esterrich%2C+Carmelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/">"Bathymetric Data Viewer"</a>. maps.ngdc.noaa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709195021/https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maps.ngdc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Bathymetric+Data+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fviewers%2Fbathymetry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciafactbook-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"The World Factbook – Puerto Rico#Geography"</a>. Cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105163943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Puerto+Rico%23Geography&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-topuertorico.com-96"><a href="#cite_ref-topuertorico.com_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml">"Welcome to Puerto Rico!"</a>. topuertorico.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225019/http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Puerto+Rico%21&rft.pub=topuertorico.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuertorico.org%2Fdescrip.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/">"The World Factbook – Jamaica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Jamaica&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fjamaica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/">"The World Factbook – Cuba"</a>. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182827/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Cuba&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcuba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818050917/http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html">"Caribbean National Forest – El Yunque Trail # 15"</a>. GORP.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caribbean+National+Forest+%E2%80%93+El+Yunque+Trail+%23+15&rft.pub=GORP.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gorp.com%2Fparks-guide%2Ftravel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225032628/http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm">"Los Lagos de Puerto Rico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2004. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Lagos+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobierno.pr%2FDRNA%2FReservasNaturales%2FLagosRiosLagunas%2FLagos%2FLagos_I.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> (archived from on 29 June 2007). (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_PiseraMichael_MartínezHernan_Santos2006" class="citation news cs1">Andrzej Pisera; Michael Martínez; Hernan Santos (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105065534/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064">"Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Paleontology" title="Journal of Paleontology">Journal of Paleontology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064">the original</a> on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Late+Cretaceous+Siliceous+Sponges+From+El+Rayo+Formation%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2006-05&rft.au=Andrzej+Pisera&rft.au=Michael+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.au=Hernan+Santos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3790%2Fis_200605%2Fai_n17177064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1918_quake-102"><a href="#cite_ref-1918_quake_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714105156/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php">"Earthquake History of Puerto Rico"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php">the original</a> on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquake+History+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fregional%2Fworld%2Fpuerto_rico%2Fpuerto_rico_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/news/morning-update-puerto-rico-january-7-2020">Morning Update for Puerto Rico - January 7, 2020: On Jan. 7, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck the region at 4:24 am local time (08:24:26 UTC). Significant damage is possible. Over the past several weeks, hundreds of small earthquakes have occurred in the Puerto Rico region, beginning in earnest with a M 4.7 earthquake late on December 28 and a M 5.0 event a few hours.</a> Puerto Rico Earthquakes. 7 January 2020. Accessed 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210022037/https://www.usgs.gov/news/morning-update-puerto-rico-january-7-2020">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reporter.lcms.org/2020/puerto-rico-hit-by-largest-earthquake-in-100-years/">Puerto Rico hit by largest earthquake in 100 years.</a> Cheryl Magness. Reporter. 8 January 2020. Accessed 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210021015/https://reporter.lcms.org/2020/puerto-rico-hit-by-largest-earthquake-in-100-years/">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/6-5-quake-strikes-puerto-rico-amid-heavy-seismic-activity-n1111666">6.4-magnitude quake strikes Puerto Rico, killing at least 1 amid heavy seismic activity: "We've never been exposed to this kind of emergency in 102 years," Gov. Wanda Vázquez said as the island grapples with ongoing aftershocks and assesses the damage.</a> Nicole Acevedo and Ben Kesslen. NBC News. 7 January 2020. Accessed 7 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210022858/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/6-5-quake-strikes-puerto-rico-amid-heavy-seismic-activity-n1111666">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/puerto-rico-earthquake-01-07-2020/index.html">Analyst says earthquakes could cost Puerto Rico's economy up to $3.1 billion.</a> Kate Trafecante. CNN. 7 January 2020. Accessed 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210015803/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/puerto-rico-earthquake-01-07-2020/index.html">Archived.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-trench-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trench_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trench_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUri_ten_Brink" class="citation web cs1">Uri ten Brink. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html">"Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 – Cruise Summary and Results"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724090028/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explorations%3A+Puerto+Rico+Trench+2003+%E2%80%93+Cruise+Summary+and+Results&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.au=Uri+ten+Brink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fexplorations%2F03trench%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html">"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Puerto Rico Trench"</a>. Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724090028/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Ocean+Explorer%3A+Puerto+Rico+Trench&rft.pub=Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fexplorations%2F03trench%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondziel2007" class="citation web cs1">Mondziel, Steven A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/mondziels2007-1.pdf">"Morphology, Structure, and Tectonic Evolution of the Mona Canyon, Puerto Rico"</a> (PDF). uncg.edu. University of North Carolina Wilmington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221315/https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/mondziels2007-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023 – via Journal of Marine Geology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uncg.edu&rft.atitle=Morphology%2C+Structure%2C+and+Tectonic+Evolution+of+the+Mona+Canyon%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mondziel&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcw%2Ff%2Fmondziels2007-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-110"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillman2023" class="citation news cs1">Stillman, Dan (7 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/06/07/puerto-rico-heat-wave-caribbean/">"Historic heat is roasting Puerto Rico, where it feels like 125 degrees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017040357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/06/07/puerto-rico-heat-wave-caribbean/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Historic+heat+is+roasting+Puerto+Rico%2C+where+it+feels+like+125+degrees&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2023%2F06%2F07%2Fpuerto-rico-heat-wave-caribbean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-PR-111"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA-PR_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161414/http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results">"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results">the original</a> on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOWData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnowdata.rcc-acis.org%2FSJU%2FpubACIS_results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly2003-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Daly2003_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyHelmerQuiñonez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Christopher; Helmer, Eileen H.; Quiñonez, Maya (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.937">"Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra"</a>. International Journal of Climatology. 23 (11): 1359–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003IJCli..23.1359D">2003IJCli..23.1359D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.937">10.1002/joc.937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Climate+of+Puerto+Rico%2C+Vieques+and+Culebra&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1359-81&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.937&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003IJCli..23.1359D&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Helmer%2C+Eileen+H.&rft.au=Qui%C3%B1onez%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjoc.937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r145-113"><a href="#cite_ref-r145_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediaengagement.org/blogs/effects-of-climate-change-in-puerto-rico/">"Effects of Climate Change in Puerto Rico"</a>. Center for Media Engagement. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Media+Engagement&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Climate+Change+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2024-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediaengagement.org%2Fblogs%2Feffects-of-climate-change-in-puerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgersAdlerPierce2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers, Edward B.; Adler, Robert F.; Pierce, Harold F. (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%282001%29040%3C1785%3ACOTCTT%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites"</a>. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 40 (11): 1785–1800. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JApMe..40.1785R">2001JApMe..40.1785R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0450%282001%29040%3C1785%3ACOTCTT%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1785:COTCTT>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+Tropical+Cyclones+to+the+North+Atlantic+Climatological+Rainfall+as+Observed+from+Satellites&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1785-1800&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0450%282001%29040%3C1785%3ACOTCTT%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JApMe..40.1785R&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft.au=Adler%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Harold+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0450%25282001%2529040%253C1785%253ACOTCTT%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/">Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006134919/http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/">Archived</a> 6 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 23 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-rand2-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rand2_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rand2_116-1">b</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rand.org/hsrd/hsoac/projects/puerto-rico-recovery/hurricanes-irma-and-maria.html">https://www.rand.org/hsrd/hsoac/projects/puerto-rico-recovery/hurricanes-irma-and-maria.html</a> RAND - Hurricanes Irma and Maria: Impact and Aftermath] </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-117"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907000405/http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459">"Island Directory"</a>. Islands.unep.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459">the original</a> on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Island+Directory&rft.pub=Islands.unep.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislands.unep.ch%2FISV.htm%23459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverpuertorico.com/coqui">"Coquí in the Rainforest"</a>. Discover Puerto Rico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330103426/https://www.discoverpuertorico.com/coqui">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Coqu%C3%AD+in+the+Rainforest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverpuertorico.com%2Fcoqui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd699768.pdf">"Iguaca Aviary Techniques used in the Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program"</a> (PDF). US Fish & Wildlife Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208022640/https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd699768.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Services&rft.atitle=Iguaca+Aviary+Techniques+used+in+the+Puerto+Rican+Parrot+Recovery+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2FInternet%2FFSE_DOCUMENTS%2Ffseprd699768.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jco.birdscaribbean.org/index.php/jco/article/view/1133/879">"View of News of the Rio Abajo Aviary for Puerto Rican Parrot"</a>. Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 3 (3): 4. 18 December 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221314/https://jco.birdscaribbean.org/index.php/jco/article/view/1133/879">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+Ornithology&rft.atitle=View+of+News+of+the+Rio+Abajo+Aviary+for+Puerto+Rican+Parrot&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1990-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjco.birdscaribbean.org%2Findex.php%2Fjco%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1133%2F879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Ewel, J.L. & J.L. Whitmore. 1973. The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. ITF-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewel-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Ewel_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwelWhitmore1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ewel" title="John Ewel">Ewel, J. J.</a>; Whitmore, J. L. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/rp/rp_itf018.pdf">The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands</a> (PDF). USDA Forest Service Institute of Tropical Forestry. Forest Service Research Paper ITF-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820221316/https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/rp/rp_itf018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecological+Life+Zones+of+Puerto+Rico+and+the+U.+S.+Virgin+Islands&rft.pub=USDA+Forest+Service+Institute+of+Tropical+Forestry&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ewel&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp_itf018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alberts-124"><a href="#cite_ref-alberts_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsLemmGrantJackintell2004" class="citation cs2">Alberts, Allison; Lemm, Jeffrey; Grant, Tandora; Jackintell, Lori (2004), "Testing the Utility of Headstarting as a Conservation Strategy for West Indian Iguanas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation, University of California Press, p. 210, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23854-1"><bdi>978-0-520-23854-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iguanas%3A+Biology+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Testing+the+Utility+of+Headstarting+as+a+Conservation+Strategy+for+West+Indian+Iguanas&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23854-1&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft.au=Lemm%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Grant%2C+Tandora&rft.au=Jackintell%2C+Lori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-125"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoler-FigueroaOtero2015" class="citation journal cs1">Soler-Figueroa, Brenda María; Otero, Ernesto (1 January 2015). "The Influence of Rain Regimes and Nutrient Loading on the Abundance of Two Dinoflagellate Species in a Tropical Bioluminescent Bay, Bahía Fosforescente, La Parguera, Puerto Rico". Estuaries and Coasts. 38 (1): 84–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EstCo..38...84S">2015EstCo..38...84S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9827-0">10.1007/s12237-014-9827-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2731">1559-2731</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85305359">85305359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estuaries+and+Coasts&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Rain+Regimes+and+Nutrient+Loading+on+the+Abundance+of+Two+Dinoflagellate+Species+in+a+Tropical+Bioluminescent+Bay%2C+Bah%C3%ADa+Fosforescente%2C+La+Parguera%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-92&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9827-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85305359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1559-2731&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EstCo..38...84S&rft.aulast=Soler-Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Otero%2C+Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215211706/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html">"Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico - Unique Places around the World"</a>. WorldAtlas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Bioluminescent+Bay%2C+Puerto+Rico+-+Unique+Places+around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fbioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYancey-Bragg" class="citation web cs1">Yancey-Bragg, N'dea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/22/after-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark/694833001/">"After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico's rare bioluminescent bays may go dark"</a>. USA TODAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227163632/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/22/after-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark/694833001/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=After+Hurricane+Maria%2C+Puerto+Rico%27s+rare+bioluminescent+bays+may+go+dark&rft.aulast=Yancey-Bragg&rft.aufirst=N%27dea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F22%2Fafter-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark%2F694833001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-128"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229150849/http://www.oslpr.org/english/pdf/the%20constitution%20of%20the%20commonwealth%20of%20puerto%20rico.pdf">"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article I, Section 2"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Puerto+Rico%2C+Article+I%2C+Section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslpr.org%2Fenglish%2FPDF%2FThe%2520Constitution%2520of%2520the%2520Commonwealth%2520of%2520Puerto%2520Rico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussd-129"><a href="#cite_ref-ussd_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm">"U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty"</a>. State.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621161149/https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State.+Dependencies+and+Areas+of+Special+Sovereignty&rft.pub=State.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fs%2Finr%2Frls%2F10543.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_State_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_State_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html">"U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Volume 7 – Consular Affairs (7 FAM 1120), 'Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions', pp. 1–3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State.+Foreign+Affairs+Manual%3A+Volume+7+%E2%80%93+Consular+Affairs+%287+FAM+1120%29%2C+%27Acquisition+of+U.S.+Nationality+in+U.S.+Territories+and+Possessions%27%2C+pp.+1%E2%80%933.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffam.state.gov%2FFAM%2F07FAM%2F07FAM1120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhg-131"><a href="#cite_ref-rhg_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf">Rules of the House of Representatives. Rule III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005220012/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf/">Archived</a> 5 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/5676842/Puerto-Rico-State-Elections-Commission-Help.pdf">"Help America Vote Act (HAVA) 2018 ELECTION SECURITY GRANT"</a> (PDF). Puerto Rico State Elections Commission. 25 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729065604/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/documents/5676842/Puerto-Rico-State-Elections-Commission-Help.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Help+America+Vote+Act+%28HAVA%29+2018+ELECTION+SECURITY+GRANT&rft.pub=Puerto+Rico+State+Elections+Commission&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F5676842%2FPuerto-Rico-State-Elections-Commission-Help.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf">"2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028170649/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+Presidential+Primary+Dates+and+Candidates+Filling+Datelines+for+Ballot+Access&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2F2008pdates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-linktopr.com-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linktopr.com_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-linktopr.com_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040411192635/http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html">"Consulados. Link to Puerto Rico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2004. Retrieved 3 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consulados.+Link+to+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linktopr.com%2Fconsulados.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundacion-135"><a href="#cite_ref-fundacion_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040421093959/http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html">"LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2004. Retrieved 21 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LinktoPR.com+%E2%80%93+Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+los+Pueblos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linktopr.com%2Ffundacion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdc-136"><a href="#cite_ref-sdc_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm">"Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process"</a> (Press release). Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly. 13 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409222103/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+committee+on+decolonization+approves+text+calling+on+United+States+to+expedite+Puerto+Rican+self-determination+process&rft.pub=Department+of+Public+Information%2C+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.date=2006-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2006%2Fgacol3138.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bea2005" class="citation web cs1">Keith Bea (25 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf">"Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress"</a> (PDF). Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928232129/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Status+of+Puerto+Rico%3A+Background%2C+Options%2C+and+Issues+in+the+109th+Congress&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2005-05-25&rft.au=Keith+Bea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL32933.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 ("The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ..."). </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Downes_v._Bidwell" title="Downes v. Bidwell">Downes v. Bidwell</a>, 182 U.S. 244, 261 (1901), commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision, Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 317 (1820); Rasmussen v. United States, 197 U.S. 516, 529–530, 536 (1905)(concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown), that once the Constitution has been extended to an area, its coverage is irrevocable; <a href="/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush" title="Boumediene v. Bush">Boumediene v. Bush</a> – That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories, neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith. The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. pp. 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)") </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitutional_Topic:_Citizenship-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitutional_Topic:_Citizenship_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html">"Constitutional Topic: Citizenship"</a>. U.S. Constitution Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211130139/http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Topic%3A+Citizenship&rft.pub=U.S.+Constitution+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usconstitution.net%2Fconsttop_citi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827">"Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes"</a>. Stanford.wellsphere.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827">the original</a> on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Ricans+pay+federal+commodity+taxes&rft.pub=Stanford.wellsphere.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstanford.wellsphere.com%2Fhealthcare-industry-policy-article%2Fpuerto-rico%2F267827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html">"Internal Revenue Service. ', Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico'"</a>. Irs.gov. 18 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703133155/https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal+Revenue+Service.+%27%2C+Topic+903+%E2%80%93+Federal+Employment+Tax+in+Puerto+Rico%27&rft.pub=Irs.gov&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irs.gov%2Ftaxtopics%2Ftc903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters2009-09-24-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters2009-09-24_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters2009-09-24_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924">"Reuters, 'Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform', 24 September 2009"</a>. Reuters. 24 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130062125/https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Reuters%2C+%27Puerto+Rico+hopes+to+gain+from+U.S.+healthcare+reform%27%2C+24+September+2009&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FhealthNews%2FidUSTRE58N5X320090924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, Brett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation">"The Heritage Foundation, 11 March 2009. "D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!", By Robert A. Book, PhD"</a>. Heritage.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429113102/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+Foundation%2C+11+March+2009.+%22D.C.+Voting+Rights%3A+No+Representation%3F+No+Taxation%21%22%2C+By+Robert+A.+Book%2C+PhD&rft.pub=Heritage.org&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2009%2F03%2Fdc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf">"Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit, Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+Manufacturers+Association%2C+CEO+Summit%2C+Federal+and+Local+Incentives%3A+Where+we+are%2C+Where+We+Want+to+be.+Amaya+Iraolagoitia%2C+Partner%2C+Tax+Dept.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcvpr.com%2FCM%2FCurrentEvents%2FCEOsummitarticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jct-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jct_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jct_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121058/http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf">"Joint Committee on Taxation. An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Committee+on+Taxation.+An+Overview+of+the+Special+Tax+Rules+Related+to+Puerto+Rico+and+an+Analysis+of+the+Tax+and+Economic+Policy+Implications+of+Recent+Legislative+Options&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jct.gov%2Fx-24-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Members of the military must pay federal income tax<a href="#cite_note-reuters2009-09-24-144">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-jct-147">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls">"Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009"</a> (XLS). <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709062753/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+5.+Internal+Revenue+Gross+Collections%2C+by+Type+of+Tax+and+State%2C+Fiscal+year+2009&rft.pub=Internal+Revenue+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irs.gov%2Fpub%2Firs-soi%2F09db05co.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924">Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022450/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252">"News & Media"</a>. PRFAA. 6 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%26+Media&rft.pub=PRFAA&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prfaa.com%2Fnews%2F%3Fp%3D252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martínez_Torres-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez_Torres_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martínez_Torres_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Torres,_Juez_(Judge)2015" class="citation web cs1">Martínez Torres, Juez (Judge) (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramajudicial.pr/ts/2015/2015tspr25.pdf">"Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres"</a> (PDF). Legal Document. El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145414/http://www.ramajudicial.pr/ts/2015/2015tspr25.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Document&rft.atitle=Opini%C3%B3n+del+Tribunal+emitida+por+el+Juez+Asociado+se%C3%B1or+Mart%C3%ADnez+Torres&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Torres%2C+Juez+%28Judge%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramajudicial.pr%2Fts%2F2015%2F2015tspr25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824132404/http://www.elnuevodia.com/colombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html">"Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). 20 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/colombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Colombia+y+Puerto+Rico+se+dan+la+mano&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fcolombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs/paises/2013/07/23/puerto-rico/">"Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Universidad_ICESI" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad ICESI">Universidad ICESI</a>. 23 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064317/http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs/paises/2013/07/23/puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relaciones+comerciales+entre+Colombia+y+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Universidad+ICESI&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icesi.edu.co%2Fblogs%2Fpaises%2F2013%2F07%2F23%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wines19-155"><a href="#cite_ref-wines19_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2019" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/us/Jenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html">"She's Puerto Rico's Only Link to Washington. She Could Be Its Future Governor"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726173211/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/us/Jenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019. <q>She noted that her campaign to become resident commissioner garnered more votes in 2016 than any other candidate for office in the unincorporated territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=She%27s+Puerto+Rico%27s+Only+Link+to+Washington.+She+Could+Be+Its+Future+Governor.&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2FJenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/148343.htm">"Mari Carmen Aponte"</a>. State.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521205719/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/148343.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Mari+Carmen+Aponte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbiog%2F148343.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/national/after-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html">"After Closing of Navy Base, Hard Times in Puerto Rico"</a>. The New York Times. 3 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003005620/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/national/after-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Closing+of+Navy+Base%2C+Hard+Times+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F03%2Fnational%2Fafter-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WQS-158"><a href="#cite_ref-WQS_158-0">^</a> OSD, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (DIOR); "Atlas/Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas – Fiscal Year 1997;" Department of Defense; 1998. Note: The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques, as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba </li> <li id="cite_note-CD-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CD_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CD_159-1">b</a> Meléndez, Edwin; Meléndez, Edgardo; Colonial Dilemma; <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>; Boston; 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryland_General_Assembly1997" class="citation web cs1">Maryland General Assembly (8 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlis.state.md.us/1997rs/billfile/sj0002.htm">"Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution"</a>. SJR2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105051722/http://mlis.state.md.us/1997rs/billfile/sj0002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SJR2&rft.atitle=Participation+of+Hispanics+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1997-04-08&rft.au=Maryland+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlis.state.md.us%2F1997rs%2Fbillfile%2Fsj0002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny_Nieves" class="citation web cs1">Danny Nieves. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valerosos.com/anouncements.html">"Special Announcements"</a>. Valerosos.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713064457/http://www.valerosos.com/anouncements.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Announcements&rft.pub=Valerosos.com&rft.au=Danny+Nieves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valerosos.com%2Fanouncements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSD-162"><a href="#cite_ref-OSD_162-0">^</a> Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs; "Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics – Summary End Fiscal Year 1996;" 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter" class="citation web cs1">Hunter, Britt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.law.fsu.edu/caribbean/puertorico">"Research Guides: Commonwealth Caribbean Law Research Guide: Puerto Rico"</a>. guides.law.fsu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119165910/https://guides.law.fsu.edu/caribbean/puertorico">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.law.fsu.edu&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+Commonwealth+Caribbean+Law+Research+Guide%3A+Puerto+Rico&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Britt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.law.fsu.edu%2Fcaribbean%2Fpuertorico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Steven H. (2021). The U.S. Justice System An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-305-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Justice+System+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-305-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_v._Sanchez_Valle" title="Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle">Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_579" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 579">579</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/579/59/">59</a> (2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-5/table_5_crime_in_the_united_states_by_state_2014.xls">"Table 5"</a>. FBI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI&rft.atitle=Table+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucr.fbi.gov%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s%2F2014%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s.-2014%2Ftables%2Ftable-5%2Ftable_5_crime_in_the_united_states_by_state_2014.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabi2012" class="citation news cs1">Chalabi, Mona (22 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list">"Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gun+homicides+and+gun+ownership+listed+by+country&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft.aulast=Chalabi&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2012%2Fjul%2F22%2Fgun-homicides-ownership-world-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123055804/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=345039&CategoryId=14092">"Latin American Herald Tribune – 80% of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug-Related"</a>. Laht.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=345039&CategoryId=14092">the original</a> on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laht.com&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Herald+Tribune+%E2%80%93+80%25+of+Puerto+Rico+Murders+Called+Drug-Related&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laht.com%2Farticle.asp%3FArticleId%3D345039%26CategoryId%3D14092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro1994" class="citation news cs1">Navarro, Mireya (31 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/us/after-carjacking-surge-puerto-rico-is-wary-behind-the-wheel.html">"After Carjacking Surge, Puerto Rico Is Wary Behind the Wheel"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Carjacking+Surge%2C+Puerto+Rico+Is+Wary+Behind+the+Wheel&rft.date=1994-07-31&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Mireya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F31%2Fus%2Fafter-carjacking-surge-puerto-rico-is-wary-behind-the-wheel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rico, Metro Puerto (8 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.pr/pr/noticias/2018/02/08/sacan-familia-auto-carjacking-guaynabo.html">"Sacan familia de auto para hacer carjacking en Guaynabo"</a>. Metro (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Sacan+familia+de+auto+para+hacer+carjacking+en+Guaynabo&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Rico&rft.aufirst=Metro+Puerto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.pr%2Fpr%2Fnoticias%2F2018%2F02%2F08%2Fsacan-familia-auto-carjacking-guaynabo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/destacados/Video-Carjacking-en-centro-comercial-de-Guaynabo-415767433.html">"Video: Carjacking en centro comercial de Guaynabo"</a>. Telemundo PR (in Spanish). 9 March 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telemundo+PR&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Carjacking+en+centro+comercial+de+Guaynabo&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telemundopr.com%2Fnoticias%2Fdestacados%2FVideo-Carjacking-en-centro-comercial-de-Guaynabo-415767433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Candelaria2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicole Candelaria (26 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elvocero.com/ley-y-orden/investigan-carjacking-en-guaynabo/article_10c65766-3100-11e8-a045-d7c8b1099ad8.html">"Investigan carjacking en Guaynabo"</a>. El Vocero de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Vocero+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Investigan+carjacking+en+Guaynabo&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.au=Nicole+Candelaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elvocero.com%2Fley-y-orden%2Finvestigan-carjacking-en-guaynabo%2Farticle_10c65766-3100-11e8-a045-d7c8b1099ad8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia-tribunales/nota/mujervictimadecarjackingapuntadepistolaenguaynabo-1322156/">"Mujer víctima de carjacking a punta de pistola en Guaynabo"</a>. Primera Hora (in Spanish). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primera+Hora&rft.atitle=Mujer+v%C3%ADctima+de+carjacking+a+punta+de+pistola+en+Guaynabo&rft.date=2019-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fnoticias%2Fpolicia-tribunales%2Fnota%2Fmujervictimadecarjackingapuntadepistolaenguaynabo-1322156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/sanjuan/press-releases/2014/arrests-of-elvin-manuel-otero-tarzia-sebastian-angelo-saldana-kevin-rivera-ruiz-and-a-male-juvenile">"Arrests of Elvin Manuel Otero Tarzia, Sebastian Angelo Saldana, Kevin Rivera Ruiz, and a Male Juvenile"</a>. FBI. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI&rft.atitle=Arrests+of+Elvin+Manuel+Otero+Tarzia%2C+Sebastian+Angelo+Saldana%2C+Kevin+Rivera+Ruiz%2C+and+a+Male+Juvenile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fsanjuan%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Farrests-of-elvin-manuel-otero-tarzia-sebastian-angelo-saldana-kevin-rivera-ruiz-and-a-male-juvenile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.notiuno.com/noticias/seguridad-y-justicia/alarmante-la-cifra-de-carjackings-en-la-isla/article_8aca3e14-4604-11e9-abb1-83bb825a5e77.html">"Alarmante la cifra de "carjackings" en la Isla"</a>. UNO Radio Group. Redacción Digital. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNO+Radio+Group&rft.atitle=Alarmante+la+cifra+de+%22carjackings%22+en+la+Isla&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.notiuno.com%2Fnoticias%2Fseguridad-y-justicia%2Falarmante-la-cifra-de-carjackings-en-la-isla%2Farticle_8aca3e14-4604-11e9-abb1-83bb825a5e77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=PR">"GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) - Puerto Rico | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212054854/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=PR">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GNI+per+capita%2C+Atlas+method+%28current+US%24%29+-+Puerto+Rico+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GNP.PCAP.CD%3Flocations%3DPR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013719/http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf">"PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET"</a> (PDF). Gdb-pur.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gdb-pur.com&rft.atitle=PUERTO+RICO+FACT+SHEET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdb-pur.com%2Feconomy%2Fdocuments%2FPREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/puerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand/">"Puerto Rico's tourism industry continues to expand"</a>. Business Destinations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053343/http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/puerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Destinations&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+tourism+industry+continues+to+expand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessdestinations.com%2Fdestinations%2Fpuerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interceptions-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interceptions_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interceptions_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interceptions_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interceptions_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interceptions_181-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloughWorkCaveyLiebhold2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCullough, Deborah G.; Work, Timothy T.; Cavey, Joseph F.; Liebhold, Andrew M.; Marshall, David (2006). "Interceptions of nonindigenous plant pests at US ports of entry and border crossings over a 17-year period". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_Invasions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological Invasions (page does not exist)">Biological Invasions</a>. 8 (4). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>: 611–630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006BiInv...8..611M">2006BiInv...8..611M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-005-1798-4">10.1007/s10530-005-1798-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23684940">23684940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Invasions&rft.atitle=Interceptions+of+nonindigenous+plant+pests+at+US+ports+of+entry+and+border+crossings+over+a+17-year+period&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-630&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23684940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10530-005-1798-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006BiInv...8..611M&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Deborah+G.&rft.au=Work%2C+Timothy+T.&rft.au=Cavey%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Liebhold%2C+Andrew+M.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulme2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hulme, Philip E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2008.01600.x">"Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Ecology" title="Journal of Applied Ecology">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>. 46 (1). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Publishing">Wiley Publishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Ecological_Society" title="British Ecological Society">British Ecological Society</a>): 10–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JApEc..46...10H">2009JApEc..46...10H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2008.01600.x">10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8901">0021-8901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1620024">1620024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Ecology&rft.atitle=Trade%2C+transport+and+trouble%3A+managing+invasive+species+pathways+in+an+era+of+globalization&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-18&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2008.01600.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1620024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8901&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JApEc..46...10H&rft.aulast=Hulme&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2664.2008.01600.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarlyBradleyDukesLawler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Early, Regan; Bradley, Bethany A.; Dukes, Jeffrey S.; Lawler, Joshua J.; Olden, Julian D.; Blumenthal, Dana M.; Gonzalez, Patrick; Grosholz, Edwin D.; Ibañez, Ines; Miller, Luke P.; Sorte, Cascade J. B.; Tatem, Andrew J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4996970">"Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a>: 12485. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712485E">2016NatCo...712485E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms12485">10.1038/ncomms12485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4996970">4996970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549569">27549569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1053793">1053793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Global+threats+from+invasive+alien+species+in+the+twenty-first+century+and+national+response+capacities&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12485&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4996970%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1053793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712485E&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12485&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27549569&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Regan&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bethany+A.&rft.au=Dukes%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Lawler%2C+Joshua+J.&rft.au=Olden%2C+Julian+D.&rft.au=Blumenthal%2C+Dana+M.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Grosholz%2C+Edwin+D.&rft.au=Iba%C3%B1ez%2C+Ines&rft.au=Miller%2C+Luke+P.&rft.au=Sorte%2C+Cascade+J.+B.&rft.au=Tatem%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4996970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermsMcCullough2014" class="citation journal cs1">Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162051">"Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a>. 59 (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 13–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162051">10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24112110">24112110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207608918">207608918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Emerald+Ash+Borer+Invasion+of+North+America%3A+History%2C+Biology%2C+Ecology%2C+Impacts%2C+and+Management&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-30&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207608918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24112110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162051&rft.aulast=Herms&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft.au=McCullough%2C+Deborah+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-ento-011613-162051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebholdTobin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Liebhold, Andrew M.; Tobin, Patrick C. (2008). "Population Ecology of Insect Invasions and Their Management". <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a>. 53 (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 387–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.52.110405.091401">10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17877456">17877456</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11688227">11688227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Population+Ecology+of+Insect+Invasions+and+Their+Management&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=387-408&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11688227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17877456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.52.110405.091401&rft.aulast=Liebhold&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft.au=Tobin%2C+Patrick+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebholdBrockerhoffGarrettParke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liebhold, Andrew M; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G; Garrett, Lynn J; Parke, Jennifer L; Britton, Kerry O (2012). "Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US". <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Ecology_and_the_Environment" title="Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Publishing">Wiley Publishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecological_Society_of_America" title="Ecological Society of America">Ecological Society of America</a>): 135–143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012FrEE...10..135L">2012FrEE...10..135L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F110198">10.1890/110198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9295">1540-9295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86218354">86218354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Live+plant+imports%3A+the+major+pathway+for+forest+insect+and+pathogen+invasions+of+the+US&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-143&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F110198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86218354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1540-9295&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012FrEE...10..135L&rft.aulast=Liebhold&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M&rft.au=Brockerhoff%2C+Eckehard+G&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Lynn+J&rft.au=Parke%2C+Jennifer+L&rft.au=Britton%2C+Kerry+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAukemaMcCulloughVon_HolleLiebhold2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aukema, Juliann E.; McCullough, Deborah G.; Von Holle, Betsy; Liebhold, Andrew M.; Britton, Kerry; Frankel, Susan J. (2010). "Historical Accumulation of Nonindigenous Forest Pests in the Continental United States". <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>. 60 (11). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Biological_Sciences" title="American Institute of Biological Sciences">American Institute of Biological Sciences</a>): 886–897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2010.60.11.5">10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244">1525-3244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28154739">28154739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Historical+Accumulation+of+Nonindigenous+Forest+Pests+in+the+Continental+United+States&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=886-897&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28154739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1525-3244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fbio.2010.60.11.5&rft.aulast=Aukema&rft.aufirst=Juliann+E.&rft.au=McCullough%2C+Deborah+G.&rft.au=Von+Holle%2C+Betsy&rft.au=Liebhold%2C+Andrew+M.&rft.au=Britton%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li><li> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerBrockerhoffBertelsmeierBlake2021" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Rebecca M.; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Bertelsmeier, Cleo; Blake, Rachael E.; Caton, Barney; James, Alex; MacLeod, Alan; Nahrung, Helen F.; Pawson, Stephen M.; Plank, Michael J.; Pureswaran, Deepa S.; Seebens, Hanno; Yamanaka, Takehiko; Liebhold, Andrew M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A28309">"Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human-mediated global insect movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Applications">Ecological Applications</a>. 31 (7). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Publishing">Wiley Publishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecological_Society_of_America" title="Ecological Society of America">Ecological Society of America</a>): e02412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EcoAp..31E2412T">2021EcoAp..31E2412T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feap.2412">10.1002/eap.2412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1051-0761">1051-0761</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34255404">34255404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235809250">235809250</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022013917/https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:28309">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Worldwide+border+interceptions+provide+a+window+into+human-mediated+global+insect+movement&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e02412&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235809250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021EcoAp..31E2412T&rft.issn=1051-0761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Feap.2412&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34255404&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+M.&rft.au=Brockerhoff%2C+Eckehard+G.&rft.au=Bertelsmeier%2C+Cleo&rft.au=Blake%2C+Rachael+E.&rft.au=Caton%2C+Barney&rft.au=James%2C+Alex&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Alan&rft.au=Nahrung%2C+Helen+F.&rft.au=Pawson%2C+Stephen+M.&rft.au=Plank%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Pureswaran%2C+Deepa+S.&rft.au=Seebens%2C+Hanno&rft.au=Yamanaka%2C+Takehiko&rft.au=Liebhold%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dora.lib4ri.ch%2Fwsl%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fwsl%253A28309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Heston" title="Alan Heston">Alan Heston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Summers_(economist)" title="Robert Summers (economist)">Robert Summers</a> and Bettina Aten, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822040945/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php">Penn World Table Version 7.1</a>, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, July 2012. Accessed on 19 August 2012. Note: GDP per capita data are "PPP Converted GDP Per Capita, average GEKS-CPDW, at current prices (in I$)", labeled as variable "cgdp2". </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrcech_San_Inocencio2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torrcech San Inocencio, Rafael (7 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153646/http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html">"La autosuficiencia alimentaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=La+autosuficiencia+alimentaria&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft.aulast=Torrcech+San+Inocencio&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fvoz-titulo-1137663.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillán_Rodríguez2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millán Rodríguez, Yamilet (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002045/http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/">"Denuncian politización de Junta AEE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Vocero" title="El Vocero">El Vocero</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Vocero&rft.atitle=Denuncian+politizaci%C3%B3n+de+Junta+AEE&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Mill%C3%A1n+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Yamilet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocero.com%2Fdenuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera_Rosado2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vera Rosado, Ileanexis (17 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000540/http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/">"Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Vocero" title="El Vocero">El Vocero</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Vocero&rft.atitle=Ineficiencia+arropa+a+los+recursos+econ%C3%B3micos+de+salud&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.aulast=Vera+Rosado&rft.aufirst=Ileanexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocero.com%2Fineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González, Jenisabel (13 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153626/http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html">"Debemos más de lo que producimos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Debemos+m%C3%A1s+de+lo+que+producimos&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Jenisabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fdebemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauzá2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauzá, Nydia (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204214520/http://www.elnuevodia.com/garciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html">"García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país "en cantos""</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/garciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Garc%C3%ADa+Padilla+insiste+en+que+hered%C3%B3+un+pa%C3%ADs+%22en+cantos%22&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Bauz%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Nydia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fgarciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_IndicatorsWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank Indicators; World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/puerto-rico">"World Bank Indicators 2012: Puerto Rico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215065629/https://data.worldbank.org/country/puerto-rico">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Indicators+2012%3A+Puerto+Rico&rft.au=World+Bank+Indicators&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Fpuerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wef-gcr-2013-195"><a href="#cite_ref-wef-gcr-2013_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab2013" class="citation web cs1">Schwab, Klaus (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf">"The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920154137/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2013%E2%80%932014&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintero2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quintero, Laura (14 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201150906/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html">"Las estadísticas hablan: Puerto Rico camino a ser el "Detroit del Caribe""</a>. <a href="/wiki/NotiCel" title="NotiCel">NotiCel</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NotiCel&rft.atitle=Las+estad%C3%ADsticas+hablan%3A+Puerto+Rico+camino+a+ser+el+%22Detroit+del+Caribe%22&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft.aulast=Quintero&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticel.com%2Fnoticia%2F148055%2Flas-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/02/puerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria/3346139002/">"Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists"</a>. USA Today. 2 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164315/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/02/puerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria/3346139002/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019. <q>Brief power outages still hit occasionally as the government prepares to privatize an aging and poorly maintained grid that was destroyed by the hurricane, and water shortages have hit parts of Puerto Rico's north coast since 30 percent of the island is experiencing a moderate drought that is affecting 791,000 of its 3.2 million inhabitants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+two+years+after+Hurricane+Maria+devastation%2C+Puerto+Rico+welcomes+record+number+of+tourists&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2F02%2Fpuerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria%2F3346139002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viahero.com/travel-to-puerto-rico/puerto-rico-tourism-update">"Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists"</a>. ViaHero. 2 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164436/https://www.viahero.com/travel-to-puerto-rico/puerto-rico-tourism-update">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019. <q>Almost all of Puerto Rico's hotels are open for business. The beaches are ready for swimming and sunbathing, and even remote places to visit like El Yunque rainforest are receiving visitors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+two+years+after+Hurricane+Maria+devastation%2C+Puerto+Rico+welcomes+record+number+of+tourists&rft.pub=ViaHero&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viahero.com%2Ftravel-to-puerto-rico%2Fpuerto-rico-tourism-update&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skift.com/2019/04/24/culture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign/">"Culture Is Central in Puerto Rico's New Marketing Campaign"</a>. Skift. 24 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164352/https://skift.com/2019/04/24/culture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+Is+Central+in+Puerto+Rico%27s+New+Marketing+Campaign&rft.pub=Skift&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskift.com%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2Fculture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Brown2017" class="citation news cs1">Nick Brown (18 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks">"Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks"</a>. The Fiscal Times. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217145557/http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fiscal+Times&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+oversight+board+favors+more+time+for+restructuring+talks&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.au=Nick+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefiscaltimes.com%2Flatestnews%2F2017%2F01%2F18%2FPuerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starherald.com/news/nation_world/puerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan/article_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html">"Puerto Rico Gets More Time"</a>. Star Herald. Scottsbluff, ME. Associated Press. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Herald&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+Gets+More+Time&rft.date=2017-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation_world%2Fpuerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan%2Farticle_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt2017" class="citation news cs1">Platt, Eric (19 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6">"New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution"</a>. Financial Times. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/d9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=New+Puerto+Rico+governor+seeks+amicable+debt+crisis+resolution&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fd9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2017" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Dan (17 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Secretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx">"Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico"</a>. Department of the Treasury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062856/https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Secretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.atitle=Secretary+Lew+Sends+Letter+to+115th+Congress+on+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fconnect%2Fblog%2FPages%2FSecretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Brown2017" class="citation news cs1">Nick Brown (18 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks">"Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks"</a>. The Fiscal Times. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217145557/http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017. <q>The bipartisan, seven-member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA, passed by the U.S. Congress last year. It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam, including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fiscal+Times&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+oversight+board+favors+more+time+for+restructuring+talks&rft.date=2017-01-18&rft.au=Nick+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefiscaltimes.com%2Flatestnews%2F2017%2F01%2F18%2FPuerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para 'estimular la economía'". El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Economistas+se+Oponen+a+las+Reformas+para+%27estimular+la+econom%C3%ADa%27&rft.date=2017-02-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBases2017" class="citation web cs1">Bases, Daniel (4 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222116/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html">"Puerto Rico to furlough workers, proposes pension plan reform"</a>. Cnbc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cnbc.com&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+to+furlough+workers%2C+proposes+pension+plan+reform&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Bases&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F08%2F04%2Freuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme-208"><a href="#cite_ref-el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastrodad2014" class="citation news cs1">Castrodad, José (7 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409052840/http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/">"La Estadidad es una, única, uniforme e irreversible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Vocero" title="El Vocero">El Vocero</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/">the original</a> on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Vocero&rft.atitle=La+Estadidad+es+una%2C+%C3%BAnica%2C+uniforme+e+irreversible&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Castrodad&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felvocero.com%2Fla-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2013" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Mary (7 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/worsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico/">"Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102003355/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/worsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Worsening+Debt+Crisis+Threatens+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F07%2Fworsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003237/http://www.elnuevodia.com/comopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html">"¿Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_D%C3%ADa" title="El Nuevo Día">El Nuevo Día</a> (in Spanish). 4 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/comopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=%C2%BFC%C3%B3mo+Puerto+Rico+lleg%C3%B3+a+tener+cr%C3%A9dito+chatarra%3F&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fcomopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdb-report-2013-212"><a href="#cite_ref-gdb-report-2013_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422202646/http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf">"Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Government_Development_Bank" title="Puerto Rico Government Development Bank">Puerto Rico Government Development Bank</a>. 18 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Information+and+Operating+Data+Report+to+October+18%2C+2013&rft.pub=Puerto+Rico+Government+Development+Bank&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdb-pur.com%2Fspa%2Fdocuments%2Fcommonwealthreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grupocne.org/2013/01/31/san-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais/">"San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País"</a>. Centro Para Una Nueva Economía. Center for a New Economy. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045551/http://grupocne.org/2013/01/31/san-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+Para+Una+Nueva+Econom%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=San+Juan+2023+o+la+decadencia+de+un+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrupocne.org%2F2013%2F01%2F31%2Fsan-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014050/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf">"SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA"</a> (PDF). ".pr.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22.pr.gov&rft.atitle=SERVICIO+DE+LA+DEUDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.pr.gov%2Fpresupuestos%2Fpresupuesto2011-2012%2FResumen%2520del%2520Presupuesto%2FServicio%2520de%2520la%2520Deuda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013905/http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf">"Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública"</a> (PDF). ".pr.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22.pr.gov&rft.atitle=Reporte+General+sobre+Deuda+P%C3%BAblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdbpr.com%2Fspa%2Finvestors_resources%2Fdocuments%2F2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2017" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Mary Williams (2 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html">"Puerto Rico's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703030726/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+Power+Authority+Effectively+Files+for+Bankruptcy&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mary+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fpuerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-refworld.org-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refworld.org_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-refworld.org_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico: Dominicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917070025/http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Puerto+Rico%3A+Dominicans&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749cc7c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140618035840/http://www.militaryinstallations.dod.mil/pls/psgprod/f?p=132:CONTENT:618940367579001::NO::P4_INST_ID,P4_INST_TYPE:4150,INSTALLATION">"Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico"</a>. Military Installations. Department of Defense. Retrieved 17 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313113741/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html">"Puerto Rico's Cost of Living Skyrockets"</a>. Huffingtonpost.com. 29 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+Cost+of+Living+Skyrockets&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F09%2F29%2Fpuerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2014" class="citation news cs1">Alvarez, Lizette (8 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html?_r=0">"Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Economy+and+Crime+Spur+New+Puerto+Rican+Exodus&rft.date=2014-02-08&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Lizette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Feconomy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208121032/http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html">"Home – El Nuevo Día"</a>. Elnuevodia.com. 31 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+El+Nuevo+D%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Elnuevodia.com&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevodia.com%2Fsigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/midaconcluyealtocostodevidaeslapreocupacionmayordelboricua-399279/">"MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua"</a>. Primerahora.com. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIDA+concluye+alto+costo+de+vida+es+la+preocupaci%C3%B3n+mayor+del+boricua&rft.pub=Primerahora.com&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fnoticias%2Fgobierno-politica%2Fnota%2Fmidaconcluyealtocostodevidaeslapreocupacionmayordelboricua-399279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2007" class="citation news cs1">Dougherty, Conor (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118705864479596908">"Puerto Rico's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers"</a>. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+Economic+Slump+Weighs+Hard+on+Consumers&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB118705864479596908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoto2013" class="citation web cs1">Coto, Danica (29 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413160122/http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/">"Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis"</a>. Nbclatino.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/">the original</a> on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+in+Puerto+Rico+becomes+costlier+amid+crisis&rft.pub=Nbclatino.com&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft.aulast=Coto&rft.aufirst=Danica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbclatino.com%2F2013%2F09%2F29%2Flife-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1-227"><a href="#cite_ref-census1_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"Puerto Rico 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. US Census. Department of Commerce. 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+2012%E2%80%932016+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorkfed.org/regional/profile_puertorico.html">"Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>. August 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+New+York&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkfed.org%2Fregional%2Fprofile_puertorico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-erg-trade-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erg-trade_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-erg-trade_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutierrez" class="citation web cs1">Gutierrez, Elías. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122312/http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf">"Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+Coastwise+Trade+Laws+on+the+Transportation+System+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=El%C3%ADas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraduados.uprrp.edu%2Fplanificacion%2Ffacultad%2Felias-gutierrez%2FERGTRADE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago2012" class="citation news cs1">Santiago, Jaime (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308221156/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&ct_id=0">"Jones Act requirement comes under new light"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Business">Caribbean Business</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&ct_id=0">the original</a> on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Business&rft.atitle=Jones+Act+requirement+comes+under+new+light&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanbusinesspr.com%2Fprnt_ed%2Fnews02.php%3Fnw_id%3D7877%26ct_id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joc-gao-report-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joc-gao-report_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joc-gao-report_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joc-gao-report_233-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-regulations/united-states/gao%27s-jones-act-report-inconclusive_20130320.html">"GAO's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Commerce" title="The Journal of Commerce">The Journal of Commerce</a>. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=GAO%27s+Jones+Act+Report+Is+Inconclusive&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joc.com%2Fregulation-policy%2Ftransportation-regulations%2Funited-states%2Fgao%2527s-jones-act-report-inconclusive_20130320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-gao-report-pdf-236"><a href="#cite_ref-gao-report-pdf_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653046.pdf">"GAO-13-260, Puerto Rico: Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">United States Government Accountability Office</a>. March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAO-13-260%2C+Puerto+Rico%3A+Characteristics+of+the+Island%27s+Maritime+Trade+and+Potential+Effects+of+Modifying+the+Jones+Act&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fassets%2F660%2F653046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve_&_AssociatesEstudios_Técnicos,_Inc.2018" class="citation report cs1">Reeve & Associates; Estudios Técnicos, Inc. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210412/https://3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Report_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf">Impact of the U.S. Jones Act on Puerto Rico</a> (PDF) (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Report_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Impact+of+the+U.S.+Jones+Act+on+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Reeve+%26+Associates&rft.au=Estudios+T%C3%A9cnicos%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FReport_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRPA2008-07-28-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRPA2008-07-28_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRPA2008-07-28_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007181239/http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/apmain.aspx">"Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales (Spanish)"</a>. Puerto Rico Ports Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/APMain.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aeropuertos+Internacionales+y+Regionales+%28Spanish%29&rft.pub=Puerto+Rico+Ports+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpa.gobierno.pr%2FAPMain.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portoftheamericas.com/about.project/overview.htm">"About the Project – Overview"</a>. Port of the Americas Authority. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Project+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=Port+of+the+Americas+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portoftheamericas.com%2Fabout.project%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081627/http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf">"Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico"</a> (PDF). Presupuesto.gobierno.pr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presupuesto.gobierno.pr&rft.atitle=Ley+de+la+Autoridad+de+Energ%C3%ADa+El%C3%A9ctrica+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presupuesto.gobierno.pr%2FPresupuestosAnteriores%2Faf2008_2009%2FTomo_II%2Fsuppdocs%2Fbaselegal%2F169%2F169.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagán2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pagán, José Karlo (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/empleados-de-la-aee-se-manifiestan-contra-luma-en-el-tribunal-federal-y-en-la-sede-de-la-junta/">"Empleados de la AEE se manifiestan contra LUMA en el Tribunal federal y en la sede de la Junta"</a> [AEE Employees Protest Against LUMA at the Federal Courthouse and Fiscal Oversight Management Board Headquarters]. <a href="/wiki/Primera_Hora_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)">Primera Hora</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610184853/https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/empleados-de-la-aee-se-manifiestan-contra-luma-en-el-tribunal-federal-y-en-la-sede-de-la-junta/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primera+Hora&rft.atitle=Empleados+de+la+AEE+se+manifiestan+contra+LUMA+en+el+Tribunal+federal+y+en+la+sede+de+la+Junta&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Pag%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Karlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fnoticias%2Fpuerto-rico%2Fnotas%2Fempleados-de-la-aee-se-manifiestan-contra-luma-en-el-tribunal-federal-y-en-la-sede-de-la-junta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_Clemente2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivera Clemente, Yaritza (4 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elvocero.com/gobierno/se-organizan-m-s-protestas-para-exigir-la-salida-de-luma/article_c3fa4e7c-c4f1-11eb-84b5-838499c5c700.html">"Se organizan más protestas para exigir la salida de LUMA"</a> [More Protests Are Organized to Demand LUMA's Departure]. <a href="/wiki/El_Vocero" title="El Vocero">El Vocero</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610185832/https://www.elvocero.com/gobierno/se-organizan-m-s-protestas-para-exigir-la-salida-de-luma/article_c3fa4e7c-c4f1-11eb-84b5-838499c5c700.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Vocero&rft.atitle=Se+organizan+m%C3%A1s+protestas+para+exigir+la+salida+de+LUMA&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.aulast=Rivera+Clemente&rft.aufirst=Yaritza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elvocero.com%2Fgobierno%2Fse-organizan-m-s-protestas-para-exigir-la-salida-de-luma%2Farticle_c3fa4e7c-c4f1-11eb-84b5-838499c5c700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517064319/https://acueductospr.com/web/guest">"Inicio - Acueductospr"</a>. acueductospr.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acueductospr.com/web/guest">the original</a> on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acueductospr.com&rft.atitle=Inicio+-+Acueductospr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facueductospr.com%2Fweb%2Fguest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsamblea_Legislativa_de_Puerto_Rico2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly">Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico</a> (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Agua/40-1945.pdf">"Ley de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Puerto Rico"</a> (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Virtual+del+Gobierno+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Ley+de+Acueductos+y+Alcantarillados+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.au=Asamblea+Legislativa+de+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbvirtualogp.pr.gov%2Fogp%2FBvirtual%2Fleyesreferencia%2FPDF%2FAgua%2F40-1945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17140680">"Puerto Rico profile"</a>, BBC News, 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013-246"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013_246-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"Communications: Puerto Rico"</a>, World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 9 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/amateur-radio-service/amateur-call-sign-systems">"Amateur Call Sign Systems"</a>. Federal Communications Commission. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Amateur+Call+Sign+Systems&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fwireless%2Fbureau-divisions%2Fmobility-division%2Famateur-radio-service%2Famateur-call-sign-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lextransito/lextransitocap02.htm">"Ley de Vehículos y Tránsito de Puerto Rico del 2000"</a>. www.lexjuris.com. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lexjuris.com&rft.atitle=Ley+de+Veh%C3%ADculos+y+Tr%C3%A1nsito+de+Puerto+Rico+del+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexjuris.com%2Flexlex%2Flextransito%2Flextransitocap02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyKrupa2017" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Paul P.; Krupa, Michelle (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/27/us/puerto-rico-maria-ham-radio-operators-trnd/index.html">"Ham radio operators are saving Puerto Rico one transmission at a time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ham+radio+operators+are+saving+Puerto+Rico+one+transmission+at+a+time&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Paul+P.&rft.au=Krupa%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2Fus%2Fpuerto-rico-maria-ham-radio-operators-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml">"Population History, 1765–2010"</a>. Welcome to Puerto Rico!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091032/https://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+History%2C+1765%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Welcome+to+Puerto+Rico%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelcome.topuertorico.org%2Freference%2Fpophistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-census-2020-puerto-rico-e2cb57f6e4ea5f6eb0ebdacd9ed266e5">"Puerto Rico ponders race amid surprising census results"</a>. AP News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+ponders+race+amid+surprising+census+results&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frace-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-census-2020-puerto-rico-e2cb57f6e4ea5f6eb0ebdacd9ed266e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Wall_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165520/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html">"Wall Street eyes PR population loss"</a>. Caribbean Business. 14 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Business&rft.atitle=Wall+Street+eyes+PR+population+loss&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanbusinesspr.com%2Fnews%2Fwall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheathamRoy2022" class="citation web cs1">Cheatham, Amelia; Roy, Diana (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/puerto-rico-us-territory-crisis">"Puerto Rico: A U.S. Territory in Crisis"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103042405/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/puerto-rico-us-territory-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%3A+A+U.S.+Territory+in+Crisis&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.aulast=Cheatham&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft.au=Roy%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fpuerto-rico-us-territory-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, US Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html">"Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201231936/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+Population+Declined+11.8%25+From+2010+to+2020&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=US+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2Fstate-by-state%2Fpuerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html">"Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% from 2010 to 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201231936/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+Population+Declined+11.8%25+from+2010+to+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2Fstate-by-state%2Fpuerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau2020" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?text=Decennial+census&t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=040XX00US72">"Profile of general population and housing characteristics"</a>. Decennial Census, DEC Demographic Profile, Table DP1, 2020 (data table). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004045500/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?text=Decennial+census&t=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=040XX00US72">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decennial+Census%2C+DEC+Demographic+Profile%2C+Table+DP1%2C+2020&rft.atitle=Profile+of+general+population+and+housing+characteristics&rft.date=2020&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALDP2020.DP1%3Ftext%3DDecennial%2Bcensus%26t%3DRace%2Band%2BEthnicity%26g%3D040XX00US72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-census-2020-puerto-rico-e2cb57f6e4ea5f6eb0ebdacd9ed266e5">"Puerto Rico ponders race amid surprising census results"</a>. AP News. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+ponders+race+amid+surprising+census+results&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frace-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-census-2020-puerto-rico-e2cb57f6e4ea5f6eb0ebdacd9ed266e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taeuber-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Taeuber_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaeuber1943" class="citation book cs1">Taeuber, Irene B. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvHgRN6N_aMC&pg=PA147">General Censuses and Vital Statistics in the Americas</a>. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87917-036-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87917-036-3"><bdi>978-0-87917-036-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324133921/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvHgRN6N_aMC&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Censuses+and+Vital+Statistics+in+the+Americas&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=United+States+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=978-0-87917-036-3&rft.aulast=Taeuber&rft.aufirst=Irene+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvHgRN6N_aMC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Middeldyk1975" class="citation book cs1">Van Middeldyk, R. A (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html">"Part 4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html">The History of Puerto Rico</a>. Arno Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-06241-4"><bdi>978-0-405-06241-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507104158/http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+4&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-405-06241-4&rft.aulast=Van+Middeldyk&rft.aufirst=R.+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fullbooks.com%2FThe-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trove-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Trove_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32192140">"Puerto Rico"</a>. Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916). 28 April 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043247/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32192140">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kalgoorlie+Western+Argus+%28WA+%3A+1896+-+1916%29&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico&rft.date=1898-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article32192140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/caribbeanri/faculty-pages/juan-carlos.html">"Juan C. Martínez-Cruzado | Caribbean Research Institute | The University of Winnipeg"</a>. www.uwinnipeg.ca. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uwinnipeg.ca&rft.atitle=Juan+C.+Mart%C3%ADnez-Cruzado+%7C+Caribbean+Research+Institute+%7C+The+University+of+Winnipeg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwinnipeg.ca%2Fcaribbeanri%2Ffaculty-pages%2Fjuan-carlos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazinePoole" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Poole, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-were-taino-original-inhabitants-columbus-island-73824867/?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEt29leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHbPFu5hv-S1be2B2uK8Js3M-aZf78-h5IFiSAoNYndL-l56CCFQiF-Y-Sg_aem_FsjMZkOAjA0o8Yqt6S70Kw">"Who Were the Taíno, the Original Inhabitants of Columbus' Island Colonies?"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Ta%C3%ADno%2C+the+Original+Inhabitants+of+Columbus%27+Island+Colonies%3F&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Poole%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwho-were-taino-original-inhabitants-columbus-island-73824867%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwY2xjawGEt29leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHbPFu5hv-S1be2B2uK8Js3M-aZf78-h5IFiSAoNYndL-l56CCFQiF-Y-Sg_aem_FsjMZkOAjA0o8Yqt6S70Kw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/">"The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas"</a>. Latino USA. 28 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724041327/http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latino+USA&rft.atitle=The+Other+Border%3A+Puerto+Rico%27s+Seas&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinousa.org%2F2014%2F03%2F28%2Fborder-puerto-ricos-seas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf">"Portadilla de Revista"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portadilla+de+Revista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.havenscenter.org%2Ffiles%2FDominican%2520Migration%2520to%2520Puerto%2520Rico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-265"><a href="#cite_ref-factfinder.census.gov_265-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table">PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105515/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table">Archived</a> 19 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Bargent2017" class="citation web cs1">James Bargent (27 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico">"Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021022301/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominican+People+Smugglers+Trafficked+Cubans+to+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.au=James+Bargent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Fnews-briefs%2Fdominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131">"Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires"</a>. BBC. 5 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623111651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+population+swap%3A+The+middle+class+for+millionaires&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-32344131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFData_Access_and_Dissemination_Systems_(DADS)" class="citation web cs1">Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212210049/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table">"American FactFinder – Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table">the original</a> on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.au=Data+Access+and+Dissemination+Systems+%28DADS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_13_1YR_S0201%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html">"Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus"</a>. The New York Times. 9 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627005409/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Economy+and+Crime+Spur+New+Puerto+Rican+Exodus&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Feconomy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaLowe2023" class="citation web cs1">Peña, Jessica; Lowe, Ricardo Henrique Jr. (23 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html">"Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Eight+Hispanic+Groups+Each+Had+a+Million+or+More+Population+in+2020&rft.date=2023-09-23&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Ricardo+Henrique+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2023%2F09%2F2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr">"QuickFacts Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330054937/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=QuickFacts+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Fpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> "Official Language", Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975). </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041859/http://muniz-arguelles.com/resources/The%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Blanguages%2Bin%2BPuerto%2BRico.pdf">The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.</a> Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. c. 1988. Page 466. Retrieved 4 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-factfinder.census.gov2-275"><a href="#cite_ref-factfinder.census.gov2_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524214928/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t">"U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=307&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=">the original</a> on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Annual+Population+Estimates+2007&rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D04000US72%26-context%3Dadp%26-ds_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_%26-tree_id%3D307%26-_lang%3Den%26-_caller%3Dgeoselect%26-format%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">"Demography – Puerto Rico"</a>. Pew Research. Pew Research, DC. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511221913/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Demography+%E2%80%93+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html">Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831055841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html">Archived</a> 31 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (8 May 2012). Retrieved 4 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html">"Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico"</a>. Language Education Policy Studies. International Association for Language Education Policy Studies. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112048/http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Education+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+Education+Policy+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageeducationpolicy.org%2Flepbyworldregion%2Fcaribbeanpuertorico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/">"Key findings about Puerto Rico"</a>. 29 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063019/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+findings+about+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F03%2F29%2Fkey-findings-about-puerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics">"Religion in Latin America"</a>. 13 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330015000/https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Freligion-in-latin-america%2F%23religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Porto_Rico">"Porto Rico" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porto+Rico&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rico_Office_of_Historian_1949-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_Office_of_Historian_1949_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuerto_Rico._Office_of_Historian1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306">Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos</a> (in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111012634/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesauro+de+datos+historicos%3A+indice+compendioso+de+la+literatura+hist%C3%B3rica+de+Puerto+Rico%2C+incluyendo+algunos+datos+in%C3%A9ditos%2C+period%C3%ADsticos+y+cartogr%C3%A1ficos&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Impr.+del+Gobierno+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Puerto+Rico.+Office+of+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVRnAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317153425/http://www.episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html">"Sobre Nosotros"</a>. Episcopalpr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html">the original</a> on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sobre+Nosotros&rft.pub=Episcopalpr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepiscopalpr.org%2Fsobre_nosotros%2Fsobre_nosotros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963). Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm">"La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico"</a>. Preb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717075107/http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+presencia+Germanica+en+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Preb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preb.com%2Farticulos%2Faleman2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Ana Adams: "Brincando el Charco..." in Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America, Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/">"Religion in Latin America"</a>. Pew Research. Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330015000/https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Freligion-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"Puerto Rico"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 October 2024, retrieved 23 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2024-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez2015" class="citation web cs1">López, Gustavo (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/">"Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2013"</a>. Pew Research. Pew Research Center, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010153809/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2017. <q>Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia or elsewhere, but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Hispanics+of+Puerto+Rican+Origin+in+the+United+States%2C+2013&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewhispanic.org%2F2015%2F09%2F15%2Fhispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse-investigation">"Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation"</a>. Fox News. Associated Press. 12 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145958/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+and+Puerto+Rico+officials+at+odds+in+widening+sex+abuse+investigation&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fcatholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse-investigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://misionsanjuanclimaco.org/">"¡Bienvenidos!"</a> (in Spanish). Misión Ortodoxa San Juan Clímaco. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A1Bienvenidos%21&rft.pub=Misi%C3%B3n+Ortodoxa+San+Juan+Cl%C3%ADmaco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmisionsanjuanclimaco.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911012457/https://iglesia-ortodoxa-patriarcado-de-antioquia.business.site/">"Iglesia Ortodoxa Patriarcado de Antioquia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iglesia-ortodoxa-patriarcado-de-antioquia.business.site/">the original</a> on 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iglesia+Ortodoxa+Patriarcado+de+Antioquia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Figlesia-ortodoxa-patriarcado-de-antioquia.business.site%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223521/http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html">"Welcome"</a>. Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org%2FDormition_of_the_Theotokos%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxchurchpr.org/">"Orthodox Church PR"</a>. www.orthodoxchurchpr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107101903/https://www.orthodoxchurchpr.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orthodoxchurchpr.org&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Church+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxchurchpr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarillas2017" class="citation web cs1">Barillas, Martin (10 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163941/https://parma.org/news/puerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish">"Puerto Rico Welcomes First-Ever Eastern Catholic Parish"</a>. Horizons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parma.org/news/puerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish">the original</a> on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horizons&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico+Welcomes+First-Ever+Eastern+Catholic+Parish&rft.date=2017-09-10&rft.aulast=Barillas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparma.org%2Fnews%2Fpuerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/san-juan-puerto-rico-temple/">"San Juan Puerto Rico Temple | ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org"</a>. Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403182924/https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/san-juan-puerto-rico-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Temples+of+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.atitle=San+Juan+Puerto+Rico+Temple+%7C+ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchofjesuschristtemples.org%2Fsan-juan-puerto-rico-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/puerto-rico">"Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership"</a>. newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517132219/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/puerto-rico">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Statistics+and+Church+Facts+%7C+Total+Church+Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ffacts-and-statistics%2Fcountry%2Fpuerto-rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pp. 184–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Wasko2011" class="citation news cs1">Dennis Wasko (11 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico">"The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Puerto Rico"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130050/http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Palate%3A+The+Jews+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.au=Dennis+Wasko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FFood-Index%2FThe-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html">"The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226202626/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FPuerto_Rico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LN-301"><a href="#cite_ref-LN_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203700/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237">"Luxner News"</a>. Luxner.com. 3 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237">the original</a> on 7 November 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxner+News&rft.pub=Luxner.com&rft.date=2004-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxner.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fview_article.cgi%3FarticleID%3D1237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EG-302"><a href="#cite_ref-EG_302-0">^</a> Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo; by <a href="/wiki/Delma_S._Arrigoitia" title="Delma S. Arrigoitia">Delma S. Arrigoitia</a>; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942347-52-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942347-52-4">978-0-942347-52-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html">"Korber House"</a>. Prairieschooltraveler.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203424/http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korber+House&rft.pub=Prairieschooltraveler.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prairieschooltraveler.com%2Fhtml%2Fworld%2Fpr%2FKorber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65">"Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico"</a>. Institute of Islamic Information and Education. 8 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003145/http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Muslims+and+Percentage+in+Puero+Rico&rft.pub=Institute+of+Islamic+Information+and+Education&rft.date=2006-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiie.net%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194154/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29">"Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Percent+Puerto+Rican+population+that+are+Muslims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religiousintelligence.co.uk%2Fcountry%2F%3FCountryID%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 8 June, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002214355/http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html">"Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico"</a>. Pupr.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+mosques+in+Pto.+Rico&rft.pub=Pupr.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pupr.edu%2Fmsa%2Fmosques.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505090834/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm">"Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras"</a>. Saudiaramcoworld.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+concentrated+in+Rio+Piedras&rft.pub=Saudiaramcoworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F198706%2Fmuslims.in.the.caribbean.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707012751/https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/">"Home"</a>. Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/">the original</a> on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahaipr.org%2Findex.php%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm">"BuddhaNet"</a>. Buddhanet.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312005910/http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BuddhaNet&rft.pub=Buddhanet.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fl_tibet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico">"Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico"</a>. Facebook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043318/https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iglesia+Pastafariana+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FIglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/puerto-rico/puerto-rican-indigenous-communities-seek-recognition-return-ancestral-lands/en/">Puerto Rican Indigenous Communities Seek Recognition, Return of Their Ancestral Lands: The Jíbaro and Taíno indigenous communities are not recognized by the Puerto Rican government. But two organizations dedicated to preserving their respective history and traditions are working to gain recognition as indigenous groups, as well as unrestricted access to their ancestral lands.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023151251/https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/puerto-rico/puerto-rican-indigenous-communities-seek-recognition-return-ancestral-lands/en/">Archived</a> 23 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Coraly Cruz Mejias. Global Press Journal. Washington, DC. 14 October 2019. Accessed 23 October 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221418/http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html">"Latin American issues Vol. 3"</a>. Webpub.allegheny.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+American+issues+Vol.+3&rft.pub=Webpub.allegheny.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpub.allegheny.edu%2Fgroup%2FLAS%2FLatinAmIssues%2FArticles%2FVol13%2FLAI_vol_13_section_I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Nicolas Kanellos, "Hispanic Firsts", Visible Ink Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-0519-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-0519-0">0-7876-0519-0</a>), p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"CIA FactBook"</a>. Cia.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+FactBook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091542/http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3D&tabid=186">"Perfil del Sistema Educativo – Año Escolar 2010–2011"</a>. estadisticas.gobierno.pr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3d&tabid=186">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=estadisticas.gobierno.pr&rft.atitle=Perfil+del+Sistema+Educativo+%E2%80%93+A%C3%B1o+Escolar+2010%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadisticas.gobierno.pr%2Fiepr%2FLinkClick.aspx%3Ffileticket%3DJmyeNRFU1ZI%253d%26tabid%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorell2017" class="citation news cs1">Dorell, Oren (5 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/05/puerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/734130001/">"Puerto Rico's health system 'on life support' after blow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida" title="Melbourne, Florida">Melbourne, Florida</a>. pp. 1B, 2B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814141555/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/05/puerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/734130001/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+health+system+%27on+life+support%27+after+blow&rft.pages=1B%2C+2B&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.aulast=Dorell&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2F05%2Fpuerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria%2F734130001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">"The World Factbook: Central America: Puerto Rico"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105163943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Central+America%3A+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpuerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Form_10K-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Form_10K_318-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1171662/000095014406002885/g00487e10vk.htm">Triple-S Management Corporation Annual Report (Form 10-K)</a> for the fiscal year ended on 31 December 2005, pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, accessed on 4 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols", in Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas, ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722043541/http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/">"Puerto Rican Music TV"</a>. Puerto Rican Music TV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/">the original</a> on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rican+Music+TV&rft.pub=Puerto+Rican+Music+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertoricanmusictv.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maldonado2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Maldonado, Cesiach (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/entre-leyes-y-multiples-indultos/">"Entre leyes y múltiples indultos"</a> [Between laws and multiple pardons] (in Spanish). Primera Hora. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entre+leyes+y+m%C3%BAltiples+indultos&rft.pub=Primera+Hora&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Maldonado&rft.aufirst=Cesiach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fnoticias%2Fgobierno-politica%2Fnotas%2Fentre-leyes-y-multiples-indultos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_Rivera2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pérez Rivera, Raúl (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cienciapr.org/es/external-news/debate-por-el-ave-nacional-primera-parte">"Debate por el Ave Nacional (primera parte)"</a> [Debate for the National Bird (first part)] (in Spanish). CienciaPR. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debate+por+el+Ave+Nacional+%28primera+parte%29&rft.pub=CienciaPR&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+Rivera&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cienciapr.org%2Fes%2Fexternal-news%2Fdebate-por-el-ave-nacional-primera-parte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Martínez2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Martínez, Héctor (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505231620/https://www.periodicolaperla.com/tenemos-no-ave-nacional/">"¿Tenemos o no un ave nacional?"</a> [Do we or do we not have a national bird?] (in Spanish). La Perla del Sur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicolaperla.com/tenemos-no-ave-nacional/">the original</a> on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%BFTenemos+o+no+un+ave+nacional%3F&rft.pub=La+Perla+del+Sur&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9ctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.periodicolaperla.com%2Ftenemos-no-ave-nacional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_Peffer2002" class="citation book cs1">Randall Peffer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjXG2vg5YFsC&pg=PA225">Puerto Rico, a Travel Guide</a>. Lonely Planet. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-274-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%2C+a+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-274-1&rft.au=Randall+Peffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjXG2vg5YFsC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302194306/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html">"National Geographic Traveler Article: Puerto Rico"</a>. www.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalgeographic.com&rft.atitle=National+Geographic+Traveler+Article%3A+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftraveler%2Farticles%2F1056puerto_rico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Campeche1796" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Campeche" title="José Campeche">José Campeche</a> (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/209953">"Doña María de los Dolores Gutiérrez del Mazo y Pérez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> website. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum+website&rft.atitle=Do%C3%B1a+Mar%C3%ADa+de+los+Dolores+Guti%C3%A9rrez+del+Mazo+y+P%C3%A9rez&rft.date=1796&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Campeche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F209953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT-327"><a href="#cite_ref-DT_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdeal.feri.org/pr/pr03.htm">"Puerto Rico in the Great Depression"</a>. Newdeal.feri.org. Retrieved 18 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico+in+the+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Newdeal.feri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdeal.feri.org%2Fpr%2Fpr03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta_Cruz2014" class="citation book cs1">Acosta Cruz, María (2014). Dream Nation: Puerto Rican Culture and the Fictions of Independence. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-5820-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4619-5820-8"><bdi>978-1-4619-5820-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871424250">871424250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Nation%3A+Puerto+Rican+Culture+and+the+Fictions+of+Independence&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871424250&rft.isbn=978-1-4619-5820-8&rft.aulast=Acosta+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2020" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Marc (2020). Defending Their Own in the Cold: The Cultural Turns of U.S. Puerto Ricans. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08558-1"><bdi>978-0-252-08558-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1142708953">1142708953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Their+Own+in+the+Cold%3A+The+Cultural+Turns+of+U.S.+Puerto+Ricans&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1142708953&rft.isbn=978-0-252-08558-1&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2033211">3-cent Puerto Rico Issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317194928/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2033211">Archived</a> 17 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 4 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rico_Election_Issue-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rico_Election_Issue_331-0">^</a> Rod, Steven J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2028823">Puerto Rico Election Issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043302/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/search-the-collection">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 4 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038993">San Juan Issue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317211951/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038993">Archived</a> 17 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 17 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> "Flags of our nation series 2008–2012, Arago: people, postage & the post", National Postal Museum. Viewed 7 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaldono2003" class="citation news cs1">Maldono, Joseph (15 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/york-daily-record-reports-notebook/158359504/">"Reporter's Notebook"</a>. York Daily Record. York, Pennsylvania. p. 35. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=York+Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Reporter%27s+Notebook&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.aulast=Maldono&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fyork-daily-record-reports-notebook%2F158359504%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez-Hendrix2011" class="citation news cs1">Ramírez-Hendrix, Yined (27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-nuevo-herald-el-gusto-boricua-en-el-s/158359723/">"El Gusto Boricua en el Sur de la Florida"</a>. El Nuevo Herald. Miami, Florida. p. D12. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Herald&rft.atitle=El+Gusto+Boricua+en+el+Sur+de+la+Florida&rft.pages=D12&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez-Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Yined&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fel-nuevo-herald-el-gusto-boricua-en-el-s%2F158359723%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaraballo1999" class="citation news cs1">Caraballo, Viviana (6 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/el-nuevo-herald-sofrito-imprescindible/158359877/">"Sofrito, imprescindible para latinos"</a>. El Nuevo Herald. Miami, Florida. p. 19. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Herald&rft.atitle=Sofrito%2C+imprescindible+para+latinos&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1999-01-06&rft.aulast=Caraballo&rft.aufirst=Viviana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fel-nuevo-herald-sofrito-imprescindible%2F158359877%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baseballhall.org/hof/clemente-roberto">"Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente"</a>. Baseballhall.org. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baseball+Hall+of+Fame+entry+for+Roberto+Clemente&rft.pub=Baseballhall.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaseballhall.org%2Fhof%2Fclemente-roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baseballhall.org/hof/cepeda-orlando">"Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda"</a>. Baseballhall.org. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baseball+Hall+of+Fame+entry+for+Orlando+Cepeda&rft.pub=Baseballhall.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaseballhall.org%2Fhof%2Fcepeda-orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baseballhall.org/hof/alomar-roberto">"Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar"</a>. Baseball Hall of Fame. Baseballhall.org. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Baseball+Hall+of+Fame+entry+for+Roberto+Alomar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaseballhall.org%2Fhof%2Falomar-roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm">"Olympics 2004 – Basketball – Shock defeat for USA"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Olympics+2004+%E2%80%93+Basketball+%E2%80%93+Shock+defeat+for+USA&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Folympics_2004%2Fbasketball%2F3567344.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesús_Omar_Rivera2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jesús Omar Rivera (29 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514223446/http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html">"Boricuas lucíos en una rueda"</a>. Primera Hora (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primera+Hora&rft.atitle=Boricuas+luc%C3%ADos+en+una+rueda&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft.au=Jes%C3%BAs+Omar+Rivera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primerahora.com%2Fboricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaul_Sosa2012" class="citation web cs1">Raul Sosa (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022449/http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2542%3Aand1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show">"AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show!"</a>. BoricuaBallers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2542:and1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AND1+%26+PR+Streetball+Put+on+a+Show%21&rft.pub=BoricuaBallers.com&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.au=Raul+Sosa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boricuasballers.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D2542%3Aand1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Hammann2008" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Hammann (14 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3641638">"Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters' resume"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melendez+adds+a+new+country+to+Globetrotters%27+resume&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft.au=Joshua+Hammann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fhispanicheritage2008%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3641638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826095633/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games">"Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women's tennis final?"</a>. Rio2016.com. <a href="/wiki/Rio_2016_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games" title="Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games">Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games</a>. 14 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games">the original</a> on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rio2016.com&rft.atitle=Who+is+M%C3%B3nica+Puig+the+Puerto+Rico+player+who+won+the+gold+medal+in+the+Rio+2016+Olympic+Games+women%27s+tennis+final%3F&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rio2016.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fwho-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Waldstein, David (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/sports/tennis/monica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html">"Monica Puig, Puerto Rico's Favorite Daughter (and Only Gold Medalist)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826101224/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/sports/tennis/monica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monica+Puig%2C+Puerto+Rico%27s+Favorite+Daughter+%28and+Only+Gold+Medalist%29&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Waldstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2Fsports%2Ftennis%2Fmonica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.pr.gov/">Official website</a> (in Spanish) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinpuertorico.com/">Investment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seepuertorico.com/">Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddec.pr.gov/">Department of Economic Development and Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1848460">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm">"Puerto Rico"</a>. Country profiles. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Country+profiles&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F3593469.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482879/Puerto-Rico">"Puerto Rico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F482879%2FPuerto-Rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209040354/http://www.tendenciaspr.com/">"Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios"</a> [Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and Its Municipalities]. Tendencias PR (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tendenciaspr.com/">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tendencias+PR&rft.atitle=Datos+y+Estadisticas+de+Puerto+Rico+y+sus+Municipios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tendenciaspr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_2">Geography</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Puerto Rico">Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4422604">Puerto Rico</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_government">United States government</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf">"Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas"</a> (PDF). November 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+of+the+U.S.+Constitution+in+U.S.+Insular+Areas&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Farchive%2F1998%2Fog98005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/puertorico/index.html">"Puerto Rico: Resource Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">LOC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%3A+Resource+Guide&rft.pub=LOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fstates%2Fpuertorico%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_Declaration_on_Puerto_Rico">United Nations Declaration on Puerto Rico</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226070939/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gacol3160.doc.htm">"Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process"</a>. Special Committee on Decolonization. Press release. U.N. General Assembly. 14 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Committee+on+Decolonization&rft.atitle=Special+Committee+on+Decolonization+Calls+Upon+United+States+to+Expedite+Puerto+Rico%27s+Self-Determination+Process&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F%2F2007%2Fgacol3160.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuerto+Rico" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Puerto_Rico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puerto_Rico_topics" title="Template:Puerto Rico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puerto_Rico_topics" title="Template talk:Puerto Rico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto_Rico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto Rico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puerto_Rico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Puerto_Rico%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Puerto Rico–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Pre-Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraker_Act" title="Foraker Act">Foraker Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones%E2%80%93Shafroth_Act" title="Jones–Shafroth Act">Jones–Shafroth Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Immigration to Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_New_York_City" title="Puerto Ricans in New York City">Migration to New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_I" title="Puerto Ricans in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_insurgency" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency">1950s Nationalist Party revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Puerto Ricans in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibes_Indigenous_Ceremonial_Center" title="Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center">Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military history of Puerto Rico">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of women in Puerto Rico">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Immigration to Puerto Rico">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Irish immigration to Puerto Rico">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Barrios of Puerto Rico">Barrios</a></li> <li>Bays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Ponce" title="Bahía de Ponce">Bahía de Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_Bay" title="Mayagüez Bay">Mayagüez Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of beaches in Puerto Rico">Beaches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Boat_Beach" title="Crash Boat Beach">Crash Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tuque" title="El Tuque">El Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_Beach" title="Flamenco Beach">Flamenco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_state_forests" title="List of Puerto Rico state forests">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_dry_forests" title="Puerto Rican dry forests">Dry forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_National_Forest" title="El Yunque National Forest">El Yunque National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Negro_State_Forest" title="Toro Negro State Forest">Toro Negro State Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of islands of Puerto Rico">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos_Island" title="Caja de Muertos Island">Caja de Muertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecheo_Island" title="Desecheo Island">Desecheo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Cabras" title="Isla de Cabras">Isla de Cabras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Isla de Mona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islet" title="San Juan Islet">Isleta de San Juan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of rivers of Puerto Rico">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_de_Arecibo" title="Río Grande de Arecibo">Grande de Arecibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_de_Lo%C3%ADza" title="Río Grande de Loíza">Grande de Loiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_River" title="Portugués River">Portugués</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_flora_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico">Endemic flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Fauna of Puerto Rico">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of amphibians of Puerto Rico">Amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of birds of Puerto Rico">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vieques" title="List of birds of Vieques">Vieques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of mammals of Puerto Rico">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of reptiles of Puerto Rico">Reptiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico">Endemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_woods_warbler" title="Elfin woods warbler">Elfin woods warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_coqu%C3%AD" title="Golden coquí">Golden coquí (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_ground_iguana" title="Mona ground iguana">Mona ground iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monito_gecko" title="Monito gecko">Monito gecko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonciscus_pauco" title="Rhonciscus pauco">Opalescent grunt (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_amazon" title="Puerto Rican amazon">Puerto Rican amazon (parrot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anolis_cristatellus" title="Anolis cristatellus">Puerto Rican crested anole (reptile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascanichthys_inopinatus" title="Bascanichthys inopinatus">Unexpected snake eel (fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Commonwealth (government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Law of Puerto Rico">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police" title="Puerto Rico Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of political parties in Puerto Rico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">Political status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_statehood_movement" title="Puerto Rico statehood movement">Statehood movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Economy of Puerto Rico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Manufacturing in Puerto Rico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bootstrap" title="Operation Bootstrap">Operation "Bootstrap"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Real estate in Puerto Rico">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Taxation in Puerto Rico">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Tourism in Puerto Rico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Transportation in Puerto Rico">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Welfare in Puerto Rico">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Society of Puerto Rico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Abortion in Puerto Rico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Crime in Puerto Rico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Health in Puerto Rico">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Puerto Rico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States_Space_Program" title="List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program">Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors" title="List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors">Puerto Rican scientists and inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Religion in Puerto Rico">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Architecture of Puerto Rico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art" title="Puerto Rican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of lists of buildings and structures in Puerto Rico">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of casinos in Puerto Rico">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_slang_words_and_phrases" title="List of Puerto Rican slang words and phrases">Colloquialisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_literature" title="Puerto Rican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Media of Puerto Rico">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Sports in Puerto Rico">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Outline of Puerto Rico">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Puerto_Rico%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Puerto Rico–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Puerto Rico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puerto_Rico_subdivisions" title="Template:Puerto Rico subdivisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puerto_Rico_subdivisions" title="Template talk:Puerto Rico subdivisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto_Rico_subdivisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto Rico subdivisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Puerto_Rico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_statistical_areas" title="Puerto Rico statistical areas">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguadilla_metropolitan_area" title="Aguadilla metropolitan area">Aguadilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo,_PR_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo, PR Metropolitan Statistical Area">Arecibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayama_metropolitan_area" title="Guayama metropolitan area">Guayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_metropolitan_area" title="Mayagüez metropolitan area">Mayagüez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce_metropolitan_area" title="Ponce metropolitan area">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan%E2%80%93Bayam%C3%B3n%E2%80%93Caguas_metropolitan_area" title="San Juan–Bayamón–Caguas metropolitan area">San Juan–Bayamón–Caguas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuntas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Adjuntas, Puerto Rico">Adjuntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguada,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguada, Puerto Rico">Aguada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguadilla,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguadilla, Puerto Rico">Aguadilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguas_Buenas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico">Aguas Buenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibonito,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aibonito, Puerto Rico">Aibonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1asco,_Puerto_Rico" title="Añasco, Puerto Rico">Añasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arecibo, Puerto Rico">Arecibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arroyo, Puerto Rico">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barceloneta,_Puerto_Rico" title="Barceloneta, Puerto Rico">Barceloneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Barranquitas, Puerto Rico">Barranquitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayam%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico" title="Bayamón, Puerto Rico">Bayamón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Rojo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico">Cabo Rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Caguas, Puerto Rico">Caguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuy,_Puerto_Rico" title="Camuy, Puerto Rico">Camuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can%C3%B3vanas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Canóvanas, Puerto Rico">Canóvanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico" title="Carolina, Puerto Rico">Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cata%C3%B1o,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cataño, Puerto Rico">Cataño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayey,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cayey, Puerto Rico">Cayey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ceiba, Puerto Rico">Ceiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciales,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ciales, Puerto Rico">Ciales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Cidra, Puerto Rico">Cidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coamo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Coamo, Puerto Rico">Coamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comer%C3%ADo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Comerío, Puerto Rico">Comerío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corozal,_Puerto_Rico" title="Corozal, Puerto Rico">Corozal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorado,_Puerto_Rico" title="Dorado, Puerto Rico">Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajardo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Fajardo, Puerto Rico">Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida,_Puerto_Rico" title="Florida, Puerto Rico">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1nica,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guánica, Puerto Rico">Guánica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayama,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guayama, Puerto Rico">Guayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayanilla,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guayanilla, Puerto Rico">Guayanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaynabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guaynabo, Puerto Rico">Guaynabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Gurabo, Puerto Rico">Gurabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatillo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Hatillo, Puerto Rico">Hatillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormigueros,_Puerto_Rico" title="Hormigueros, Puerto Rico">Hormigueros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humacao,_Puerto_Rico" title="Humacao, Puerto Rico">Humacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela,_Puerto_Rico" title="Isabela, Puerto Rico">Isabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayuya,_Puerto_Rico" title="Jayuya, Puerto Rico">Jayuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_D%C3%ADaz,_Puerto_Rico" title="Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico">Juana Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncos,_Puerto_Rico" title="Juncos, Puerto Rico">Juncos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lajas, Puerto Rico">Lajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares,_Puerto_Rico" title="Lares, Puerto Rico">Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Mar%C3%ADas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Las Marías, Puerto Rico">Las Marías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Piedras,_Puerto_Rico" title="Las Piedras, Puerto Rico">Las Piedras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza,_Puerto_Rico" title="Loíza, Puerto Rico">Loíza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luquillo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Luquillo, Puerto Rico">Luquillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat%C3%AD,_Puerto_Rico" title="Manatí, Puerto Rico">Manatí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricao,_Puerto_Rico" title="Maricao, Puerto Rico">Maricao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Maunabo, Puerto Rico">Maunabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moca,_Puerto_Rico" title="Moca, Puerto Rico">Moca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morovis,_Puerto_Rico" title="Morovis, Puerto Rico">Morovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguabo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Naguabo, Puerto Rico">Naguabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjito,_Puerto_Rico" title="Naranjito, Puerto Rico">Naranjito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orocovis,_Puerto_Rico" title="Orocovis, Puerto Rico">Orocovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patillas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Patillas, Puerto Rico">Patillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1uelas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Peñuelas, Puerto Rico">Peñuelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebradillas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Quebradillas, Puerto Rico">Quebradillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n,_Puerto_Rico" title="Rincón, Puerto Rico">Rincón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande,_Puerto_Rico" title="Río Grande, Puerto Rico">Río Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Puerto_Rico" title="Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico">Sabana Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas,_Puerto_Rico" title="Salinas, Puerto Rico">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Germ%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Germán, Puerto Rico">San Germán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico">San Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Sebastián, Puerto Rico">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Isabel,_Puerto_Rico" title="Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico">Santa Isabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toa_Alta,_Puerto_Rico" title="Toa Alta, Puerto Rico">Toa Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toa_Baja,_Puerto_Rico" title="Toa Baja, Puerto Rico">Toa Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_Alto,_Puerto_Rico" title="Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico">Trujillo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utuado,_Puerto_Rico" title="Utuado, Puerto Rico">Utuado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Alta,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vega Alta, Puerto Rico">Vega Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Baja,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vega Baja, Puerto Rico">Vega Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villalba,_Puerto_Rico" title="Villalba, Puerto Rico">Villalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabucoa,_Puerto_Rico" title="Yabucoa, Puerto Rico">Yabucoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauco,_Puerto_Rico" title="Yauco, Puerto Rico">Yauco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of islands of Puerto Rico">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos_Island" title="Caja de Muertos Island">Caja de Muertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Cardona" title="Isla Cardona">Cardona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Icacos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayo Icacos">Cayo Icacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico" title="Culebra, Puerto Rico">Culebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecheo_Island" title="Desecheo Island">Desecheo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatas_(Ponce)" title="Gatas (Ponce)">Gatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Cabras" title="Isla de Cabras">Isla de Cabras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Jueyes" title="Isla de Jueyes">Isla de Jueyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Mona" title="Isla de Mona">Isla de Mona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Ratones_(Cabo_Rojo,_Puerto_Rico)" title="Isla de Ratones (Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico)">Isla de Ratones, Cabo Rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Ratones_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)" title="Isla de Ratones (Ponce, Puerto Rico)">Isla de Ratones, Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_del_Fr%C3%ADo" title="Isla del Frío">Isla del Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islet" title="San Juan Islet">Isleta de San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Magueyes" title="Isla Magueyes">Magueyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monito_Island" title="Monito Island">Monito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrillito" title="Morrillito">Morrillito</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Vieques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Ponce" title="Bahía de Ponce">Bahía de Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Cerro de Punta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla" title="Cerro Maravilla">Cerro Maravilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)">Cordillera Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tuque" title="El Tuque">El Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(Puerto_Rico)" title="El Yunque (Puerto Rico)">El Yunque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_Beach" title="Flamenco Beach">Flamenco Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserva_Natural_Punta_Cucharas" title="Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas">Las Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_Bay" title="Mayagüez Bay">Mayagüez Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_River" title="Portugués River">Portugués River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bay" title="San Juan Bay">San Juan Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Puerto_Rico%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Puerto Rico–related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Culture of Puerto Rico">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Economy of Puerto Rico">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rico_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Puerto Rico locations by per capita income">Per capita income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Constitution of Puerto Rico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Politics of Puerto Rico">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Historic places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Fauna of Puerto Rico">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of birds of Puerto Rico">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of mammals of Puerto Rico">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Puerto_Rico" title="List of reptiles of Puerto Rico">Reptiles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands#Navy_Time" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands#History" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subdivisions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/21px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/42px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/21px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/42px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Puerto Rico at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="c:Puerto Rico">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Puerto Rico">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="q:Puerto Rico">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Puerto Rico">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="voy:Puerto Rico">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183" class="extiw" title="d:Q1183">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121138904">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158263965">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205432/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGtRfw3bmbDhYJJ3yKh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076429-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063677">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120017040">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120017040">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35907273">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130487&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX133724">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000013951">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564354705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514371506706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3906cf32-00a7-32df-93cc-4710c5f5a542">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15927169?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0a3713c2-be5b-4121-8fe8-bd70922ec174">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1140658">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/f5mMFp6f">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027408582">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028118839">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044925">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Puerto_Rico&params=18.2_N_66.5_W_dim:300000_region:US-PR_type:adm1st&title=Commonwealth+of+Puerto+Rico">18°12′N 66°30′W / 18.2°N 66.5°W / 18.2; -66.5 (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&oldid=1258804431">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&oldid=1258804431</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caribbean_islands_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Caribbean islands of the United States">Caribbean islands of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language">Countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries">Island countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dependent_territories_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:Dependent territories in the Caribbean">Dependent territories in the Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Antilles" title="Category:Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_colonies_in_North_America" title="Category:Former colonies in North America">Former colonies in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Insular areas of the United States">Insular areas of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Category:Islands of Puerto Rico">Islands of Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories">Spanish-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1898" title="Category:States and territories established in 1898">States and territories established in 1898</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1493_establishments_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:1493 establishments in the Spanish West Indies">1493 establishments in the Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_disestablishments_in_the_Spanish_West_Indies" title="Category:1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies">1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Category:Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Taino-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Taino-language text">Articles containing Taino-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017">Articles with dead external links from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_political_division_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2024">Articles to be expanded from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from June 2021">Articles with failed verification from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from March 2021">Articles that may contain original research from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 18:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczds","wgBackendResponseTime":223,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.254","walltime":"3.829","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28776,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":883731,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":77839,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":102,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1128163,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3181.629 1 -total"," 45.14% 1436.233 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.41% 712.993 182 Template:Cite_web"," 13.91% 442.641 1 Template:Infobox_political_division"," 12.80% 407.105 2 Template:Infobox"," 6.59% 209.713 44 Template:Cite_news"," 4.35% 138.548 46 Template:Lang"," 3.84% 122.080 1 Template:Puerto_Rican_topics"," 3.67% 116.780 1 Template:Territory_topics"," 3.66% 116.405 22 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.847","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25750490,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","21.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","10.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","9.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","60","2.9"],["[others]","620","29.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ppdsc","timestamp":"20241124182358","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puerto_Rico","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1183","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1183","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-17T23:35:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T18:42:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg","headline":"unincorporated territory of the United States of America"}</script> </body> </html>